359M. Pinedo-Vasquez et al. (eds.), The Amazon Várzea: The Decade Past and the Decade Ahead, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0146-5, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011

AAçai agroforestry, 217, 219Açai fruit, 95, 195, 196, 198, 208–211,

213, 215–219, 221, 223, 224, 226, 227, 350, 351

Açai palm, 193, 195, 209, 216–219, 226Adaptation, 3–9, 48, 350Aging, 6, 11–33Agroforestry, 171, 208, 211, 216–218, 220,

349, 351Amanã, 26, 139, 243–246, 251, 253, 286, 288,

290, 301, 302, 305Amapá, 92, 94, 138, 155, 189, 203, 212, 335Amazonas, 6, 18, 22, 40, 58, 60, 69, 91, 92,

94, 96, 112, 114, 126, 127, 139, 141, 142, 149, 155, 235–237, 242, 246, 255, 264, 265, 289, 300, 302, 310–313, 329, 330, 335, 337

Amazon Cooperation Treaty, 161Amazon Estuary, 126, 148, 170, 198,

207–228, 351Amazon floodplain, 7, 39–44, 87, 119–133,

162, 169–171, 174, 175, 182, 183, 204, 328, 329

Amazon river, 12, 39, 41, 43, 46, 55, 69, 81, 86–89, 112, 121, 148, 162, 183, 189, 242, 335, 343

Aracampina, 13, 16–18, 20–32Ayres J. Marcio, 13, 33, 139, 242–244, 246,

299–320, 336, 350

BBelém, 13, 39–41, 44, 45, 47, 54,

56, 85, 88–92, 94–96, 126, 211, 216, 219, 224

Biodiversity, 77, 86, 120, 122, 140, 153, 155, 158, 159, 170, 187–205, 241–258, 264, 278, 281, 289, 291, 300, 303, 305, 306, 313, 318, 327, 328, 331, 335, 339, 343, 356

Bluff model, 37Brazil, 5–7, 13, 14, 18, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 38,

39, 46, 47, 54, 55, 58, 68, 74, 84, 86, 108, 138–140, 146, 150, 154, 155, 160, 161, 189, 195–201, 204, 205, 213, 214, 217, 234, 235, 237, 238, 241–258, 264, 265, 275–280, 282, 290, 291, 303–305, 310, 313, 314, 335–337, 342, 343, 350, 353, 355

Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), 58, 130, 337

CCabanagem, 41, 47Caboclo, 12–14, 17, 18, 22–32, 56, 194, 213,

215, 245, 249, 287, 290Caimans, 142–143, 202, 249, 255Cattle ranching, 86, 87, 103, 105,

123, 127, 130, 191, 219, 262, 352

Caxiuanã, 13, 15–20, 22–29, 31–33

Central Amazon, 68, 170, 242, 326Colonial period, 4, 38, 44–46Comanagement, 102–104, 107–116,

119–133, 145–163, 281, 289, 290, 330, 331, 333, 338, 339

Commercial fisheries, 108Common pool resources, 121, 125, 312Commons theory, 286

Index

360 Index

Connectivity, 191Conservation, 49, 68, 75, 79, 85, 104,

120–122, 138–141, 143, 145–163, 169–171, 187–205, 233–258, 261–273, 277, 278, 281, 285–292, 299–307, 309–320, 326–328, 338–343, 348, 350–353, 356

Conservation units, 75, 154, 233–238, 262, 277, 278, 281, 328, 339–342

Crocodilian, 138, 143Cultural forests, 170

DDemographic change, 7, 55, 86Development, 16–18, 122–125, 210–216,

279–281, 325–333 Disturbance, 170, 174–177, 182, 183, 191,

192, 257

EEcosystem function, 77, 192,

319, 320Ecosystem services, 196, 199Euterpe oleracea, 216Extractive reserves (RESEX), 139, 234, 236,

247, 278–279, 304, 307, 313

FFamily networks, 207–228Fisheries, 38, 43, 80, 87, 101–105,

107–116, 120–125, 127, 128, 131, 133, 141, 145–163, 188, 190–192, 201, 202, 245, 250, 251, 253, 262, 265, 286, 311, 312, 326, 328, 330, 332, 341, 349, 353–355

Floodplain forests, 138–141, 143, 170, 175, 191, 217, 224

Flood pulse, 103, 122, 138, 174, 203, 319, 340, 348, 350, 351, 356

Forest management, 76, 78, 79, 154, 188, 192, 194–196, 236, 330, 341

Forest products, 54, 78–80, 121, 171, 176, 192, 194, 204, 217–219, 226, 341

GGrasslands, 87, 109, 121, 123, 127, 130, 212,

218, 219, 243, 244

HHealth, 4, 6, 7, 11–33, 60–63, 78, 90, 94, 96,

102, 171, 208, 211, 219, 220, 227, 237, 245, 253, 256, 339, 340, 342, 348, 349, 352, 355

Historical ecology, 174History, 3–9, 38, 45, 48, 54, 84, 105, 122, 133,

162, 174, 175, 179, 181–183, 188, 192, 193, 208, 217, 223, 234, 251, 281–282, 302, 317, 318, 348, 349, 351, 355

Hunting, 13, 28, 41, 56, 78, 94, 102, 138–141, 175, 193, 196, 245, 289, 291, 342, 352

IIARA Project, 113, 114, 152INCRA. See National Institute of Colonization

and the Agrarian ReformInstituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos

Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA), 57, 68, 86, 87, 104, 114, 123–125, 127–129, 131, 132, 140, 142, 149, 150, 152–155, 160, 250, 253, 265–267, 278–281, 289, 326, 328–331, 333, 354

Iquitos (Peru), 3, 4, 8, 167, 170, 174–176

LLand tenure, 5, 67–81, 85, 87, 103, 105,

119–133, 210, 212, 213, 223, 227, 328, 341, 348, 353, 355

Livelihoods, 6, 8, 39, 44, 47, 48, 59, 61, 188, 223, 252–258, 264, 289, 312–314, 349

Logging, 49, 57, 59, 198, 234, 236, 251, 252, 286, 312

Longitudinal research, 210–216, 227, Lower Amazon, 4, 37–49, 69, 101,

108–115, 119–133, 153, 156, 329, 349, 351, 354, 355

MMacapá, 85, 88, 90–92, 94, 95, 146, 152,

216, 338Macapá conference (1994), 152, 338Mamirauá Sustainable

Development Reserve (Brazil), 101, 138, 140, 141, 143, 153, 189, 201, 234, 241, 242, 244, 247, 264, 292, 300, 304, 313, 320, 336, 352

361Index

Manaus, 6, 18, 23, 46, 54, 56, 59, 85, 88–92, 94–96, 152, 235, 238, 286, 288, 300, 310, 339

Marajó, 39, 84, 96, 171, 217Migration, 6, 53–64, 86, 91, 92, 148, 174, 175,

183, 211, 214, 252, 339Monitoring, 57, 103–105, 129, 137, 140, 141,

143, 146, 149, 152, 159, 234, 249, 250, 254, 286–289, 291, 300, 303, 311, 327, 330, 331, 341, 342, 352, 354

Multifunctionality, 170, 187–205, 351

NNational Institute of Colonization and the

Agrarian Reform (INCRA), 55, 58, 59, 68, 76, 77, 103, 105, 120, 128–133, 280, 328, 341, 353, 355

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs), 236, 245, 252, 312, 349

OÓbidos, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 69, 329

PPAE. See Projeto de Assentamento

Agro-ExtrativistaPará, 6, 12, 13, 22, 25, 31, 41, 42, 45, 47, 48,

68, 69, 92, 94–96, 108, 141, 149, 150, 154–156, 212, 218, 328, 329, 331, 335, 337, 338

Parks, 234, 286, 304, 313, 319Peasantry, 4, 38, 42–44, 47, 48Peru, 5, 6, 150, 160, 161, 170, 174, 175, 189,

195–198, 204, 205, 335, 351, 353, 354Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), 56, 122, 153, 156,

159, 160, 201, 234, 248, 250, 251, 253–255, 261–273, 326, 354

Projeto de Assentamento Agro-Extrativista (PAE), 77, 105, 128–133, 280

Property rights, 6, 105, 121, 123, 125–128, 132

Protected areas, 32, 33, 154, 201, 235, 241–258, 277, 278, 285–292, 304–306, 309–314, 317–319, 328, 349, 354

ProVárzea, 68, 85–87, 127, 154–156, 325–333, 338, 349, 354

Public policies, 6, 53–64, 80, 81, 89, 96, 147, 157, 275–283, 291, 292, 327, 328, 335–343, 348, 349

QQuilombolas, 278Quilombos, 46, 237

RRefugia, 316–319Resentment, 275–283Reserves, 55, 57–59, 77, 201, 234–236, 241,

244, 247–249, 252, 258, 262, 286, 288, 291, 303, 305–307, 311, 313, 319, 349

Resilience, 5, 42, 48, 86, 170, 183, 349Resource management, 38, 69, 72, 77–79,

120, 192, 209, 228, 263, 281, 286, 291, 312, 326, 328, 336, 338–341, 349

Ribeirinho, 47–49, 68, 75, 76, 81, 86, 189, 300, 310–312, 349, 355

Ribereño, 5–7, 9, 174, 182, 189Rio Negro, 18, 30, 38, 39, 41, 150River-refuge, 315–320Rubber boom, 38, 54, 88, 89, 350Rubber tappers, 56, 58, 122, 234, 277, 280,

290, 342Rural populations, 11–33, 56–58, 61–63,

85, 88, 96, 147, 148, 209, 213, 220, 313, 331, 349

SSantarém, 13, 18, 26, 39–41, 43, 46, 69, 85,

88, 90–92, 94–96, 108, 112–114, 121–130, 132, 154, 156, 329, 331

SDR. See Sustainable Development Reserve

Secondary forests, 183Smallholders, 46, 79, 108–111, 121, 123, 127,

128, 130, 133, 170, 188–190, 192, 194–196, 198, 200, 202, 292

Small scale fishermen, 108, 114, 115, 159Social networks, 103, 222, 349Socioenvironmental, 78, 80, 103, 188,

190, 193, 282, 285–292, 305, 307, 339–342, 351

Solimões River, 18, 56, 57, 60, 86, 141, 148, 152, 242, 264, 312

Speciation, 316–319Subsistence, 13, 28, 44, 46, 47, 76, 78,

107–116, 138, 139, 142, 147, 148, 151, 156, 159, 160, 171, 193, 211, 245, 311, 331, 352

Sustainability, 5, 6, 33, 64, 68, 76–78, 81, 113, 124, 125, 140, 146, 148,

362 Index

155–157, 159, 213, 215, 217, 223, 285, 288, 291, 304, 307, 327, 329, 340, 352, 353

Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR), 139, 234, 242, 246, 247, 258, 287, 288, 292, 301–307, 309, 313, 314

Sustainable use, 68, 101, 140, 154, 158, 160, 162, 187–205, 241–258, 285–292, 302, 304–306, 328, 331, 339, 355

TTefé, 69, 88, 92, 126, 141, 149, 154, 352Terms of Adjustment of Conduct (TAC), 103,

123, 124Traditional populations, 24, 32, 76, 128,

153, 154, 214, 234, 278, 280, 290, 305–307, 342

UUcayali River, 170

Underdevelopment, 171, 207–228Upper Amazon, 39, 170, 351Urbanization, 6, 7, 57–59, 84–86, 90–95, 216

VVárzea, 3–9, 13, 32, 38–42, 53–64, 67–81, 88,

101, 102, 108–112, 114, 120–123, 126–133, 138–141, 143, 153, 170, 175, 187–205, 234, 236–254, 261–273, 285–292, 303, 317, 319–320, 331, 335–343, 347–356

Várzea: Diversity, Development, and Conservation of Amazonia’s Whitewater Floodplain, 146

Virola (Virola surinamensis), 199Volunteer Environmental Agents (VEA), 104,

123, 330, 331, 342, 352

WWildlife management, 139, 141–143, 253, 255