Index Terms Introduction P IJSER Oil PVT Analysis includes the analysis of volatile oil samples by...

PVT Lab ManualWanny Abdel Fattah Mohamed

The British University in Egypt

Abstract : Petroleum is a complex mixture of (sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, helium) the physical and chemicalproperties of crude oils vary considerably and depend on the concentration of the various types ofhydrocarbons and minor constituents present. And in the general there are there tests to measurehydrocarbon reservoir samples (Primary, Routine laboratory, Special laboratory PVT); Pouting laboratorytest such as Compositional analysis of the system ,Constant-composition expansion ,Differential liberation,Separator tests , and Constant-volume depletion.; Special laboratory PVT test such as Slim-tube test andSwelling test.

Index Terms : Fluid gravity, Specific gravity of the solution gas, Oil density, Gas solubility, Bubble-pointpressure, Oil formation volume factor, Isothermal compressibility coefficient of under saturated crude oils,under saturated oil properties, Total formation volume factor, Crude oil viscosity, Surface tension.

Introduction

Pressure-Volume-Temperature laboratory offersa comprehensive PVT program for all yourreservoir fluid property requirements. Equippedwith the latest equipment, PVT laboratory canprovide a complete picture of any hydrocarbonsample. This data is essential for the economicsand feasibility of any hydrocarbon reservoir. Theexperienced and specially trained staff canprovide you accurate PVT analysis, which is vitalfor precisely calculating the reserves and also forevaluating the value of the reserve. Good PVTdata ensures the reservoir is produced andmanaged in a controlled way, ultimately leadingto maximum recovery. Such as

•Black Oil PVT Analysis

Our PVT laboratory can analyze all types ofblack oil pressurized samples. Specific servicesoffered include Pressure Volume Relationship's,Differential Vaporization experiments,Pressurized Viscosity determinations andSeparator Test analysis.

•Volatile Oil PVT Analysis

Volatile Oil PVT Analysis includes the analysisof volatile oil samples by means of the followingtechniques; Constant Composition Expansionmeasurement and Constant Volume Depletionanalysis.

•Gas Condensate PVT Analysis

Pressure Volume Temperature laboratory analysisof gas condensate samples includes theseservices; Constant Composition Expansionmeasurement and Constant Volume Depletionanalysis.

•Gas Compositional Analysis

Extended or basic gas compositional analysisutilizing modified gas chromatographs. WaterAnalysis

Standard oilfield water analysis utilizing wetchemistry and spectrometric analysis techniques

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 5, May-2015 ISSN 2229-5518 1923

IJSER © 2015 http://www.ijser.org

IJSER

Table of content: Preface

Petroleum is a complex mixture of (sulfur,nitrogen, oxygen, helium) the physical andchemical properties of crude oils varyconsiderably and depend on the concentration ofthe various types of hydrocarbons and minorconstituents present. The properties of primarypetroleum engineering include

Fluid gravity

Specific gravity of the solution gas

Oil density

Gas solubility

Bubble-point pressure

Oil formation volume factor

Isothermal compressibility coefficient ofunder saturated crude oils

Under saturated oil properties

Total formation volume factor

Crude oil viscosity

Surface tension

And in the general there are there tests to measurehydrocarbon reservoir samples (Primary, Routinelaboratory, Special laboratory PVT)

1. Primary testRoutines tests involving the measurements of thespecific gravity and the gas-oil ratio of theproduced Hydrocarbons fluids.



IJSER

2. Routing laboratory test

These are several laboratory tests that areroutinely

Compositional analysis of the systemZConstant-composition expansionDifferential liberationSeparator testsConstant-volume depletion

3. Special laboratory PVT test

Performed for very specific applicationsTests may be performed:

Slim-tube testSwelling test

Sampling

• The value to be attached to thelaboratory determinationsdepends on whether the sampleinvestigated is representative ofthe reservoir contents.

• The taking of samples can beaccomplished either by sub-surface sampling or by surfacesampling.

1. Subsurface Sampling

• In this case a subsurface sampleris lowered into the well and keptopposite the producing layer for asufficiently long time, figure innext slide.

• Subsurface samples can only berepresentative of the reservoircontents when the pressure at thepoint of sampling is above orequal to the saturation pressure. Ifthis condition is not fulfilled, oneshould take a surface sample.



IJSER

2. Surface Sampling

• In this case a subsurface sampleris lowered into the well and keptopposite the producing layer for asufficiently long time, figure innext slide.

• Subsurface samples can only berepresentative of the reservoircontents when the pressure at thepoint of sampling is above orequal to the saturation pressure. Ifthis condition is not fulfilled, oneshould take a surface sample.

• A sample of oil and gas is takenfrom the separator connected withthe well (figures in next slidesgive sketches of vertical andhorizontal separators and thearrangement for collectingdifferent fluid samples).

• The surface oil and gas samplesare recombined in the laboratoryon the basis of the producingGOR.



IJSER

• Particular care must be exercisedin the field to obtain reliablesamples and accuratemeasurement of the GOR andseparator conditions. In the caseof two or three stage separationthe samples are taken from thehigh pressure separator.

Separator Gas Sampling

Separator Liquid Sampling by GasDisplacement

Separator Liquid Sampling by WaterDisplacement

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

Fluid Density

Theory



IJSER

The crude oil density is definedas the mass of a unit volume of thecrude at a specified pressure andtemperature. The specific gravity of acrude oil is defined as the ratio of thedensity of the oil to that of water. Bothdensities are measured at 60°F andatmospheric pressure; although thedensity and specific gravity are usedextensively in the petroleum industry,the API gravity is the preferred gravityscale. This gravity scale is preciselyrelated to the specific gravity.

The American Petroleum Institutegravity, or API gravity, is a measure ofhow heavy or light petroleum liquid iscompared to water. If its API gravity isgreater than 10, it is lighter and floatson water; if less than 10, it is heavierand sinks. API gravity is thus aninverse measure of the relative densityof a petroleum liquid and the density ofwater, but it is used to compare therelative densities of petroleum liquids.For example, if one petroleum liquidfloats on another and is therefore lessdense, it has a greater API gravity.Although mathematically, API gravityhas no units (see the formula below), itis nevertheless referred to as being in"degrees". API gravity is gradated indegrees on a hydrometer instrument.The API scale was designed so that

most values would fall between 10 and70 API gravity degrees.

Test Equipment

The Pycnometer as shown belowis used to determine density ofreservoir fluid which consists of aconstant volume cup with a coverwhich contains hole in the middel.



IJSER

Figure 1.1: Typical Pycnometer

The as shown below is used todetermine density of reservoirfluid which consists of a constantvolume cup with a cover whichcontains hole in the middel .

Figure 1.2: Typical Hydrometer

The Pycnometer as shown below isused to determine density ofreservoir fluid which consists of aconstant volume cup with a coverwhich contains hole in the middel.



IJSER

Figure 1.3: Typical U-Tube

At the same level the pressureextracted by the the oil column isequal to the pressure extracted bythe water column so:Po=PwGravity*Densityw*heightw=Gravity*Densityo*heighto

Densityw*heightw=Densityo*heighto

Heightw /heighto= Densityo/Densityw

Heightw /heighto= Sp.gr

Measurement of API gravity from its density

To derive the API gravity from thedensity, the density is first measuredusing either the hydrometer, detailed inASTM D1298 or with the oscillating U-tube method detailed in ASTM D4052.Density adjustments at differenttemperatures, corrections for soda-limeglass expansion and contraction andmeniscus corrections for opaque oilsare detailed in the PetroleumMeasurement Tables, details of usagespecified in ASTM D1250. The specificgravity is then calculated from theformula below and the API gravitycalculated from the first formula above.

Classifications or grades

Generally speaking, oil with an APIgravity between 40 and 45 commandsthe highest prices. Above 45 degreesthe molecular chains become shorterand less valuable to refineries.



IJSER

Crude oil is classified as light, mediumor heavy, according to its measured APIgravity.

Light crude oil is defined as havingan API gravity higher than 31.1°API (less than 870 kg/m3)Medium oil is defined as having anAPI gravity between 22.3 °API and31.1 °API (870 to 920 kg/m3)Heavy crude oil is defined as havingan API gravity below 22.3 °API(920 to 1000 kg/m3)Extra heavy oil is defined with APIgravity below 10.0 °API (greaterthan 1000 kg/m3)

Not all parties use the same grading.The United States Geological Surveyuses slightly different definitions.

Crude oil with API gravity less than 10°API is referred to as extra heavy oil orbitumen. Bitumen derived from the oilsands deposits in the Alberta, Canadaarea has an API gravity of around 8°API. It is "upgraded" to an API gravityof 31 °API to 33 °API, and theupgraded oil is known as syntheticcrude.

Calibration

1. Remove the lid from the cup, andcompletely fill the device withwater after heating it till reach60°F (make sure thethermometer)

2. Replace the lid and wipe dry.3. Use the balance in order to get

the net weight of the water.4. Calculate the density by dividing

the net weighton the volumewhich is writen on the device.

API gravity formulas

The formula to obtain API gravity ofpetroleum liquids, from specific gravity(SG), is:



IJSER

Conversely, the specific gravity ofpetroleum liquids can be derivedfrom the API gravity value as

Thus, a heavy oil with a specificgravity of 1.0 (i.e., with the samedensity as pure water at 60°F)would have an API gravity of:

Procedure:

1. We pick up a pycnometer and washit very carefully by dry air until weare completely sure that its clean anddry

2. weight the Bycnometer empty3. Make sure that the pycnometer is

completely filled until the specificlabel

4. But volatile oil in it5. Wight the pycnometer full of

volatile6. Calculate the net weight of the

desired fluid by subtracting theempty weight of pycnometer fromfilled weight of pycnometer

7. But heavy oil in the Bycnometer8. Wight the heavy oil that in

Bycnometer9. Do these steps for the condensate10. And do it by using water11. Calculate the weight of (condensate

and volatile oil and the heavy oil )

Results:API = – 131.5

RESULTS OF DENSITY TEST

RoomTemp........... oF

FluidTemp……….. oF



IJSER

Pycnometervolume(ml)

WT ofPycnometerempty(gm)

WT ofPycnometerfilled withfluid (gm)

netweight(gm)

Densitygm/ml

sp-gr API fluid type

condensate

volatile

heavy oil

water

Comments:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Errors:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Error analyses:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Fluid Viscosity

Aim: The aim of this experiment is to calculate theviscosity of a certain oil sample. Viscosity helps a

lot in identifying the type of the oil we aredealing with. As a result we are going to dealwith a device rolling ball viscometer. And we willuse this device to identify the density of oilaccording to the sample temperature and pressure

Theory



IJSER

Chandler's high pressure viscometer is a manual,time-measuring, instrument that operates onthe principle of the measurement of time requiredfor a rolling ball, affected by shear andpressure of the fluid, to travel a pre-determineddistance at controlled conditions. It employsa rolling steel ball for determining the dynamicviscosity of liquid-phase samples at constanttemperatures and pressures. The ball is positionedinside the measuring barrel with the testfluid sample so that it is limited to only rollingtype motion. An electronic timer records thetime required for the ball to roll through thebarrel.

The Chandler high pressure Rolling BallViscometer is a precision instrument used todetermine the viscosity of bottom-hole andsurface samples of reservoir oils at elevatedtemperatures and pressures to 10,000 psi at300°F. Accurate and reproducible engineeringdata is obtainable, whether the specificapplication is to determine the viscosity ofpetroleumfluids at simulated reservoir conditions, or liquidphase viscosities at other predeterminedpressures and temperatures. The samplesmeasured must be electrically non-conductive.The viscometer operates on a rolling-ballprinciple where the roll-time of a ¼-inch-diameterball is used to obtain viscosity data. Viscosityvalues are then obtained by correlation of themeasured data with curves of fluids with known

viscosities and densities.

Safety Requirements• Operator SHOULD avoid contact with the baresurface of the test assembly jacket whenin operation. The instrument control boxSHOULD NOT at any time be opened duringoperation. Anunskilled person SHOULD NOT troubleshootpotentially dangerous equipment. SafetySHOULD NOT be assumed. The operator mustkeep in mind, even the most sophisticatedinstrument cannot think; (a) insulators do notalways insulate, (b) conductors do not alwaysconduct properly, (c) resistors do not alwaysdissipate the required heat. For these reasons, theoperator should carefully follow the outlinedinstructions of this manual and consult themanufacturer when specific questions arise.CAUTION: Exposure to H2S is potentially fatal.Use adequate safety procedureswhen handling H2S samples. Consult your safetydepartment for proper procedures for handlingH2S.

Operation

In the rolling-ball viscometer, the time it takes ametal ball to roll from one end of a fluid filledtube to the other is an indication of the viscosity

for the fluid. Mathematically this isexpressed as

:



IJSER

From the above equation it can be seen that for aconstant ball and fluid density ( B – F), theviscosity ( ) is directly proportional to the ballroll-time (t). Effectively, the ball is forceddown the tube due to gravitational effects at a ratedependent upon the fluid viscosity and thedifference between the density of the ball and thatof the fluid. Any increase in fluid densityreduces the effect of gravity acting on the ball.The ball will correspondingly fall more slowly(an increase of the t term), and indicates a higherviscosity value. Conversely, as the density termdiminishes to zero, the viscosity value alsoapproaches zero.1. Choose the correct ball size. This can be doneby examining the sample fluid. If thefluid viscosity is estimated to be below 25centipoise (above 25° API), a .252- or .248-inch diameter ball should be used. Above 25centipoise (below 25° API), the .234-inchdiameter ball will be appropriate. The balls arenot interchangeable and must be keptseparate.2. Clean the test assembly. Since the barrel, balland inner chamber must be completelyfree of dirt and lint, care should be taken to securea clean test assembly before

undertaking any measurements. Light oil, such askerosene, and thin paper should beused to clean the ball and chamber.

3. Place the ball in the bottom of the emptymeasuring barrel from the upper end of theassembled test unit.4. Evacuate the test assembly. This is done byopening the vacuum pump valve at the lowerend of the unit and closing the charging valve.5. Charge the test sample fluid to the viscometer.The vacuum valve should be closed whilethe high pressure charging valve should now bereopened.6. Rock the test assembly to obtain a single-phasesample. A mixing device called the "SlipRing Mixer" is installed to facilitate the effort.Effectively, the task is completed whenpressure fluctuations of the sample have ended.Sufficient time afterwards should beallowed to permit the newly liberated gas bubblesto escape from the measuring barrel.Particularly in the case of heavy fluids, a bubbletrapped under the ball will sometimeshinder it from free-fall. The surface tension of theoil prevents the bubble from passing



IJSER

between the confines of the barrel and ball; thebubble thus reduces the weight of the balland lengthens its roll-time or might preventelectrical contact entirely.7. Set the temperature of the viscometer to thedesired test temperature with the barrel valveopen. First, the main power switch (Item #10)must be switched to the ON position. Setthe desired temperature on the temperaturecontroller (Item #9; this is done by pressingthe UP and DOWN arrows; refer tomanufacturers’ manual for instructions). The OP1light will illuminate to indicate the propertemperature cycling. During heating, it is veryimportant that the chamber be open to a pressurecontrol system. Allow one hour after thetemperature set point has been reached for the testunit and sample to reach thermalequilibrium. Once the desired temperature andpressure has stabilized, rock the testassembly again to homogenize the sample andthen close the charging valve.

8. Bring the ball into the TOP position at theupper end of the measuring barrel by rotatingthe receptacle arm handle (Item #49; SeeDrawing #1602-1). The handle should berotated towards the upper end of the test unit untilthe 180° stop assembly (Item #67)engages with the stop lug mounted on the testunit. The Top indicator (Item #6) willilluminate when the ball has travelled through thelength of the barrel and made contact

with the barrel valve plunger (Item #1 fromDrawing #1602-1). At this time, theappropriate resolution of the timer may bedetermined. The Timer has a 6-digit displaywith a maximum resolution of 0.001 seconds; thissetting yields a maximum test time ofapproximately 16 minutes and 40 seconds. If theball takes longer than this to fall fromthe bottom to the top, adjust the resolution of theTimer (refer to manufacturers’ manualfor instructions).9. Energize the solenoid with the Coil toggleswitch (Item #11) in the ON position. Nowthe ball can be held in the TOP position. The testunit is then returned to the operatingposition.10. Zero the clock by pushing the RST button onthe Timer (Item #7).11. Release the ball by pressing the DROPbutton. The TIMER will start when the ball is nolonger in contact with the barrel valve plunger.When the ball makes contact at the end ofthe roll, the Timer stops, the Alarm (Item #5)

sounds and the Bottom light illuminates.

CalibrationAs stated previously, operation of the Chandler

Rolling Ball Viscometer is based on thefollowing equation:



IJSER

The Calibration Constant (K) is dependent uponthe size of the ball, the angle of themeasuring barrel and the vertical distancetraveled. Therefore, everything else being equal,the value of K varies with each ball and rollangle. A calibration should be conducted foreach individual ball used at each measuringangle.Chandler Engineering recommends an annual“spot check” of the Calibration Constant foreach ball used, at each angle and at least three (3)temperatures. A simple “spot check”procedure would be to measure the viscosity of aViscosity Standard. A full calibrationshould also be performed if any criticalcomponent (the ball, measuring barrel, coilassembly,lower contact assembly, control cable or controlbox) is replaced.

Figure 1.4: RrollingBall Viscometer

Calibration ProcedureOne or more Viscosity Standards (fluids ofknown density and viscosity at test temperatures)should be used. A roll-time mean is taken fromfive consistent readings at each desired RollAngle. All calibrating tests are made atatmospheric pressure.

1. Choose the correct ball size. If the viscosity ofthe Viscosity Standard is below 25centipoise (above 25° API), a .252- or .248-inch

diameter ball should be used. Above 25centipoise (below 25° API), the .234-inchdiameter ball will be appropriate. The balls arenot interchangeable and must be kept separate.2. Check the diameter and density of the selectedball.3. Select a minimum of three (3) TestTemperatures from the data sheet of the ViscosityStandard. Typically these are:a. Ambient (77°F or 25°C)b. Mid-Range (122°F or 50°C)c. High Temperature (212°F or 100°C)

WARNING: Select temperatures that areBELOW the Boiling Point of theViscosity Standard.4. Clean the test assembly. Since the barrel, balland inner chamber must be completelyfree of dirt and lint, care should be taken to securea clean test assembly beforeundertaking any measurements. Light oil, such askerosene, and thin paper should beused to clean the ball and chamber.5. Place the ball into the empty measuring barrelwhile in a horizontal position. Slowly raise



IJSER

the barrel from horizontal and allow the ball togently roll to the bottom.6. Fill the viscometer with the Viscosity Standard.Rock the test assembly to obtain a single-phasesample.

7. Set the temperature controller to the first testtemperature. Allow one hour after the setpoint has been reached to allow the temperatureto balance throughout the unit.8. Run several roll tests until at least five (5)consistent roll times are obtained at eachmeasuring angle: 70°, 45°, and 23°.9. Repeat steps 7 and 8 above for each testtemperature.

10. Select as many different Viscosity Standardsas required and repeat the above procedure.11. Compute the mean roll time for each set ofroll times (i.e. for each combination of ball,measuring angle, Viscosity Standard andtemperature).12. Divide the known viscosity of the ViscosityStandard by the product of the mean rolltime and the difference in density of the selectedball and that of the Viscosity Standard.This is the Calibration Constant. Tables similar tothe one below may facilitate thisprocess.



IJSER

VISCOSITY MEASURMENT

This example viscosity measurement was thenperformed using the test fluid at the same testconditions of the calibration (0.252 ball, 70°barrel angle, atmospheric pressure). The densityof thetest fluid at test temperatures was measured or

obtained prior to the test. Again, severalroll tests were conducted at each testtemperature until consistent results wereobtained.

Equipment:1- Oil sample

2- Digital balance.

3- Rolling ball viscometer



IJSER

4- Pycnometer

Procedures:1- Put the sample in the rolling ball

viscometer

2- Hold the ball

3- Drop the ball and switch on the deviceat the same time.

4- The rolling ball viscometer at angle=70

5- Weigh the pycnometer

6- Weight the pycnometer filled with oil

7- Determine the weight of the oilsample.

8- Calculate the density of the sample

9- Calculate the viscosity (µ= K t ( b -f))

Results:

V is the velocity of the ball (v=d/t)Distance over the time

K is calibration constant K=

f = gm. /cct= seck= (cm /sec) ^2

Condition of caliberation ( 0.252inch balldiameter 70 parrel angle , atmospheric preesure )the density of the test fluidTest temp =122FDensity of fluid=Time= sec(density B = 7.7709 g/cc), the Measuring Barrelat and angle of 70° (use thermometer to makesure the fluid`s tempertue is 122 F foe density &viscosity) and at atmospheric pressure

Comments:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….



IJSER

Errors:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Error analyses:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

EXPERIMENT NO. 3

Pour PointTheory

The Pour Point test for crude oil isdesigned to identify difficulties instorage and handling of crude oil withunusually high oil pour point. (Neverstore fuel near or below the tested oilpour point) where by the Pour Point isthe lowest temperature at which fuelcan be handled before the viscositybecomes unmanageable even forpositive displacement fuel transferpumps. Fuel is easy to keep warm butonce "set" in this way it can be verydifficult to re-liquefy with obviousconsequences; this really is a verysimple test with instructions andequipment provided in the Lab



IJSER

Test Procedure

1- Fetch the oil sample and put it by angle 45degree.

2- Use water path or oven to begin heatingthe sample.

3- Insert thermometer into crude to measurethe temperature.

4- Observe the sample until the first dropappears.

5- Record the temperature at this point.

Crudeoil type

Pour PointTemperature

Comments:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Errors:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Error analyses:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

EXPERIMENT NO. 4

GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTORTheory

The gas formation volume factor isused to relate the volume of gas, asmeasured at reservoir conditions, to thevolume of the gas as measured atstandard conditions, i.e., 60°F and 14.7psia. This gas property is then definedas the actual volume occupied by acertain amount of gas at a specifiedpressure and temperature, divided bythe volume occupied by the sameamount of gas at standard conditions.

Assuming that the standard conditionsare represented by psc =14.7 psia andTsc Bg =0.02827 ZT/Pwhere Bg = gas formation volumefactor, ft3/scf



IJSER

z = gas compressibility factorT = temperature, °RIn other field units, the gas formationvolume factor can be expressed inbbl/scf, to give: Bg =0.005035ZT/P

The reciprocal of the gas formationvolume factor is called the gasexpansion factor and is designated bythe symbol Eg, or

Eg =35.37 P /ZTscf/ft3, Eg =198.6 P /ZT scf/bblTest Procedure

1. Starting by Gas sample at 60 F &14.7 psia.

2. Use the oven to heat the sampleuntil reach certain temperature.

3. Use Jog mode then increase thevolume of the Gas sample.

4. Record the new Temperature &Pressure.

5. Calculate Z factor

.6. Calculate Bg use the above

formula.

Results………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Comments:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Errors:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….



IJSER

Error analyses:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

EXPERIMENT NO. 5

Gas Density & Specific GravityTheory

One of the main gas properties that arefrequently of interest to engineers is theapparent molecular weight. If yirepresents the mole fraction of thecomponent in a gas mixture, theapparent molecular weight is definedmathematically by the followingequation:

Ma = yi Mi

Where Ma = apparent molecular weightof a gas mixtureMi = molecular weight of thecomponent in the mixtureyi = mole fraction of component i in themixtureThe density of an ideal gas mixture iscalculated by simply replacing themolecular weight of the pure

component with the apparent molecularweight of the gas mixture to give:

g= PMa/RT=m/V

Where g = density of the gas mixture,lb/ft3 P = psia T = R

The specific gravity is defined as theratio of the gas density to that of the air.Both densities are measured orexpressed at the same pressure andtemperature. Commonly, the standardpressure psc and standard temperatureTsc are used in defining the gas specificgravity:

= g / air=Ma/Mair

where g = gas specific gravityair = density of the air

Mair = apparent molecular weight of theair = 28.96

Test Procedure

1. Starting by Gas sample at 60 F &14.7 psia.



IJSER

2. Use the oven to heat the sampleuntil reach certain temperature.

3. Use Jog mode then increase thevolume of the Gas sample.

4. Record the new Temperature,Pressure, and Volume.

5. Calculate Z factor

.6. Use GC to obtain mole friction.7. Calculate Gas gravity & density

use the above formulas.

300 * 16.5617924/10.7/630=0.74 lb/cu.ft

Results………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Comments:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Errors:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Error analyses:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

EXPERIMENT NO. 6GAS VISCOSITY

The viscosity of a fluid is a measure ofthe internal fluid friction (resistance)to flow. If the friction between layers ofthe fluid is small, i.e., low viscosity, anapplied shearing force will result in alarge velocity gradient. As the viscosityincreases, each fluid layer exerts alarger frictional drag on the adjacentlayers and velocity gradient decreases.

The viscosity of a fluid is generallydefined as the ratio of the shear forceper unit area to the local velocitygradient. Viscosities are expressed interms of poises, centipoise the gasviscosity is not commonly measured inthe laboratory because it can beestimated precisely from empiricalcorrelations. Like all intensiveproperties.



IJSER

The Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows CorrelationMethodCarr, Kobayashi, and Burrows (1954)developed graphical correlations forestimating the viscosity of natural gasas a function of temperature, pressure,and gas gravity. The computationalprocedure of applying the proposedcorrelations is summarized in thefollowing steps:

Step 1. Calculate the pseudo-criticalpressure, pseudo-critical temperature,and apparent molecular weight from thespecific gravity or the composition ofthe natural gas. Corrections to thesepseudocritical properties for thepresence of the nonhydrocarbon gases(CO2, N2, and H2S) should be made ifthey are present in concentrationsgreater than 5 mole percent.Step 2. Obtain the viscosity of thenatural gas at one atmosphere and thetemperature of interest from Figure 2-5.This viscosity, as denoted by 1, mustbe corrected for the presence ofnonhydrocarbon components by usingthe inserts of Figure 2-5. Thenonhydrocarbon fractions tend toincrease the viscosity of the gas phase.The effect of nonhydrocarboncomponents on the viscosity of thenatural gas can be expressed

mathematically by the followingrelationships:

1 = ( 1) uncorrected + ( )N2

+ ( )CO2 + ( )H2S

where 1 = “corrected” gas viscosity atone atmosphericpressure and reservoir temperature, cp

)N2 = viscosity corrections due tothe presence of N2

)CO2 = viscosity corrections due tothe presence of CO2

)H2S = viscosity corrections due tothe presence of H2S

1) uncorrected = uncorrected gasviscosity, cpStep 3. Calculate the pseudo-reducedpressure and temperature.Step 4. From the pseudo-reducedtemperature and pressure, obtain theviscosity ratio ( g 1) from Figure 2-6.The term g represents the viscosity ofthe gas at the required conditions.Step 5. The gas viscosity, g, at thepressure and temperature of interest iscalculated by multiplying the viscosityat one atmosphere and systemtemperature, 1, by the viscosity ratio.



IJSER

The following examples illustrate theuse of the proposed raphicalcorrelations:

Viscosity at 1 atm= 0.0093 C.p



IJSER

/ 1= 1.1 so Viscosity at 1000psia &170 F=0.0093*1.1=0.01023 C.P

Gas Composition from Gas Chromoghaph

Component Mole % Yi Mi yiMi Tci RPcipsia yiTci yiPci

Total 0.99947 16.5617924 348.7935 665.6098

Sp.gr C7+= Tr= Pr=T= F P= Psia

Comments:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Errors:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Error analyses:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….



IJSER

EXPERIMENT NO. 7

Classification of Reservoir FluidsFive Reservoir Fluids

The petroleum engineer should determine thetype of fluid very early in the life of his reservoir;the behavior of a reservoir fluid duringproduction is determined by- the shape of its phase diagram where by Theshapes of the phase diagrams can be used inunderstanding the behavior of multicomponentmixtures

- the position of its critical point.Importance of determination fluid type

The following reasons determine theimportance of knowing fluid type it determines:

1.The method of fluid sampling,2.the types and sizes of surfaceequipment,3.the calculation procedures fordetermining oil and gas in place,4.the techniques of predicting oil andgas reserves,

5.the plan of depletion .6.the selection of enhanced recoverymethod are all dependent on the type ofreservoir fluid.



IJSER

Bubble points line

8. Starting by live crude sample atlow temperature & high pressurethen decrease the pressure byconstant rate until the 1st bubbleappears.

9. If the bubble point doesn't appearwhile step one increase thetemperature a little bit and use thepressure value in the step onethen decrease the pressure byconstant rate .

10. Repeat the same procedureuntil the 1st bubble appears.

11. Increase the temperature alittle bit afterward repeat thesame procedure until get the restof 1st bubbles point's pressure.

12. Connect between thebubbles point's pressures fordrawing bubble point line.

Dew points line

1. Starting by gas sample at hightemperature & low pressure thenincrease the pressure by constantrate until the 1st gas condense(dew point).

2. If the dew point doesn't appearwhile step one decrease thetemperature a little bit and use the



IJSER

pressure value in the step onethen increase the pressure byconstant rate .

3. Repeat the same procedure untilthe 1st bubble appears (it appearsat Tct).

4. Decrease the temperature a littlebit afterward repeat the sameprocedure until get the 2nd dewpoint at this point the volume ofgas is 100% meanwhile thevolume of condensate is 0%.

5. Increasing the pressure until thevolume of gas will be 0% and thevolume of condensate will be 0%.

6. Repeat the same procedure atstep 5 & step 6 until get the restof dew points pressure.

7. Connect between the dews point'spressures for drawing dew pointline.

Identification of Fluid Type

Reservoir fluid type can be confirmed only byobservation in the laboratory; and quick availableproduction information usually will indicate thetype of fluid in the reservoir.

Fluid Type API GORSCF/STB

Colour BoBBl/STB

PiPsia

PsPsia

T

Ordinary black oil

15 to 40 200–700 Brown-dark green

UndersaturatedIf Pi > Pb

SaturatedIf Pi = Pb

InsideThe

envelope

FarTc

Low-shrinkage crude oil

less than35°

less than200

Black-deeplycolored

less than1.2

High-shrinkage 45–55° 2,000– Greenish less than 2



IJSER

(volatile) 3,200 to orange

Gas-capIf Pi < Pb

Near-criticalcrude oil

Around50°

excess of3,000

2.0 orhigher

Nearest Tc

Retrogradegas-condensate

above 50° 8,000 and70,000

water-white

Tc-Tct

Near-criticalgas-Condensate

above 60° 60,000 to100,000

water-white

Near Tc

Wet gas ______ 100,000

Dry gas______ ______ ______ ______

outsideThe

envelope

FarTc

Example



IJSER

(cc) (psia)49.593 4987.349.693 4806.849.793 4605.749.906 4402.250.009 4204.650.119 4004.550.239 3802.150.363 3602.150.489 3402.150.617 3200.850.756 3003.250.905 2801.951.067 2611.651.267 2404.251.712 2012.651.958 1813.852.056 1602.852.361 1396.752.71 1202.7

53.192 1002.658.041 81677.475 601.3191.94 236.6

283.794 174.4309.551 163.4

Results………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Comments:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Errors:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Error analyses:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 100 200 300 400

Pump Cell Press (psia)

Pump Cell Press (psia)



IJSER

EXPERIMENT NO. 8Equilibrium Flash Separator Test

Purpose: The Equilibrium Flash Separator can

be used to measure gas oil ratio,relative volume, residual oilgravity, and related informationon bottom hole.

Test Procedure:1. This test simulates flashing from

reservoir pressure or well head toseparator then stock tank.

2. Close the inlet flash valve anddrain valve

3. Open regulator off valve.4. Close bypass off valve.5. Adjust the back pressure

regulator to desired 1 st stageseparator test pressure.

6. Expand the fluid sample into theseparator .

7. Close the inlet flash valve andslowly open the drain valve.

8. Record the initial external pumpvolume reading and initialgasometer volume reading.

9. Weight the 2nd stage tube .10. Record zero initial

gasometer volume reading for the2nd stage.

11. Carefully open the drainvalve to drain receiver tube.

12. Record the data into theblow table.

Pump cellPressure Volume Temp

psia CC °CInitialFinal

Difference



IJSER

LiquidFirst stage sep. second stage sep.

Pressure Volume Temp Pressure Volume Temp

Psig psia CC °C Psig psia CC °C

Difference

Gas (as meaured by Gasometer)First stage sep. second stage sep.

Pressure Volume Temp Pressure Volume Temp

Psig psia CC °C Psig psia CC °C

Difference

STO= difference Glass tube wt (g)/difference Liquid Volume (ml)

Formation Volume Factor=difference pumpcell volume (cc)/ difference LiquidVolume (cc)

Atmosphericglass tube wt. Pressure

gm psia81.611 14.2397.117 14.23

Difference 15.5



IJSER

Calculated ResultsGOR STO

1st Stage

2ndStage Total FVF Density

cc/cc cc/cc cc/cc cc/cc g/cc

at conditionsPressure Temperature

Reservoir1st

Stage2nd

Stage atm. Reservoir1st

Stage 2nd Stage atm.psia psia psia psia °C °C °C °C

Comments:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Errors:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Error analyses:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

EXPERIMENT NO. 9Surface tension

Aim:

The tensiometer measures the surfacetension at a liquid- air interface at roomtemperature and atmospheric pressure .Theory: The tensiometer measures the maximumforce surface tension relies on themeasured of the force acting on a probe bymonitoring the weight change on a top-loading analytical balance.Calibration:Using the known surface tension of thewater as 72.3 mN/m at 23 C .Measurement Procedures:

1. Turn the tensiometer and thebalance on.

2. Remove the draft shield cover.



IJSER

3. Use the up/down switch to raise thetip up.

4. Fill the sample glass beaker untilreach the red line.

5. Put the beaker on the balance .6. Slid the draft shield cover back in

the groove.7. Tare the balance to get a zero

reading.8. Use the up/down switch to lower the

tip down until make a contact withthe liquid.

9. Raise the tip while observing thedecrease in mass until the mass hasbegun to increase.

10. At the point where the balanceshowed lowest reading themeasurement tip has lifted themaximum amount of the fluid.

11. Record the data and calculate thesurface tension as blow.

Surface tension (air –water)

Please Enter Radius of measuring Tip( mm)Please Enter Maximum Balance Readring (g)Please Enter Density ( g/ml)Volume (cubic mm)Zr/k

surface Tension(mN/m= dyne/cm)

Surface tension (oil –water)

Please Enter Radius of measuring Tip( mm)Please Enter Maximum Balance Readring (g)Please Enter Density ( g/ml)Volume (cubic mm)Zr/k

surface Tension(mN/m= dyne/cm)

Comments:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Errors:



IJSER

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Error analyses:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

EXPERIMENT NO. 10Gasometer

Aim: The gasometer measures the volumetricmeasurement of atmospheric gas surfacetension at a liquid- air interface at roomtemperature and atmospheric pressure.Measurement Procedures:

1. Turn both of the three-way valves tothe vent position.

2. Bring both of the pistons to the topdead position.

3. Turn both of the three-way valves toclosed position.

4. Turn of the two-way valves to closedposition.

5. Gas is admitted into the jar byturning the three-way valves to inletposition.

6. Let the gas in the jars come to roomtemperature.

7. Bring the gas to null pressure byadjusting the knobs.

8. Observe the volumetric readingusing the vernier ans scaleor thedigital volume display, note the roomtemperature.

Results

Flow rate in CC/ min= total volume/ time = cc/ min



IJSER

Comments:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Errors:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Error analyses:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

EXPERIMENT NO. 11

Gas Compressibility

Knowledge of the variability of fluidcompressibility with pressure and temperature

is essential in performing many reservoirengineering calculations. For a liquid phase,the compressibility is small and usuallyassumed to be constant. For a gas phase, thecompressibility is neither small nor constant.

Test Procedure

1-Starting by Gas sample at constanttemperature2-Record the initial pressure P1in psia&initial Volume V1 in cu.ft .3-Use Jog mode then increase thevolume of the Gas sample.4-Record the new volume & Pressure.

5- Calculate Gas Compressibility factor.

c -

=( )( )

=( )

c=psi-1



IJSER

Results………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Comments:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Errors:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Error analyses:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

EXPERIMENT NO. 12

Dalton's Law of Partial PressuresThe total pressure exerted by a mixture

of gases is equal to the sum of thepressures exerted by itscomponents. The pressure exertedby each of the component gases isknown as its partial pressure.

Dalton's law sometimes is called thelaw of additive pressures. Consider amixture containing nA moles ofcomponent A, nB moles of componentB, nC moles of component C, and soon. The partial pressure exerted by each



IJSER

component of the gas mixture may bedetermined as:

The ratio of the partial pressure ofcomponent Pj, to the total pressure ofthe mixture p is:

where yj is defined as the mole fractionof the jth component in the gas mixture.Therefore, the partial pressure of acomponent of a mixture of ideal gasesis

Pj = yj* P

Component Mole % Yi Pi=Yi*P



IJSER

Total

Comments:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Errors:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Error analyses:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

EXPERIMENT NO. 13

HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION (pH):

Theory

The acidity and the alkalinity ofthe drilling fluid can be measuredby the concentration of the (H+)ion in the fluid. As for instance,if H+ is large (1 x 10-1), then the(OH-) hydroxyl concentration isvery low (1 x 10-13), the solutionis strongly acidic. If the (OH-)concentration is (1 x 10-1) veryhigh then (H+) concentration isvery low then the solution isstrongly alkaline. The pH of asolution is the logarithm of thereciprocal of the (H+)concentration in grams moles perliter, expresses as:



IJSER

pH = log

HH

log1

Example: If the solution is neutralthen H+ and OH- concentrationsare the same equal to 1 x 10-7.

pH =

00.77101log1011log 7

7 xx

= -log 10-7

Therefore, if the pH of a mixturedrops from 7.0 to 6.0, the numberof (H+) increase ten times.

Methods of measuring pH in thelaboratory:

1. The PH Paper: The PH paperstrips have dyes absorbed into the

paper display certain colors incertain pH ranges. It is useful,inexpensive method to determinepH in oil sample. The maindisadvantage is that highconcentrations of salts (10,000ppm chloride) will alter the colorchange and cause inaccuracy.

1. The PH Meter: The PH meter isan electric device utilizing glasselectrodes to measure a potentialdifference and indicate directlyby dial reading the pH of thesample. The PH meter is themost accurate method ofmeasuring PH

PHMeter



IJSER

The Laboratory Test:

1. Take 2 samples of crude fromeach tank.

2. Stir the samples for 2 minutes3. Insert the electrode into the

sample where by

(a) Use beaker to test (not stealbeaker)(b) Insert the electrode in thecenter(c) Don`t touch the base of thebeaker

Comments:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Errors:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Error analyses:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….



IJSER

EXPERIMENT NO. 14 Acidity No experiment:

TheoryAcidity No: The amount of potassiumhydroxide (KOH) in mg required toneutralize on e gm of Crude oil.

Mini Acidity No >0.2 mg KOH/ gm Crudeoil

Aim: Determine acidity no to know if the oilcontains organic acid that may react withAlkaline or caustic flooding in order to formsurfactant with the aim of reduces the interfacialtension between crude oil and water inside thereservoir hence increase productivity.

PH

The acidity and the alkalinity of thefluid can be measured by theconcentration of the (H+) ion in thefluid. As for instance, if H+ is large (1x 10-1), then the (OH-) hydroxylconcentration is very low (1 x 10-13),the solution is strongly acidic. If the(OH-) concentration is (1 x 10-1) veryhigh then (H+) concentration is verylow then the solution is stronglyalkaline. The pH of a solution is thelogarithm of the reciprocal of the (H+)

concentration in grams moles per liter,expresses as:

PH = log HH

log1

Example: If the solution is neutral thenH+ and OH- concentrations are thesame equal to 1 x 10-7.

PH =

00.77101log1011log 7

7 xx

= -log 10-7

Therefore, if the pH of a mixture dropsfrom 7.0 to 6.0, the number of (H+)increases ten times.

Methods of measuring pH in thelaboratory:

The PH Meter: The PH meter is anelectric device utilizing glass electrodesto measure a potential difference andindicate directly by dial reading the pHof the sample. The PH meter is themost accurate method of measuring PH



IJSER

PH MeterThe Test Procedures:

1. Fetch oil sample from the well.2. Pour one mg of crude oil sample

into tested tube.3. Pour 0.05% KOH on the crude oil

sample.4. Stir the sample around 2 minutes5. Insert the electrode of PH meter

into the sample where by

(a) Use beaker to test (not stealbeaker)(b) Insert the electrode in thecenter(c) Don`t touch the base of thebeaker.

6. Measure PH Value. 7. Repeat the steps from 3 till 6 using

the amount (1%, 1.5%,…….5%). 8. Plot a graph between PH on Y axis

versus KOH amount on x Axis.

9. Draw a line from PH axis tillintersects with the curve to getthe KOH amount.

10. Tabulate the results here below.

Results………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Comments:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Sources of errors:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….



IJSER

Error analyses:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Experiment No.15Emulsion

Stability Test

Theory

The emulsion is a mixture of two ormore liquids that arenormally immiscible (non mixable orunbendable). Emulsions are part of a moregeneral class of two-phase systemsof matter called colloids. Although theterms colloid and emulsion are sometimesused interchangeably, emulsion should beused when both the dispersed and thecontinuous phase are liquids. In anemulsion, one liquid (the dispersed phase)

is dispersed in the other (the continuousphase)



IJSER


1. Inspect the electrode probe andcable for any evidence ofdamage. Ensure that the entireelectrode gap is free of depositsand that the connector to theinstrument is clean and dry.

2. Clean the electrode bodythoroughly by wiping with aclean paper towel, be sure toclean the electrode gap.

3. Pre heat the sample to 120 F.4. Hand stir the sample with the

electrode probe for 10 sec, thiswill help create a uniformcomposition and temperature.

5. The position of the electrodeprobe so that it does touch thebottom or sides of the container.Be sure the electrode surfaces arecompletely covered by thesample.

6. Push the button to begin thevoltage ramp (do not move theelectrode during the voltageramp).

7. Note the ES displayed on thereadout.

Comments:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Errors:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Error analyses:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Experiment No.16Water

Content Test

Theory

The emulsion is a mixture of two ormore liquids that arenormally immiscible (non mixable orunbendable). Emulsions are part of a moregeneral class of two-phase systems



IJSER

of matter called colloids. Although theterms colloid and emulsion are sometimesused interchangeably, emulsion should beused when both the dispersed and thecontinuous phase are liquids. In anemulsion, one liquid (the dispersed phase)is dispersed in the other (the continuousphase)



IJSER


1. Inspect the electrode probe andcable for any evidence ofdamage. Ensure that the entireelectrode gap is free of depositsand that the connector to theinstrument is clean and dry.

2. Clean the electrode bodythoroughly by wiping with aclean paper towel, be sure toclean the electrode gap.

3. Pre heat the sample to 120 F.4. Hand stir the sample with the

electrode probe for 10 sec, thiswill help create a uniformcomposition and temperature.

5. The position of the electrodeprobe so that it does touch thebottom or sides of the container.Be sure the electrode surfaces arecompletely covered by thesample.

6. Push the button to begin thevoltage ramp (do not move theelectrode during the voltageramp).

7. Note the ES displayed on thereadout.

Comments:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Errors:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Error analyses:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

APPENDIX AConversion Tables

To Convert Multiply By To Obtain

AcresAcresAcresAcresAcre-feetAcre-feetAcre-feetBarBarBarBushels (dry)Centimeters(cm)

43,5600.0040540474840325,851435601233.514.51019.729.530.035240.032810.3937

Sq. feetSq. kilometerSq. meterSq. yardsSq. feetCu. feetm (cubed)Lb/sq.in.g/cm (cubed)inches Hg at 0degrees CmsquaredFeet



IJSER

CentimetersCentimetersCentimetersCentimeterscm/seccm/seccm (cubed)Cubic feetCubic feetCubic feetCubic feetCupFeet (ft)FeetFeet per minuteFeet head ofwaterFoot candleGallons (gal)GalGalGal/acreGal/acreGal/1000ftsquaredGal/minuteGrams (g)GramG/haGrams per literGrams per literGrams/sq.meterG/cm (cubed)G/cm (cubed)Hectares (ha)InchesInchesInchesInsquaredIn (cubed)

0.10940.01101.96850.02236940.06102370.02837.480517280.037830.480.30480.011360.43310.7643.78537851289.3542.9384.07462.228 x 10 (-3)0.0022050.0352740.0008931000100.000204810.03612762.4282.4712.5400.025425.406.451616.3871

InchesYardsMetersMillimeters (ml)ft/minMPHinch (cubed)Cu. meterGallonsCubic inchesCubic yardsfl ozCentimetersMetersMPHPSILuxLitersMillimetersOunces (liquid)Liters/hectareOz/1000ftsquared(liquid)L/100 msquaredCubicfeet/secondPoundsozlbs/aPPMPercentlb/sq.feetlb/in (cubed)lb/ft (cubed)AcresCentimetersMetersMillimeterscmsquaredcm (cubed)

Kilograms (kg)Kg/hectareKg/haKg/LKilometers (Km)

2.20460.8920.020488.3454100,000

PoundsPounds/acrelb/1000ftsquaredlb/gal

KilometersKilometersKilometersKilometersKm/hKm/hKilopascals(kPa)Liters (l)LitersLitersLitersL/100msquaredLiters/hectareMeters (m)MetersMetersMetersMetersMetersMeters/secMsquaredM (cubed)M (cubed)Miles (statute)MilesMilesMilesMiles/hour(mph)Miles/hourMiles/hourMiles/hourMilliliters (ml)MillilitersMillimeters(mm)1 mm Hg @ 0COunces (fluid)Ounces (fluid)Ounces(weight)Parts per million(ppm)PPMPPM

328110000.621410940.6213754.68070.1450.264233.8142.1131.0570.24540.1073.28139.371.0941000.00110002.236910.76435.31471.30795160,90052801.60917601.467881.610.4470.03380.00026420.039370.133320.0295729.57328.352.7190.0018.3410.0130.32958.345100.4731.1692

CentimetersFeetMetersMilesYardsMPHft/minPounds/sq.in.(psi)GallonsOuncesPintsQuartsgal/1000ftsquaredGallons/acreFeetInchesyardsCentimetersKilometersMillimetersMPHftsquaredft (cubed)yd (cubed)CentimetersFeetKilometersYardsFeet/secondFeet/minuteKilometers/hourmeter/secondOunces (fluid)GallonsIncheskPaLitersMillilitersGramslb ai/acre foot ofwaterGrams/lLb/million galmg/kgOunces/100 galof water



IJSER

PPMPPMPPMPPMPercent (%)Pintpt/Apt/A

0.3673 Gal/acre-foot ofwaterlbs/million gal ofwaterg/kgliterL/haoz/1000ftsquared

PoundsPoundsPounds/acrePounds/APounds/sq.ft.Pounds/1000ftsquaredPounds/yd(cubed)Pounds/gallonPSI (lbs/sq.in.)PSIPSIPSIPSIQuartsQt/AQt/ASq. centimetersSq. centimetersSq. feetSq. feetSq. feetSq. inchTon (2000 lbs)YardsYardsYardsyd (cubed)yd (cubed)

0.4536453.61.120.02296488343.55970.00059370.126.90.068950.0680462.316.890.94632.33850.73460.0010760.15509290.09299.294 x 10 (-6)6.45290791.440.9144914.4270.7645

KilogramsGramsKg/hectarelb/1000 ftsquaredGrams/sq.meterlb/AG/cm (cubed)Kg/literKilopascalsBaratmfeet head of waterkPaLitersL/haoz/1000 ftsquaredSq. feetSq. inchesSq. centimetersSq. metersHectaresSq. centimeterskgCentimetersMetersMillimetersft (cubed)m (cubed)

Area Equivalents1 acre = 43,560 ft squared = 4840 yd 2 = 0.4047hectares = 160 rods squared = 4047 m 2 =0.0016 sq. mile1 acre-inch = 102.8 m 3 = 27,154 gal = 3630 ft 31 hectare (ha) = 10,000 m 2 = 100 are = 2.471acres = 107,639 ft squared1 cubic foot (ft 3 ) = 1728 in 3 = 0.037 yd 3 =0.02832 m 3 = 28,320 cm 3

1 square foot (ft 2 ) = 144 in 2 = 929.03 cm 2 =0.09290 m 21 square yard (yd 2 ) = 9 ft 2 = 0.836 m 21 cubic yard (yd 3 ) = 27 ft 3 = 0.765 m 3

Liquid Equivalents1 ft (cubed) of water = 7.5 gal = 62.4 lbs. = 28.3liters1 acre-inch of water = 27,154 gal = 3630 ft 31 liter (l) = 2.113 pts. = 1000 ml = 1.057 qts. =33.8 fl.oz. = 0.26 gal1 US gallon=4 qt.=8 pt. = 16 cups = 128 fl.oz. =8.337 lbs of water = 3.785 L = 3785 ml = 231 in 3= 256 tbsp. = 0.1337 ft31 quart = 0.9463 liters = 2 pt. = 32 fl. oz. = 4 cups= 64 tablespoons (tbsp.)=57.75 in 3 = 0.25 gal =946.4 ml1 pint = 16 fl. oz. = 2 cups = 473.2 ml = 32 leveltablespoons = 0.125 gal = 0.5 qt1 cup = 8 fl. oz. = = ½ pt. = 16 tablespoons =236.6 ml1 tablespoon = 14.8 ml = 3 teaspoons (tsp.) = 0.5fl.oz.1 milliliter (ml) = 1 cm 3 = 0.34 fl.oz. = 0.002 pts1 teaspoon = 4.93 ml = 0.1667 fl. oz. = 80 drops1 US fluid ounce = 29.57 ml = 2 tablespoons = 6tsp. = 0.03125 qt

Temperature Equivalentsdegrees Centigrade = (°F-32)x5/9degrees Fahrenheit = (°Cx9/5)+32

Pressure Equivalents1 lb per square inch (PSI) = 6.9 kilopascal (kPa)1 PSI = 2.31 feet head of water

Units Dyne Lb. Newton

Dyne 1 2.248x10-6 10-5

Lb. 444,823 1 4.448

Newton 100,000 0.2248 1



IJSER

Mixture Ratios1 mg/g = 1000 ppm1 fl.oz./gal = 7490 ppm1 fl.oz./100 gal = 75 ppm1 pt/100 gal = 1 teaspoons/1gal1 qt/100 gal = 2 tablespoons/1 gal

Flow1 gpm = 0.134 ft 3 /minute1 ft (cubed) /min. (cfm) = 449 gal/hr. (gph) =7.481 gal/min.

Weight Equivalents1 ton (US) = 2000 lb = 0.907 metric tons = 907.2kg1 metric ton = 10 6 g = 1000 kg = 2205 lb1 lb = 16 oz = 453.6 grams (g) = 0.4536 kg1 oz (weight) = 28.35 g = 0.0625 lb1 gram = 1000 mg = 0.0353 oz = 0.001 kg =0.002205 lbmilligrams (mg) = 0.001 grams1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams = 35.3 oz = 2.205lbsmicrogram (mg) = 10 -6 grams = 0.001 mgnanogram (ng) = 10 -9 grams = 0.001micrograms (mg)picogram = 10 -12 grams1 ppm= 0.0001%= 0.013 fl oz in 100 gal =1mg/kg=1 mg/L=1 mg/g= 0.379 g in 100 galwater= 8.34 x 10 -6 lb/gal=1ml/l10 ppm = 0.001% = 10 mg/L 100 ppm = 0.01% =100 mg/L1000 ppm = 1mg/g = 0.1% = 1000 mg/L1 ppb = 1 ug/kg or 1 ug/L or 1 ng/g1 ppt = 1 picogram/g1 % = 10,000 ppm = 10g/L = 1g/100ml = 10g/kg= 1.33 oz by weight/gal water = 8.34 lbs/

100 gal water

Conclusions

The Pressure Volume Temperature analyses areso important for oil and gas field with the aim ofestimate the oil prices leading to significantrevenue shortfalls in many energy exportingnations, while consumers in many importingcountries are likely to have to pay less to heattheir homes or drive their cars.Energy subsidies, which amount to more than$540 billion per year worldwide, are as commonas they are damaging to economies, the poor, andthe environment, since they stimulateconsumption and undermine efforts to saveenergy and use it more efficiently.

The price of oil is of critical importance to today'sworld economy, given that oil is the largestinternationally traded good, both in volume andvalue terms, creating what some analysts havecalled a hydrocarbon economy. In addition, theprices of energy-intensive goods and services arelinked to energy prices, of which oil makes up thesingle most important share. Finally, the price ofoil is linked to some extent to the price of otherfuels. Therefore, abrupt changes in the pi-ice ofoil have wide-ranging ramifications for both oil-producing and oil-consuming countries. Thesharp decline in world oil prices since late 1997certainly qualify as an abrupt and significantchange.

Recommendations

I hope to continue the R&D about this issue.

References

1. http://www.corex.co.uk/our-services/pvt-laboratory-services/



IJSER

2. Castka, Joseph F.; Metcalfe, H. Clark;Davis, Raymond E.; Williams, John E.(2002). Modern Chemistry. Holt, Rinehartand Winston. ISBN 0-03-056537-5.

3. Guch, Ian (2003). The Complete Idiot'sGuide to Chemistry. Alpha, Penguin GroupInc. ISBN 1-59257-101-8.

4. Zumdahl, Steven S (1998). ChemicalPrinciples. Houghton Mifflin Company.ISBN 0-395-83995-5.

5.Clapeyron, E (1834). "Mémoire sur lapuissance motrice de la chaleur". Journalde l'École Polytechnique (in French) XIV:153–90. Facsimile at the Bibliothèquenationale de France (pp. 153–90).

6.http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/the-hidden-consequences-of-low-oil-prices/389156/

7.http://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/trade_environment/energy/heffect.html



IJSER

Index Terms Introduction P IJSER Oil PVT Analysis includes the analysis of volatile oil samples by...

Documents

Transcript of Index Terms Introduction P IJSER Oil PVT Analysis includes the analysis of volatile oil samples by...