Index of Edinburgh street names and districtsAbbeyhill School 112n,470 Abbotsford 500 Abercromby...

Abbey 445Abbeyhill 106, 114, 375, 377, 381, 405,

408, 414, 469, 493, 496Abbeyhill School 112n, 470Abbotsford 500Abercromby Place 61Albert Place 173Albert Street 82Alva Place 402Angle Park Terrace 219Antigua Street 206, 282, 291Ardmillan Terrace 219, 468, 481Argyle 206Argyle Square 433Arthur Street 112nAshley Terrace 389, 465, 468Atholl Terrace 212

Bainfield 173Balgreen 397Balgreen Road 389Balmoral Place 377Bangholm Bower 86Bareford’s Park 51, 55Barnton Terrace, Craigleith 384–6Bathfield 196, 337, 492Bedford Street 356Belgrave Crescent 245, 250–3, 269, 338Belgrave Place 250, 269, 288, 290–1, 303,

322, 338Bell Place 397Bellevue 61Bellevue Crescent 61nBernard Street, Leith 194–5, 206, 282,

291, 337Bernard Street (Stockbridge) School 112n,

115, 470Blackfriars’ Street 467, 476Blackfriars’ Wynd 420Blackhall 397Bonnington 48, 195–6, 205–6, 374, 483,

492

Boroughloch see MeadowsBorthwick Close School 112nBorthwick Place 359nBotanical Gardens 98Bothwell Street 108Braid Hills 165Brandsfield 213, 219Bread Street 88, 356Breadalbane Terrace 212Bright Terrace 212Bristo 48Bristo Place 94Bristo Street 356Brougham Place 173, 208Brougham Street 198–9, 374Broughton 18, 36–8, 41–2, 54, 77Broughton Loan 55Broughton School 112nBroughton Street 79Brown Square 476Brown Square School 112nBrunstane 230Brunswick Street 82, 109, 145Brunton Gardens 108Brunton Place 82, 465Brunton Terrace 108, 462Bruntsfield 48, 96, 109, 168–9, 173, 200Bryson Road 168, 215, 226–7Buccleugh Place 94Buchanan Street 108Buckingham Terrace 245, 252, 256, 287,

290, 322, 338, 477n

Caledonian Crescent 216, 217n, 218, 291,326, 330, 333, 340

Caledonian Place 173, 217n, 218, 291Caledonian Road 218, 291Caledonian Street 216, 217n, 218Canal Street 63nCanongate 18, 36, 38, 375, 423, 476Canonmills 36, 38, 77, 259, 499Carberry Place 359n

516

Index of Edinburgh street names and districts

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Cargilfield School 163Carlton Terrace 82Caroline Park, Granton 493Castle Barns 88Castle Terrace 85, 89, 469Castlehill 94Cathcart Street 218, 232nCatherine Place 359nCausewayside 208, 339Chalmers Street 150Chambers Street 476Charity Workhouse 94Charlotte Square 63Charlotte Street, Leith 206, 282, 337Coates 28, 42, 53, 77, 243, 249–50, 252,

255Coates Crescent 151Coates Gardens 151Cobden Terrace 212Cochrane Place 381nCockburn 47, 48Cockburn Street 432, 475, 478Colinton 108, 290, 300, 500Colinton Road 347, 500College Street 433Coltbridge 227Comely Bank 28, 80, 99, 117, 256–7, 259,

283, 296, 303Comely Bank Avenue 261–4, 273, 298,

301–11, 315–20, 327Comely Bank Grove 310–11, 316–17Comely Bank Loan 333Comely Bank Place 262, 273, 311,

316–19Comely Bank Road 262, 273, 310–11,

315–19Comely Bank Row 273, 276, 305, 310,

316–18, 328Comely Bank Street, 273, 310, 314–18Comely Bank Terrace 273, 314–18Comiston 397Constitution Street 206, 282, 339Cornhill Terrace 389Cornwall Street 466Cornwallis Place 61nCorstorphine 397Corstorphine Road 164Cowgate 15, 92–3, 112, 332, 425, 496Cowgate School 112n, 115, 470Craigentinny 420Craighouse Road 110, 500Craigleith 340Craigleith Poorhouse 98Craiglockhart 100, 402Craigmillar Park 500Crichton Place 140

Cumberland Street 61, 151Currie 48

Daisy Terrace 383Dalmeny Street 82, 108, 462Dalry 28, 42, 106, 140, 173, 212, 219,

220–38, 245, 247, 255–6, 283, 288, 291,299, 326, 332, 335, 337, 340, 375, 377,383–4, 405, 409, 493; Easter 213,215–16

Dalry Lane 217nDalry Road 216, 217n, 218, 232n, 234,

291, 303Dalry Station 235Davidson’s Mains 397Davie Street School 112n, 115, 470Dean 48, 117–18, 244Dean Bridge 244, 327Dean Park Street 152, 262, 273, 276, 291,

303–5, 310–13Dean Path 333Devon Place 359Douglas Crescent 152, 212, 244, 249, 269,

322, 338Downfield Place 218, 232n, 235n, 464–5Downie Place 89Drumdryan 83, 91, 98, 105, 140, 166n,

173, 192–205, 216, 218, 339, 349, 492Drumdryan House 200Drummond Circus 61nDrummond Place 61nDrumsheugh 67–8Dublin Street 61Duncan Street 61Dundas Street 61, 79Dundee Street 140, 215n

East Hermitage Place 381nEast London Street 166n, 173East Restalrig Terrace 389Easter Road 82, 106–7, 108, 263Eglinton Crescent 152, 244, 249, 253, 269,

287, 322, 338Eglinton Street 359nElgin Place 359nElgin Street 108Elizafield 196Elm Place 381nElm Row 82Erskine Place 151

Falconhall 108, 117, 166nFalshaw Bridge 469Ferniehill (Leith Walk) 374Ferry Road 195, 205, 302, 337, 372–3,

374, 377

Index of Edinburgh street names and districts 517






Fettes Row 61nFingzies Place 381nForrest Road 138, 173Fort Street 337Fountainbridge 42, 194, 211, 214, 359,

383, 481, 492, 495–6Fountainbridge Road 215Fowler Terrace 222, 229

Gardener’s Crescent 397Gayfield Square 282, 291George IV Bridge 96, 138, 476George Square 94George Street 60, 498Gillespie Crescent 166n, 168–9, 173Gillsland Road 110, 500Gilmore Street/Place 138, 150Gilmore’s Close 149Gladstone Terrace 207, 337–8, 374Glen Street 173Glencairn Crescent 244, 249, 253, 269,

300–3, 338Glendevon Place 389Glengyle Terrace 169, 173, 465Glenogle Park 369, 376, 393Goldenacre Terrace 230Gorgie Road 168, 213, 234, 383, 492Grange 98, 102–4, 211, 289, 300, 327, 497Granton 216Grassmarket 94, 112, 149, 332, 423, 444,

496Great King Street 79Great Wellington Street 206, 303Greenbank 397Greyfriars Church 94Grindlay Street 112n, 166n, 173Grove Street 383, 493–4Guthrie Street 433

Hampton Terrace 243Hanover Street 48Haymarket 211–12, 215, 239, 257, 299,

318, 334, 359, 374, 383, 409Hazelbank Terrace 389Henderson Place 372–3Henderson Terrace 219Heriot Bridge 112Heriot Bridge School 112nHeriot Row 79, 80, 81Hermitage Hill 389High Riggs 198, 481High School Wynd 424High School Yards 450High School Yards School 112nHigh Street, 14, 36, 91, 94, 112, 335, 356,

358, 365, 393, 423, 435, 438–9

Hillhousefield 196, 358, 492Hillside Crescent 108, 166nHollybank Terrace 389Holyrood Palace 32Holyrood Park 43, 427, 493Holyrood Road 440Home Street 84, 198–200Hope Park 166n, 173, 206Howe Street 61, 79, 80Hugh Miller Place 364, 405

India Street 61, 80Industrial Road 462Inverleith 117, 259Inverleith Park 98, 155, 259Iona Street 82, 108Ivy Terrace 383, 397

Jamaica Street 61Jamaica Street, Leith 206, 282Jock’s Lodge 492Joppa 397

Kew Terrace 243King Street 61nKing’s Bridge 88Kirkhill Road 389

Laurel Terrace 383Lauriston 197Lauriston Gardens 166, 173Lauriston Place 51, 94, 166, 173Lawnmarket 94, 96Leamington Place 169Learmonth 80, 497Learmonth Gardens 275, 288, 298–9, 322,

327–8Learmonth Grove 310, 320, 397Learmonth Mews 288Learmonth Place 320Learmonth Terrace 477nLeith Fort 92Leith Links 196Leith Walk 82, 106, 108, 140, 168, 282,

291, 339, 358, 374Leith Wynd 426Leopold Place 82Leven Lodge 140, 173Leven Street 84Lilliput 86Lily Terrace 383Lindean Place 381nLindsay Road 337Livingstone Place 166n, 207, 291, 333Lochrin 149–50, 197Logie Green 499

518 Index of Edinburgh street names and districts






Lomond Park 157, 163Lomond Road 156London Road 462London Street 61Lord Russell Street 397Lothian Road 84, 85, 88, 194, 211, 356,

492Lothian Road Station 124Lothian Road United Presbyterian Church

89Lower Granton Road 164Lyceum Theatre 85

McLeod Street 450Magdala Crescent 243–4Maitland Street 151Malta Crescent/Terrace 91Mansfield Place 61nMarchmont 200, 397, 462Marchmont Road 462, 476Maryfield 374–5, 402Maxwell (Duff) Street 231, 232n, 257, 383Meadows 37, 43, 55, 94, 96, 140, 166, 200,

206, 291, 302Melville Terrace 166n, 303, 336–8Merchiston 47, 48, 51, 52–3, 55, 98–101,

105, 108, 138, 140, 168, 327, 349, 385,388, 408, 497, 500

Merchiston Gardens 110, 500Millerfield Place 291, 336–7Montague Street 173Montgomery Place 173Montgomery Street 108Moray Park 493Morningside 100, 108, 138, 168, 327, 397,

497Morningside Road 468Morrison Street 212, 374–5Mortonhall 117Moses’ Well 149Mound 63n, 95, 472Murieston 255, 283, 383Murieston Crescent 234, 291, 303, 330Murieston Place 291, 326Murrayfield 397Murrayfield Station 164–5Myreside 48Myrtle Terrace 383, 397

National Gallery 472Nelson Street 61Netherby Road 160New Campbeltown 206New Town 8, 14, 15, 18, 26, 55, 57–60, 63,

77, 135, 156, 171, 182, 197, 204, 211,229, 236, 289, 322, 327, 397, 417, 460,

466, 496–9; (eastern) 82, 86, 106–7;(western) 106

Newhaven 153Newhaven Parish Manse 157Newington 98, 138, 211, 236, 289, 327,

497Nicolson Square 489Noble Place 381nNorth Bridge 426, 455, 476North British (Balmoral) Hotel 63North Fort Street 374North Lauriston Gardens 173North Learmonth Gardens 324–5North Leith 38, 377North Loch 48, 51North Merchiston 214, 225, 228–30, 238,

383–4, 405, 493North Merchiston Park 212Northcote Street 232nNorthumberland Street 61n, 79Norton Park (Abbeyhill) 375, 493

Old Assembly Close 91Old Assembly Close School 112nOld Town 15, 82, 204, 362, 417, 443, 488,

493, 496Orchardfield 48, 83, 85–7, 91, 94, 98Orphan Hospital 98Orwell Place 217nOrwell Terrace 217nOsborne Terrace 243Oxford Street 173Oxford Terrace 266

Palmerston Place 244Panmure Place 173Parkvale Place 381nParliament Square 92, 95Pembroke Place 359nPentland Hills 47, 100, 108, 165, 214Picardy Place 55Piershill Barracks 92, 420Pilrig 35Pitt Street 61, 374Pleasance 48, 230, 332, 496Polwarth Gardens 222, 226Port Hopetoun 23, 197Portobello 138, 397Portsburgh 86Portsburgh Square 451Potterow 48Priestfield 230Primrose Bank, Trinity 158Primrose Terrace 383Princes Street 51, 60, 62–3, 76, 96, 211,

259, 427, 498







Quarryholes 106Queen Street 60–1, 76; Gardens 67Queensberry House 417Queensferry 85Queensferry Gardens 287Queensferry Road, 262, 320

Redbraes 499Regent Terrace 82Reid Terrace 364, 372, 393Restalrig 420Restalrig Park 374, 377, 379, 383, 385,

388, 405, 414, 469, 492Ritchie Place 230Rose Street School 112nRosehall Place 173Roseneath 206, 492Rosevale Place 381nRoyal Crescent 61nRoyal Exchange 149Royal Terrace 79, 80Royal Victoria Hospital 99Rutland Hotel 151Rutland Place 151Rutland Street 151Ryehill Avenue 389Ryehill Gardens 389Ryehill Terrace 389

St Andrew’s Square 65St Ann’s Street 63nSt Cuthbert’s 445St Giles 423, 444St Leonard’s 55St Margaret’s 409, 420St Mary’s Street 435, 440, 469, 476St Vincent Street 61, 151Saxe Coburg Place 82, 90Sciennes 28, 140, 160, 166, 173, 212, 216,

222, 247, 283, 291, 337, 492–3Sciennes Road 207, 291Scotland Street 61Shaftesbury Park 212, 388–9, 405, 408–9,

414, 493Silvermills 77, 259Slateford Road 346, 383Sloane Street 462Somerset Place 381nSouth Bridge 94, 455, 476South Clerk Street 402, 483South Grindlay Street 173South Lauder Road 389South Learmonth Gardens 276, 288, 291,

298, 322, 327–8South Leith 381South Road 110, 500

Spittalfield 173Spottiswood Road 462Springfield Street 232n, 235nSpringwell Place 218Spylaw 108Stanhope Place 359nStirling Road 160Stockbridge 259, 369–70, 375, 377, 379,

385, 405, 409, 493Strowan Terrace 158Summerfield Place 195, 381nSummerside Street 195, 206, 302,

336Surrey Place 359nSutherland Street 359nSylvan 206

Tarvit Street 199–200Tay Street 215, 224Tay Street School 222Teviot Row 94, 173Thistle Street 483Tollcross 28, 84, 160, 166, 194, 196–7,

222, 247, 339, 492Torphichen Street 231, 235, 259, 302Trafalgar Street 372–3Trinity 127, 153–4Trinity House 154Trinity Mains 154Trinity Road 156, 158Tron Church 92, 423, 444Tron Square 450

Union Canal 88, 91, 150, 197, 469Usher Hall 85

Valleyfield 140, 173Victoria Park 154Victoria Street 432, 476Victoria Street Infants School 112nViewforth 465Violet Terrace 383

Walker Bridge 469Wardie Bay 164Warrender Park Road 462, 476Warriston 42, 53, 77, 117Washington Lane 383Water of Leith 43, 77, 244, 250, 322, 338,

499Waterloo Bridge 455Watson Crescent 224, 226, 229Waverley Station 475Waverley Steps 62Well Court 447–9Wellington Place (Leith) 166n

520 Index of Edinburgh street names and districts






Wellington Street 108West Bow 432West Claremont Street 173West Lauriston Place 166West Maitland Street 302West Meadow Place 173West Port 86West Register Street 483

Westerhall 206Williamfield 196Willowbrae Road 389Windsor Street 82

Yeaman Place 140, 226, 229

Zetland Place 160







William Beattie and Sons 481Cowie and Son, 481A. and W. Fingzies 381, 462George Fortune 160Galloway and Mackintosh 462James Gowans 481, 72, 286, 294, 466–7,

469–70Simon Henderson 462David Heron 107Andrew Hood 107, 464–5, 481P. Justice 229W. & J. Kirkwood 481R. Lamb and Co. 160Lawrie and Scott 107, 465J. W. B. Lee 140

W. and D. Macgregor 141, 168–69,465

R. McNaughton 384–5John Martin 464H. T. and R. Montgomery 140, 160, 229W. S. Morton 480William Outerston 462John Pyper 462Samuel Richard 197D. B. Ritchie 229Robert Robertson 158–60James Slater 107David Steel and David Walker 201James Steel see separate entryJohn Watherstone 215, 219, 481

522

Index of individual building firms






Aberdeen 19, 132, 482Bon Accord Square 68n

absenteeism 116, 402see also landowners, landownership

accountability 7, 69, 190accountants 8, 52, 141, 143–4advertising 464–6aesthetics of building 79, 80, 438, 477,

487agricultural improvement 53–4, 502

and urban development 54, 86, 502–3alienation 10, 487

see also classAnne of Denmark, Queen 30, 32annuitants 7, 18, 27, 114, 123, 141, 143,

146–9, 182, 213, 253, 283, 300, 315,318, 405

architects 94–5, 263, 438, 464Architectural Institute of Scotland 429Edinburgh Architectural Association

483architects, individual

Anderson, R. Rowand 111, 259, 290,500

Burn, William 94–5, 419Carfrae, J. A. 489Cousins, David 98, 433, 438, 452,

476Gowans, James 466–7Gray, James 194–5, 216Hamilton, Thomas 94–5, 419Leslie, Thomas 94Lessels, John 433, 438, 452, 476Morham, Robert 154Playfair Wiliam 82, 94, 95, 106, 243Rhind, David 99Stevenson Robert 94, 419

architecture 8, 95–6, 497–8council housing 12, 450, 452Georgian 477historic 438–9, 474–5, 484, 487–9Italianate 476

Jacobean, decorated collegiate 470neo-classical 26, 60, 80, 153, 472, 476,

484, 489neo-gothic 472; ‘Scots baronial’ 28, 259,

438, 452, 476, 484, 488, features 475;Scott monument 472–3

‘old English’ 243tenement design 236–8, 476–7see also built environment; Scott, Sir

WalterArnold, Dr Thomas 129artisans 273, 332, 395, 403, 412, 502

employment 259, 278, 320incomes 180, 206see also building trades

arts, fine 243, 485associations 260, 295–6, 487

employers 191asylums 491

see also hospitalsauction, roup 135, 149, 219–20Ayr 226

banks and banking 7, 13, 171, 269Bank of England 171Bank of Scotland 42, 43, 95banking failure 77, 132British Linen Bank 99, 138City of Glasgow Bank 132, 231Chartered Bank of Australia 145Commercial Bank of Scotland 216land banks 141, 505Oriental Bank 144People’s Bank 170, 270Union Bank 167–8see also credit; crisis; finance

Begg, Rev. Dr James 363–4, 372, 412, 423,427

betterment 11Birmingham 174, 489birth rate 24–5, 175Blackstone, William 506

523

General index






boards, commissioners 3, 5, 47, 116,333

bonds 7, 9, 32, 58, 74, 82, 87, 126, 142,144–5, 147, 149, 155, 195, 216, 222,257

Booth, Charles 28, 294boundaries

administrative 3, 11–12, 17, 41, 55, 75,106

city 15, 117–18, 236, 475–6property 16, 44, 54, 63, 98, 156–60, 164,

213–14Bradford 22brewing, distilling 65, 214–15, 383

Drumdryan Brewery 200Fountain Brewery, William McEwan’s

214, 383Holyrood Brewery, William Younger’s

493 Bristol 116Broughty Ferry 132builders and developers 8, 9, 27, 60–2, 70,

82, 106, 108, 123, 126–7, 140, 153,156, 166–71, 198, 201, 229–30, 242,330, 333, 339, 462, 464, 477, 503

reasons for success in building 196, 203,205–7, 212, 216, 241–2, 247, 252,255, 282, 284, 335–9, 344–9

small 84, 175–7, 190, 203, 205, 233speculative 74, 210, 344, 430survival strategies of 182–5, 190see also Edinburgh Co-operative Building

Company; Murrayfield Real EstateCompany, Trinity Land Company

builders’ merchantsT. and B. Campbell and Co. 483Mushet and Co. 483Dickson Walker and Co. 483James Watson 483Wood and Cairns 483C. and A. Willmott 483

building 95, 174–85, 230, 436bankruptcy in 9, 72, 74, 133, 174, 177,

184, 189–90, 192, 231, 502characteristics of 174, 176, 178, 182,

193–4, 212, 255, 483; standardisationin 498–9

cycles and fluctuations 25, 74, 79, 82, 84,88, 105–7, 155, 174, 177, 179–82,189, 192, 210, 224, 232, 234, 247,269, 293, 358, 372, 381, 394–5, 400,411, 491

economics of 477, 498–9; see alsocharacteristics of (above); cycles andfluctuations; Steel, James

labour relations and 190, 356, 379mechanisation 5, 481–2, 486plots, stances 74n, 79, 80, 82, 106, 155,

162, 194, 202, 216, 233; hierarchy of80, 262

rate of return 195sites 79–80, 160success in 241–2, 247see also housing; land; rental market

building costs 61, 75, 482see also building, mechanisation

building finance 27, 73–4, 126–7, 128–41,143, 151, 153, 155–8, 166–71, 184,194, 201–4, 207, 216, 221–8, 255,267–75

building associations and 8, 126, 166 166n,184, 207; Blackfriars’ 435, 469;Bruntsfield 169; Drumdryan Street202; Gillespie Crescent 168–9;Leamington 169; see also list 173

building societies and 166–8, 202, 255,269–70, 272, 274; principles 167,193–4; terminating 166

cash advances 126, 143, 158, 168, 194feuing system and 74, 76, 123, 126–7,

143, 198, 508heritable securities 127–41, 130–3, 166,

170, 172, 177–8, 203, 221–8, 508; seealso separate entry; Church of Scotland

investment societies 167–8; list oftwenty-five, societies, 167n

private loans 126, 143–4, 151, 166, 177,184, 216, 253, 270, 272

property companies 126, 144, 166,221–8, 255, 401; yields 168, 195,203

solicitors 126, 166, 216, 268–70trade credit 126, 184trusts funds as 142–3, 151, 268–73, 302,

318; advantages 143building materials 61, 89, 92, 124, 181,

184, 236–7, 245–6, 333, 348, 477builders’ merchants 481–4decoration see built environment

building regulations 9, 11, 59, 61, 158, 175,191, 236–8, 333, 453

structural strength and 365see also Dean of Guild Court; legislation;

planningbuilding trades 205, 222, 224, 230, 377,

395, 402, 404, 477builders, see builders and developerscraft skills, workmanship 480; carpenter,

joiner 209, 404; glass cutter, 405,glazier 209; mason 194, 209, 356,

524 General index






364–5, 381, 395, 404, 467, 470, 476,486; painter 404; plasterer 358;plumber 209, 358; slaters 209

buildingscommercial 65, 68, 92, 105, 150, 183,

195, 208, 215, 232, 289, 375, 487, 499industrial 42, 77, 114, 183, 215, 232,

259, 375, 383, 492–3, 496, 499mixed 150, 259, 303public 491, 491n, 492; see also churches;

schools; town councilresidential see housing; tenements;

middle classes; working classesas symbols of authority 460, 488

built environment 124, 268, 454, 459, 475,480–4

architectural decoration 460–83, 477,486

empire and 461, 471ethnography and 464–76‘imprisoned capital’ 461, 486memory and 488–9modernity and 464ornamental symbolism 461–70, 476power and 459–60, 464, 467, 486, 487scale, monumentality 116, 460, 471, 489,

491Scottish nationalism and 461–2, 472,

474–6, 480, 484, 486state and nationalism in 13, 28–9, 459,

461, 471bureaucracy 6, 191, 273

civil administration 236, 273, 276, 412,421–2, 460

theories of 455, 488business structure 114, 190

of family firms 4, 149, 348of head offices 13of small firms 21, 114, 175–6, 190, 203,

496see also builders

Cambusnethan 192, 348, 409Canal, Union 197, 213–14capital

human capital 14Local supplies 270; see also heritable

securities overseas flows 25, 58, 150, 168, 181–2,

293sources of 74, 118, 123, 135, 140, 169,

194, 294working 138, 140, 169, 262see also building finance

capital costs 58, 95–6

capitalism 3–4, 11, 67, 74, 118, 165, 174,208, 229–31, 268–9, 280, 292, 294,353, 394–401, 411, 502, 508

dynamic nature of 10, 13, 73–4, 118,166, 171, 184–5, 190, 292–3, 394–401

house ownership and 210, 268, 280,394–5

social structure and 4, 20, 205, 305and urbanisation 12, 67, 165, 171,

178–9, 190, 293, 450, 452–3celebrations, jubilees 461, 468cellars 60, 428cemeteries 3

see also Dean Cemeterycensuses 175centralisation 3, 5, 116, 414, 428, 455–7,

472Board of Health 428, 456–7

Chadwick, Edwin 286, 418–19, 428, 456–7Report 286, 418–19, 428

Chalmers, Rev. Dr Thomas 363–4Chambers, William 420, 428, 431–2, 441,

456Report and proposals 432

charities 4–5, 21, 92, 123, 182, 430endowed 7, 26, 43, 58, 98–9poor relief 21see also endowments; hospitials; trusts

children 19, 289education of 36, 42–3, 51, 99mortality of 444, 446see also schools

cholera 416–19, 428, 455Church of Scotland 7, 51, 91–2, 127–41,

153, 160–1, 170, 172, 203, 284, 294,362, 421–2

attendance 127–8, 294, 422Chapels of Ease 129, 160collections 130; legacies and

subscriptions, 130Disruption 127, 294, 363, 422Endowment Committee 133–4, 136,

140–1, 160, 203extension movement 127–9, 131, 138,

364heritable securities 7, 27, 127, 130–6,

160, 172, 203–4, 226; geographicaldistribution 130–3, 138–40

housing reform see Begg, Rev. Dr James;Chalmers, Rev. Dr Thomas;Edinburgh Co-operative BuildingCompany; Free Church of Scotland

investments 7, 130–41, 172, 226moralism and 129, 285–6, 362, 426–7,

496

General index 525






Church of Scotland (cont.)property: manses, glebe lands 131relief funds 92, 421sermons 91–2, 127, 429social problems and 420–2urban ministry 127–9, 362see also dissenters; Free Church of

Scotlandchurches 4, 123, 128, 131, 140–1, 235,

260–1, 294–5, 340All Saint’s Episcopal 201nCrichton Place, Edinburgh 140Flotta, Orkney 140St Kiaran’s, Fife 140Southwick, Dumfries 140, 160United Presbyterian 346see also Index of Edinburgh street names

and districtscivil engineering 3, 58, 95–6, 98

see also roads; transportcivil society

development of 3–6, 190–1, 294–6, 300,341, 354, 391, 412–13, 472, 484–6

and working-class participation 3, 296,354, 366, 412–13

class 5–6, 91, 112, 119, 205, 230, 273,275–6, 302, 317–19, 328–30, 342, 353

antagonism 4, 6, 10, 267, 276, 280, 314,353, 402, 413–14; consensual 367

education and 112–13fertility rates and 290neighbourhoods and 107, 164, 262, 412petite bourgeoisie 205, 208, 210, 222,

273, 275–6, 301, 319–20, 332, 337,388, 502; and shareholding 395–6

residential stability and 275–6, 297–9,302, 315, 319, 340

social segregation and 15, 18–19, 80, 91,99–105, 153, 164, 198, 239, 274–5,315, 496–7

structure 195, 205, 209, 237, 240, 259,262, 272, 328, 335, 379; occupational275, 385

see also clerks; middle classes; landlords,landlordism; tenants, working classes

clergy 20evangelical ministers 129, 285, 362–4,

412, 422clerks 20, 126, 182, 191, 204, 273, 388,

395, 404, 502clubs and societies, 4, 6, 260, 294–6, 300,

340, 450gentlemen’s 13London 244New Club 65–6working men’s 260, 294

coal depots 211see also Index of Edinburgh street names

and districts: Haymarket Comiston sand pit 179, 181commercial development 42, 91, 105,

208, 215, 228, 232, 320effect on urban space 42, 114, 208,

213and employment 21, 215office development 289

commissioners, 5, 311, 333common good 92–3, 96, 216, 312, 431communications 3, 85, 87, 94, 96, 154,

164–5, 194, 196, 213, 244, 259, 375,383, 388, 496–7

see also transportcommunity

concept of 29, 266–7, 296facilities 260, 266, 294, 393stability 296, 298–9, 302–3, 340, 392

companiesjoint stock 4, 114, 145–7limited liability 170

compensation 9, 10, 213conflicts

of interest 346inter-school rivalry 48–52public–private 92–3, 96, 216, 312, 431,

469, 502trusts–civic interest 42, 55, 113

consumerism 19–20, 205, 480, 484Co-operative movement 170, 270, 274,

353–6, 381, 394, 399, 411building companies in Scotland 411n; see

also Edinburgh Co-operative BuildingCompany; Industrial Co-operativeBuilding Company

co-operative societies: East of ScotlandUnited Buying Agency 354; StCuthbert’s 170, 235, 270; Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society 354

moral economy of 28, 353–4, 358, 392,412

objectives 353, 391, 411political role 353, 392

council see municipal intervention; towncouncil,

Court, Stuart 26, 34courts 13, 26, 63–9, 107, 109

see also judicial decisionsCraig, James 8, 55, 60, 62–6, 239, 503credit 14

provided by Co-operatives see building,economics of; building finance;solicitors, lawyers

crime see moral environment; moral panics

526 General index






crisisin building 83–4, 88, 90–1, 98, 106, 132,

154; tenement collapse 365, 416–17,429

City of Glasgow Bank failure 132financial (1825–6) 76–7, 82, 84, 90, 98,

452, 491see also cholera; fire; moral panics

Crofters’ Commission 10, 53Crown

as debtor 30–1as landowner 8, 69

cultural capital 75, 295, 340culture

social geography and 18, 289see also built environment; class

Cupar 132

Dean Bowling Club 266–7, 297, 327,340

Dean Building Company 266Dean Cemetery 252–3, 349Dean of Guild Court 9, 72, 105, 175–6,

178–9, 182, 191, 236–8, 346, 365,432, 456, 485–6

see also building regulationsdeath rates 24debts 157, 160

mortgage 152, 160, 269diseases, infectious 444, 453, 455, 457

see also cholera; typhusdispensaries, public 417, 457dissenters 127–8distribution networks 116, 196, 493

transport and 94, 383drink, drunkenness 422–3Dublin 116Dumfries, 75, 140, 160, 231Dundee 22, 132, 221, 223, 231

James Cox trustees 226Dunfermline 221

East Lothian 35, 47, 86Gosford 26, 35Longniddry 26Luffness 26

economies of scale 53, 203, 244, 482, 493economy 4, 12, 14, 111, 179, 293, 305,

319, 333, 388, 395cycles in 20, 22, 25, 178–79, 182, 190,

210, 305, 333, 394–95and employment structure 19–21, 75,

259, 276, 278, 290, 332, 379, 388,408–9

information based 14, 152and school finances 111

see also commerce, employment, finance,industry

Edinburgh Academy 259Edinburgh Architectural Association 483Edinburgh Co-operative Building

Company (ECBC) 28, 210, 212,214–15, 255, 259, 270, 276, 279, 290,354, 368–410, 429, 493

achievements 354, 372, 379–80, 390–1;features of success 388, 391–93, 412

Articles of Association 366, 411building costs 369, 389capitalism and 394–5, 399–401, 411characteristics of each site: migration,

family size and stucture, lodgers,employment, household heads 402–10

constructing identity 366–7, 393, 402,469

design features 368–70, 372, 411;external staircases 368, 384–5, 389;and family life 374; flatted villas 389,411

finance 379, 400founders 354–56, 358, 364, 402; French

influences 366; and lock out 354, 358,365

housing market 381, 383–4; rentals 372,381; sales 372, 377, 379, 383

mortgages 388, 391, 399organisation 366–8, 377–9, 384, 411owner occupiers 403, 405, 502residents, social structure of 404–9shareholders 356–8, 375, 391, 395–9;

concentration of 398–9; dividends375, 381, 383, 411

site development 372, 374, 377, 383,388–89

Edinburgh Improvement Scheme 28, 268,433–4, 450, 466–7, 487–8

achievements 433, 437–43, 447building industry and 436, 469mortality, effects on 443–7Scots baronial architecture 476, 488western extension 91, 94–6see also built environment; public health,

Glasgow City Improvement TrustEdinburgh International Exhibition 1886,

469, 484Edinburgh Royal Infirmary 417, 421, 457Edinburgh School Board 113, 233, 489

stone decoration 470, 490Edinburgh Tramway Company 497Edinburgh Water Company 214education 19, 86, 111–13

for girls 43, 112for orphans 99

General index 527






education (cont.)provision of 41–2, 51, 99, 111–13qualifications 19–20see also charities; endowments; hospitals;

schoolselites 3, 26, 47, 67, 79, 86, 105, 119, 129,

240–5, 443, 452, 460see also middle class, upper; New Town,

(west end)Empire connections with 10, 25, 32employers 190employment 19, 21–2, 95, 105, 215, 275–6,

278, 290, 332, 412, 502and health 421industrial 215, 259, 275, 299, 383, 502professional 7, 13, 18–20, 182skilled, 259, 278, 320see also servants, domestic; shops,

shopkeepersendowments 4, 26, 43, 47, 111, 339Engels, Friedrich 129, 420England and Wales 18, 19, 69, 70, 74–5,

124, 210, 231, 247, 267–8, 280, 284,300, 335, 366, 396, 408, 422, 452,505

English boroughs 294, 297, 301, 452,497

housing 311, 335, 379environmental pollution

industrial 214, 418insanitary housing 362, 417–18, 421–2,

445–6, 450–3moral 426–7; police report 426noise 105sewage 415, 419, 453smoke 236see also moral panics; public health

estate plan 82, 88, 155Exhibition, Edinburgh International 1886

469, 484external economies 14, 58, 496externalities 58–9, 95, 381, 496

family 5, 7, 19, 175, 250, 290, 328, 405,413

extended 405; limitation 289see also lodgers

famine, Irish 23Fettes, William 99Fettes’ College 98–9, 259, 261

trustees 99, 117feuing plan 9, 63–9, 70, 84, 155, 197, 232,

252, 256, 485see also New Town

feuing system 27, 53–4, 58, 60–8, 70–2, 84,153, 156, 171, 184, 193, 196, 208,222, 236–8, 418, 485, 498–9, 503–8

burdens 58–60, 63–8, 76, 84, 106, 113,119, 156, 171, 197, 220, 226, 385

‘casualty’ payments 66–7, 70–1, 119,123, 142; see also ‘composition’(below); ‘duplicands’ (below); ‘relief ’(below)

charters 9, 27, 60, 63, 65, 70, 84, 106,113–14, 123–4, 153, 156, 197, 200,226, 232, 234, 236–8, 252, 290,498

creation of obligations 66, 70–3‘composition’ 71, 143‘duplicands’ 71, 123, 143feu-duties 7, 27, 53, 58, 70, 123, 213,

221, 226, 381, 385, 504ground annuals 72–3, 169, 184, 400heritable securities 7, 74, 126–7, 130–6,

148–49, 157; see also separate entry ‘irritancy’ 9, 222, 485‘relief ’ 71, 143sub-infeudation 7, 72–3, 76, 105, 106,

119, 123, 126–7, 150, 165, 169, 171,177

superior 7, 27, 36, 53, 56, 58, 60, 70, 87,118, 123, 150, 171, 222, 224, 226,228–31

vassal 53–4, 60, 69, 114, 123, 126, 171Youngson, A. J., and 67see also heritable securities; trusts; and

under feuing income of each individualhospital

Fife 116, 140, 396, 408–9Fife Coal Co. 348finance

property development and 26, 84, 123,126, 170–1, 221–6, 228–31, 256–7

recycled funds 26–7, 111, 140–1, 167,396, 459, 507

financial institutions 322life assurance 13, 167, 269insurance 13, 92, 92n, 117, 145, 145n,

216, 269see also banks and banking; building

finance, building associations andbuilding societies and; heritablesecurities; property companiesproperty investment; Steel James

financial instrumentsfeu-duties as 123, 126–7, 165heritable securities as see heritable

securitiesfinancial servitude 123Finlay, J. R. 447–9fire

‘Great fire’ (1824) 91–3, 98, 416, 455;Relief Fund 92

stations 488

528 General index






France 365, 431Free Church of Scotland 128, 215, 233,

366and co-operative housing 364housing reformers: James Collins 365;

James Colville 365, 374, 384, 399,401, 408, 469; Miller, Hugh 364, 401,423; Gilzean Reid, Hugh 364, 393–4,423; David Rintoul 365

see also Begg Rev. Dr James; Chalmers,Rev. Dr Thomas

gardens 7, 62, 65, 80, 98, 101, 105, 154,156, 200, 205–6, 250–2, 322, 327–8,340, 368, 393, 413, 500–1

Belgrave Pleasure Gardens 250Botanical Gardens 98, 155, 295see also middle classes; and Index of

Edinburgh street names and districts:Princes Street, Queen Street, middleclass

gas 100, 171, 489Geddes, Patrick 267, 339gender relations 43, 146, 300–1, 303, 317,

326, 366, 408General Property Investment Company

212, 219–25, 228, 238Hay, John Charles 219–21, 225, 231, 238Landale, Thomas 224–6, 228liquidation 223–5, 228Steel, James and 219–21, 231trustees 225

gentry 196, 206, 220, 231, 492George, Henry 11, 268George, David Lloyd 11, 267George III, King 55Gillespie, James 47Gillespie’s Hospital 47, 168–9

estate development: Colinton 500;Gillespie Crescent 167–68

feuing income 107–9land acquisition 47, 48purpose of trust 109trustees 47, 109, 111, 168, 290

Gilmour, Samuel, 149–50bankruptcy 149

Gissing, George 294Glasgow 7, 11, 18, 19, 21, 86, 105, 178,

192, 285, 344, 396, 414, 445, 502Blythswood estate 59nChurch of Scotland heritable securities

in 130, 132–3City of Glasgow Bank failure 132City Improvement Trust 268, 433, 436,

438; Corporation 489rents and housing 292–3rivalry with Edinburgh 13, 431, 433

government, centralintervention 3, 276, 414, 426, 428and local government 3, 11, 268, 276,

457government stocks, gilts 7, 58, 82, 87, 132,

142, 161Gowans, James 72, 286, 294, 466–7,

469–70Grange 98, 102–4, 211, 289, 300, 327, 497

Dick Lauder family 98, 116, 349, 500estate development 102–4, 117–18feuing plan 98, 103

Greenock 453Grindlay, George

feu-duty income 88Orchardfield estate 48, 83, 85–9, 98,

193, 211trustees 48, 88, 124

Guthrie, Rev. Dr Thomas 423

Heriot, George 26, 30, 32, 34–7, 46, 112financier 30–6, 38solicitor (Walter Balcanquhall) 46

Heriot’s Hospital 8, 26, 112, 131, 149–50,182, 192, 202, 236, 348, 374–5,498–9

agricultural income 38, 41; tacks 53–4,504

educational activities 42, 51, 54, 99,111–12

estate management 41–2, 48, 51–5, 61,76, 79, 105, 106–7, 113–14, 118, 182,196, 240, 243–4, 247, 256, 263, 349,359, 374, 395, 462, 502

feuing income 58–9, 61, 66, 76–7, 108,112–14, 244, 502

feuing practices 53–4, 58, 61–2, 66–8,106–7, 113, 236, 498–9, 504–5

financiers to town council 41–2, 58foundation of 36, 38‘Foundation Schools’ 112–13, 115, 470land acquisition 37–8, 42, 47–8, 52and New Town dispute 55–8power base 26, 41–2, 48, 52, 54, 58, 66restrictions on building 60–1, 66–9, 105trustees 37, 42, 51, 55, 60, 86, 99, 106,

112, 240–1, 284heritable securities 7, 73–4, 123, 126,

130–41, 148–9, 157, 184, 221–8, 400,505

heritable security companies 8, 144, 166,169, 170–1; objectives 221; profitabiltyof 171

Caledonian Heritable Security Company221

Edinburgh Heritable Security CompanyLtd 170;

General index 529






heritable security companies (cont.)Heritable Estates Company 169Heritable Securities Investment

Association 169homelessness 428–9, 437, 444homes

decoration of 480–4regulation of 11see also lodgers; space

hospitals 11, 38n, 182, 460, 491hospitals, endowed 7, 26–7, 36, 43, 46–7,

113, 499James Donaldson’s 98, 117, 243, 252–3,

475Mary Erskine’s (Merchant Maiden) 27,

43, 46, 86, 111, 149James Gillespie’s 47George Heriot’s see Heriot’s HospitalOrphan 98, 252–3Daniel Stewart’s 27, 48, 98, 252–3,

475Trinity 76, 106–8, 346George Watson’s see Watson’s Hospital John Watson’s 98, 252–3see also trusts

household 175, 297, 300, 328, 407, 485budget strategy 21, 279–80, 290, 302–3,

405daily rhythms of 296heads of 404–5, 407; women as 300–1,

303, 335–40incomes 174, 180, 278, 405lodgers and 279, 405, 407–8number in 279, 328removals 298–9, 302; see also letting

systemhousing

amenity, exclusivity 252, 262, 498, 500;see also gardens

company 184, 359conditions 236, 332, 358, 362, 364, 392,

419–23, 429co-operative 11, 28, 210–12, 354–411;

see also Edinburgh Co-operativeBuilding Company

council 7, 11, 261, 267–8, 277, 284–5,320, 414, 450–1, 454

demand for 106, 123, 155–6, 160,174–5, 205–6, 228–9, 231, 232, 255,259, 262, 269, 276, 288, 290, 328–30,377, 381, 385, 388, 412, 491

demolition 95density 74–5, 159; see also overcrowdingand intra-neighbourhood migration 300,

302, 310miners’ 10

owner occupiers 249, 268, 272, 276–7,283, 290, 302, 328, 338, 390–1, 466;and community roles 297, 412

philanthropic 268, 285, 358–9, 362, 430,447, 496; see also model dwellings

prices 70–2, 95, 252, 262, 273, 275,326–7, 385; price insensitive 291

‘problem’ 286–7; insanitary 286, 422,426–8; moral, physical degeneracy286, 422, 426–7, 430, 454

public finance and 11, 268, 501reform and improvement: Association for

Improving the Dwellings of the Poor449; Edinburgh Improvement Schemesee separate entry; Social ScienceReform Association 364, 366n; SocialUnion 449; see also Begg, Rev. DrJames; Co-operative movement; FreeChurch of Scotland

rural influences 249, 364standards 123stock 25, 25n, 75, 82, 175, 178, 379, 391,

437, 492sub-markets 206, 212, 220, 222, 228,

231, 255, 262, 275–6, 282–3, 287,290, 293, 298–301, 385, 411, 496; andhousing hierarchy 303, 305–6, 310–11,331, 500–1

terraced 76, 176, 289, 311, 322, 383,408, 464

uninhabitable 445–6vacant 28, 178, 255, 287–93, 306,

314–16, 326, 333, 335–9, 342, 411west end 247–50, 255, 262, 289–90, 299,

322see also feuing system; ‘slums’, slum

clearance; suburbs; tenementsHume, David, and feuing system 62

improvement, concept of 54, 268see also Edinburgh Improvement

Scheme, Glasgow City ImprovementTrust

incomeand housing 106, 205–6, 280and purchasing power 19, 119, 124, 174,

328, 412rising real 106, 138, 328stream 15, 124, 127, 140, 282, 504–5see also heritable securities

Incorporated Trades 55, 95individualism 267Industrial Co-operative Building Company

381, 462industrial estates 114, 215, 375, 383, 493,

496–7

530 General index






industrialisation, and urban growth 14, 21,52, 54, 70, 111, 190, 196, 211, 215,218, 262, 294, 383, 444, 453, 502–5

industrycomposition of 21location of 114, 194, 215, 259, 375, 383,

493, 496–7information networks 4, 13–14, 52, 144,

152, 175, 202–3, 230, 300, 310, 385,438, 441, 458

asymmetric 152and social capital 8, 152, 171, 194, 203,

300, 310, 314, 335, 423, 458infrastructure 3–5, 27, 260–1

municipal investment in 3, 14, 191, 260,333, 374, 455, 460, 469

social 295, 340see also legal system; feuing system; town

council transportinheritance strategies, 123, 127, 149, 213

and feu-duties 72–3, 116, 141women’s 146, 213, 220

inspection, inspectors 191, 445, 488institutions 4–6, 27, 98–9, 106, 153, 184,

215, 226, 230, 232, 244, 268, 395,460, 485

and business networks 41, 52, 171, 191,194

employment in 20headquarters 13n, 322and landholding 43, 50, 98–9, 196,

252–3, 259, 340, 395, 460, 491property ownership and 116, 226, 485and surveillance 460–1, 488, 491see also town council; trusts; and under

individual hospitalsinterest rates 67, 82, 155, 198, 220interior design 12, 480–1, 486inter-organisational relations theories of

455–8,Inveresk 132Ireland 10

see also migration Irvine 230

Jacobites 47, 51, 55James VI and I, King 30, 34jeweller, jewellery 26, 30–2judicial decisions

Colquoun v. Lindsay (1803) 63Corporation of Tailors of Aberdeen v. Coutts

(1840), 68Deas v. Edinburgh Magistrates (1772) 62Dirom v. Butterworth (1814) 63Gordon v. Marjoribanks (1818) 65, 124Gordon v. New Club (1809) 63

Heriot’s Hospital Governors v. Gibson(1814) 63

Riddell v. Moir (1808) 63Tulk v. Moxhay (1848), 503Young v. Dewar (1814) 63

jurisdictions 6, 17, 105see also boundaries

Kelso 26Kirkcaldy 132, 167knowledge

experts and 3, 362, 412, 418–22, 444,447, 456, 460, 488, see also publichealth, officials

and urban growth 14, 175, 203, 441

labour markets 5, 14, 215, 278, 293–5, 388,395

casual 21, 278, 293fluctuations in 21, 210, 412and migration 12, 23, 25, 190, 294,

408–9recruitment 13, 20–1, 190, 215skilled 19, 21, 215, 273, 293, 320see also employment

landacreages of urban 8n, 41–2, 48, 54,

117–18, 349competition for 47–8, 51, 54, 98, 219compulsory purchase 332, 437control over 59, 61, 180Crown 8, 118, 349and estate development 26, 35–8, 40, 47,

60–1, 86, 106, 182, 192, 228, 255,381, 388

hoarding 222, 283land, entailed 213, 218–20, 225prices 61, 70, 90, 123, 138, 155, 182,

231, 252purchase, number of years 90, 149, 158,

161, 178, 220, 225–6social status and 61, 91, 198, 236, 242–4taxation 11, 118tenure 10, 119; see also feuing system;

owner occupierstitles see land registryuse 9, 86, 180–2values 70, 72, 90, 95, 116, 138, 155, 159,

182; and high rise build 76, 262see also feuing system; landowner,

landownership; tenantsland registry

Sasines, Register of 69, 126, 198, 219,230

titles to property 69–70, 87, 108, 119,126, 216, 503

General index 531






landlords, landlordism 10, 28, 53, 72, 95,143, 151, 168, 177, 181, 195, 205,255, 268, 276, 281–300, 342, 402

Edinburgh House Proprietors’ Co. 168trusts as 143see also rental market; rents; Steel, James

landowners, landownership 8–9, 26, 35–7,70, 76, 78, 90, 98, 113, 117–18, 154,208, 212, 497–8, 504–5; English 503

absentee 114–16company 114, 116, 213–14composition 1872 120–2estate development and 28, 40, 42, 47,

82–91, 94, 98, 105, 114, 160–2, 218,332–3

fragmented 150, 153–4, 214, 219,229–30, 238, 499

small 118, 202–3see also Heriot’s Hospital

landscape, urban 193, 228–9, 236–8, 417,437–8, 459, 464, 470, 474–5, 492

agents of change 488–93social and cultural, 411–12, 438, 464,

484–6, 487, 492visual uniformity, reasons for 485–9,

498see also built environment; maps, mental

lawlaw

commercial 6contract 6, 8, 9, 60–9inheritance 145–46; jus maritii 146property 27, 58, 60–9, 74, 123, 141; see

also legal decisions trust 6, 55

lawyers see solicitors, lawyersLearmonth, Alexander 8, 117, 240–6, 262

absenteeism 116estate 118, 240–6, 250, 256, 331, 349;

Easter Murieston 245lifestyle 244, 256trustees 250, 256see also Steel, James

Leeds 174legacies 130legal system 4, 21, 27, 60, 201

as a social construct 29, 66–8, 152, 503and urban development 60, 67, 119, 152,

201, 228, 503–5see also judicial decisions; law; solicitors,

lawyerslegislation 56, 58, 95

Act of Union (1707) 12Artizans’ and Labourers’ Dwellings Act

(1868, 1875) 454, 457

Burgh Police (Scotland) Act (1862) 236,365, 453, 485–6

Clan Act (1717) 69Conveyancing and Land Transfer

(Scotland) Act (1874) 71n Edinburgh Improvement Act (1867)

433, 454Edinburgh Police Act 427Educational Institutions (Scotland) Act

(1869) 111Housing of the Working Classes Act

(1890) 454Local Government Act (1858) 453Mortmain Act 1773 58Scottish definitions in 76, 453Smallpox Vaccination Act (1867) 429

leisure 260, 266–7, 340, 395bowls 165, 266–67, 327, 340club officials 296gardening 393Grange Cricket Club 259Murrayfield Golf Course 165Old Edinburgh Club (history) 438swimming 340tennis 165, 266see also Dean Bowling Club; Summerside

Bowling ClubLeith 43, 82, 86, 194–5, 206, 216, 222,

282–3, 291, 299, 302, 331, 343, 358,372–7, 392, 396, 400, 405, 408, 453

maritime employment 405letting system 278–93, 297, 333, 335–9,

372, 402eviction 280, 285, 318, 445law of hypothec 279, 318overcrowding and 279persistence 281, 302, 315–19, 322, 340,

342rental agreement (‘missive’) 9, 278, 280term day 9, 281, 286, 372unlet property 281, 286–91, 296see also lodgers; rents

Liberalism 6, 11, 412, 505–6libraries, public 3, 11, 295, 460, 489Littlejohn, Henry Duncan 286, 294,

429–31, 441, 445–6, 454–6Report, main points 430, 441, 446, 455

Liverpool 21, 174, 230, 268, 284, 289, 294,297, 452, 489

living standards 18–21, 116loans, personal 149, 166–69, 216local government see town council local taxation system see local taxation

system and housing; rates, publicfinances

532 General index






Lochgoilhead 344lodgers 279, 405, 408lodging houses, common 417, 423, 428London 28, 30, 34, 36, 55, 116, 165, 223,

268, 285, 289, 294, 396, 402, 416,428, 453, 480

London County Council 452Lothians 396, 408, 482

Manchester 21, 174, 297mansions 196, 206, 492manufacturers 21, 195, 211, 214, 245, 493

Bertram’s (Katherine Works) 493Broxburn Oil Co. 245A. M. Fleming, oil refiners 493Grove Street Bakery 493Holyrood Flint Works 493Lochrin Distillery 211London Road Foundry (Miller & Co.)

493William McEwan (Fountain Brewery)

214Moray Park Maltings 493Thomas Nelson (Parkside Printing

Works) 493Bruce Peebles (Tay Works) 493–4Royal Blind Aslyum 493N. B. Rubber Co., (Castle Mills) 211Stevenson, Ressich and Co. 195John Waddie and Co. 195.William Younger (Holyrood Brewery)

493maps 15, 16, 43mental 487–88; see also built environment markets, market forces 5, 13, 67, 70, 91,

153, 161, 175, 178, 190, 204, 219–20,222, 228–31, 273, 340–1, 353, 372,394–401, 464

marriage contracts 141, 152, 202, 206, 220,253

marital status see spinsters; widowsMedical Officers of Health 294, 392, 412,

417, 427, 428–9, 431, 445–6medical opinion 362, 412, 418–22, 444,

456Edinburgh School 421, 428see also Medical Officers of Health; poor,

poor law, povertymedical treatment see dispensaries, public;

Edinburgh Royal InfirmaryMelrose 130Merchant Company of Edinburgh 43, 48,

50, 52, 55, 86–7, 111–13, 153, 158,161, 170, 182, 213, 244, 383, 497, 508

educational provision 111–13

song 52widows’ fund 158, 400

Merchant Maiden Hospital 27, 43, 46, 86,111, 149

educational provision 111estate development 47, 48trustees 52, 86see also Peterhead; and under hospitals;

trustmerchants 14, 52, 67, 86, 158, 195, 206metropolitanism 20, 116, 243–4middle classes

consumerism and 18, 20, 114, 182, 412,485; interior design 480–1

domestic life 18, 289, 412–13housing 18, 180, 252, 276, 466; see also

suburban housing; suburbsidentity 4, 21, 101, 105, 114, 283, 298income and wealth 18–20, 114, 127, 180,

182, 220, 228–31, 276, 480, 485role and size 18, 289subsidy to 14upper 322, 326–7, 385, 485

Midlothian 47, 86Easter Murieston 245–6, 348

migrationcauses and nature 23, 25, 362‘colonies’ 408–9population growth 23, 25, 175, 204rural to urban 10, 12, 21, 23, 82, 140–1,

190, 362, 421; highlands 362–3,421–2; from Ireland 23, 95, 294, 362,421–2, 427

mobilityresidential 28, 105, 231social 276

model dwellings 268, 358–61Ashley, Chalmers’ 358Pilrig Buildings 358, 368Rosebank 359, 368, 397Rosemount Buildings 358, 360–1

moneylending 26, 41Montrose 132monuments, public 471–2, 483–4moral environment 286, 362, 426–7, 470moral panics 415, 422, 427, 431, 441, 444,

454, 458behavioural norms and 415see also cholera; crisis

Moray, Earl of 67–8, 116, 118, 240–2, 257,284, 348

mortality 286, 392, 421, 427, 443–7, 453mortgage 8, 11, 126, 152, 253

companies 169, 502market 254–5, 269–70, 273, 275–6

General index 533






motor cars 290municipal intervention 3, 7, 11, 58, 191,

268, 285, 286, 332, 374, 431, 455,501–2

licensing 191officers, officials 3,7, 20, 58, 92, 96, 191,

273, 388, 403, 432, 441, 456, 447,460

public finances, public health see separateentries

municipal socialism 5, 12Murrayfield Real Estate Company 164–5

amenities, environment 164–5prospectus 165

museums and galleries 3, 295, 460, 489Musselburgh 167mutuality 10, 167, 237, 244, 270, 273–4,

311, 354, 358, 365–6, 381, 411–13,457

neighbourhoods 28, 294, 333–4and class formation 28, 105, 107; social

deprivation 284folklore, gossip 296, 310, 314social interaction in 28, 58–9, 266–7,

294, 296, 300, 310–11, 314, 319, 335,412, 488

networks 4, 190, 194, 202, 279, 300, 412,438, 487

business 14, 52, 86, 118, 152, 175,190–1, 194, 202, 385

family and kinship 6, 14, 190, 202, 279,300, 487

financial 41, 73–4, 123, 127, 130–40,144, 203, 228–31, 349

professional 7, 8, 18, 52, 86, 118, 144,146, 148, 158, 171, 191, 228, 445

social and cultural 4, 14, 19, 75, 105,260, 230–1, 294–300, 310, 335, 438,487

see also classNew Town 8, 14, 15, 18, 26, 55, 57–60, 63,

77, 135, 156, 171, 182, 197, 204, 211,229, 236, 289, 322, 327, 397, 417,460, 466, 496–9; (eastern) 82, 86,106–7; (western) 106

newspapersand bankruptcy 189, 192, 231, 244and building 106, 243, 368and moral panics 286, 362, 415–17, 422,

427reports 92, 96n, 98, 106, 178, 362, 294,

364, 417–22, 426–9, 438nobility, Scottish 35–7, 36n, 38, 42, 335

and feudal obligations 69Northumberland, Duke of 257–8

nuisances 65, 124, 232, 238, 314, 426–7concept of 65, 105, 236, 427regulations 191, 236

Oban 132occupational structure 18, 272, 276, 290,

315, 320, 332of ‘Colonies’ 406see also censuses; class; employment

order, public 4, 129, 191, 266–7, 294, 392,412, 428, 430, 441, 460

Orkney 140overcrowding 41, 75, 82, 286, 408, 420–1,

432, 445, 450product of feuing 75

owner occupiers 11, 208, 240, 254, 268,270, 272–7, 297, 302, 328, 338, 354,390–1, 502

and empowerment 391–2, 412, 502Oxford 116

Paisley 445parks 261, 295, 340

Holyrood Park 43, 427, 493Inverleith 98, 155, 259Lomond Park, 157, 163Meadows 37, 43, 55, 94, 96, 140, 166,

200, 206, 291, 302private 198, 250Victoria Park 154

parliamentHouse of Commons 95–6House of Lords 8–9, 26, 51, 62, 65–6,

68, 70, 77, 116, 197, 499pawnbroker 26pensions, pensioners 7, 18, 27, 114, 123,

141, 143, 146–9, 182, 213, 253, 283,300, 315, 318, 405

Perthshire 231Peterhead 26, 47, 52, 111planning

and blight 91, 96, 98, 107, 199, 211, 289permission 9, 72, 105, 175–6, 182, 191,

236–7see also building regulations, zoning

plaques 403–4, 461–9signatures in stone 477

police 56, 92, 267, 460Edinburgh Cleaning Committee 417,

456Edinburgh Police Commissioners 417,

419, 456, 458report by Superintendent 426stations 488

politics 10, 267, 273, 275, 280, 318,413–14

534 General index






poor, poor law, poverty 15, 123, 363, 421,426–8

administration 421–2, 460;Alison, Dr W. P. 362, 412, 428, 456and health 421, 427parish relief 7, 21, 362, 421, 427, 445St Cuthbert’s Parochial Board 445taxes 118, 279, 427workhouse 98, 460, 491

population 174, 289, 305eighteenth century 14growth 12, 23, 70, 82, 96, 106, 123, 171,

175, 178, 289, 362, 452and urban development 174–5, 204, 305,

328, 452Port Glasgow 132power

as energy 77, 165, 482, 484political 26, 41–2, 48, 58, 67, 280, 310,

412, 460, 502press see newspapersprices, retail 143

see also housing, pricesprivacy 200, 267, 310–11, 362, 368, 393,

408, 426, 486professions see Medical Officers of Health;

medical opinion; networks,professional; solicitors, lawyers

profits 190promenade 200

see also gardens; parksproperty

commodification of 116, 505concepts of 29, 69, 214, 277, 504–8development, restrictions on 9, 58–9,

60–8, 69, 70, 106, 157heritable 7, 72–4, 219; see also

landowner, landownershipinterests 58, 63–9, 87, 94, 431liberal views of 6, 11, 412, 505–7participation in 354, 366, 412–13,

504–7relationships 59, 124–5, 412rights 6, 9, 10, 58, 66–7, 72–4, 277,

504–6; absolutist 505–6see also annuitants; bonds; feuing system;

heritable securities; trustsproperty companies 114, 154, 166, 221–8,

269Fifth Provident Investment Company

385General Property Investment Company

see separate entryHeritable Estates Company 247Improved Edinburgh Property Company

202

National Property Investment Company157

Property Investment Society 155, 157Scottish Equitable Life Assurance

Company 156Scottish Lands and Buildings Company

221, 224–6Scottish Metropolitan Property

Company 401Scottish Property Investment Company

385Suburban Feuing Company 401

property investment 7, 9, 58, 76, 86, 95,118, 150

see also heritable securities; propertycompanies, trusts

property market 36, 38, 58–9, 76–7, 86, 91,98, 114, 124, 146, 153–54, 161,219–20, 225–6, 268, 272, 318, 320,339, 400

oversupply 222, 243, 262, 283, 293prosperity and depression 76, 82, 98

public finances and housing 11, 41, 268,331, 333, 418, 427, 437, 501–2

see also rates, local taxation systempublic health 82, 95, 191, 236, 268, 286,

363, 418, 420–2, 431, 441, 444adminstration 441, 444, 453–8, 460;

Destitute Sick Society 457; EdinburghCleaning Committee 417; Fever Board418, 458; Public Health Committee446, 455

Edinburgh Improvement Act (1867) 433fever 421–2insanitary housing 3, 7, 362, 417–18,

421–2, 450–3officials: Inspector of Cleaning and

Lighting 429; Superintendent ofStreets 429; see also Medical Officers ofHealth

policy 3, 418, 420, 454–5propaganda: ‘foul burn’ agitation, sewage

419; Health Association 447; sanitarysocieties 450; Social and SanitarySociety 447, 449

refuse 417reports on 420, 426responses to moral panic 416–17, 426–7,

434–43, 447–50water closets 420water supplies 191, 418see also hospitals; Littlejohn, Henry

Duncan; poor, poor law, povertypublic interest 56, 58, 82, 91–3, 95–6, 216,

277, 286, 311–12, 346, 431, 444public opinion 92, 95

General index 535






public utilities 3, 7, 100–1, 165, 171,213–14, 460

company employees 20

quangos 457quarry, quarrying 192, 210, 235, 245

Barrasford (near Corbridge) 257, 482

radicalism see Begg, Rev. Dr James;Chalmers Rev. Dr Thomas; EdinburghCo-operative Building Company; FreeChurch of Scotland

railway companiesCaledonian 90, 101, 105, 117, 124, 195,

211, 214, 216, 234–5, 239, 299Edinburgh and Glasgow 211, 213North British 82, 117, 239, 257, 349,

466North Tyne Railway 257

railwaysamenity and 105, 165, 388, 476employment 405, 493lines as boundaries 106, 213, 214, 232,

375property ownership and 114, 116, 170,

182, 211, 214, 234–5, 349, 375stocks 7, 142, 145, 171

ratepayers 275, 418, 426, 437, 460,500–1

rates, local taxation system 11, 56, 95, 118,278–80, 320, 331, 333, 418, 427, 437,501

disenfranchisement 280incidence, change of 124, 501–2police and water 279

rent collectors 143, 285, 402Octavia Hill 285

rental market 281, 285–93, 300–1, 304–5,312, 315–16, 326–39, 401–2

‘hard to let’ property 285, 288–93, 314,326

house factors 72, 168, 280, 318, 337,402

management costs 143, 151, 210, 333,338

rent control 165, 267, 413–14rent strikes 10, 267, 413and social class diversity 335–39, 342‘sticky’ rents 291–2, 333–4turnover in tenancies 296–9, 302,

314–16, 319, 322, 335–9; see alsoresidential persistence

vacancies 287–93, 306, 314–16, 326,333, 335–9, 342, 411

vertical variations in 305, 310–11,335

rents 10, 124, 195, 262, 278, 285, 315,326–33, 342

agricultural 53–4, 86–8, 98arrears 279, 286; warrant sale 279incomes and 279, 289, 293, 305land prices and 71, 95long-run trends 98, 330–3tension over 280, 502

residential mobility 276–7, 290persistence 297–9, 314–16, 322, 328–33,

335–9, 342retailers see shops, shopkeepersreversionary rights 124Rigg, James Home 84, 105, 116, 196–204,

212–13, 218, 349, 493, 504Drumdryan 83–5, 98, 105, 196–205,

349; development strategy 198–9, 200;feu charters 198, 200–01

Drumdryan Building Association 202trustees 91, 200, 222–3, 232–3, 240–1,

247risk, uncertainty 168, 174, 182–4, 189,

198, 203, 205–8, 293, 338, 349, 379,504

roads 77, 96, 196, 208, 260, 340improvements 51, 56, 88, 91, 95–6, 197,

216, 374, 433–43, 455western extension 91, 94–5, 196, 418see also Edinburgh Improvement

Scheme; town councils; transportRoxburghshire 47, 86Royal Commission

Housing of the Industrial Population ofScotland (1917) 10

Housing of the Working Classes(1884–5) 294, 399, 446, 450, 453

Poor Law (1844) 362, 421Royal Scottish Academy 472Ruskin, John, Lectures 467

Salvation Army 235savings, personal 11, 167schools 147, 222, 340, 423, 470

elementary, juvenile 112feuing and school finance 111‘Foundation’ 112–13, 115industrial 423 Merchant Company 111rolls, increase of 111see also under Index of Edinburgh street

names and districts for individualschools

Scott, Sir Walter 37, 56, 472, 479invention of tradition 474–5, 484

Scottish Enlightenment 13, 95, 484

536 General index






Scottish Office 484segregation

residential 27, 61, 79–80, 99–105, 106,205, 230, 239, 275, 315, 452, 497

social 61, 63, 80, 101–5, 164, 230, 239,250, 262, 310, 328, 335; exclusivity61, 91, 105, 150, 250, 338, 498–500;integration 392, 412;

vertical 239, 273–5, 310, 335see also class

servants, domestic 20, 22, 250, 278, 290,322

service sector 260, 278, 409expansion of 20, 21n

sewers, sewage 7, 60, 232sexual behaviour 422, 426Shackleton Ernest, 322Shaftesbury, Lord 96Sheffield 22, 176Shepherd, Thomas 80shops, shopkeepers 20, 194, 197, 206–7,

208, 234–5, 260, 273, 319–20, 388,395, 405, 409, 502

‘slums’, slum clearance 7, 11, 28, 332, 417,421, 436–7, 443–4, 446–7, 454–5,475

‘imagined’ 421redevelopment 191, 475see also Edinburgh Improvement

Scheme; town councilsocial capital 8, 26, 58, 66, 261, 294–5,

340social welfare 3–6, 11, 29, 75socialism 10, 267, 276solicitors, lawyers 8, 21, 52, 67, 126, 133,

144, 148, 155, 166–71, 202–3, 269,322

as financial intermediaries 8, 126, 133,141–3, 144, 148, 152, 155, 166,170–1, 201–3, 253, 269, 272, 274, 505

as trust managers 141–4, 146–8, 152,269, 272

wills 5, 36, 46, 143, 149space

affordable 124; see also housing, demandfor

control of 55, 95, 191, 332, 488cultural meaning of 423, 459–70, 476,

480–1domestic 75, 368–9, 393, 408, 413, 423gendered 300, 408private residential 18, 175, 179, 200,

205reorganisation of 95, 300, 368, 496see also building regulations; Dean of

Guild Court; privacy; statistics, use of

spinsters 123, 230, 299–302, 311, 318–20,332, 337, 396, 405

stabilityeconomic 5, 18–19, 20–3, 190, 275–6,

330, 467, 502social 10, 21, 276, 281, 293–4, 298–9,

302, 311, 319, 340, 412–13, 454, 460state

growth of 3, 5, 411–12stability of 6, 276, 319, 412–13symbols of 460–1, 484

statistics, use of 428, 430, 438, 441, 445,450, 452–3, 456, 488

national, international comparisons 453Steel, James 27, 105, 140, 148, 151, 169,

175, 185, 192, 201, 212, 220, 231–5,240–7, 259, 266, 275, 290–1, 335–41,344, 375, 411, 450, 462, 466, 480,497–8

bankruptcy 193–4, 344builder 194–5, 203, 208, 215, 333, 485;

site development 262–6, 275, 301,383; site office 203, 231, 247, 259, 493

directorships 348estate development: Comely Bank,

Learmonth 256–67; Dalry 216–19,222, 232–5, 240–2; Tollcross, Sciennes196; west end (Coates) 240–55

family relations 235, 344financial activities 195, 201–3, 206–7,

241–2, 256–7, 344; credit rating 205,216, 222, 247; debts 243

Heritable Estate Co. and 247landlord 195, 205, 232, 281–2, 285–91,

299–301, 328, 450; landlord tenantrelations 310–16, 335–9; rentals 206,282–9, 330–3

legal contacts (Melville and Lindesay)201, 216, 240–2, 466

local knowledge, networks 202–3, 208,232–3, 300, 310–11, 314, 333, 335,339, 377, 385, 466

as planning agency 236–8, 340principles of business 196, 203, 205–7,

212, 216, 241–2, 247, 252, 255, 282,284, 335–9, 344–9, 379

public and political career, 346, 348sub-feuing 216, 232–5; conditions of feu

236–7tenants 216; pattern of tenancy 297–9see also General Property Investment

Company; Moray, Earl of; and Indexof Edinburgh street names anddistricts: Belgrave, Comely Bank,Dalry, Drumdryan, Murieston,Sciennes

General index 537






Stewart’s Hospital 47, 52, 259, 475Bathgate 52, 111educational provision 111feuing income 111land acquisition 47, 48trustees 47

Stirling 221, 230streets, wynds 7, 14, 28, 55, 75, 77, 216,

302, 420, 431, 438congestion 14, 94development of 79, 80, 84, 94, 102–4,

302, 417, 432, 438hierarchy of 80, 303, 305, 310as social interaction 488see also Edinburgh Improvement

Scheme; town councilsuburban housing

detached villas 99–100, 105, 111, 152,153, 156, 163–4, 182, 209, 220, 290;flatted villas 389, 411

owner occupied 208, 412and restructuring urban space 290

suburbanisation 52, 101–4, 108, 153–60,209, 211, 397–8, 486

Church of Scotland and 138, 160suburbs 48, 98, 127, 138, 153, 171, 205,

236, 289, 300, 320amenity and exclusivity 61, 67, 80, 101,

105, 164–5, 197, 205, 211, 238–9,338, 340, 486

middle-class 98, 105, 138, 152, 156, 163,171, 182, 220, 255; upper- 322, 497

move to 98, 105, 153–60New Town as 18, 26, 58, 67, 77, 152,

239–40, 262railway 409; see also Index of Edinburgh

street names and districts: Abbeyhill,Dalry

social and cultural life 26, 100, 105, 114,164–5, 211, 300, 409

southern 98, 100–5, 106, 108, 111, 151,205, 211, 249

working-class (industrial) 106–7, 209,211–13, 215, 233, 256, 301, 493; seealso Edinburgh Co-operative BuildingCompany; and Index of Edinburghstreet names and districts: Dalry

see also Index of Edinburgh street namesand districts: Comely Bank, Grange,Merchiston, Murrayfield, Newington,Trinity

Summerside Bowling Club 266

taxation, assigned by Crown 32technological change

lathes, ‘universal’ joiners 481

mass-produced appliances 482–4steel alloy drills 482see also mechanisation, power

temperance 422–3tenants 10, 74, 151, 229, 231, 286

grievances 278, 296, 314permanence 295–7shared facilities 15, 283, 296, 305, 311,

314, 426–7, 452tenements, 15, 75, 107, 164, 175, 183, 275,

429appropriation of national symbols 476and feuing 71–4, 76, 206and fire 92flats 14, 272–5, 305, 310–11; design of

368ground or main door 273, 305, 310,

328see also rental market, vertical variations

in; Steel, Jamestenure

freehold 53, 70leasehold 70, 118mixed 283, 303, 305, 328, 338repossession 9, 155, 157, 388, 503restrictive covenants 70see also feuing system; owner occupiers

terms of tradelandlords’ 280, 333landowners’ 123residential 501

time horizons 76, 124, 150, 157, 179, 190,197–8, 200

long-run development 76, 119, 175, 193,234, 330–3, 339–40

rents, social class, unlet houses 342–3short-term lease v. long-term purchase

290topography 75, 85, 164, 496–7town centre

demolition 95, 216, 445, 475; see also‘slums’, slum clearance

and elites 289–90, 452, 460, 497redevelopment 11, 95–6, 191, 216,

418–19, 433–43, 498town clerk 3, 7, 41town council 14, 119, 332, 426

as developer, feuar 18, 55, 62, 65, 182,277, 450

finances 41, 58, 76, 77, 191, 312, 333,374

as landlord 12, 414, 450, 502as landowner 8, 55, 76, 116–17, 259as trustees 37–8, 41–2, 55, 441, 489officials see inspectors; Medical Officers

of Health; town clerk

538 General index






Princes St Gardens and 62, 427property 6, 11–12, 235, 414, 450,

489–92town planning

aesthetics 60, 438civic and social theory 267–8, 413, 431controls and procedures 59–60origins and nature 60, 267, 454Paris, Haussmann 431and redevelopment 91, 431, 454see also Geddes, Patrick

trade associations 14, 191, 280trade directories 14trade unions 280, 367

Co-operative Plasterers’ Society 358Operative Plumbers’ Society 358ten hours movement 354, 356, 358, 365

trades council 450transport

access 94–5, 154, 208, 216, 252, 259–60,340, 388, 438, 497

networks 194, 213, 260, 375, 497trams 3, 165, 259–60, 340, 497

Trinity 127, 153–4Trinity Hospital 346, 374

estate development 106–7, 182feuing income 107–8

Trinity Land Company 153–64, 170,508

boundaries 156–60, 164, 475building restrictions 156, 158–9, 162estate plan 155expenditure and receipts 161–2housing development 156–8, 164landownership 154–60reasons for success 162–63

trust 4–5, 141, 190–1, 232, 275, 366, 505administration 8, 55, 109, 124, 134,

141–43, 148approved investments 142assets 7, 99, 113–14, 116–17, 134, 143,

202, 220, 226, 229, 242, 318, 485deed 142, 147–8as social capital 4, 9–10, 29, 91, 119, 141,

190–1, 366, 413, 504trustees 6, 67, 98–9, 141–3, 206, 222, 253,

291, 384, 397, 400, 441appointed 142, 226church 140leadership 4, 55, 91, 134, 140–1management role 144–5, 222, 225–6,

242, 349, 400powers 27, 43, 58, 87–8, 118, 141, 143,

146–8, 169, 275responsibilities 53, 141–3, 146, 349roads, Middle District of Roads 51

solicitors as 8, 126, 141–4, 230trusts

Ball’s 152Chesser’s , 145, 147, 168Donaldson’s see hospitalsErskine’s see hospitalsFettes’ see separate entry and under

hospitalsForrest’s, 146–7Gilmour’s 149–50, 197Grindlay’s see separate entryHay’s 148Heriot’s see separate entryKirkwood’s 149Learmonth’s 8, 116–18, 250, 256, 340McNaughton’s 384–5Merchant Company see separate entryPaterson and Pape Fund 226Raitt’s 146Reid’s 148Rigg’s see separate entryRobertson’s, Miss Elizabeth 144–5Rocheid’s 8, 98, 116, 118Steel’s see separate entry Stewart’s see separate entry Trinity see hospitals Walker’s, James see separate entryWalker’s, J. W. 144, 150, 168Watherston’s 161Watson’s see separate entry

typhus 418

unemployment 181, 210unit trust 168urban form 75–6, 328, 459, 477

high rise building 76, 80, 420urban identity 4, 367, 477urban networks 52, 153, 175, 194, 296,

314, 458urbanisation 4, 20–4, 27, 54, 60, 70, 119,

123, 153, 165, 166, 171, 178–9, 190,193–4, 195, 208, 215, 236–38, 262,294, 320, 444, 453, 502, 505, 508

Victoria, Queen 461commodification of the highlands 474–5

Walker’s trust, James 212–25, 228, 247estate development strategy 213–16, 219,

228–31, 238, 375, 377, 493family inheritance 213, 220–1, 228see also General Property Investment

Companywar 5, 67, 76, 87, 149, 267Warrender, Sir George 200, 263, 349washhouses, baths 489

General index 539






water closets 65, 191, 420, 442, 444water supply 100, 171, 191, 214, 346, 426,

441–2, 444, 447, 489Edinburgh Water Company 214

Watson, George 43, 46nWatson’s Hospital 86, 98–9, 101, 213

educational provision 111estate development 47–8, 52, 98,

99–102, 105, 114, 118, 388, 500feuing income 108–9, 111, 114feuing plan, conditions 101foundation 43, 51landownership 47–8, 52, 98, 99–102,

113Merchiston 47, 48, 51, 52–3, 55, 98–101,

105, 388, 500trustees 47, 86, 99, 105, 111, 500

wealth 4, 7, 220, 250West Lothian 47white-collar workers 20widows 114, 123, 145–7, 202, 206, 208,

230, 297, 300–1, 310–11, 318–20,328, 337, 388, 405

will 7, 36–7, 43, 46, 86, 99, 146–7, 149alimentary settlement 146challenges to 36, 38, 46n, 87–8

Wishaw 130, 192, 210, 344women

girls’ education 43household heads 208, 300, 303, 310,

317–18, 322, 335–9political roles 10, 267, 273, 310property ownership and 116, 208, 213,

220, 249, 272, 310–11as shareholders 395, 397–8

working classeseducation 112–13housing 123, 180, 210, 228, 231, 289middle classes’ views of 286, 367, 423,

426–7workshop production 259

zoning 52, 101, 211, 213, 216, 237, 452effects of railway 90, 211, 214, 232,

234–5, 239, 375, 493and housing 101, 213, 216, 388

540 General index






Index of Edinburgh street names and districtsAbbeyhill School 112n,470 Abbotsford 500 Abercromby...

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Transcript of Index of Edinburgh street names and districtsAbbeyhill School 112n,470 Abbotsford 500 Abercromby...