Index [link.springer.com]978-3-662-39577-6/1.pdf · Szondi test, 462-472 INDEX . technical...
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Index
A
Acting Out Scores (AOS) , 479-480 Adaptation level theory, 49-52
application to projective techniques, 49-52
Adaptation of projective methods, 61l-629; see also Special projective methods
Adience-abience, 408-409 measuring degree of, 416
Administration of tests, 53 Adolescence, 68 Affect system, 90 Aggression
delinquents, 89-90 Hand Test, 479-481
Alcoholics, drawings by, 370-371 Alcoholism, 160 American Psychiatric Association, 563 American Psychological Association
Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests and Manuals, 86, 87
Annual Review of Psychology, 81 Anxiety, 78, 155
Sarason's Test Anxiety Scale for Children, 155
Assessment of personality, 64-84 diagnostic, 67-69 doll play, 341-347 intelligence test in, 421-460 process phenomena and, 71-75 psychopathology and, 64, 66-75
configurations of responses and, 67-71
psychotherapy and, 64, 76-82 prediction of therapeutic changes,
77-79 use of projective tests, 79-82
techniques for, 7-8 Association techniques, 12, 32, ll3-114
INDEX
Holtzman inkblot technique, 136-170 inkblots, 113-114 Rorschach, 113-135
Associative chaining, 22 Associative processes, 5 Attacks on psychological tests, 554-558 Auditory Apperception Test (AA T) ,
250-252 B
Behavior, 15, 82 correlations of tests with HIT scores,
156-157 projective tests for predicting special
behavior, 617-619 projective theories and, 19-30, 617-619
Bellak, Leopold, 18, 224-228 Bender-Gestalt Test, 79, 80, 397-420
administration as projective test, 403-407
association phase, 406-407 copy phase, 404-405 elaboration phase, 405-406
application and use, 418 historical perspective, 397-400 Hutt Adaptation, 412-414 increased use of, 398 interpreting, 407-418
categories proposed by Hutt, 410-411 clinical-intuitive method of analysis,
407-408 configurational method of analysis,
415-416 development of perceptual behavior,
408 inferential analysis, 408 perceptual-motoric behavior, 408-409
materials, 400-403 projective use of, 397-420 scoring, 399
method based on projective hypothesis, 416-418
627
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test stimuli, 400-403 Blacky Pictures Test, 38, 95, 239-243, 620 Blum, Gerald S_, 14, 38, 239-243 Brain damage
Bender-Gestalt Test for, 418 Bruner, J. S., 39-40, 42, 120-129, 133
c
Cartoon Situations Test (CST), 617 Castration anxiety, 95-96 Cattell's Junior Personality Quiz, 155 Children's Apperception Test, 615 Children's Appreciation Test (CAT),
224-228 Children's Insight Test, 301 Chi-square tests
validities, I 05 -I 07 Choice or ordering techniques, 12, 31, 44 Clinic, psychological, 574-577 Clinical case studies
communicating test results, 542-548 avoidance of abstractions, 545-547 avoidance of vagueness and uni
versality, 542-543 importance of clarity of style and
language, 547-548 incorporating other data, 543-545
extent of, 527-532 impact of report on readers, 524 inclusion of projective tests, 548-551 integration of projective techniques,
532-552 multi-level interpretation of person-
ality, 527-532 Level I, 527 Level Ia, 527-528 Level II, 528 Level III, 528-531 Rorschach, 532-537 Sentence Completion Test, 537-542
prediction of future behavior, 525-526 projective material
multi-level interpretations, 527-532 projective techniques
levels measured by, 532-542 purpose of, 523-527 understanding of the patient, 525 use of proper language, 524
Cognitive theory and projective techniques, 44-49
Communications theory model, 58
628
Completion methods, 12, 263 sentence completion techniques, 274-288 story completion methods, 290-324 word associations, 264-273
Computers for scoring tests, 164 Condensation, 37 Conflict, 20, 23-24
approach-avoidance, 26, 29 freedom from, 82 tests to delineate content areas, 69
Conformity-deviance, 57 Connors, C. K., 160 Constriction of inner experiences, 31 Constructive techniques, 12 Control, 82 Convergence, principle of, 383 Correlation coefficients
product-moment, 107-108 "Tau" coefficient, 107
Criteria situations, 19-20 Cronbach, L. J., 46-49, 72, 137 Cues, 25 Cultural studies, 15
HIT correlated with, 160-162 Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement, 502 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 482, 492-493
D
Daydreams, 37, 600-604 Deaf-retarded population, use of Bender
Gestalt Test, 416-417 Decision theory, 44, 46-49, 558-563
definition of, 560-563 Defense mechanisms, 38
perception theory, 41-43 structured story technique used to
study, 308-309 Delinquents, assaultiveness of, 89-90 Depersonalization process, drawings in
dicating, 380 Depression, 68-69
diagnosis of, 159 drawings by narcotic addict with, 373 psychotic, 90
Developmental theory, 54-55 application to projective techniques,
54-55 Developmental trends
correlation of HIT scores with, 157-158 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 491-492
Diagnostic testing, 23, 30, 67 on basis of figure drawings, 383, 385
INDEX
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differential Hand Test, 478-479 Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement,
500-501 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 486-489 Szondi test, 470-472
doll play and puppetry, 360 use of HIT, 158-160
Displacement, 23, 37 Doll play, 327-365
absence of father, 347-348 administration, 329-332
structured presentations, 330-331 types of incomplete problems, 331-
332 unstructured presentations, 329-330
Driscoll Play Kit, 329 emotional disturbance, 346-347 fantasy aggression, 344-346 history, 327-328 identification and parent preference,
341-343 illness and physical handicaps, 348-349 materials, 328-329, 334-335 parent-child interactions, 343-344 personality assessment, 341-347 racial awareness and racial differences,
349-350 recording and interpretation, 332-334 research, 334-351
age levels, 336 doll family constellations, 335 experimental conditions, 340-341 experimenter-child interaction, 339-
340 influence of situational factors, 346-
351 manipulation of environmental vari
ables, 339-341 methodological studies, 334-339 number and length of sessions, 335-
336 personality assessment, 341-347 quantification of observations, 337-
338 reliability, 338 sex differences, 336-337 sex of examiner, 339 validity, 338-339
socioeconomic status, 350-351 Structured Doll Play Test (SDP) , 329,
332, 348, 349
Dramatic Production. tests, 8
INDEX
Draw-A-Family procedure, 366, 390 Draw-A-Person-in-the-Rain, 366 Draw-a-Person test, 80 Draw-An-Animal approach, 366, 390 Drawing Completion Technique (DCT) ,
366, 368, 502-5ll expressive motor activity, 502 history and theory, 502-503 Horn-Hellersberg (HH) test, 505, 509 materials and instruction, 505 for personality appraisal, 502 recording and scoring, 506-510 research and clinical applications, 508-
510 technical adequacy, 503-505 "wideband techniques," 504-505
Drawings, projective, 366-393; see also Projective drawings
Dreams, 37, 600-604 symbolism, 91
E
Education psychologists contributions to, 572-574 role of psychological testing, 572-574
Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, 155, 156
Ego identity, 36, 38 Ego psychology, 30 Ego strength, 57 Elgin Prognostic Scale, 158 Emotional disturbance, 160
doll play, 346-347 Environment, field theory, 52-54 Examiners
examiner-child interaction, 339-340 objectivity of, 33-34, 36 role of, 33, 36 sex of, 339
Exhibitionists, drawings by, 372-373, 376 Existentialism, 56-57 Expectancy theory, 24-25, 50-51 Expressive techniques, 12
F
Facial photographs projective use of, 461-472 Szondi test, 462-472
Family interaction studies, 578, 606 Family Relations Test, 578 Fantasy activity, 24, 51, 95-96, 600-601
coding, 96-97
629
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doll play, 344-346 relationship between overt behavior
and, 29 relationship of projective technique
and, 37 Father, absence of, 347-348 Feeble-minded, 127 Field theory, 52-54
application to projective techniques, 52-54
Figure Drawing techniques, 69, 80-81, 366-367
Films and motion pictures puppet shows, 358-359
Fisher's Exact Test, 105 Forer Structured Sentence Completion
Test, 279, 283 Four Picture Test (Van Lennep) , 5,
246-247 Franck Drawing Completion Test, 503
criterion categories, 508 masculinity-feminity, 510
Freud, S., 6, 10, 91, 99
G
Games, theory of, 46, 558-559 Generalization, 20, 22 Gestalt psychology, 132 Gestures and body movements, 252-253 Glueck Prediction tables, 573 Graphoscopic scale, 503 Gratification, 39
psychoanalytic theory of delayed, 594-596
Guilford's tests of divergent thinking, 154
Habits, 20 emotional, 19
H
stimulus summation, 22 Hand Test, 472-481
clinical applications, 478-481 differential diagnosis, 478-479 expressive movement, 473 history and theory, 472-474 materials and instructions, 474-475 recording and scoring system, 475-477 research studies, 478-481
aggressive behavior, 479-481 evaluating employee work perform·
ance, 481
630
sex content indicators, 481 technical adequacy, 476-478
HIT; see Holtzman Inkblot Technique Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) ,
136-170 administration, 136, 140-142
group method, 163-165 variations in standard method, 163-
165 Austin-Mexico City project, 158, 160-
161 based on psychometric principles, ll4 clinical applications, 162-163 comparison with Rorschach, 136-137,
152-153 correlations of inkblot scores, 153-162
with behavioral measures, 156-157 with cognitive and perceptual mea
sures, 154-155 with cross-cultural studies, 160-162 with developmental trends in chil
dren, 157-158 differential diagnosis, 158-160 with personality tests, 155-156
development, 136, 137-138 inkblots, 136, 138
psychological meaning, 150-152 interpretation, 167 literature, 167 research studies, 165-166, 588-589 scoring, 136, 137-138, 143-146
correlates of, 153-162 dimensions present in, 150-152 reliability of, 146-150 split-half, 149 use of computers, 164
stimulus material, 114 test material, 139 test-retest design, 136, 138 validity studies, 137
Homosexuals, 71, 531 drawings by, 371-372, 376
Horn Art Aptitude Scale, 503 Horn-Hellersberg (HH) test, 505, 509 House-Tree- Person Drawing device
(H-T-P) , 366-367, 390 Human face test, 461-472
history and theory, 461-462 materials and instructions, 463-465 other facial photographs, 472 recording and scoring system, 465-471 research studies, 466-470 Szondi test, 462-472
INDEX
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technical adequacy, 461 Human Figure Drawing Test, 69, 80-81,
366-367 Hutt Adaptation of Bender-Gestalt
(HABGT) , 69, 70, 79
I
Id-Ego-Superego test, 472 Identification, 341-343 Illness and physical handicaps
doll play, 348-349 Imagination
projective test results and, 598-600 TAT and, 596-598 use of projective techniques, 589-590
Incomplete sentence blank (ISB) , 276 Index of Differentiation (ID) , 285 Information processing theory, 44-46 Inhibitory reactions, 23 Inkblots, 113-114
experiments with, 3-5 historical background, 3-5 Holtzman inkblot technique, 136-170 Rorschach techniques, 113-135
Insight Children's Insight Test, 301 Sargeant's Test of Insight, 297-298
Intelligence tests attacks on, 554 correlations with HIT scores, 154-155 role in personality assessment, 421-460 Stanford Binet Scale, 72-73
J journal of Projective Techniques and
Personality Assessment, 7 Juvenile delinquents, identification of
potential, 573
K
Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA), 492-502
history and theory, 493-494 materials and instructions, 494-495 recording and scoring, 495-499 research and clinical application, 500-
502 cultural differences, 502 differential diagnosis, 500-501
technical adequacy, 499-500 Karon, B_ P., 85-111
INDEX
Kent-Rosanoff Free Association Test, 130, 264-265
word association list, 266 Kibbutz in Israel, personality research, 286 Kinget Drawing Completion Test, 502-
51 I
L
Learning theories, 19-30 stimulus-response terms, 21-24
Legal process, psychologists' contributions to, 569-572
Levels of personality, 527-532 Rorschach, 532-537 Sentence Completion Test, 537-542
Life space, 52 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 481-493
history and theory, 48!-482 inter-cultural differences, 482 materials and instructions, 482-483 recording and scoring system, 483-484 research and clinical applications, 486-
489 developmental studies, 491-492 differential diagnosis, 486-489 mental retardation, 489-490 personality factors, 492-493
technical adequacy, 485-486
M
Machover's Figure Drawings techniques, 69, 366-367
Make-A-Picture Story (MAPS), 236-239 Make-A-Sentence Test (MAST), 273-274 Masculinity-feminity, measure of, 503, 510 Masochism, drawings revealing, 376 Matching tests, validities, 85, 103-105 Mental retardation, 70, 159
Lowenfeld Mosaic Test and, 489-490 Mexico, cross-cultural research, 158, 160-
161 Miale-Holsopple Sentence Completion
Test, 281-282 Michigan Picture Story Test, 615 Michigan Pictures Test (MPT), 232-236 Michigan Sentence Completion Test
(MSCT) , 282-283 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality In
ventory, 81, 155, 156 Moral standards
development of concepts about, 307-309 story completion methods, 307-309
631
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Mosaic Test, 481-493; see also Lowenfeld Mosaic Test
Most Unpleasant Concept Test, 382-383 Motive strength, 24, 29 Murray, Henry, 7-8, 172; see also
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Musical reverie test, 8 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, 156
N
Narcotics addict, drawings by, 373 Neurotics, 159 Neutralization, 37 Non-verbal projective tests, 69
Bender-Gestalt Test, 418 Non-visual methods, 616-617 Nosological systems, 76, 158
0
Object Relations Test (ORT), 243-245 Organismic theory, 58 Origin situations, 19-20
Paranoids, 55 Parents
p
absence of father, 347-348 parent-child interactions, 343-344 preference, 341-343
Patient-therapist relationship, 59, 73-74, 82, 339-340
Perception theory, 39-44 defense mechanisms, 41-43 defensive operations, 39-44 external and internal factors, 40-42 perceptual vivification, 40 principles of, 39 sensitivity, 43 theory, 39-44
Perceptual adience-abience, 81 Perceptual measures, correlations with
HIT scores, 154-155 Perceptual-motoric behavior, 408-409 Perceptual organizing process, 32 Perceptual theory, Rorschach and, 120-
129 Perseveration, phenomenon of, 70-71 Personality
assessment of; see Assessment of per-
632
sonality definition, II doll play, 346 dynamics, 80 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 492-493 multi-level interpretation of, 527-532 projective tests for revealing under-
lying features, 5, 64-82 structure of, 80 theory of, 7 use of projective tests in therapeutic
management, 79-82 Personality inventories, 130 Personality tests, correlation with HIT,
155-156 Phantasie Test, 502-503 Physicians, psychiatrists as, 566-567 Picture Arrangement Test (PAT), 247-
249 Picture Identification Test (PIT) , 472 Picture Story Test (PST) , 228-232 Pictures, experiments with, 3-5 Potentiality, 28-29 Process phenomena
assessment and, 71-75 Projection, 23
attributive, 10 autistic, 10 classical, 10 concept of, 9-10 externalization of, 10 Freud on, 10 rationalized, 10 research literature, 10
Projective drawings, 366-393 clinical beginnings, 366-367 illustrations, 368-383 indication of subject's psychomotor
activities, 366 interpretations, 368-383 materials and administration, 367-368 nuanced language of, 375-376 research studies, 383-390 symbolization, 368 underlying hypotheses, 368-383
Projective hypotheses Bender-Gestalt test, 397-420 extensions of, 395-396 Hand Test, 472-481 Human Face, 461-472 intelligence test in personality assess
ment, 421 Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement
INDEX
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(KTSA) , 492-502 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, 481-49!1
Projective techniques administration of, 12 adoption and popularity of, lll-15 advent of, 8-10 cathartic methods, 12 choice or ordering techniques, 12 classification, 12 completion techniques, 12 constructive techniques, 12 current status, 15 defining, 11-12 effect of World War II, 14 experimental efforts, 4-5 expressive techniques, 12 historical introduction, ll-16
concept of projection, 9-10 current trends, 15-16 Murray's TAT, 7-8 projection techniques, 8-10 Rorschach's inkblots, 5-7
interpretive methods, 12 negative findings, 16 personality theory and, 5 proliferation of methods, 15 psychological theory and, 18-6!1 refractive methods, 12 research activity, 14-15 responses, kinds of, 12 special projective methods, 611-629 for study of personality, 8-9 target or purpose, 12 varieties of, 12-lll
Psychiatrists as psychotherapists, 565-566 as physicians, 566-567 as ward administrator, 564-565
Psychiatry, diagnosis, 87-88 Psychoanalytic theory, !10-!19
effect on development of projective methods, 5
projective technique and, !10-!19 Psychodiagnosticians, 567-569, 577-578 Psychological clinic, 574-577 Psychological theories, 18-63
adaptation level theory, 49-52 cognitive theory, 44-49 developmental theory, 54-55 field theory, 52-54 learning theory, 19-liO perception theory, !19-44 psychoanalytic theory, li0-39
INDEX
social action theory, 56-57 Psychologists, 76
clinical, !13-34, 129, 578 effect on test situation, 7!1-74 general medical setting, 567-569 as psychodiagnosticians, 567-569 role of, 33-34, 129
conflicts, 556-557 training of, 578
Psychology academic, 16 behavioristic, 109 clinical, 15-16
Psychopathology, 15 evaluation of test responses, 79-80 personality assessment and, 66-75 TAT research studies, 216-218 therapeutic change and, 62
Psychosexual development, test for, 242 Psychotherapists, 565-566 Psychotherapy, 15
assessment and, 76-82 prediction of change, 77-79 TAT research studies, 216-218 use of projective tests in management
of, 79-82 use of Rorschach in assessing change,
79-82 Psychotics, 159
drawings revealing, !181 Puppets and puppetry, 294, !152-!160
administration, !154-!155 clinical use of puppets, 355-357 diagnostic testing, 360 filmed puppet shows, 358-359
administration, 358 goals, 360 puppet characters and scripts, 353-354 research with puppets, 357
Q
Q-sort or checklist, 93
R
Racial attitudes, 605 doll play, 349-350
Reaction formation, 23 Reality testing, 31, 80
measuring individual's relation to reality, 503
Rorschach and, 115-119
633
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Referrals, decision to test, 553-580 Regression, in the service of the ego, 35-
36 Reliability
doll play, 338 HIT, 137, 146-150 Rorschach, ll4 validity contrasted with, 85, 97-102;
see also Validities implications, 99-102 internal consistency, 98 mathematical argument, 98-99 measure of, 102-109 temporal consistency, 97-98
Research applications, 581-610 evaluation of disturbance, intellectual
or personality change, 583 fantasy and daydreaming, 600-601 imagination, 598-600 new directions, 604-607 overview of uses of projective tech
niques, 582-583 on projective techniques, 94-96, 582-
583, 584-590 development of specialized scores,
586-588 global matching of projective pro
tocols, 586 obtaining inter-judge agreement in
scoring TAT, 585-586 psychoanalytic theory of thought and
delayed gratification, 594-596 research literature, 581 Rorschach tests, 6, 129-131, 590-594 study of imagination, 589-590, 596-598 studying the stream of thought, 601-
604 TAT, 596-598 testing of personality or perceptual
motor theories, 583 Responses
clinical evaluation, 69-70 configurations of, 67-71 interpretation of, 56-57 motive-related imaginative, 25-26 primary and secondary process, 35, 37 psychopathological knowledge and, 79-
80 receptor-orienting, 21-22 short and long latency, 23 stimulus-response terms, 21-24
Rorschach, Hermann, 4, 5-6, 14, 30, 264-265
634
contribution of, 134 Rorschach test
bibliography, 6 changes in therapeutic management, 81 comparison with HIT, 136-137, 152-153 content, ll3-ll4 criticism of, 136-137 early experiments, 5-7 empirical hypotheses, 6 form associations (F+ and F-), liS,
120-129 free association period, ll3 historical introduction, 5-7 influence of Freud, 6 influence on projective technique move-
ment, 7 inkblots, ll3, 120-129, 131-134 inquiry period, ll3 instructions, ll3, 131, 539-540 interest in, 6 interpretation of responses, 56-57 interpretations
area of content analysis, 535 form accuracy, 534 levels of personality measured by,
532-537 movement responses, 534, 590-594 multi-level instrument, 536
Klopfer's Prognostic Rating Scale, 78 levels measured by, 532-537 literature on, 6 location, ll3-ll4 perceptual theory, 120-129 personality structure and functioning;
80, 532-537 phenomenology, ll8-ll9 principles and insights, 120-129, 131-134
animal forms, 126 color shock and shading shock, 133-
134 defensive blocking, 133 DW, DdW, DdD, 131-132 F+ percepts, 120-129
list of, 124-125 trends in personality groups, 123
fantasy association (M) , 133 human forms, 126 personal F-, 132 textural determinant (T) , 133 w. 132 white space (s) , 132-133 z. 132
procedure, 113
INDEX
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psychoanalytic theory and, 30-39 reality and, ll5-ll9 reliability, 114 research studies, 6, 129-131
Human Movement response, 590-594 literature, 14-15
responses, 35, 70, 590-594 determination of, I 14
scoring system, 37, 54-55, 78, 145 statistics, 130-131 stimulus material, ll3-ll4 test situation, 36 therapeutic process and outcomes, 79-
82 underlying pathology revealed by, 79-
81 validity problem, 88-90, 94, ll4 value of method, 6
Rorschach Index of Repressive Style, 598-599
Rorschach Research Exchange, 6-7 Rosenzweig Frustration Picture test, 89,
101
s
Sacks Sentence Completion Test (SSCT) , 278
Sado-masochistic drawings, 377 Sarason's Test Anxiety Scale for Chil
dren, 155 Sargeant's Test of Insight, 297-298 Schizoid individuals, drawings by, 377-
378 Schizophrenia, 70, 88, 95, 96, 158, 159
drawings by patients, 378-381, 386 Lowenfeld Mosaic Test for diagnosis
of, 487 Scoring test, 66-67
research on, 81 Screening devices, sentence completion
techniques, 287 Self-awareness, 82 Self-concept, 41, 82 Self-fulfilling prophecy, 573, 579 Sentence completion tests, 69, 81, 263,
274-288 administration, 280 clinical applications, 287 evaluation and interpretation, 280-284 Forer Sentence Completion Test, 283 history, 275-277 materials, 279-280
INDEX
Miale-Holsopple Sentence Completion Test, 281-282
Michigan Sentence Completion Test, 282-283
modifications, 618-620 multi-level interpretation, 537-542 reliability and validity, 286-287 research applications, 284-286, 287-288
personality research, 286 Stotsky-Weinberg Sentence Completion
Test, 283-284 underlying assumptions, 277-279
Sexual identification, 81, 82 Drawing Completion Tests, 510-511 drawings by engaged woman, 369-370 measure of masculinity-feminity, 503
Social action theory, 56-57 application to projective techniques,
56-57 Social learning theory, 28, 50 Social reinforcement, 82 Social uses of psychological tests, 553-580
attacks on testing, 554-558 decision theory as theory of measure-
ment, 558-563 educational context, 572-574 general medical setting, 567-569 invasion of privacy, 554-555 legal context, 569-572 psychiatric setting, 563-567 psychological clinic, 574-577
Society for Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 7
Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI) , 573
Socioeconomic status doll play, 350-351
Special projective methods, 6ll-629 adapting vs. devising, 622 for assessment of intervening variables,
619-620 innovations in stimulus material, 620-
622 non-visual methods, 616-617 for predicting specific behaviors, 617-
619 problem areas, 622-625 for special populations, 614-616 to test theories, 620 testing hypotheses, 613-614
Stanford Binet Scale, 72-73 Statistics
635
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product-moment correlation coefficient, 107-108
rank correlation, 107 Rorschach test, 130-131 scales of measurement, 108-109 validities, 85, 103-104
Stein's Sentence Completion Tests, 81, 278 Stimulus-response terms, 21-24
ambiguous, 27-29 drive-arousing properties, 27-29 innovations in material, 620-622
Story completion methods, 263, 290-324 clinical applications, 3 I 7-318
1923-40, 294-296 1940-49, 296-298 1950- present, 301-302
criteria for, 291-292 Despert Fables, 296, 298, 300, 301 Duess fables, 294-295, 296, 300 history, 290-310
clinical work, 294-296 research work, 290-294
interpretations, 313-317 Madeline Thomas stories, 296, 298, 301 materials and administration, 311-312 research applications, 263, 318-319
1923-40, 290-294 1940-49, 298-300 1950 - present, 302-311
underlying hypotheses, 313-317 Stotsky-Weinberg Sentence Completion
Test, 283-284 Structure of tests, 31 Structured Doll Play Test (SDP) , 329,
332, 348, 349 Subjects
defensive reactions, 34 interaction between tester and, 59, 73-
74, 80, 339-340 test performance, 33-34
Suicidal impulses, 92-93 drawing indicating, 381-382
Symbol Elaboration Test, 503 Symbolization, 37, 91 ,
Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA) , 492-502
projective drawings, 368 significance in human behavior, 493-494 Symbol Elaboration Test, 503
Symonds, Percival M_, 228-232 Szondi test, 462-472
assumptions, 467-470 materials and instructions, 463-465
636
recording, 465-471 research studies, 466-470
differential diagnosis, 470-472 genetic assumptions, 467 stimulus values, 468
scoring system, 465-471 technical adequacy, 467
T
TAT; see Thematic Apperception Test Tau coefficient of rank correlation, 85, 107 Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) ,
155, 533 Test situation
cues, 25 effect of psychologist's personality, 73-
74 learning theory, 19-20 patient-therapist relationship, 59, 73-
74, 80, 339-340 risk or uncertainty of, 44-45 role of examiner, 33, 36 as social situation, 52-54 stimulus properties, 21-24
Tests and testing attacks on psychological tests, 554-558 costs, 47 decision theory and, 46-49, 558-563
institutional vs_ individual decision, 560
errors in interpretation, 553 group testing, 574 as invasion of privacy, 554-555 legal context, 569-572 limitation of objective, 69-71 narrowband and wideband, 47-49 psychiatric setting, 563-567 role in education, 572-574 situation; see Test situation social uses of psychological tests,
553-580 testing time, 47 utility or pay-off value, 48 why and when to test, 553-580
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) , 14, 69, 172-221
adaptation level theory, 50-51 adapting to special populations, 614-616 Auditory Apperception Test (AA T) ,
250-252 B1acky Pictures Test, 289-248 Children's Appreciation Test (CAT),
224-228
INDEX
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clinical application, 184-204 derivative methods, 8 flexibility, 8 Four Picture Test (FPT), 246-247 historical development, 5-8 interpretation of, 8, 541 learning theory and, 19 literature on, 8 Make-A-Picture Story (MAPS), 236-239 methods, 7 Michigan Pictures Test (MPT) , 232-
236 motives expressed in story-telling, 25-
26 Object Relations Test (ORT), 243-245 other thematic apperceptive methods,
249-253 personality changes, 80-82 Picture Arrangement Test (PAT) ,
247-249 Picture Story Test (PST) , 228-232 psychoanalysis and, 7 research studies, 204-218, 585-586
card ambiguity, 2ll-212 criteria! research, 205-209 formal factors, 212-213 group comparisons, 207 hero assumption, 209-211 hypothesis testing, 215-216 norms, 206-207 personality-theoretical, 213-218 psychometric research, 209-213 psychopathology and psychotherapy,
216-218 signs, 207-209
responses, 31 scoring methods, 8 study of imagination and, 596-598 test administration, 184 theoretical conceptions, 172-184
components, 174-177 orientation, 182-184 process theory, 177-182 utility, 173-174
Three-Dimensional Apperception Test (3-DAT), 252-253
validity, 90, 92-93, 94, 95-96, 101 variety of thematic methods, 222-261 wideband quality, 172-173
Therapy prediction of change, 77-79 use of projective tests, 64-82
Thinking, theory of, 30-33
INDEX
Thought, 30-33 alternative approaches to studying, 601-
604 psychoanalytic theory of, 594-596
Three-Dimensional Apperception Test (3-DAT), 252-253
Transference and countertransference, 33
u Unpleasant Concept Test, 366, 390
v Validation of methods, 18, 85-113
chi-squares, 85, 105-107 classical test theory, 99, 102, 103 clinical theory and data, 86-87 clinical uses, 85 clinical vs. research, 92-93 coding fantasies, 96 concurrent vs. predictive, 91 construct, 92 content, 86-87 criterion-related, 87-92 doll play, 338-339 intrinsic vs. extrinsic, 95-96 kinds of, 85-93 matching tests, 85, 103-105 nature of clinical understandings, 93-94 product-moment correlation coefficient,
107-108 Q-sort or checklist, 93-94 reliability contrasted with, 85, 97-102
classical test theory, 99, 102, 103 implications, 99-102 internal consistency, 98 mathematical arguments, 98-99 measure of, 102-109 temporal consistency, 97-98
Rorschach, ll4 scales of measurement, 108-109 statistical methods, 85, 103-104 Stevens' four types of scales, 85, 108-109 Tau', 85, 107
w Wechsler's Adult Intelligence Scales
(WAIS), 31, 395-396 case presentation, 438-444 clinical applications, 455-456 differences in Verbal and Performance
IQ, 436-437
637
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information, 429 interpretative rationale for subtests,
428-438 intra-subtest scatter, 437-438 performance subtests, 432-436
Block Design, 434-435, 443-444 Digit Symbol, 435-436 Object Assembly, 434 Picture Arrangement, 432-433, 444 Picture Completion, 433-434, 443
personality assessment, 421-460 content of specific test responses,
422-425 organization of specific cognitive func
tions, 426-428 subject's style of responding, 425-426
projective use of, 69 research studies, 445-456
Arithmetic, 454 Block Design, 451 Comprehension subtest, 454 Digit Span and Digit Symbol, 446-450 ego functions, assessment of, 455 Information subtest, 453-454 Object Assembly, 450-451 Picture Arrangement, 451-452 Picture Completion, 450
638
Similarities, 454 Verbal and Performance IQ, 453
verbal subtests, 428-432 Arithmetic, 431-432, 442 Comprehension, 429-430, 441-442 Digit Span, 4~1 Information, 429, 440 Similarities, 430-431, 442-443 Vocabulary, 428-429, 444
Wechsler-Bellevue Vocabulary and Integration, Movement and Form Appropriateness, 81, 154
Word Association Test, 12, 14 Word associations, 264-273
administration, 267-268 early experiments with, 3-5 evaluation and interpretation, 268-273
formal characteristics of associative response, 270-272
Kent-Rosanoff Free Association Test, 264-265
Make-A-Sentence Test (MAST) , 273-274
materials, 265-267 research, 273 underlying assumptions, 268
INDEX