Index Page numbers in italics refer to tables

Abies balsamea 318 Aeremonium stromatieum 116 Aerobeloides buetsehlii 193 Actinorhiza

symbiosis 176 Activation

of fungal pathogen 274 Adhesin-receptor theory 58 Aetiology

complex disease 43 concomitant 45 specific 43 sequential 44

Aetiological interaction negative (antagonistic) 162 positive (synergistic) 162

Aggressiveness of fungal pathogens 274

Agrobaeterium radiobaeter var. tumefaciens 237 rhizogenes 237 tumefaciens 15, 237, 264

Agrostis eapillaris 259 Albizzia julibrissin 83 Aldicarb 88 Alfalfa wilt 263 American palm weevil, see

Rhynchophorus Palma rum Anagallis eoeruella 354 Anguina

agrostis 245 funesta 15, 58, 245 tritici 4, 15, 57, 243, 254, 265

Anhydrobiosis 5 Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) 58,

251, 254, 258 Rhodocoecus-Aphelenchoides

relationship 251 Antagonism 47 Antagonistic interaction

mechanisms 122-5 Antibodies

monoclonal 7 Antigens 7 Antinematode chemicals 9

Aphelenchoides bicaudatus 206 compositicola 207 fragariae 58, 243, 261 ritzemabosi 15, 228, 243, 261

Arabis mosaic nepovirus 221, 228, 229 ARGT, see Annual ryegrass toxicity ARGT bacterium

morphology 258 nomenclature 258

ARGT nematode, see Anguina funesta Ascorbic acid oxidase 9 Aspergillus

flavus 107 niger 107 ochraceous 64, 280

Associate effects 51

Bacillus cereus 257 pumilus 257 subtilis 257

Bacteria-nematode association toxin production 245

Bacterial disease complex role of nematode 235

Bacterial pathogens effect on nematode 244

Bacterium necrosis 57 Bacteroids 183 Bacteroid zone

pigments 184 Banana wilt 90 Barine weevil (Baris caerulescens) 337 Barley

twist disease 265 Bearded palm weevil, see Rhinostomus

barbirotrus Beaveria bassiana 357 Beddingia barisii 337 Beddingia sp. 337 Belonolaimus longicaudatus 69, 136,

137,290 Biochemical alteration hypothesis

lignins 210

Index 367

phenols 210 phytoalexin production 209 phytoalexin synthetic pathway 10

Biochemical changes in roots 274 Biocontrol 357 Biological control 88 Biopredisposition

definition 45 mechanism 45

Bipolaris sorokiniana 108 Blastophaga psenes 336 Botrytis cinerea 308, 309 Bradyrhizobium 176 Bradyrhizobium japonicum 69 Brassica napus var. oleifera 337 Brassica oleracea 82 Brinjal mosaic virus 228 Broad spectrum biocides 347 Browning disease 15 Burrowing nematode, see Radopholus

similis Burr's function 51 Bursaphelenchus

cocophilus 322 fraudulentus 305 lignicolus 305 mucronatus 305 pinewood nematode species complex

(PWNSC) 307 (suprasp. xylophilus) mucronatus 307 (suprasp. xylophilus) xylophilus 307 xylophilus 307

Caenorhabditis elegans 307 Calonectria 106 Calonectria crotalariae 113, 116 Calvin cycle 28 Canopy effect 95 Capsicum annuum 280 Carbofuran 349 Carnation 237 Carpet weed 347 Catalase 10 Cauliflower bacterium, see

Rhodococcus fascians Cauliflower disease of strawberry

distribution 261 Cause and effect relationship 42 Causes of wilting

enzymes 61 fungal toxins 80 growth regulators 61 hydrolytic enzymes 80

Cellulase isozymes

cellulases 313 cellulose biosynthesis 314

Cephalosporium gramineum 79 maydis 110, 117

Cerambycidae 305, 315 Cerambyx scopoli 305 Ceratocystis

fagacearum 79 minor 312

Chemical secretions of root-knot nematodes 274

Chemicals fungicides 346 herbicides 346 nematicides 346 systemic 346

Chenopodium album 354 Chitinoaphelenchus 325 Citrus limon 211 Clavibacter-Anguina

relationship 254 Clavibacter-Ditylenchus

relationship 263 Clavibacter

michiganense subsp. insidiosum 58, 233, 237, 243, 263

rathayi 259 tritici 57, 243, 254, 255

Coconut red ring disease 322

Coffea arabica 83 Colletotrichum

atramentarium 116 coccodes 111, 115 graminicola 296

Colonization of galls 275 of galled roots 276 of giant cells 275

Competition interspecific 134 intraspecific 135

Competitive advantage 135 Competitive exclusion 135 Comptonia peregrina 176 Corynebacterium

fascians 58, 261 flaccumfaciens 256 insidiosum 263 michiganense 60, 256 michiganense pv. insidiosum 58 rathayi 259 tritici 255

368

Criconemella ornata 136, 138, 142, 146 similis 136 xenoplax 117, 139

Criconemoides curoatum 187 xenoplax 146

Crimp or spring dwarf 262 Crop rotation 2 Cruznema tripartirum 264 Cucumis

melD 83 sativus 83

Cucurbita pepo 83, 229 Curculionidae 315, 337 Curto bacterium flaccumfaciens 240 Curoularia

lunata 111, 115 trifolii 64, 280

Cyanide-resistant respiration 10 Cyanide-resistant mitochondria 10 Cyanide-sensitive mitochondria 10 Cylindrocladium black rot 291 Cylindrocladium

clavatum 114 crotalariae 114

Cylindrocarpon effusum 113, 116 musae 110, 116 obtusisporum 110, 116

Cytochrome c oxidase 9 Cytokinins

concentration 33 translocation 33

Dauer larvae 16 Deep-feeding ectoparasites 136 Defence mechanism

biochemical 8 Digitaria sanguinalis 349, 354 Dilophospora alopecuri

morphological description 265-6 Dilophospora disease 265 Disease resistance

breaking 66, 280 Dissociation of virus particles

mechanism 221 Distribution

pine wood nematode 318 red ring nematode 333

Ditylenchus dipsaci 4, 6, 13, 58, 151, 152,263

Dolichodorus heterocephalus 136 Dorsal oesophageal gland

secretion 6

Index

Dynamis borassi 332 Dynamis spp. 332

Ear-cockle nematode, see Anguina tritici

Ear-cockle of wheat distribution 254 life cycle of the nematode 255 mode of infection 255 symptoms 254-5

Ecological interaction 135 Ectomycorrhizal fungi

Basidiomycetes 204 Betulaceae 203 Dipterocarpaceae 203 Fagaceae 203 Pinaceae 203 temperate forest 203

Effect of interaction on nodulation 186

Effect of mycorrhizae and mycorrhizal fungi on nematodes 208

Elaies guineensis 322 Electrolytes 274 Endomycorrhizae

arbuscules 204 vesicles 204

Energy consumption 34 Entrophospora colombiana 209 Environmental factors

on complex diseases 93-4 Enzymes

hydrolytic 9 oxidative 9 oxidoreductive 9 proteolytic 32

Enzyme system nitrogen fixation 184 nitrogenase 184 nitrogenase complex 184 reductase 184

Enoinia amylovora 264 carotovora 57, 243

Erythrocytes 178 Exponential decay 51 External transmission

of plant pathogenic bacteria 57 External transport

of fungal spores 59 Eucalyptus

macrorrhyncha 337 stuartiana 337

Feeding sites 9

Index 369

Fergusobia tumifaciens 337, 338 Fergusobia spp. 337 Fergusobiidae 337 Fergusonia

flies 337 til/yardi 338

Fergusonidae 337 Festuca rubra 259 Ficus

aurea 336 carica 336 citrifolia 336

Fig wasps 336 Fluorescence (Fvar) 30 Fortuitous relationship 236 Fragaria ananassa 85 Frankia

root nodule 176 Fumigants 347-8 Fumigation 87 Fungicides 346, 348 Fungal development

on the gall surface 293 Fungal growth

in root gall extracts medium 276 Fusarium

avenacearum 13 graminearum 107 moniliforme 107 oxysporum 13, 61, 81, 109 oxysporum f. sp. apii 288 oxysporum f. sp. ciceri 60 oxysporum f. sp. Iycopersici 82, 292 oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis 13,

281,292 oxysporum f. nicotianae 275 oxysporum f. sp. tracheiphilum 288 oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum 84,

93,289 solani 109 solani f. sp. phaseoli 293

Fusarium - Verticil/ium complex 346 Fusarium wilt

effect of nitrogen 93 effect of potassium 93

Gaeumannomyces graminis 348 Gall flies 337 Garlic

'Cafe au lait' bacteriosis 264 Geographical distribution

of nematode vectors and viruses 222 Germ theory 42 Giant cell

contents 62, 275

development 5-7 structure 5-7 ultrastructural response 277

Gibberellins 33 Gigaspora

gigantea 209 margartia 206, 207, 209

Globodera pal/ida 4, 84, 264 rostochiensis 4, 84, 161 tabacum 146, 152

Glomus c1arum 207 epigaeum 207 etunicatum 206, 207 fasciculatum 209 intraradices 209, 211 macrocarpum 207 manihotis 209 mosseae 207

Glycine 28 Glycine max 207 Glycolate 28 Glycoprotein 7 Gnomonia comari 276 Gossypium

barbadense 83 hirsutum 83, 206

Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus 217, 219, 223

Growth hormones synthesis 9

Growth stimulatory factor(s) 276

Hairy root of roses 237 Helicotylenchus

. dihystera 137, 140 multicinctus 57 nannus 237 pseudorobustus 136, 138

Helminthosporium gramineum 244 pedicel/a tum 107, 108

Hemicycliophora arenaria 144, 146 Herbicide

trifluraline 349 Heterodera

avenae 4 cajani 187 daverti 13, 110 glycines 4, 69, 70, 146, 187 goettingiana 187 oryzicola 117 schachtii 4, 27, 151, 244 trifolii 187

370 Index

Hirschmanniella miticausa 111, 117 oryzae 111

Histology of nodules 189 Historical biography

origin of nematodes and viruses and their association 222

Homeostasis 49 Hoplolaimus

aegypti 110 columbus 137, 139, 146 galeatus 117, 137, 142, 146, 290 indicus 117, 142 seinhorsti 83

Host biomass 27 efficiency 8 nutrition 30 physiological basis 27 resistance 8 respiration 27 susceptibility 8

Hydrogen peroxide 10 Hydroxyproline

biosynthesis 10 Hypersensitive 10 Hypersensitivity 9 Hypothetico-deductive approach 49

IAA (endole acetic acid) 235 Immunoaffinity 7 Immunogold localization 7 Impatiens balsam ina 281 Incompatibility 9 Indole acetic acid, see IAA Infection process

of Verticillium dahliae 84 Infection thread 179, 180 Infectiveness of rhizobia

to assimilate molecular nitrogen 194 to nodulate host 194

Integrated management of complex diseases 358

Interaction aetiological 67 antagonistic 16, 67 between cyst nematodes and root-rot

fungi 116 between Meloidogyne incognita and

root-rot fungi 109 between nematodes and bacteria 14,

232 between Pythium spp. and

Heterodera schachtii 108

between Radopholus similis and root-rot fungi 116

between root-lesion nematodes and root-rot fungi 115

biochemical and genetic basis 288 concept 42 cooperative association 50 definition 104 ecological 67 mechanisms (of wilt-inducing fungi)

88 negative 14, 47, 104 nematode-mycorrhizae and

mycorrhizal fungi 203 nematode-nematode 16, 135 nematode-rhizobia 17, 186 nematode-virus 15, 217 non-statistical qualitative 47 of Anguina tritici and clavibacter

tritici 254 of Fusarium oxysporum 79, 82

of Globodera spp. 79, 85 of nematodes with insects 302 of Verticillium spp. 79, 84, 85 of wilt-inducing fungi 79 positive 47, 104 qualitative 46 quantitative 46, 47 role of fungi 273 statistical definition 50 synergism 104 synergistic 13, 14, 44, 79 synergistic effect 229

Interactive associations cooperative 50 disruptive 50

Intercellular recognition 178 INV AM (International Culture

Collection of V A Mycorrhizal fungi) 205

Invasion and dispersion of Bursaphelenchus (suprasp.

xylophilus) xylophilus 313

Joint response 51 Juveniles (pre-parasitic) 6

'Katte' mosaic virus 228 Koch's postulates 42

Lateral activities fungicides 351 insecticides 351 nematicides 351

Lbc/Lba ratio 69 Lectin 178 Lectin enzyme theory 179 Leghaemoglobin (Lb) 17, 69 Legume-Rhizobium

specificity 177 Leguminosae 176 Lignification 10 Lolium rigidum 245, 258, 259 Longhorn beetle 303 Longidoridae 5, 15 Longidoroid nematodes

morphological characteristics 218 Longidorus

apulus 225 attenuates 56, 221, 225 diadecturus 225 elongatus 56, 221, 225 fasciatus 225 macrosoma 56, 220,221, 225 martini 220, 225 transmitted nepoviruses 224, 225

Lycopersicon esculentum 28, 83, 209

Macrophoma alternatus 312 sugi 312

Macrophomina phaseolina 114

Macroposthonia ornata 115 xenoplax 242

Management by chemical methods 346 by cultural methods 355 by physical methods 354 by resistance breeding 345 fertilizer application 356 of disease complexes 345 of nematode-fungal complexes 346 of insect vectors 351

Marginal responses 51 Mass action law 51 Mauritia flexuosa 331 Maximiliana maripa 331 Mechanical root injury

predisposing factor 240 medicago sativa 195 Meloidogyne

arenaria 4 hapla 4, 142 incognita 4, 28, 142, 146, 151, 228 incognita acrita 65 naasi 142

Index 371

Meloidogyne-Fusarium complex 346 Mentha piperita 85 Meristematic zone of nodules 181 Metamasius hemipterus 332 Methodology of virus transmission 223 Methyl bromide 88 Microsymbiont 176 Mi gene 36 Mode of vectoring

of the ARGT bacterium 260 of Dilophospora alopecuri 266 of the 'tundu' bacterium 256

Monilinia fructicola 309 Monochamus

alternatus 310 biology 315

Monoclonal antibodies 7 Monogenic resistance 292, 346 Monoterpenes 311 Monoxenic cultures

Bursaphelenchus (suprasp. xylophilus) xylophilus 309

Mulberry ringspot nepovirus 220 Multifactorial analysis 50 Multiple control strategy 347 Multiple management system 347 Multiple pest control 349 Multiple regression analysis 50 Musa paradisiaca 82 Mycolection, see Sugar-specific

proteins Mycorrhizae 68, 203, 207 Mycorrhizal association 17 Mycorrhizal fungi

ectendomycorrhiza 203 ectomycorrhiza 203 effect of fungal feeding nematodes

206 effect of plant parasitic nematodes

207 endomycorrhiza 203 ericoid 203 orchid 203 vesicular arbuscular 203

Myricaceae 176

Naccobus 6, 27 NADPH oxidase 10 Necrotic infection courts 63 Necrotic lesions 63 Nectria 106 Negative lateral influences

fungicides 353 herbicides 353

372

nematicides 351 Nematode

as wounding agents 59, 236 bacterial disease development

inhibition 245 disease development 5 feeding sites 9 feeding habits 186 host tissue modifers 240 predisposition factor 296 resistance breaking 241 vectors 251, 252, 264

Nematode energy demand 33, 34 Nematode management 11 Nematode-mycorrhiza interactions

descriptive model 52 effects of host efficiency 52 effects on plant growth 210 enhanced resistance 210 model for role of phosphorus 211

Nematode-nematode interactions between races of the same species

162 between species of the same genus

157-61 ecological interactions 135 effect on disease expression 163 effect on disease expression with an

additional pathogen 166 of ectoparasites 136

and migratory endoparasites 137 and sedentary endoparasites 142

of migratory endoparasites 146 of migratory and sedentary

endoparasites 146 of sedentary endoparasites 152 negative interaction 163 positive interaction 163

Nematode transmitted viruses classification 218 nepoviruses 217, 218 properties 218 tobraviruses 217, 218

Neovossia indica 253, 266 Nepoviruses 15, 16, 56, 217, 218 Neurotoxicity 258 Nicotiana

repanda 346 tabacum 83, 346

Nitrogenase complex 184 Nitrogen fixation

effect of interaction 193 Nodulation reduction 187 Nodule cortex 181

Index

Nodule primordium 180 Nodule senescence

process 184 Nutrient

availability 27 translocation 27, 30 uptake 30

Nutrient mobilization in root leachates 294

Nutrient status 64, 65 Nutritional hypothesis 91

Obligatory relationships 236 Oesophageal gland

dorsal 6 secretory function 6 subventral 6

Oil cakes castor 357 groundnut 357 margo sa 357

Oleoresin 16, 313 Oleoresin exudation 303 One cause-one effect relationship 43 Ophiobolus gram in is, see

Gaeumannomyces graminis Ophiostoma (Ceratocystis) ulmi 79 Organic amendment

oilcakes 357 plant residues 357

Oxygen superoxides 10

Paecilomyces lilacinus 125, 357 Parasite

facultative 44 obligate 44

Parasitism definition 175 epistatic 49 hypostatic 49

Parasponia sp. 176 Paratrichodorus

minor 136, 137, 138, 140, 142 transmitted tobraviruses 226

Paratylenchus nanus 139 neoamblycephalus 136 projectus 136

Pasteuria penetrans 12, 13 Pathogen

primary 44 secondary 44

Pathogenesis of Bursaphelenchus cocophilus 329

Index 373

of Bursaphelenchus (suprasp. xylophilus) xylophilus 313

of Pseudomonas solanacearum 234 of wilt-inducing bacteria 233 process 234

Pathogenic behaviour of saprophytic fungi 279

PAL, see Phenylalanine ammonia lyase PCNB, see Pentachloronitrobenzene Pea early browning tobravirus 219,

223 Pectinases 8 Pegoscapus

assuetes 336 jimenizi 336

Penetration and colonization of root-knot nematode infected roots 295

Penicillium digitatum 115 martensii 64, 280

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) 349 Pentose pathways 28 Pepper ringspot tobraviruses 219 Peroxidase 9, 10 Peroxisomes 28 Phaenopsitylenchidae 337 Phaseolus vulgaris 28 Phenamiphos 349 Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) 9 Phialophora cinerescens 79 Phoretic associations 308 Phosphoglyceric acid 28 Photoassimilates 28 Photosynthesis

effect of nematode 28 Physical control

of plant-parasitic nematodes and wilt-inducing fungi 88

Physiologicallnutrition basis of disease complexes 277

Physiological predisposition genetic basis 293

Phytoalexins 10, 11 accumulation in resistant plants

10-11 synthetic pathway 10

Phytohaemagglutinins 178 Phytohormones 32 Phytolectin, see Sugar-specific proteins Phytophthora

megasperma 113, 114 parasitica 114 parasitica var. nicotianae 65, 295

Phytotoxins 314 Pigments

coproporphyrin (brown) 184 legcholeglobin (green) 184 leghaemaglobin (red) 184 legmethaemoglobin (brown) 184

Pine wilt disease management 319 pathogenesis 313 symptomatology 302

Pine wood nematode biology 308 dauer juvenile stage 312 distribution 302 predauer stage 309 primary transmission 311 propagative phase 308 secondary transmission 312 taxonomy 305

Pine wood nematode species complex, see PWNSC

Pinus densiflora 303, 305 jeffreyi 314 palustris 305 pinaster 306 sylvestris 305 thunbergii 303, 305

Plumed spore disease, see Twist disease Polygenic resistance 86 Polysaccharides 178 Polyscytalum 106 Polyscytalum pustulans 111 Pratylenchus

alieni 146 brachyurus 83, 115, 137, 140, 151,

347 coffeae 115, 146 crenatus 91, 110, 115, 281 fallax 281, 290 hexincisus 296 loosi 115 major 146 minor 137 minyus 65, 278 neglectus 85 penetrans 91, 115, 137, 140, 290 pratensis 57 scribneri 91, 146, 281 sefaensis 150 thornei 108, 281, 290 vulnus 151, 237, 290 zeae 115, 140

Predators 11

374 Index

Predisposing factors 63 Predisposition

differences in ability of nematodes 290

effect of inoculum level 290 Pristionchus Iheritieri 264 Product response models 52 Proteolytic enzyme 240 Prunus avium 305 Pseudomonas

carrugata 237, 239 caryophylli 237, 238 fluorescense 57, 264 marginalis 237, 238 phaseolicola 264 solanacearum 15, 60, 233, 239, 264 syringae 242, 264 tolasii 264 viridiflava 237, 238

Pseudotsuga menziesii 318 Pursley 347 Pyrenochaeta Iycopersici 113 Pythium

aphanidermatum 107, 108, 109, 280 debaryanum 109, 276 graminicola 121, 122 myriotylum 113 polymorphon 276 ultimum 64, 108, 280, 291

PWNSC (Pine wood nematode species complex) 307

Quinisulcius acutus 140

Radopholus citrophilus 211 simi/is 4, 116, 146

Rape plant, see Brassica napus var. oleifera

Raspberry ringspot nepovirus English strain 221 Scottish strain 221

Recognition carbohydrates on cell surface 178 host receptor 178 microbe elicitor 178 of Rhizobium symbionts 178

Red ring disease biological control 335 management 334 mass trapping strategy 335 pathogenesis 329 pesticide laced traps 335 symptomology 322

systemic insecticides 335 systemic nematicides 335

Red ring nematode biology 326 distribution 333 propagative phase 326 taxonomy 325

Relations aetiological 49

Reliable transmission a test system 228

Repressors feeding site 7 maintenance 7

Resin canal 16 Resistance

monogenic 49 qualitative 66 quantitative 66

Resistance breaking 241, 280 Respiration

dark respiration 27 photorespiration 27 total respiration 27

Respiratory system of Monochamus 311

Response hypersensitive 10

Retention sites of virus particles 56 Rhabditis lamdiensis 264 Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus 16 Rhinostomus barbirotrus 332 Rhizobium

fast growing rhizobia 176 japonicum 17 trifolii 186

Rhizoctonia bataticola 112, 114 fragariae 111 solani 63, 64, 275, 281

Rhizopus nigricans 112, 115 stolonifer 352

Rhizosphere 13 Rhizospheric environment

modification 293 Rhodococcus-Aphelenchoides

relationship 261 Rhodococcus fascians 58, 242, 261 Rhynchophorus palmarum

biology 332 culturing 333 distribution 333

Richardia scabra 349

Index 375

Rishistin 62 Root conductance 29 Root diffusates 185-96 Root entry

of rhizobia 178 Root hair penetration

lectin enzyme theory 179 mechanism 179

Root-knot nematode, see Meloidogyne Root lesion nematode, see

Pratylenchus Root nodule 181 Root nodule bacteria, see

Leguminosae; Rhizobium; Bradyrhizobium

Root-rot fungi Colletotrichum cocco des 63 Fusarium solani 63 Phytophthora parasitica 63 Pythium aphanidermatum 63 Pythium ultimum 63 Rhizoctonia bataticola 63 Rhizoctonia solani 63

Root symbionts 12, 68 Rotylenchulus reniformis 27, 68, 93,

228,237 Rotylenchus robustus 139 Roystonea oleracea 328, 329 Ryegrass, see Lolium rigidum

Salicylhydroxamic acid 11 Saprophytic fungi 64 Saprozoic nematode

vectors of pathogenic bacteria 264 Schistonchus caprifici 336 Sclerotium rolfsii 116, 280 Scolytidae 305 Scorzonera tau 243 Scutellonema

brachyurum 137, 139, 142 bradys 112, 146 cavenessi 187

Secondary invaders 44 Seinhorst damage function 53 Selective interaction 281 Sesbania sp. 182 Sex-specific pheromone 333 Simulation models 49 Soil

aeration 5 coarse-textured 4 exhaustion 2 fine textured 4 management practices 31

nitrogen 30 Soil-borne organism

control measures 87 Soil fumigants 347 Soil fungistasis 274 Soil-inhabiting microorganisms 274 Soil solarization

effect on fungi 354 effect on nematodes 354 effect on weeds 354

Solanum chacoeuse 242 khasium 228 melongena 83 sparsipillum 242 tuberosum 28

Spike blight of wheat, see 'Tundu' disease of wheat

Split-root 60 Split-root techniques 65 Spontaneous generation 1 Steinernema feltiae 357 Stem-layering 60 Stimulation of nodule formation by

nematode 187 Stomatal conductance 29 Stomatal regulation 31 Strawberry latent ringspot nepovirus

221 Subventral oesophageal secretions 6 Sub-surface feeders 56 Sugarcane mosaic virus 229 Sugar-specific proteins

mycolectin 178 phytolectin 178 zoolectin 178

Suillus luteus 208 Super granule 347 Superoxide 10 Superoxide dismutase 10 Surface feeders 67, 136 Symbionts

facultative 177 Symbiosis

definition 175 Symbiotic association 68, 203 Symbiotic nitrogen fixation 175, 177 Symbiotic promiscuity 178 Syncytia

development 5 structure 5

Syndrome 235 Synergism

mechanism 14

376 Index

Synergistic association nematode-root-rot fungus 110

Synergistic interactions breakdown of resistance 120 changes in the rhizosphere 119 mechanisms 117 physiological changes in the host 119 wounding 118

Synthesis toxic substance 9

Systemic effect of the nematode on the resistance of

fungi 296 Systemic soil fumigants 350

Taraxacum koksaghys 243 Technique

double root 92 split root 92

Testing of hypothesis 51 Thielaviopsis basicola 115 Three-component system 45, 46 Threshold parameter 51 Tilletia foetida 253, 266 Tobacco mosaic tabamovirus 228 Tobacco rattle virus

tobacco rattle tobravirus 220, 223, 228

distribution 223 Tobra viruses 15, 56, 220, 223, 228 Tomato cultivars

Floradel 293 Florida-MH-l 293 Fusarium resistance gene 1-1 293 Fusarium resistance gene 1-2 293 Manapal292 Nematex 293

Tomato blackring viruses 56 Tomato blackring nepovirus 221, 228 Tomato mosaic tobamovirus 229 Tomato ringspot nepovirus 220 Transfer cells 13 Translocatable substances 65 Translocatable metabolites 60 Translocatable physiological factor

produced by the fungus 295 Translocation

of the predisposition effect induced by nematode 296

Transmission acquisition (ingestion) of virus

particles 56 egestion of the particles 56 retention of the particles 56

Transmission of pinewood nematode Monochamus

alternatus 315 carolinensis 315 mutator 315 scutellatus 315 titillator 315

Transmission of plant-pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.

lycopersici 267 Pristionchus lheritieri 267 Verticillium dahliae 267

Trichoderma harzianum 64" 280 Trichodorid nematodes

morphological characteristics 218 Trichodoridae 15 Trichodorus

christiei 68, 85, 187, 188, 289 cylindricus 226 hooperi 226 primitivus 226 simi/is 226 transmitted tobraviruses 226

Trifolium subterraneum 13, 276 Triterpenoid compound (cucurbitacin) 8 Trypophloeus granulatus 305 'Tundu' bacterium, see Clavibacter

tritici; Corynebacterium tritici 'Tundu' disease of wheat 57, 243, 254 T urbatrix aceti 1 Twist disease

distribution 265 symptoms 265

Two-component system 43 Tylenchorhynchus

agri 137, 140, 142, 146 brassicae 142, 146, 228 capitatus 85 clay toni 83, 136, 137, 141, 146, 245 martini 136, 137, 140 nudus 142 vulgaris 142

Tylose formation 62

Ulmus americana 85 Uromyces-appendiculatus var. typica 28 Usti/ago tritici 253, 266

VAM fungi effect on sedentary nematodes 210 Endogonaceae 204 Gigaspora margarita 206 Glomus clarum 207

Index 377

Glomus etunicatum 206 zygomycetes 204

V AM nematode interactions 205 Vascular bacterial wilt diseases

characteristics 234 Vascular system of nodules 182 Vascular wilt bacteria

aromatic acids 235 cellulase activity 235 dihydroxyphenylalanine 235 endopolygalacturonase 235 extracellular enzymes 235 indole acetic acid (lAA) 235 phenylalanine 235 polysaccharides 235 tryptophan 235 tyloses 235 tyrosine 235

Vector specificity nepoviruses 221 tobraviruses 221

Verticillium albo-atrum 289 dahliae 63, 65, 80, 115, 280 microsclerotia 80 wilt 346

Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, see V AM fungi

Vigna sinensis 83 Virus acquisition

mechanism 219 Virus retention

mechanism 220 period 220 site 220

Virus transmission Longidoridae 217 process 222 Trichodoridae 217

Virus vectors Longidorus 217 Paratrichodorus 217 Trichodorus 217 Xiphinema 217

Vitis vinifera 28

Water relations 29 Watermelon mosaic polyvirus 229 Weed

Digitaria sanguinalis 349

Richardia scabra 349 Weibull function 51 Wheat

Dilophospora disease 265 plumed spore disease 265 spike blight 254 twist disease 265 'tundu' disease 251

Wilt-causing fusaria chemical changes in plants 61 pathogenesis 61 structural changes in plants 61

Wilt-inducing fungi vascular phase of infection 91

Wilting pathogenesis conceptual model 79

Wounding of hosts 59

Xanthomonas phaseoli 57 solahacearum 245 stewartii 233

Xiphinema americanum 142 americanum sensu lato 224 americanum sensu stricto 224 califomicum 224 diversicaudatum 56, 224 index 15, 217, 219,224 italiae 224 rivesi 220, 2 4

Yellow ear rot, see Tundu' disease of wheat

Yellow slime of wheat, see Tundu' disease of wheat 254

Yield loss physiological basis 27

Yield loss model canopy effect 95 predictive model 94 prediction relationship 95

Zinnia elegans 228 Zinnia mosaic virus 228 Zoogleal matrix 180 Zoolectin, see Sugar-specific proteins