Index

Abacha, Sanni 117 'act of state' doctrine 112-13,115 Ahidjo, Ahmadou 98-99 Alatas, Syed xiv Alien Tort Claims Act 116 Allende, Salvador 115 Almonte, Jose 105 Amin,Idi 99 Anand Punyarachun 177 anti-corruption reform (see also

corruption control; Transparency International) Corruption Perceptions Index

aiding 39 international efforts 31, 138-42 international Resolutions 36-37,

40,42,43-44,117,139 strategies for 35-36 Thai 1997 Constitution 177-203

Aquino, Corazon 110,111 Aristotle 5,8,51 Arlacchi, Pino 140 arms trade, in global economy 136 Australia (see also Independent

Commission Against Corruption) anti-corruption Conventions 37 corruption investigation 138 NSW demo graphics 29 NSW Protected Disclosures Act 92 political corruption in 234

Aylwin, Patricio 115

Bangladesh xii behaviour (see also ethical codes)

characteristics of individuals xvii-xviii

255

deviance xx-xxi deviance constraints 13 ethics of individuals 25-27 individuals' perception of corruption 20-21, 22 risk-taking xvi

Bokassa, Eddine Ahmed 98 Bossard, Andre 133 BPI (see Bribe Payers Index) Braithwaite, John xx Brazil 2-3 Bribe Payers Index (BPI) xi, 39-40, 60 bribery

criminalisation of 141 defined 149 gifts vs. 33-34 implications of 126-27 mathematical models 121-26 penalties for 126-27, 130 tenders minimising 120, 121

Bush, George H.W. 114 business opportunity fraud 150-51

Calcutta, demo graphics 159 Calcutta Municipal Corporation

expenditure management 167-68 institutional failure in 161 IT implementation model 175-76 IT Implementation Program 159,

162- 76 IT incorporation strategies 170-72 objectives of 173-74 property tax assessment and

collection 162- 67 responsibilities of 160 solid waste management 168-70

256 Corruption and Anti-corruption

cash transactions reporting 155 CCN factor 133-39,144 Ceausescu, Nicholas 98

Central African Republic 98 Chaves, Victorico 106

Chavez, Francisco 109, 111 Chile 115-16

China, People's Republic of 140 Chun Doo-wan 137

civil recovery, defences in 'act of state' doctrine 112-13,115 court of convenience 113-14

forum non conveniens 113-14 head of state immunity 114-16

codes of ethics (see ethical codes)

codes of practice (see ethical codes) Cold War 31, 131 compliance, defined 71

computers, in fraud 151-52

conflict of interest, disclosure of xix copyright infringement 150 corruption

as a social process 221-37 causes of 34-36,40

contemporary view 7

defined xiv, 2, 13-14, 32-34, 224, 236 detection strategies, 15, 16, 17

economists' perception 2,3-5,7,9-10 effects of 34-35, 143-44

grand 33, 97-99

historical perspective xiv, 5-6, 8-9, 41,51

human rights 30,43-61

ICAC categorisation system 14-15

ICAC definition 13-14

increasing awareness of 31-32 individuals' perception of 20-22

Klitgaard's formula xi, xiv microeconomic model 119-28

modernisation facilitating 135 motivating factors 233

organised crime and 142

petty 33 political stability and 135-36

power and 223-24 power fuelled by 228-32, 234 preventative strategies 9-10,15,

17-18,22-24,26-29

quantifying definition of 20 regional impact of 137-38 relationship with crime 134-35,143

Rose-Ackerman definition 2

secret communication and 224-25 specificityof 14-15

success determinants 229-30 transnational crime and 136-37,143

Transparency International definition 32

trust and 225-26, 230, 234

World Bank definition 32

World Bank on 33,34,40

Corruption and Anti-corruption ANU IICAC course xiii, xv, xxiiin

Corruption and Government (Rose­Ackerman) 1

corruption control (see also anti­corruption reform)

current approaches 41-44

governance affecting 41 internationalisation of xi, 36-44, 59-60

interventionism xv-xvii

managerialism xvii-xx

market forces and xviii-xix

motivating factors 40-41

organisational integrity xx-xxiii

reporting system 92

Rose-Ackerman on 36

corruption equilibrium model 123

Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) xi, 38, 39

corruption risk, identification of 18

Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific (CSCAP) 142,145

Council of Europe 32 court of convenience 113-14

CPI (Corruption Perceptions Index) xi, 38, 39

credit card fraud 149-50

crime (see also transnational crime) factors influencing xv theory of reintegrative shaming xx

cultural values 33- 34 custom rationalising corruption xi, 20

Delvalle, Eric Arturo 114 democracy 8-9 deviance

constraints on 13 occurrence of xx- xxi

differentiated goods 120-21 Downer, Alexander 139 drug trafficking

by Noriega 114 Conventions to restrict 145 in global economy 136-37 insurgents financed by 134 UN International Drug Control

Program 140 Due Diligence Agreement 103 Duvalier, Franc;:ois (Papa Doc) 98 Duvalier, Jean-Claude (Baby Doc)

98,113

economic crime categories of 147- 51 internationalisation of 152-53 prevention strategies 153-58 overview 146--47

economic growth corruption influencing 2,3,30,

34-35,40--41,129 private sector influencing 1-2

economic plunder (see grand corruption)

Eighth Five-year Plan 160-61 electronic funds transfer fraud 151 El Zein, Souheil 136 Endara, Guillermo 114 ethical codes (see also ethical culture;

ethics) compliance defined 71 compliance mechanisms 69-80

defined 65 enforcement of 69-70 formulation of 64-71 Fuller's criteria for 67

Index 257

laws compared with 65-68 non-compliance 63-64, 75-76,

78-79,80-81 non-discrimination in 70,79-80 popularity of 62-63 purpose of 80,81 use of 65

ethical culture (see also ethical codes; ethics) characteristics 85 enhancement strategies 86, 88-96 establishment of boundaries 90-91 formulation of 84-85 ICAC publications 87 ICAC research 85,86,93 inappropriate behaviour 88, 92 prerequisites 85 representation of 94, 95 trust promotion 87-88,90 values in 86-87

Ethical Culture Survey Kit 86 ethics (see also ethical codes; ethical

culture) factors decreasing 83-84 importance of 82-83 in workplace 25-27 value of xxi, xxii-xxiii

ethnic cleansing 6 European Union (EU) 131, 138 Executive Service Model Contract of

Employment 96

factional politics (see government) Fiji 4 forgery 150 forum non conveniens 113-14 fractals xxiii fraud (see also economic crime)

against consumers 148 against employers 148

258 Corruption and Anti -corruption

against governments 147--48 against shareholders and investors

148 business opportunity 150-51 computer-based 151-52 credit card 149-50 electronic funds transfer 151 insurance 147 superannuation 148--49 telecommunications 149 telemarketing 148

freedom of information legislation 154

Friedman, Milton 137 Fuller, Lon 66-69 gambling xvi gifts

bribery vs. 33-34 defined xii limitations on xviii Thai custom of 201

Global Action Plan Against Organised Transnational Crime 140

globalisation 31, 131 goods

differentiated 120-21 homogenous 120

governance, corruption affecting 41, 44 government

Aristotle's view 5,8 democracy 8-9 Hume's view 5 liberalism 9 Madison's view 6 populism, 6-7,8-9

grand corruption 33,97-118 Guardian Weekly 2 Gunigundo, M. 108 Guzman, Michael de 104-6

Haiti 98,113 head of state immunity 114-16 homogenous goods 120 Hong Kong 139

human rights awareness of 32 Brazil violating 2-3 corruption affecting 30,43- 61 Covenants on 44--49,52-59,107 defined 45--46,47 legislation ignoring 43--44 Marcos violating 116 Pinochet violating 115-16 protection of 46 recognition of 44--45, 46 violations of 47--49

Hume, David 5 Hussein, Saddam 100

Ibn Khaldun xiv ICAC (see Independent Commission

Against Corruption) illicit assets

civil recovery defences 112-16 defined 100 determination of 101 investigation of 100- 1,110 recovery of 117 third party rights 116

IMF (see International Monetary Fund)

Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) apoliticality of xii categorisation system 14-15 corruption defined 13-14,20

ethical culture 85,86,93 mandate 11-12

research findings 20-29 research methods 11-15,17- 20,28

research publications 87 India (see also Calcutta Municipal

Corporation) Calcutta demographics 159 Eighth Five-year Plan 160-161

industrial espionage 150 information technology (IT)

economic crime facilitated by 151-52

in anti-corruption (see Calcutta Municipal Corporation; Philippine Customs Service)

insurance fraud 147 integrity (see ethical codes; ethical

culture; ethics) intellectual property, theft of 150 interests, defined 224, 236 International Criminal Court 117, 131 International Criminal Police

Organisation (INTERPOL) 133,136 International Monetary Fund (IMF),

anti-corruption approach 38 International Mutual Assistance in

Criminal Matters (IMAC) 108 International Olympic Committee

(IOC) 138 INTERPOL 133,136 interventionism xv-xvii Iran 113 Iraq 100

Jacobi, Reiner 109 Japan 3,99 Jiang Zemin 143

Khomenei, Ayatollah Ruhollah 97 'kiting' operations 214 Klitgaard, Robert xi Klitgaard's formula xiv, xiv Knightly, Philip 136-37

Larmour, P. 139 Lasswell, H. 223 laws

ethical codes compared with 65-68 purpose of 68

Lee Kuan Yew 179 legal system (see civil recovery,

defences in; laws) liberalism 9 Liechtenstein 109-110 Liechtenstein Foundations 102, 103,

104,112 Limburg Principles 47-48,49,60

Index 259

Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) 3

Lupsha, P. 135, 136

Maastricht Guidelines 47-49,60-61 Madison, James 6 managerialism xvii-xx Marcos, Ferdinand

asset acquisition 97-98,99-100 coup attempt by 110-11 death 111 offshore assets 101-10,113 prosecution of 111, 118 third party claims 116

Marcos, Imelda asset acquisition 99,101 investigation of 104,111-12,118

Marcos, Irene Araneta 109,110 market forces and corruption control

xviii-xix Martial Law Years, Philippines 209-10 McKay, Grant xxiiin microeconomic model of corruption

119-28 military corruption, Brazil 2-3 Mobutu Sese Seko 98 Model of Public Duty (ICAC) 87-89 money laundering

defined 149 German intelligence reports 109-110 in global economy 137 legislation against 117 Marcos assets 102 Pahlavi Foundation 114 UN Convention against 141

Money Laundering Community in Liechtenstein (report) 109

Montesinos, Vladmiros 236 Naples Political Declaration 140

national integrity system model 178, 179 (see also Thai 1997 Constitution)

National Peacekeeping Council (NPKC) 177

260 Corruption and Anti-corruption

nepotism xiv, 234 (see also CCN factor)

net worth analysis 101 New South Wales (NSW)

demo graphics 29 Protected Disclosures Act 92

Noriega, Manuel Antonio 98,114 Northern Ireland 4

OAS (see Organisation of American States)

Obsanjo,Olusegun xii,34 OECD (see Organisation for Economic

Cooperation and Development) Operation Big Bird 104-6 Operation Domino 109 Ordonez, S.A. 105 Organic Law on Counter Corruption

181,202-3 organisational integrity xx-xxiii Organisation for Economic Cooperation

and Development (OECD) anti-corruption Conventions 37, 40,

42,43, 117, 139 Convention signatories 60 member countries 60

Organisation of American States (OAS) anti-corruption Conventions 36,

43-44 member countries 60

organised crime 134,136-37,140-42 (see also transnational crime)

Pahlavi Foundation 113 Panama xii,114 Panamanian Defence Forces 98,114 partisan politics (see government) penalties, as bribery deterrent

126-127,130 (see also bribery) Perceptions of Your Workplace (ICAC) 86 Peru 236 petty corruption 33 Philippine Customs Service

anti-corruption measures pre-1993 208-11

anti-corruption program 1992-98 211-18

anti-corruption program post-1998 218-19

collection system 214-15 corruption categories 207-8 corruption causes 205-7 corruption in 205 declaration processing 215-17 during Martial Law Years 209-10 electronic governance 213,214 Federation of Philippine Industry

Data Link 218 IT implementation 213,214 Moral Recovery Program (MRP) 211 overview 204-5 Presidential Commission Against

Graft and Corruption 211 public perception of 205 reform success factors 219-20 Resident Ombudsman Program 211 tax exemption system 217 vehicle tracking system (YTS) 218

Philippines (see Marcos, Ferdinand; Marcos, Imelda; Philippine Customs Service)

Pinochet Ugarte, Augustus 115-16 Piontkovsky, Andrei 137 police corruption

Brazil 2-3 Los Angeles 3

Police Integrity Commission 29 political change, corruption and xiv political corruption

hypothetical examples 4 relative perception of 4 USA 3,4

political instability corruption causing 135-36 during 1990's 131-32

Ponte, Carle de 109 populism 6-7,8-9 power

corruption and 223-224 corruption fuelling 228-32, 234

defined 235, 236,237 resources of 228-29,230,231,237

Power, Corruption and Rectitude (Rogow & Lasswell) 223

Presidential Commission for Good Government (PCGG) 105, 109

private sector and corruption xii privatisation 9 procurement xix-xx, xxi, 38 public duty 87

Quah, JS.T. 178-79

Quah's matrix 180 Quebec 4

Racketeering Influenced Corrupt Organization (RICO) 99,111

Reagan, Ronald 111 regulatory codes (see ethical codes) reintegrative shaming, theory of xx 'rent-seeking', defined 2 research, taboo on 42 (see also

Independent Commission Against Corruption)

risk behavioural propensity for xvi detection probability xvi

risk factors corruption affected by 232-33 identification of 25,26-27

Rogow, A. 223 Roh Tae-woo 137 Romania 98 Romualdez family 100 Rose-Ackerman, Susan

on corruption control 9, 36 on economic growth 1-2,4 on gifts 34

Russia economic collapse 9, 132 offshore assets 137

Salonga, Jovito 106 Sanan Kachornprasart 195 Schultz, George 137

Index 261

'Second Track' 142,145 secret communication 224-25,233-34,

236 Selectivity (computer program) 216 Shah of Iran 97, 113 Sierra Leone 98 Singapore

anti-corruption strategy 179 judicial corruption 4

Skuratov, Yuri 137 social connection 236,237 Social Network Theory (SNT) 226-28 staff recruitment 21-22 Stevens, Siaka 98 Suharto 137 superannuation fraud 148-49 Swiss Bank Corporation 102 Switzerland

banking reforms 117 bank secrecy 102-4 illicit assets in 98 Marcos assets in 101-10,112 non-cooperation with Philippine

government 109-110 Swiss Bank Corporation 102

' target hardening' xix telecommunications fraud 149 telemarketing fraud 148 tendering

corruption minimised by 120-21, 130 integrity in 91- 92

Thai 1997 Constitution pillars of integrity 178-96 suggested improvements 197-201

Thailand administrative reforms 181 civil action in 194 constitutional reforms 177-78 economic value of crime 137 freedom of expression in 193 governance in 196 institutional reforms 178 judicial reforms 190-92 media in 193,195-96

262 Corruption and Anti-corruption

Parliamentary reforms 181-86 political will 179-81 public participation in 192-94,

200-1 transparency in 195 'watchdog' agencies 186-90,

197-200 transnational crime (see also organised

crime) corruption and 136-37,143 defined 133 influence of 132 international response 140-42, 145 national strategies to combat 142 scope 133-34, 143

transparency, defined 154 Transparency International (TI)

Bribe Payers Index (BPI) xi,39-40, 60-3

corruption defined 32 Corruption Perceptions Index

(CPI) xi, 38, 39 foundation principles 38 grand corruption 135 growth of 31 human rights 46 national franchises xii Thailand chapter 194-95 website 39

trust corruption and 225-26, 230, 234 ethical culture and 87-88,90

Tuvalu 132 'tv' internet domain name 132

Uganda 99 UNICEF 57 United Nations (UN)

anti-corruption reform 37 on organised crime, 136

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) resolutions 37,42,43

United States of America (USA) aid to Philippines 99

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 42 invasion of Panama 114 Iranian assets in 113-14 Marcos assets in 107 Marcos investigation 111, 113 Noriega financed by 98 police brutality 3 police corruption 3 prosecution of Noriega 114-15

video surveillance 236n11 violence, societal 3

wage disparity bribery reduction and 4,10 corruption caused by 237 Philippines 206 Thailand 197-98

Wang An Shih xiv Washington Post 2,3 World Bank

anti-corruption approach 38 corruption defined 32 loan to Philippines 99 mandate 42 on corruption 33, 34, 40

Zaire 98 Zhu Rongji 140