Index Entries which include pages with photographs are indicated in bold type. Some entries for specific archaeological sites have the New Zealand Archaeological Association site record number in brackets. This is in the form of the metric map number (e.g., T10), followed by a unique number allocated in the site recording file for that site. The site records can be retrieved using the number. The record may include details of site location, a description of the site, a map of the site, and other details. The address of local filekeepers can be obtained from local museums, the Department of Conservation or the New Zealand Historic Places Trust. The records may also be obtained from the Central Filekeeper, New Zealand Archaeological Association, C/- Science and Research Division, Department of Conservation, P O Box 10-420, Wellington. Adkin, G.L., 77 Adzes, adze quarries, 77-79, 219,221; see also Tahanga, Mount; Samson Bay Afforestation, 268 Ahipara, 214, 240 American Civil War, see United States, Civil War Anderson, Atholl, 200 Anglican Missions, Waerenga Hika, 145,151; Rangitukia, 145; see also Te Waimate, Kerikeri, Te Oihi, Church Missionary Society Aotea (canoe), 11, 111, 168 Aotea north head, 53, 54, 73,117-119 Aotea south head, 12,14, 73 Archaeological sites (definition), 11 Archaic, 33; see also Classic; Oruarangi, Pterangi Archives, 17 Armed Constabulary, 91, 94, 132-135; and redoubts/stockades, 270 Auckland Institute and Museum, 113-115 Aupouri Peninsula, 73, 240 Awamate (swamp p, S23/61), 77 Awanui, 67-69 Banks, Joseph, 41-42, 141-143, 207 Banks Peninsula, 200, 219-224 Barnicoat, J.W., 234 Bay of Islands, 55, 56; see also Te Oihi, Rangihoua, Kerikeri, Pouerua, Church Missionary Society, Taiamai Plains Belich, J., 83 Bendigo, 257-261 Best, E., 17, 23, 44, 46, 167; on p, 59 Binnie, J., 147 note Blake-Palmer, G., 17, 128, 200 Blockhouses, 85, 191 Border-dikes, 255-256, 262-263 Borrow-pits, Hinuera vicinity (T15/8), 62; Whenuakura, 172-173; see also horticulture, borrow-pits Brailsford, B., 17 Brunner, 229 Buchanan, J.D.H., 17 Buck, Sir Peter, see Te Rangihiroa Buist, A., 17, 167-168, 180 Burning, 37-40, 243 Cameron, Sir Duncan, 88, 180 Cape Kidnappers (p at), 154-155, 161; see also Tiromoana (p) Cape Reinga, 97 Cape Runaway (Tihirau mai Tawhiti), 127, 129, 202 Central Polynesia, see names of individual islands Church Missionary Society, 243-250; at Nukutaurua, 251; see also Bay of Islands Clarence River (stone rows, pits, P30/5, 6), 194, 217 Clarke, George (senior), 250 Classic, 33; see also Archaic Clough, Rod, 241

Coastal terraces (landform), Taranaki, 168; see also Maket Peninsula, Mhia Peninsula, Ngawlhi, high terrace (landform) Colville Harbour, 73 Colville, Fort (Maket), 130-131 Coming of the Mori, The (book), see Te Rangihiroa Conservation, Department of, 135 note, 179, 239 note, 270 Cook, James, 41-44, 72, 111, 113, 139, 141 Cooks Cove (p, Z17/310), 142-143, 207 Coromandel Peninsula, 112-113; see also Kuaotunu Peninsula, Wharetaewa Coster, J., 73, 103 Cowan, James, 124, 179 Crawford, O.G.S., 16 Crimean War, 84 Croatians, see gum-digging Croisilles Harbour, 78 Cromwell, 215; see also Northburn, Bendigo Cromwell Reef (Bendigo), 258-259 Crop marks, 19, 21, 110 Cultural resource management, see Protection, historic sites Data analysis, 268 de Surville, J.F.M., 102-103 de l'Horme, 57, 102 Deforestation, see Burning Denniston, 229-231 Ditch and bank fences, 53, 117-119, 193, 250-253 Doubtless Bay, 102-103 Drains, 66; see also trenches (horticulture) Dredges, dredge tailings, 256, 261 du Fresne, Marion, 17, 102-103 Duff, Roger, 195-198 D'Urville Island, 219 Earle, Augustus, 250

Eastern Polynesia, see individual islandspage 291 Edson, Steve, 18 Eel channels, 73, 76 Eyles, Jim, 196-198 Farming, 117-119; see also Te Waimate, pastoralism, burning Fences, 250-253; see also ditch and bank fences Fiji, 59 Firth of Thames, 113-115 Fish traps, 73, 75 Fishing, 73 Flanking angles, 85, 86-88; see also guns, saps, redoubts Flour mills, 246-247, 250 Forest Rangers, 122-123 Fowler, Peter, 267-268 Fowling, 80, 82 Fox, Aileen, Lady, 44, 161-164, 166

Gate p, 132; and protection, 270 Geographical Information Systems (G.I.S.), 268 , Gisborne, see Tranganui Goldmining, 19, 22, 257-265 Golson, Jack, 17, 33, 113-115 Green, Roger, 59 Groube, L.M., 18 Gum-digging, 214, 238-239, 240 Gunfighter p, see p, gunfighter; see also specific names of p Guns, 83-88, 110; enfilading fire, 91; see also flanking angles Haast River, Haast (locality), 34-35, 233-234 Hamlin's Hill (Auckland), 18 Hap, in settlement pattern, 29 Hau Hau, see Pai Mrire Hawaii, 57, 59, 77 Hawke's Bay, 17, 18 Heaphy River, 200 Heipipi (p), 156-157 Herekaki (p), 130-131 High terrace (landform), 194, 217; Te Awanga, Hawke's Bay, 161-164; Taranaki, 167; and p form, 156, 268-269; and goldmining, 255-256, 262-263; see also coastal terraces Hikurangi (Mount), 139, 141 Hikurangi (Northland), 229 Hikurangi (p, V21/41), 60, 157,158-159 Hill-forts (United Kingdom), 17 Hinuera Gap, 113 Historic Places Act 1993, 271 Hobbs, Reverend John, 234 HongiHika, 88, 113 Hokianga Harbour, 98, 103 Hooker, Ray, 200 Horouta (canoe), 11, 141 Horowhenua, 73 Horticulture, Bay of Plenty, 129; borrow pits, 61, 62, 172-173; on dunelands, 103,117-120, 186-188; northern South Island, 200, 218-219; plot sizes, 66; volcanic soils, 64, 104, 105, 108; see also trenches (horticulture), stone rows (horticulture), pits (storage), Palliser Bay. Houhora Harbour, 98 House floors, 132-133, 148 Huriawa Peninsula, 219 Hydraulic sluicing, 256, 261-266 Infrared, 19 Inman's Redoubt (Q21/152), 86 Irrigation, 254-256 Irwin, Geoff, 47 Kaeo, 250 Kahungnu, 11, 13, 252-254, 268; at Maungakahia, 156 Kai Kura Peninsula (South Bay p, 031/34), 200,220-221, 234 Kaiapoi (p, M35/7), 213, 221-222 Kaipara Harbour, 47 Kkramea Redoubt (Q21/154), 180 Kakatarahae (p, W16/13), 12, 16 Kapowairua, 98-99 Kapiti Island, 193 Karaka (tree), 168, 192, 211 Karikari Peninsula, 102-103, 240 Katikatiaka (p, Q18/53), 47; and site protection, 274 Kauri forest, 97 Kawau Island (smelter, R9/642), 240-242; see also Miners Bay Kawiti, 108-110

Kekeparaoa (p), 20 Kelly, Leslie, 17 Kerikeri, 250 Knight, Hardwicke, 18, 79 Kohukete (p, V21/3-7), 157,160-161 Kuaotunu Peninsula, 20, 22, 192, 261 Kmara, 61, 116 note; see also Horticulture Kmara (goldfield, J32/22), 262, 264-265 Kpapa, 91, 132-135 Kupe, 187 Kupe's Sails (Ng Ra 6 Kupe), 182, 187 Kurahaup (canoe), 98-99, 156 Landforms and settlement pattern, 33-35; see also high terraces (landform), river terraces (landform), serpentine (landform), coastal terraces Lands, see ploughing Leach, Foss, 18, 63 Leach, H.M., 18, 63 Little Sister, Chatham Islands, 82 Logantown, 261; see also Bendigo McFadgen, Bruce, 47 Mhaki, Te Aitanga a Mhaki, 13, 50; see also Pawerawera (p) Mhia Peninsula (Nukutaurua mai Tawhiti), 31, 156, 216, 234, 251, 268-270 Maket, Maket Peninsula, 127, 129,130-131 Mana Island, 193 Manaia Redoubt, 85 Mangapiko River, 90, 92-93 Mangakahia River, 97 Mangatoatoa marae (p at, S15/107), 13 Mangere (p), 108 Maniapoto, Rewi, 124 Manuaitu (p, R15/82), 53, 117-119; see also Aotea north head Manutuke, 145-146 Mori Oral History Atlas, 273

page 292 Maraetaha River p, 143-145 Maraettara River, 161-164 Marama Twhana (p, Z17/211), 25, 26 Marsden, Reverend Mori, 98-99 Marsden, Reverend Samuel, 243; see also Church Missionary Society Marsden Cross, see Te Oihi Mtaatua, 98 Mtaatua (canoe), 11, 12, 125 Mtakitaki (p, S15/2), 88, 90, 113 Matata (ditch and bank fence, Y19/148), 251 Matawhero, 145 Maungakahia (p, Y19/49), 216, 252-254, 268; see also Kahungnu Maungakiekie (p, R11/14), see One Tree Hill Maungapiko, 98-99 Mayor Island (Tuhua, obsidian quarry, U13/124), 126

Mercury Bay, 41-44; see also Wharetaewa Meremere Redoubt, 124 Methodist Missions, 111, 117-119, 234, 250 Middens, 54, 74; see also shellfish gathering Military settlement, 85, 180; see also New Zealand Wars, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki Miners Bay (pumphouse chimney, R9/629), 241-242 Moa, Moa-hunting, 79, 195, 200, 212 Mhaka River, 153, 161 Mkau River, 88, 111, 171, 174 Motiti Island, 129 Motu Tawa (Mkau River), 171 Motuhor (Whale Island), 129 Moturua Island, 103 Musket warfare, 83, 132; Waikato, 83, 84, 88, 90; East Coast, 88; Taranaki, 171, 174; South Island, 219-224; see also p (gunfighter), New Zealand Wars Nevin, D., 156 New Zealand Aerial Mapping, Ltd, 18 New Zealand Archaeological Association, 18, 25 note New Zealand Wars, Bay of Plenty, 132-135; Northland phase, 108-110, 246-248, 250; Waikato, 89-94, 117-124; Taranaki, 174-182; East Coast, 145-152; Hawke's Bay, 161-166 Ng Ra o Kupe, see Kupe's Sails Ng Puhi, 88, 105, 132 Ngi Tahu, 140, 199, 213; see also Kaiapoi, Kai Kura, Onwe Ngaruroro River, 153, 165 Ngatapa (p, X17/1), 87, 124, 147,150-152, 204 Ngti (tribal prefix); see also individual ancestor's name Ngti Apa, see Awamate Ngti Awa, 125, 132 Ngti Kahungnu, 88, 136-137, 156; see also Kahungnu, Mhia Peninsula, ttara (p) Ngti Koata, 222; see also Manuaitu (p), Aotea north head Ngti Manawa, 132 Ngti Maniapoto, 88, 111, 171 Ngti Mutunga, 274 Ngti Porou, 88, 140 Ngti Rangitihi, 132 Ngti Ruahikihiki, 224-225 Ngti Ruanui, 168, 179-182 Ngti Tama, 88, 168 Ngti Toa, 88, 171, 199; see also Te Rauparaha Ngawlhi (stone rows, S28/103), 189-191 Nichol, Reg, 18 Ninety Mile Beach, 63; midden (N3/255), 73-74 Northburn, 215, 255-256, 262-263, 270 Nukutaurua (locality, ditch and bank fences, Y19/48), 23, 98, 156, 216, 251-254, 268-270; see also Mhia Peninsula, Maungakahia, raka, Pari o Kena Oblique aerial photographs, 19 Ocean Beach (Hawke's Bay) (p at), 154-155 Ohaeawai (p, P5/205), 83-84,106 Ohiti (p, V21/65), 165-166 Oika (p, Q22/28), 180-181, 207 Okoropunga (Wairarapa Coast) (stone rows, T28/47), 65 Onwe (p, N36/86), 73, 75, 222-223 One Tree Hill (Maungakiekie) (p, Rll/14), 105, 108, 271 Open Bay Islands, 233-234 raka, 156, 269 rkau (p, S15/103), 122-124; and site protection, 270 Orariki (p, M37/4), 77, 224-225 Oruaka (p, M37/24), 77, 226 Oruarangi (p, T12/17), 113-115 Otago Museum, 79, 113-115

Otago Peninsula, 81 ttara Historic Reserve (p, V21/41), 60,156-159 Otautu (locality, p at, Q21/115), 168,170, 206 Otorohanga (p near, S16/101), 272 Otumoana (p), 46 Ovens, see umu Owhara (p), 130-131 P, 33, 102-103; chronology (age), 58-60; described in late eighteenth century, 41-44; geographical distribution, 48, 187; "p line", 187; gunfighter p, 88-91, 133-138; visibility in landscape, 48, 187; nineteenth century, 58; Kai Kura, 220-221; refuge p, 57; ring-ditch form, 46, 48; size, 58; swamp p, 37, 44-45; see also Cook, James; weapons; warfare; musket warfare; river terrace (landform) P Mori, The (book), see E. Best Paekakariki (pits, R26/180), 192, 211 Paeroa (p), 103 Pai Mrire, 132, 134-135, 147, 151, 161, 165, 203 Paikea, Te Ana o Paikea, 139-141 Pakipaki (Hawke's Bay p, V22/13), 17, 30-32, 49 Palliser Bay, 63, 189-191, 200 Poa, 141 Papamoa (p, U14/238), 17,128-129 Paremata Barracks (R26/254), 191,193 Pari o Kena (p, Y19/41), 252-254 Pari Whakatau, 200 Pariwhakaoho (p), 200 Pastoralism, 38, 193, 254-255; see also ditch and bank fences, burning Ptea, Ptea River, 168, 206 Pterangi (p, Firth of Thames, T12/17), 113-115 Pterangi (p, Waikato, S15/53, 74, 75), 91-94; and site protection, 270 page

293 Pauatahanui, 191-193 Pawerawera (p, XI7/4), 50; see also Mhaki Perano's Whaling Station, 234, 236, 239 Phillip, F.L., 17 Photogrammetry, 17 Pirongia (vicinity), 88, 92-94, 117 Pitcairn Island, 77 Pits, defensive; see rifle trenches Pits, storage, 51, 70-71, 143-145, 148, 154-155, 192, 211, 218-219, 269; antiquity, 71; as dwellings, 71; infilling and recutting, 71; in p, 116; raised-rim form, 72, 148, 163-164; rua or cave form, 71, 132; Waiapu district, 145, 148; Whangaehu River, 186; see also potato clamps; horticulture Ploughing, lands, 18, 161,165, 172-173 Pohaturoa (p, XI8/26), 157 Popoia (p, Y17/37), 11, 13 Population size, 33; South Island, 199; see also p, size Potato clamp, 87, 251, 254 Ptikirua, see Cape Runaway Pouawa (p at, P5/195), 143-144 Pouerua (p, P5/195), cover, 18, 64, 104 Pourewa Island, 207

Pouto Peninsula, 47 Prehistoric Fortifications of the North Island, see Fox, Aileen Prickett, N., 17, 47, 167 Protection, historic sites, 25-26, 267-270; and New Zealand Wars, 270; and farming, 272-273 Ph, 22-23, 72 Pukeatua (South Aotea), 14 Pukemaire (p, Waiapu, Z15/39), 36, 203 Pukemaire (p, Maket), 130-131 Pukerangiora (p, Q19/69, 70), 83, 87, 94,174-179, 205 Puketapu (p), 132 Puketutu (p), 84 Putake (p, Q21/7), 169, 208 Quartz bedrock gold-mining, 257-261 Queen's Redoubt (Pokeno), 122 Radiocarbon ages, p, 59; see also pits, storage, antiquity; Northland/Auckland, 103, 108 Raised-rim pits, see pits, storage, raised-rim form Rangiaowhia, 93, 124 Rangihoua (p, Q5/3), 55, 58, 243-245, 250 Rangiriri, 120-122; and site protection, 270-271, 272 Rangitne, 98 Rapa Island, 59 Raukmara (Aotea), 12 Raukmara Range, 129 Redoubts, 84-85; Te Prere, 135-138; see also specific names, New Zealand Wars Reserves and historic site protection, 270 Rewa River, Fiji, 59-60 'Rewi's Last Stand', see rkau Rifle trenches, 84, 108-110, 177 Rifles, see guns Ring-ditch p, see p, ring-ditch Rivers, 35; see also river terraces (landform) River terraces (landform), 129, 143-145, 186; and pits, 192-193; Mhaka River, 153 Rongowhakaata, 13; see also Manutuke, Tapui Royal New Zealand Air Force, 18, 82 Rua, see pits, rua form Rua a Rehua (p, Y17/315), 2 Ruapani, Ngti Ruapani, 11, 13 Ruapekapeka (p, Q6/139), 88, 94, 108-110; see also New Zealand Wars, Northland phase Rutoki, 38-40, 129 Samoa, 57, 77 Samson Bay (argillite quarry, N26/2), 77-79 Saps, 85, 87, 124,176-178 Sarah's Gully (midden, T10/167; p, T10/168), 23, 71, 112 Scale, 25 Schnackenberg, Reverend Cort, 117-119; see also Methodist Missions Scows, 229 Seals, sealing, 199 Selwyn, George Augustus, Bishop, 246-247, 250 Serpentine (landform), 77 Seventeen Valley Stream (pits, P28/22), 200, 218-219 Shellfish gathering, 73-74; see also middens Shore whaling, 234-239 Skipper's Ridge, 22, 71 Sluicing, see hydraulic sluicing Skinner, W.H., 17, 44 Smart, Colin, 17 Smith, S. Percy, 17, 44, 179 Soil marks, 19, 22-23, 24 Soils, gravel-added, see Horticulture, soils

South Bay (Kai Kura, p), 220-221 Spirits Bay, see Kapowairua Sprenger, Kees, 18 Stereoscopic photographs, stereoscope, 18 Stone rows (horticulture), 63-66, 129, 202; Cape Runaway, 150; Clarence River, 200, 217; Okoropunga, 65; Palliser Bay, Wairarapa, 63, 189-191; see also horticulture Storage pits, see pits, storage Sutton, Doug, 18 Swamp p, see p, swamp p Swamps, 63, 113, 129 Table Cape (Kahutara), 268 Tahanga, Mount, 22, 112 Tai Rawhiti, Kingites at Maket, 130-131 Taiamai plains, 104 Tailings, 215, 256, 261-266 Tainui (canoe), 11, 12, 17, 111, 129 Takaihuahua (p), 130-131 Tkitimu (canoe), 11, 98, 156, 252-254, 268 Tnetua, 129 Tnghoe River, 169, 208 Tangimate (eel channels, S24/25), 76 Tapui (p, Y18/75), 17,145-146 Taranaki War, First, see New Zealand Wars, Taranaki Taro, 61; see also horticulture Taumaka Island, 233-234

page 294 Taumatawhana (p, N3/1, 2), 237, 240 Taumutu, see Orariki Te Ana o Paikea, see Paikea Te Arai (p, 83, 174-179); see also Pukerangiora Te Arawa (canoe), 127, 129 Te Arawa, 130-132 Te Atiawa, 88, 168 Te Awaiti, whaling, 234-235 Te Awamate (Rangitkei, p, S23/61), 45 Te Hrema (p, V17/12), 132-133 Te Hauke (Hawke's Bay, p at, V22/56), 24 Te Ika a Maru Bay (p, Q27/28), 185 Te Kaha, 35 Te Kaka (p, X14/45), 35 Te Koko a Kuku (p, X14/4), 132 Te Kooti Arikirangi, 87, 132-137, 147, 150-152, 161, 204 Te Oihi (Marsden Cross), trenches, horticultural, 56, 66, 70; Church Missionary Society (Q5/5), 243-245, 250 Te Prere (p, T19/55), 135-138 Te Puia (p, R18/1), 171 Te Ranga, 132 Te Rangihiroa, 59 Te Rauparaha, 171, 221-224

Te Tapiri (p, V17/33), 132,134-135 Te Reinga, 156 Te Waimate (Waimate North), 246-250 Te Wehengaiti (p, T19/41), 89, 91 Terraces (landform), 33, 35, 37 Thacker's Redoubt (Q21/153), 87 Tikitiki, 36-37, 203 Tiniroto, 156 Tirau (p, T15/23, 27), 57, 116; see also Hinuera Gap, borrow pits Tiromoana (p, W21/1), 161-165 Titokowaru, 168, 180 Tohe, 97-98 Tokitoki (p, X19/57, 58), 161,165 Tokomaru (canoe), 168 Tolaga Bay, 25, 26, 71, 141, 207 Toroa (Northern Royal Albatross), 82 Tory Channel, 234-236 Traditional sites (definition), 11, 273 Trenches (defensive), see redoubts, rifle trenches Trenches (horticulture), 55-56, 66-70, 100-101, 245; see also horticulture Trotter, Michael, 199 Thoe, 88, 124, 132 Thoe-ptiki, 12 Tukituki River, 63, 153 Tproa (p at, Z15/82), 52, 148 Tupou Bay (trenches, p, P4/8), 66, 98-101 Tranganui, 140-150 Turi, 12, 14, 168-169 Turi Matai Rehua (p), 12,14 Ttaekur River, 153, 157 Uawa River, 26, 139 Umu (earth oven), 74, 78-79, 80; umu t, 80-81 United Kingdom, archaeology, 15, 17, 44, 267-268 United States, Civil War, 84, 94 Urewera Range, 129 Vertical aerial photographs, 18 Waerenga Hika (p, Y18/34), 147,151 Wai Mihia (p, Y18/342), 141 Waiapu River, 139; see also Tproa, Pukemaire Waiari (p, S15/53), 91-93 Waihi estuary (Maket Peninsula), 130-131 Waihou River, 113-115 Waihuka River, see Pawerawera Waip River, 91-93, 113 Waipoa River, 11, 139; see also Tranganui Waipuna (p, Y19/45), 216, 252-254 Wairau Bar (middens, P28/21), 195-200, 212 'Wairau canals', 200 Wairewa (Lake Forsythe), 77, 226 Wairoa River (Hawke's Bay), 156 Wairoa River (Northland), 97 Waita River, 34-35 Waitaki River mouth (ovens, J41/56), 23, 79-80, 200 Waitara, Waitara River, 175-179; see also Pukerangiora Waiu (gunfighter p), 88 Walton, Tony, 18 Wanganui kpapa, 137 Wanganui River, 183 Warfare, 41-48; see also p, New Zealand Wars, rifle trenches, guns Weapons, pre-European Mori, 44 Welshtown, 260-261 Whakak Lagoon, 161, 165

Whnau, in settlement pattern, 29 Whnau a Apanui, 88 Whangaehu River (borrow pits, S23/21; p, S22/15, 70) 51,185- 190, 209-210 Whanganui Inlet, coal, 229 Whangaparoa River (eastern Bay of Plenty), 127, 129 Whngr, 139-141 Whangawehi (Mhia Peninsula), 268 Wharekaho (p), 42-43 Wharetaewa (p, Tll/79), 41-44, 111, 113 Whenuakura (borrow pits, Q22, 25), 168, 172-173 Whenuakura River (Oika p), 180-181, 207 Whenuanui (p, Y17/316), 72 Whirinaki River Valley, 129, 132 White potato, 251; see also Potato clamps Whitmore, Sir G.S., 132-133 Wild-flooding, 254-256 Wilkes, Owen, 199 Williams, Reverend W., 156 Wilson, O., 18, 135-138