Index

Abdominal measurement, fetal, 263 Abortion

immunological factors, 237 teratogen-related, 116

Abruptio placenta, 218 Acardiacus syndrome, 218 Accessory lobe, placental, 215 Acetoacetate, 87 Acetylcholine, 9 a2-Acid glycoprotein, 104 ACTH, see Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Active transport, 224, 226 Adenosine diphosphate, mitochondrial transport, 85-86 Adenosine triphosphate, mitochondrial transport, 85-86 Adipocyte, 189, 190 Adipose tissue, 92-93

brown, 92-93, 312 fetal nutrient metabolism in, 312-313 white, 92, 312

Adolescence, see Puberty Adoption, 186, 191 Adrenal cortex

development, 351 fetal hormone synthesis, 351-354 fetal zone, 351-352 growth zone, 4 outer zone, 352 unilateral ablation, 7

Adrenal medulla, 360-361 a-Adrenergic receptor, 123 Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

adrenal cortex and, 7 fetal,344-346 neonatal,345

Age conceptual, 416 embryonic, 246-247 gestational

determination, 247, 256-258, 401-404 of pre term infant, 416

postmenstrual, 416, 419 Aging, 189, 190 !1-Agonist catecholamine derivatives, 127 Alanine

placental transport, 299, 300 in pregnancy, 295-296

Alanine aminotransferase, 102 Albumin

drug binding, 122, 123 fetal synthesis, 234

Alcohol, placental transport, 303-304 Alcoholism, maternal, 127 Aldosterone, 354 Alveoli, pulmonary

development, 6, 58, 59 Ameloblast, 39, 40 Amino acid(s)

in accelerated starvation, 295 aromatic, 295, 300 in fetal brain metabolism, 310-311 fetal plasma levels, 94-95 functions, 307 phenolic, 100-101 placental transport, 103, 229-230, 299-302

bidirectional, 30 I metabolism in, 301-302

Amino acid metabolism catabolism, 102 fetal, 93-102, 307-308 glycine synthesis, 98-99 histidine synthesis, 98 methionine cycle, 95-96 neonatal, 93, 94, 97, 98-99, 100, 101 in nongravid state, 291, 292, 295 serine metabolism, 98, 99 synthesis in, 93-99 taurine metabolism, 96-98 transsulfuration, 94-95 urea synthesis, 99-100

p-Aminobenzoic acid, 124 'Y-Aminobutyric acid, 97 Aminoglycosides, 125 p-Aminohippurate clearance, 118 a-Aminoisobutyric acid, 299, 301 p-Aminophenol,124 Ammonia, metabolism, 99, 100, 302, 308 Amnion

chorion fusion, 207-208 differentiation, 199

Amniotic cavity, measurement, 247-248 Amniotic fluid

fetal intake, 120, 140, 145

477

478

Amniotic fluid (cont.)

insulin content, 359 phospholipid profile, 89 volume, 145

Amphibians egg polarization, 35 indeterminate growth, 6 regeneration, 17

Ampicillin, 123, 125 Anabolism

enzymes, 83 insulin, 293

Analgesics, fetal effects, 120 Anastomosos, of twin placenta, 212, 214 Androgen, 328, 356 ~4-Androstenedione, 356, 357 Anesthetics, fetal effects, 120 Angioblast, 199 Angiogenesis, 44, 204 Anoxia, cerebral, 88 Anthropometry, fetal, 255-274, 399-400

abdominal, 263 age estimation, 256-258 applications, 267-268 head, 264-265 linear body measurements, 261-262 sexual dimorphism and, 266-267 skeletal development, 258-261, 266-267 thoracic, 262-263 volume, 263-264 weight, 265-266, 267

Antibody(ies) classification, 377-378 colostral, 146 function, 378 transfer, 237

Antidepressants, triclyclic, 121 Antidiabetic agents, fetal effects, 127 Antigen recognition, 377 Antimetabolites, fetal effects, 126 ai-Antitrypsin, 104 Appropriate-for-gestational-age infant

definition, 416-417 growth patterns, 420-454

evaluation methods, 418-420 head circumference, 440-454 sex differences in, 420, 421-425, 427, 429, 430, 431,

432,434,437,439,441,442,446,447,448,451 supine length/height, 431, 433, 434-436, 438 velocity, 427, 428, 429 weight, 420-429, 430

ponderal index, 439-440 Arginine synthesis, 100 Arginosuccinic acid, 99-100 Artery( ies)

mechanical growth control, 10 placental, 202-203, 206-207

Arthropods, regeneration, 13, 15, 18-19

Aspartate aminotransferase, 102 Aspartic acid, 230 Asphyxia, intrapartum, 408 Aspirin, 126 Atresia, esophageal, 145 Atrophy

induction, 7 intestinal, 8 muscular, 9-10 nephrotic, 11-12 of organs, 6 of salivary glands, 11

Autotomy, 13 Axoplasm, 21

tI-cell, pancreatic, 141, 358, 359 B cell, 378

fetal development, 379-380 maturity at birth, 380-381 tolerance and, 386

Basement membrane proteins, 44 Bat, epimorphic regeneration, 16 Beckwith-Weideman syndrome, 328 Behavioral development

critical periods, 181-196 for adoption, 186, 191 of brain, 189-190 genetic factors, 183 historical background, 183-184 for imprinting, 184 of infants, 186-187 for language acquisition, 187, 189, 192-193 for learning, 188-189, 192-193 of nonhuman mammals, 184-186 optimal periods and, 190-193 for primary socialization, 184-187 process concept, 182 systems concept, 181, 187 theory, 187-190 time factors, 183 variation, 183

growth and, 182 optimal periods

for adoption, 191 for intellectual learning, 192-193 for motor learning, 192 site changes, 191-192

as organizational process, 181-196 sensitive periods, 194 vulnerable periods, 193-194

Bilirubin albumin binding, 123 metabolism, 123-124 placental transfer, 232

Bilobate-reniform placenta, 215-216 Biochemical development, 83-113

adipose tissue, 92-93 carbohydrate metabolism, 84-86

INDEX

INDEX

Biochemical development (cont.) circulating lipid uptake, 91-92 energy transformation, 84-86 lipid metabolism, 86-93 metabolic zonation, 85 oxidative phosphorylation, 85-86 protein synthesis, 102-105

Biochemistry, of comparative growth, 138-139 Biophysical profile, fetal, 400 Biparietal diameter

fetal, 251, 264 sex differences in, 267 ultrasonographic measurement, 277, 280, 281, 283,

284,286,287 gestational age correlation, 257-258 in intrauterine growth retardation evaluation, 399

Birds imprinting, 184 song learning, 189, 190

Birth length body height correlation, 173-174, 175 embryonic, 246, 247, 248-249

Birth weight; see also Appropriate-for-gestational-age infant; Low-birth-weight infant; Small-for­gestational-age infant

average, 394 catch-up growth and, 174, 175 gestational period and, 67-68, 1~3-134, 135 intrauterine growth chart, 393-398 maternal smoking effects, 409 of twins, 69 uterine environment effects, 68-70

Blacks, intrauterine growth, 397-398 Bladder, urinary

hypertrophy, 10-11 inductive tissue interactions, 39 mechanical growth control, 10-11

Blastema, formation, 15, 18, 19,20,22 Blastocyst

cell number, 71 differentiation, 30, 32

control, 33-35 formation, 27, 29

Blastogenesis interactive events, 35-38 neural induction, 36 signal substances, 36-38

Blastomere during compaction, 27, 29, 32 developmental potential, 29-30 polarization, 34-35 position, 30-31,32 separation, 72

Blood-brain barrier, 88 Blood flow

collateral, 10 fetal measurement, 282 maternal, 222

Blood flow (cont.) placental, 119-120, 222 umbilical, 222 uterine, 222

control, 222-223 intrauterine growth retardation and, 282

uteroplacental, 119-120 Blood vessels, mechanical growth control, 10 Body size

chemical maturity and, 138-139 critical development period, 189 life span versus, 135 organ function and, 21

Bone calcium:phosphorus ratio, 139 chemical maturity, 138 heterochronic graft, II

Bone-derived growth factor, 333

479

Bone growth; see also Ossification; Skeletal development asymmetrical, 260-261 radiographic indices, 259-261 sexual dimorphism in, 266-267 ultrasonographic indices, 260

Bradycardia, fetal, 400 Brain

ammonia toxicity, 100 catch-up growth, 466 cellular growth, 53, 54-57, 63 DNA content, 452 development, 305, 339-400

critical periods, 189-190 head circumference growth and, 481, 452-454

drug distribution, 120 embryonic growth, 251 enzymatic activity, 83 glucose requirements, 293, 294 lipid metabolism, 87-88 malnutrition effects, 54 myelination, 86, 88 nutrient metabolism, 308-311 protein:DNA ratio, 53, 54-56, 63, 103 size, 155 taurine content, 96, 97 volume, 250

Bupivacaine, 124

Caffeine, fetal effects, 126 Calcitonin, 358 Calcium

fetal, 357, 358 neonatal, 357, 358 placental transport, 229

Calcium:phosphorus ratio, in bone, 139 Callus, chondrogenic, 8 Carbamazepine, 124 Carbamylphosphate synthetase, 99 Carbohydrate(s), placental transport, 229, 291, 302-

303

480

Carbohydrate metabolism development, 84-86 hormonal control, 360 in nongravid state, 291, 292, 293, 295

Carbon dioxide, placental transport, 227 Cardiac output, fetal, 222 Cardiomegaly, 58 Carnitine

adipose tissue content, 92-93 brain content, 88 heart content, 86

Carnitine acyltransferase I, 294, 295 Carnitine transferase, 87 Cat, epimorphic regeneration, 16 Catabolism

amino acids, 102 enzymes, 83

Catch-down growth, 174 Catch-up growth, 167-179

causes, 168 complete versus incomplete, 171-173 in Cushing's syndrome, 170, 171 growth hormone deficiency and, 168, 171-173, 176 head circumference, 461-462, 464 hypothyroidism and, 168, 169, 170, 172 illness and, 167-168 in infants, 173-174, 175 malnutrition and, 168, 169-170, 176-177 model,174-178 phenomenology, 168-169 in small-for-gestational-age infants, 454-467

head circumference, 455, 456, 457-463, 464-465, 466-468

nutritional factors, 464-467 terminology, 169-171, 174

Catecholamines fetal,360-361 in starvation, 293 in uterine blood flow control, 222

Cations, placental transport, 303 Cell adhesion molecule, 44 Cell cycles, 32, 70-72 Cell division, 133 Cell fate, during preimplantation, 29-35 Cell number, DNA content and, 53 Cell size, organ size and, 74 Cellular growth, 53-65

brain, 54-57,63 DNA in, 53-58, 59-63 heart, 57-58, 63 liver, 59-60, 63 lung, 58-59, 63 skeletal muscle, 60-63

Central nervous system, mesodermal cells and, 37, 38 Cerebellum, cellular growth, 54, 55, 56-57 Cerebrosides, 88 Cerebrum, cellular growth, 54, 56

Ceruloplasmin fetal levels, 139 maternal levels, 139 synthesis, 104, 144

Chemical maturity, 138-139 Chemotherapy, during pregnancy, 126 Children

adoption, 186, 191 catch-down growth, 174 catch-upgrowth,167-179 drug metabolism, 125-126 fingertip regeneration, 17 liver growth, 60 skeletal muscle growth, 60, 61-62

Chimera, embryonic, 72-73, 74-76

INDEX

Chimpanzee, growth patterns, 156-158, 159-160, 161, 162-164

Chloride, placental transport, 303 Chlorpormazine, fetal effects, 127 Cholesterol

fetal synthesis, 87 placental conversion, 353 placental transfer, 231

Cholesterol esters, 88 Cholesteryl esters, 86 Choline phosphotransferase, 90 Chondrogenesis, 40, 251 Chorangioma, 218 Choriality, 210 Chorioamnion, surface measurement, 210 Chorion

amnion fusion, 207-208 differentiation, 199

Chorionic sac, measurement, 247 Chylomicron, 90, 291, 292 Circumvallate placenta, see Placenta extrachorialis Cleavage

cell position during, 30-33 developmental potential, 29-30 divisions, 27 rates, 70-72

Cleft lip/palate, 126 CLIP, see Corticotrophinlike intermediate peptide Collagen, 42 Colony-stimulating factor, 333 Colostrum

antibodies, 146 growth factor, 141

Compaction, embryonic, 27, 29 Comparative growth, 133-151

adolescent stages, 135, 136-138 biochemistry, 138-139 infantile, 134-135 juvenile, 135, 136 organs, 139-142, 144-146 postnatal, 134-138 prenatal, 133-134

INDEX

Comparative growth (cont.) tissue solids, 134, 136 tissues, 139-146

Compensatory deceleration, 174 Compensatory growth; see also Catch-up growth

terminology, 169-171, 174 Complement, 384 Congenital abnormalities

drug-related, 126-127 of small-for-gestational-age infants, 408-409 teratogen-related, 115-117

Control mechanisms, in differentiation, 27-51 blastogenesis, 35-38 organogenesis, 38 preimplantation development, 27-35

Copper, liver concentration, 139 Corpora lutea, 7 Corticosteroids

fetal,353 neonatal,354

Corticotrophinlike intermediate peptide, 345 Corticotrophin-releasing hormone, 341 Cortisol

fetal, 351, 352-353 placental transfer, 352-353

Cortisol-binding globulin, 352 Cotyledon, placental, 202-203, 215 C-peptide, 359 Creatinine clearance, in pregnancy, 118 Crown-heel length, 246, 248, 249, 262 Crown-rump-extended length, 261 Crown-rump length, 247, 248, 249, 251, 275

gestational age correlation, 257-258 measurement, 282-283 radiographic indices, 261 ultrasonographic indices, 276-277

Crustaceans, regeneration, 13 Cushing's syndrome, 170, 171 Cyst, placental, 216 Cystathionase, 94 Cysteine

maternal-fetal transfer, 103 in proteinsynthesis, 103-104

Cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase, 97 Cystic fibrosis, 126 Cystine

fetal levels, 94, 95 placental transport, 103, 230

Cytochrome P450, 121 Cytokinesis, 32, 34 Cytomegalovirus infection, congenital, 384, 385 Cytotrophoblast, 199, 200, 203

Deafness, drug-related, 126 Dedifferentiation, cellular, 18,20 Deer, antler regeneration, 16, 17, 19 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 234-235, 351-352, 353, 354

481

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 351-352, 353, 356, 357

Delayed development, 154-155 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

brain content, 452 in cell number increase, 53 in cellular growth, 53-58, 59-63 synthesis, 60, 103 tissue content, 53

Depression, neonatal, 127 Development rates, 68, 69 Diabetes mellitus

excessive fetal growth, 287 placental effects, 119 in pregnancy, 295, 297, 315-316

Diabetic halo, 287 Diamniotic placenta, 210-212, 213 Diaphragm, hypertrophy, 9 Diazepam

absorption, 122 distribution, 123 fetal effects, 126 metabolism

fetal, 121 neonatal, 124

Dichorionic placenta, 210-212, 213 Dicloxacillin, 126 Diethylstilbestrol, 116, 127 Differentiation

alternate pathways, 4 control,27-51

in blastocyst, 33-35 during blastogenesis, 35-38

early experiments, 27 enzymatic, 83 of metanephric nephron, 40-43 mitosis versus, 4-5 during preimplantation, 27, 28 proteins in, 5 in regeneration, 19, 20

Diffusion, 223, 224, 226, 227 facilitated, 119, 224, 226, 302-303 simple, 224

Digestive enzymes, 140 Digital hypoplasia, 126 Digoxin, 122, 125 Dihydrotestosterone, 355-356 Diphenylhydantoin

fetal distribution, 120 fetal effects, 126 metabolism

fetal, 121 neonatal, 124

plasma content, 123 Diploid cell unit, 53

heart, 57-58 liver, 59, 60

482

Dogs adoption, 191 behavioral development, 184-186, 191

Dolichocephaly, 446-447, 448 Drug(s); see also names of specific drugs

absorption, 117, 121-122 maternal, 118 neonatal, 121-122

binding, 122-123 biotransformation, 117, 119 distribution, 117

fetal, 120 neonatal, 122-123 during pregnancy, 118

excretion, 117 fetal, 121 neonatal, 124-125 during pregnancy, 118

induction, 121 maternal effects, 118 metabolism

fetal, 121 neonatal, 123-124

oxidation, 121 placental transport, 118-120 receptors, 120-121, 123

Drug addiction, maternal, 127 Dubowitz examination, 404

Ectoderm, induction, 36-38 Electrolysis, placental transport, 228-229 Elementi lahiti, 3 Elementi perenni, 3 Elementi stabili, 3 Embryo; see also Fetus

age, 246-247 chimeric, 72-73, 74-76 compaction, 27, 29 cryopreservation, 33 developmental potential, 29-30 growth profile, 70-72 measurement, 246, 247-250 staging, 245-246

Embryo aggregation, 72-73 Embryogenesis, preimplantation period, 27-

35 Embryonic growth, 245-253

crown-heel length, 246, 248, 249 crown-rump length, 247, 248, 249, 251 extraembryonic, 247-248 foot length, 246, 218, 249-250 greatest length, 246, 248-249 leg-eye distance, 250 limb distance, 250 measurement, 246, 247-250 neck-rump length, 250 of organs, 250-251 somitic count, 250

Embryonic growth (cant.) volume, 250 weight, 250

Embryonic period, definition, 245-246 Endocrine disease, neonatal, 362 Endocrine glands, 5, 7

INDEX

Endocrinology; see also names of specific hormones placental, 234-235 prenatal, 339-376

adrenal cortex, 351-354 adrenal medulla, 360-361 anterior pituitary gland, 342-349 carbohydrate metabolism, 360 clinical correlates, 361-362 gonads, 354-357 hypothalamus, 339-342 lipid metabolism, 360 pancreas, 358-360 parathyroid glands, 357-358 thyroid gland hormones, 349-351

Endoplasmic reticulum, 60 ~-Endorphin, 345-346 Energy sources, neonatal, 90 Energy transformation, development, 84-86 Entercolitis, necrotizing neonatal, 406 Enzyme( s); see also names of specific enzymes

genes and, 183 of urea cycle, 99

Epiblast, 71, 72 Epidermal growth factor, 332, 334 Epigenetic control mechanism, 28, 39 Epinephrine, 86, 361 Epithelial cell, pulmonary, 58 Epithelial transformation, 42 Erythroblastosis fetalis, 210 Erythrocyte

glucose requirements, 293 poietin and, 7 sodium:potassium ratio, 139

Erythropoiesis, 7, 143, 144,204 Erythropoietin, 142-144,333 C,-Esterase inhibition, 104 Estradiol

neonatal, 357 in pregnancy, 297, 356 synthesis, 234-235

Estriol in pregnancy, 356 synthesis, 234, 235

Estrogen in fetal growth regulation, 328 neonatal, 356, 357 placental transfer, 231-232 synthesis, 231, 234-235

Estromedin, 333 Estrone

neonatal, 357 placental synthesis, 234

INDEX

Estrone sulfate, 356 Evolution, of human growth, 153-166 Exchondrocyte, 20 Excretion

drugs, 117, 118, 121, 124-125 fetal, 234

Exocrine glands, 5, 140 Extracellular mesenchymal mattrix, 41-42 Extracellular water, 122 Extremely-Iow-birth-weight infant, 391,406 Eye

growth, 251 indeterminate, 6 mechanisms, 21

zinc concentrations, 139

Fallopian tubes, 355 Fasting state

nutrient metabolism in, 292, 293-295 during pregnancy, 295, 296

Fat accumulation, 189 deposition, 141 digestion, 90

neonatal, 90-91 fetal, 360 during growth, 138, 139

Fattyacid(s) in brain metabolism, 310 fetal, 360

adipose tissue, 312, 313 requirements, 90

free neonatal, 360 placental transport, 231 in pregnancy, 297, 298

functions, 293 long-chain

in brain, 88 circulation, 91 metabolism, 291, 292, 293 uptake mechanism, 91-92

placental transport, 302, 306 Fatty acid metabolism

fetal adipose tissue, 313 muscle, 314

in nongravid state, 291-295 Fatty acid oxidation

in adipose tissue, 93 in heart, 86 in liver, 87

Fed state, nutrient metabolism, 291-295 Females; see also Sex differences

postpubertal growth, 138 Femur, fetal measurement, 282 Fetal evaluation, 398-401 Fetal growth, see Intrauterine growth

Fetoplacental unit growth, 291 nutrient metabolism and, 295 steroid synthesis by, 238, 352, 358

a-Fetoprotein, 104, 144 Fetuin, 144 Fetus.

adipose tissue, 92-93

483

age estimation, 246-247, 256-258, 401-404, 416, 419 amino acid metabolism, 93-102, 307-308 anthropometry, 255-274, 399-400 autonomic receptors, 120-121 body shape, 267 body water, 120 of diabetic mothers, 315-316; see also Diabetes

mellitus, in pregnancy drug effects, 120-121, 126-127 drug excretion, 121 drug metabolism, 121 endocrinology, 339-376

adrenal cortex, 351-354 adrenal medulla, 360-361 anterior pituitary gland, 342-349 carbohydrate metabolism, 360 clinical correlates, 361-362 gonads, 354-357 hypothalamus, 339-342 lipid metabolism, 360 pancreas, 358-360 parathyroid glands, 357-358 thyroid gland hormones, 349-351

erythropoietin activity, 143-144 glucose metabolism, 306, 307, 308 growth, see Intrauterine growth heart

cellular growth, 57 lipid metabolism, 86-87

as homograft, 236-237 hormones, 327-328 hypoxia, 120 immunity development, 377-387 lipid metabolism

brain, 87-88 digestive system, 90-91 heart, 86-87 liver, 87 lung, 88-90

lipoprotein lipase activity, 91-92 liver

cellular growth, 59-61 enzymatic activity, 83

lung cellular growth, 58, 59 maturation index, 89-90

metabolism, 306-308 mineral composition, 138, 139 mitrochondrial coupling, 85-86 nucleic acid synthesis, 103

484

Fetus (cont.) nutrient metabolism

adipose tissue, 312-313 brain, 308-311 liver, 311-312 lung, 314-315 maternal metabolism and, 315-316 muscle, 313-314

oxygen consumption, 227 protein synthesis, 102-105,307-308 research use, 84 size manipulation, 72-77

genetic analysis, 74-76 in pathological conditions, 76-77 preimplantation, 72-74

size measurement, 275 teratology, 115-117 tissue solids, 134, 136 ultrasonography, 260, 263, 264-266, 275-290, 399-400 weight estimation, 281

sex differences, 267 Fibrinogen, 104 Fibroblast, 199 Fibroblast growth factor, 330, 333 Fibroblast pneumonocyte factor, 333 Fibronectin, 42 Fibrosis

cystic, 126 placental,218

Fingertip regeneration, 17 Fish

indeterminate growth, 6 regeneration, 13

Flavin adenine dinucleotide, 233 Follicle-stimulating hormone

fetal, 346, 347, 348-349 neonatal, 349, 356, 357

Foot length, fetal, 246, 248, 249-250, 262 Fracture healing, 8, 20 Fructose, 145 Fructose-l,6-biphosphatase, 85 Fructose-2,6-diphosphate, 84-85 Fructose-6-phosphate, 84 Functional unit, proliferation, 5-6

Gangliosides, 88 Gastric acid secretion, 118, 122 Gastrin, 141 Gastrocnemius muscle, 60-61, 62 Gastrointestinal tract

growth, 140-142 hormones, 141 humoral growth control, 8 lipid metabolism, 90-91 during pregnancy, 118

Gastrulation cell proliferation, 71-72 definition, 70 mitotic index, 73

Genome, totipotent, 27 Gestational age, 247, 256-258, 401-404, 416 Gestational period; see also Pregnancy

birth weight and, 67-68, 133-134, 135 duration, 305 prediction, 256-258, 268

Glands; see also names of specific glands mitotic potential, 4

Glomerular filtration, 125 Glomeruli, formation, 43 Glucagon

in adenosine nucleotide uptake, 86 fetal,359

in fatty acid synthesis, 87 hepatic function, 85 metabolic balance, 293 neonatal,359-360 in pregnancy, 298

Glucocorticoids in fetal growth regulation, 328 for respiratory distress syndrome, 121, 127

Gluconeogenesis amino acid metabolism and, 102 enzymatic development and, 83 fetal,312 hepatic, 84-85 metabolic zonation, 85 substrate, 293

Glucose in brain metabolism, 309 in fat deposition, 141 fetal,360

as energy source, 90 in liver, 311-312 in muscle, 314

neonatal,359,360 placental transport, 229, 302-303

Glucose metabolism in fasting state, 293-295 in fed state, 291, 292, 293 fetal, 306, 307, 308, 315 in pregnancy, 295-296, 298

Glucose-6-phosphatase, 85 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 142 fJ-Glucuronidase, 120 Glutamate, 102, 300 Glutamate dehydrogenase, 83, 102 Glutamic acid, 230 Glutamic acid decarboxylase, 97 Glutamine, 300 Glycerol, 293 Glycine, 98-99 Glycogen

fetal,360 in liver, 311-312 in lung, 314-315 in muscle, 313-314

placental, 229 storage, 291

INDEX

INDEX

Glycogenesis enzymatic development, 83 hepatic, 84-85 metabolic zonation, 85

i31-Glycoprotein, 146 Goiter, 127 Gonad, fetal hormone synthesis, 354-357 Gonadotrophin

chorionic, 203 fetal, 346-349 neonatal, 349

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, 341-342

Graft versus host, 385 Granulocyte, 7 Granulopoietin, 7 Greatest length, embryonic, 246, 248-249 Growth

alternate pathways, 4 behavioral development and, 182 catch-down, see Catch-down growth catch-up, see Catch-up growth cellular, see Cellular growth comparative, see Comparative growth compensatory, see Compensatory growth of embryo, see Embryonic growth of fetus, see Intrauterine growth mechanisms

functional unit proliferation, 5-6 indeterminate, 6 mitosis versus differentiation, 4-5 mitotic potential, 4 regulatory, 6-13, 21

profile embryonic, 70-72 fetal,67-70

rate, 67-68 comparative, 133-138 postnatal, 134-138 prenatal, 133-134 pubertal, 135-138 during suckling period, 134

regularity, 167-168 regulation model, 174, 176-178 as target-seeking function, 167-179 terminology, 169-171, 174

Growth chart, intrauterine, 393-398 Growth curve

catch-up growth, 167-168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177

evolution of, 153-166 adolescent growth spurt, 153, 155-159 delayed development, 154-155 sexual dimorphism, 159-162 skeletal development, 162-165

Growth factors, 77-78 fetal, 329-335, 361

hormonal interactions, 334 insulin-associated, 141-142

Growth hormone fetal, 327-328, 342-343 neonatal, 343-344 nutrient neutralization, 293

Growth hormone deficiency catch-up growth following, 168, 171-173, 176 skeletal muscle growth and, 62

Growth hormone-release-inhibiting hormone, see Somatostatin

Growth hormone-releasing hormone, 341

Hair growth, 140 Hallucinogens, placental effects, 120 Head, embryonic growth, 250-251

measurement, 283-284 Head:abdomen ratio, 279-281 Head circumference growth

brain development and, 418 brain weight and, 452-454 catch-up growth, 455, 456, 457-463, 464-465,

466-468 in twins, 461-462, 464 dolichocephaly and, 446-447, 448 growth velocity, 447, 449-452 intelligence quotient and, 459, 461, 462 measurement, 264-265 in preterm infants, 440-454 sex differences in, 267, 441, 442, 444, 447-449,

451 in small-for-gestational-age infants, 445, 446, 450

Heart cellular growth, 57-58, 63 hypertrophy, 10 lipid metabolism, 86-87 mechanical growth control, 10 protein:DNA ratio, 57-58, 103

Heart failure, fetal, 210 Heart rate, fetal measurement, 282 Height

birth length correlation, 173-174, 175 catch-up growth, 167-179 at puberty, 136-138

Hemangioma, placental, 218 Hemoglobin

blood concentration, 142 formation, 144 oxygen affinity, 142, 226-227 structure, 142

Hemolytic disease of the newborn, 385 Hemophilus inj/uenzae, 387 Hemorrhage

fetal, 216 neonatal, 405-406

Hepatocyte, periportal, 85 Herpes simplex virus, 387 Histidine, synthesis, 98 HLA antigen, 383, 385, 386 HLA-Dr antigen, 384 Hofbauer cell, 204, 205, 207, 210

485

486

Hormone(s); see also names of specific hormones gastrointestinal, 141 growth control functions, 7-8

fetal, 327-329, 334-335 placental, 329, 334 placental transport, 233

Human chorionic corticotrophin, 345 Human chorionic gonadotrophin, 146

fetal, 346, 347, 348, 349 neonatal, 349, 356, 357 synthesis, 105, 234, 235 structure, 235

Human chorionic somatomammotrophin, see Human placentallactogen

Human placental lactogen, 146 in fetal growth, 329 growth hormone interaction, 328 lipolytic activity, 297 in pregnancy, 297-298 synthesis, 234, 235

Hydroxyamphetamine, 123 3-Hydroxybutyrate, 88 Hydroxylase, 351 Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-reductase, 87 p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, 100, 101 11~-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 352 Hyperglycemia, 315-316 Hyperinsulinemia, 328 Hyperkalemia, 303 Hyperphenylalaninemia, 10 1 Hyperplasia, renal, 6 Hypertrophy, 4

of functional units, 6 of heart, 10 nfkidney, 6, 12, 13 of muscle, 9, 10 of salivary glands, II of urinary bladder, 10-11 of uterus, 10

Hyperviscosity syndrome, 408 Hypnotics, fetal effects, 127 Hypoalbuminemia, 118 Hypoblast, 71 Hypoglycemia

neonatal, 397, 409, 466 in pregnancy, 297, 298

Hypoparathyroidism, 358 Hypophysis, posterior, 339-342 Hypothalamic-releasing hormone, 340-341 Hypothalamus

fetal hormone synthesis, 339-342 in puberty delay, 154

Hypothermia, neonatal, 409 Hypothyroidism

catch-up growth following, 168, 169, 170, 172 congenital, screening for, 351 fetal,328

Hypoxia erythropoietin response, 142-144 fetal, 120

Imipramine, 123 Immunity

cell-mediated, 146,378-379 development, 377-390

cell-mediated, 378-379 clinical correlates, 384-385 comparative, 146 immunoglobulins, 383 lymphocytes, 379-383 maternofetal relationships, 385-386 nonspecific mechanisms, 384 specific mechanisms, 377-379 stages, 377 tolerance, 386-387

placental, 236-237 postnatal, 387

Immunoglobulin(s) development, 383 IgA, 146,237,377,380,383

deficiency, 385 IgD, 146, 377 IgE,377 IgG, 144, 146,234,237,377,380, 381, 383,

387 I~, 146, 377, 380, 381, 383, 385

Imprinting, 184, 194 Induction, embryonic, 35-38

nephronic, 40-41, 43-45 signal substances, 36-38, 40 tissue interactions, 39-40, 45

INDEX

Infant; see also Neonate appropriate-for-gestational-age, see Appropriate-for-

gestational-age infant . behavioral development, 186-187 brain growth, 54-56 catch-down growth, 174 catch-up growth, 173-174, 175 of diabetic mothers, 142; see also Diabetes mellitus, in

pregnancy extremely-low-birth-weight, see Extremely-Iow-birth-

weight infant growth rate, 134-135 heart grOWth, 57, 58 liver growth, 60, 62, 63 low-birth-weight, see Low-birth-weight infant muscle growth, 9 premature, see Preterm infant protein synthesis rate, 104 small-for-gestational-age, see Small-for-gestational-age

infant very-low-birth-weight, see Very-low-birth-weight

infant Infarction, placental, 218

INDEX

Infection fetal immunity and, 384-385 neonatal, 387

Inner cell mass, 29, 30, 31 definition, 71 differentiation, 33, 34, 35, 71

Innervation in epimorphic regeneration, 18 muscular system, 9-10 salivary glands, 11

Insulin anabolism, 293 cohormones, 141-142 fetal, 358-359 fetal growth effects, 328 metabolic responses, 295 neonatal, 359 in pregnancy, 295, 297 receptors, 233

Insulin-associated growth factors, 141-142 Insulin-like growth factor I, 361 Insulin-like growth factor II, 329, 330, 331, 361 Intellectual learning, optimal period for, 192-193 Intelligence quotient

head circumference growth and, 459, 461,462 progesterone and, 127

Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone, 7 Intestines

atrophy, 8 autonomic receptors, 120-121 humoral growth control, 8

Intracellular water, 122 Intralipid, 92 Intrauterine growth

anthropometric measurement, 255-274 abdominal, 263 applications, 267-268 fetal age estimation, 256-258 head, 264-265 linear body measurements, 261-262 skeletal development, 258-261, 266-267 thoracic, 262-263 volume, 263-264

excessive, 287 growth factors, 329-335 growth studies, 417-418 hormonal regulation, 327-329, 334-335 nutrient metabolism, 305-315 placental control, 21-22 profiles, 67-70 protein synthesis, 102 rate, 133-134 sexual dimorphism, 266-267 ultrasonography, 275-290, 399-400

abdominal, 263 abnormal growth patterns, 286-288 crown-rump measurement, 282-283

Intrauterine growth (cont.) fetal physiology, 282 fetal weight, 265-266, 267, 281 first trimester, 276-277 head, 264-265, 277, 283-284 head:abdomen ratio, 279-281 normal growth patterns, 282-286 second trimester, 277-282 third trimester, 277-282 trunk, 277-279, 284-286 uterine volume, 281 velocity, 427-429 volume, 263-264

Intrauterine growth chart, 393-398 Intrauterine growth curve, 416 Intrauterine growth retardation; see also Low-birth-

487

weight infant; Small-for-gestational-age infant diagnosis, 463-464 etiology, 454-455 evaluation, 399-400, 401 head:abdomen ratio, 279-281 liver, 277 postnatal care, 464-467 ultrasonic monitoring, 286-287 uterine blood flow reduction and,

282 Inulin clearance, in pregnancy, 118 Ion(s), placental transport, 228-229 Iron

placental transport, 228-229 storage, 139

Ischemia, cerebral, 88

Junction, of membrane, 32-33

Ketone body, 87 alanine interaction, 296 in brain, 88, 309-310 fetal function, 315 formation, 295 oxidation, 309 placental transport, 306-30

Kidney atrophy, 11-12 cellular growth mechanism, 5 comparative development, 144-

146 compensatory growth, 6 development, 144-146 fetal measurement, 282 heterochronic grafts, 11-13 humoral growth control, 8 hypertrophy, 12, 13 hypoxia response, 143, 144 induction mechanisms, 40-45 neonatal function, 124-125 prenatal function, 144-145

488

Kidney (cont.) regulatory growth, 11-13 tubule induction, 40

Krebs cycle, 88, 294

Labor cortisol effects, 353 oxytocin effects, 341 vasopressin effects, 342

Lactase, 140 Lactate, 306, 314 Lactogenic hormone, 105 Lactose, 90 Laminin,44 Language acquisition, 187, 189, 192-193 Last menstrual period, 256-257 Lead poisoning, 127 Learning, behavioral development and, 188-189, 192-

193 Leg-eye distance, 250 Lens

growth zone, 4 induction, 40

Leprechaun syndrome, 328 Leucine, placental transport, 230, 299, 300,

301 Leukocyte, 7, 236 Leydig cell, 355 Life span

body size versus, 135 chemical maturity and, 138

Limb, embryonic growth, 251 Limb bud, 40 Limb distance, 250 Limb-reduction anomaly, 126 Lipase, pancreatic, 90, 91 Lipemia, of newborn, 92 Lipid(s)

brain content, 88 complex, 86 placental transport, 230-231

Lipid metabolism in brain, 87-88 development, 86-93 in digestive system, 90-91 in heart, 86-87 hormonal control, 360 in liver, 87 in lung, 88-90 during pregnancy, 296-297

Lipogenesis, 312-313 Lipopolysaccharides, 86 Lipoprotein(s), 86

very low density, 293 tJ-Lipoprotein, 104 Lipoprotein lipase, 90, 91-92 tJ-Lipotropin, 345-346 Lithium, fetal effects, 127

Liver cellular growth, 59-60, 63 endoplasmic reticulum, 60 enzymatic activity, 83-85 fetal

amino acid metabolism, 93-102, 307-308 measurement, 277-278, 279, 282 methionine cycle, 95-96 nutrient metabolism, 311-312 taurine concentration, 96

gluconeogenesis, 84-85 glycogen content, 360 glycolysis, 84-85 humoral growth control, 8 lipid metabolism, 87 mineral storage, 139 oxidative phosphorylation, 85-86 plasma protein synthesis, 144 protein:DNA ratio, 59-60, 103 regeneration, 60 transsulfuration, 94 urea synthesis, 99

Liver function test, 118 Lizard, regeneration, 13, 15, 18

INDEX

Low-birth-weight infant; see also Extremely-Iow-birth­weight infant; Preterm infant; Very-Iow-birth­weight infant

caffeine effects, 126 definition, 391, 393 fetal evaluation, 398-401

anthropometry, 300-400 physiological status, 400-401 pulmonary maturity, 398-399

incidence, 393 initial problems, 404-410 intrauterine growth chart, 393-398 long-term outcome, 404-410 maternal factors, 126, 127 postnatal evaluation, 401-404

Lung cellular,58-59,63 humoral growth control, 8 lipid metabolism, 88-90 nutrient metabolism, 314-315 protein:DNA ratio, 58-59 surfactant, 88-90

fetal evaluation, 393-399 Luteinizing hormone

corpora lutea response, 7 fetal, 346, 347, 348, 349 neonatal, 349, 356, 357 structure, 235

Luteinizing hormone-releasing factor, 235, 329 Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, 346 Lymphocyte; see also B cell; T cell

antibody identification, 378 fetal development, 379-383 function, 377

INDEX

Lymphocyte (cont.) humoral control, 7 precursors, 379

Lymphocytic system, maternal, 210 Lymphopoietin, 7 Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase, 90

Macaque, growth patterns, 156, 158, 165 Macrocotyledon, 202-203 £l!rMacroglobulin, 104 Macrophage growth factor, 333 Macrosomia, 287 Magnesium, placental transport, 229 Magnesium sulfate therapy, 127 Malnutrition

brain growth and, 54 catch-up growth following, 168, 169-170, 176-177 juvenile growth stage and, 136 placental transport and, 304-305 skeletal muscle growth and, 62-63 small-for-gestational-age infants and, 392

Malonyl CoA, 294, 295 Mammals

comparative growth, 133-151 development rates, 68, 69 growth rates, 67-68 platelet production, 7 regeneration, 16-17, 22 wound healing, 14-15

Mammary gland, development, 45 Marasmus, 418 Mechanical control, of growth, 8-11 Megakaryocyte, 7 Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, 140,345 Melatonin, 154 Menarche, adolescent growth spurt and, 155, 158-159 Mercury poisoning, 116 Mesenchyme

aggregation, 4, 142 epithelial transformation, 42 extracellular matrix, 41-42 inductive action, 39, 40-43 proliferation, 41

Mesoderm in embryonic induction, 35-38 neural induction, 36 origin, 35-36

Mesodermalizing factor, 37, 38 Mesonephros, 145 Metabolic zonation, 85 Metabolism; see also names of specific nutrients (e.g.,

Amino acid metabolism) fetal, 306-308

Methionine cycle, 95-96 maternal-fetal exchange, 95 in protein synthesis, 103-104

Microvilli, of pre implantation embryo, 32, 33

Migration, cellular, 41, 43 Milk, human

immunoglobulin content, 383 taurine content, 97

Mineral composition, species differences, 138, 139 Mitochondria

coupled, 85-86 fatty acid oxidation, 93 in heart, 86 nucleotide transport, 85-86

Mitogens B cells and, 380 in fetal growth, 333

Mitomycin C, 76-77 Mitosis, differentiation versus, 4-5 Mitotic index, 73 Mitotic potential, 3-4 Molting hormone, 18-19 Monkey

behavioral development, 186

489

growth patterns, 155-156, 157, 158, 159, 160-164 Monochorial parabiosis, 212, 214 Monochorial placenta, 212, 214 Morphogenesis, 19 Mortality rate, neonatal, 391, 392, 396 Morula

formation, 31-33 microenvironment, 33-34

Motor learning, optimal time for, 192 Mucosa, intestinal, 140, 141 MUllerian duct, 355 MUllerian-duct-inhibiting factor, 355 Multiplication stimulating activity, 329, 330, 331, 332 Muscle; see also Skeletal muscle

growth mechanisms, 4 innervation, 9-10 mechanical growth control, 9-10 nutrient metabolism, 313-314

Mydriases, 123 Myelin markers, 88 Myelination, 88 Myoblast, 4 Myosin, 21

Naficillin, 123 Na+-K+-ATPase,228 Nalidixic acid, 122 Narcotics, placental effects, 120 Natural killer cell, 383 Neck-rump length, 250 Neonatal hyperviscosity snydrome, 408 Neonate

amino acid metabolism, 93, 94, 97, 98-99, 100, 101 drug absorption, 121-122 drug distribution, 122-123 drug excretion, 124-125 drug metabolism, 123-124 drug receptors, 123

490

Neonate (cant.) endocrinology, 339-376 energy sources, 90 fat digestion, 90-91 fat storage, 92 hypoglycemia, 397 infections, 387 kidney function, 124-125 lipid metabolism, 86, 88, 89, 90-91 maturity, 67-68 mortality rates, 391, 392, 396 necrotizing enterocolitis, 406

Nephron growth mechanisms, 6 metanephric

control mechanisms, 43-45 differentiation, 40-43

Nerve growth factor, 234, 332-333, 334 Nervous system

growth control function, 11 muscular system interaction, 9-10

Nesidioblastosis, 328 Neural crest tumor, 126 Neural induction, 36, 40 Neural tube tumor, 116 Neuroblast, 4 Neurological criteria, for gestational age evaluation, 402,

403,404 Neurological maturity, ketone bodies and, 88 Neuron

cellular hypertrophy, 4 indeterminate growth, 6

Neurotransmitter, fetal biosynthesis, 300-301 Neutralizing factor, 37-38 Neutrophil, 384 Nicotine, fetal effects, 127 Nitrogen

conversion to urea, 293 excretion, 293 fetal levels, 102-103 in fetal liver metabolism, 312 in premature infants, 104

Nonvisceralorgans, mechanical growth control, 8-11 Norepinephrine, 361 Nuclei, transplantation, 27 Nucleic acid synthesis, 103 Nutrient metabolism; see also names of specific nutrients

in intrauterine growth, 305-315 in nongravid state, 291-295 in pregnancy, 295-298

changes during, 295-297 hormone interactions, 297-298 placental transport, 298-305

in preterm infants, 449-450, 464-467

Obesity, 189-190 Occipitofrontal diameter, 264, 277, 281 Occlusion, arterial, 10

Odontoblast, 39, 40 Oligohydramnios, 400 Ontogeny, of human growth curve, 153-166 Oral contraceptives, fetal effects, 126 Organ(s); see also names of specific organs

atrophy, 6 induction, 7

classification, 7-13 comparative growth, 139-142, 144-146 embryonic, 250-251 growth-controlling, 74-77 growth mechanisms, 3-6

control, 38-45 differentiation, 4-5 functional unit proliferation, 5-6 inductive tissue interaction, 45 mitotic potential, 3-4 organismal factors, 45 regulatory, 6-13, 21

heterochronic transplantation, 11-13 mineral composition, 138, 139 size

cell size and, 74 optimal,6

teratological agents and, 116 Ornithine, 95, 100 Ornithine transcarbamylase, 99 Ossification, 8, 251, 258-259

sexual dimorphism in, 266 Osteoporosis, 8 Ovarian growth factor, 333 Ovary

development, 355 transplant, 7

Overnutrition, muscle growth effects, 62 Oxidative phosphorylation, 85-86 Oxygen consumption

fetal,227 placental,226-227

Oxytocin, 341

Pancreas development, 141 fetal hormo~e synthesis, 358-360

Parabiosis, monochorial, 212, 214 Paracapillary system, 206 Parathormone, 358 Parathyroid gland, 7, 357-358 Penicillin, excretion, 125 Perinatal period; see also Fetus; Neonate

definition, 417 . growth during, 420-454

evaluation methods, 418-420 Peroxisome, 93 Pethidine, metabolism, 118 Phagocyte, mononuclear, 384

INDEX

Pharmacology, developmental, 115-132; see also names of specific drugs

INDEX

Pharmacology, developmental (cont.) of adolescents, 125, 126 of children, 125-126 drug survey, 126-127 fetal aspects, 120-121 maternal aspects, 118 of newborn, 121-125 placenta and, 118-120 principles, 117-118 teratological principles, 115-117

Phenobarbital absorption, 122 distribution, 123 metabolism, 124

Phenylalanine conversion, 93-94 in phenylketonuria, 101 placental transport, 299, 300, 301

Phenylalanine hydroxylase, 93 Phenylalanine pyruvate aminotransferase, 102 Phenylbutazone, 125 Phenylephrine, 123 Phenylketonuria, 101 Phenytoin, 122 Phosphatidic acid phosphatase, 90 Phosphatidylcholine, 88-89, 315 Phosphatidylglycerol, 89, 90 Phosphatidylinositol, 89 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase, 85 Phosphofructokinase-I,85 Phosphofructokinase-2, 84 Phospholipids

amniotic fluid content, 89-90 placental hydrolysis, 231 synthesis, 87

Phosphorus, placental transport, 357, 358 Physiological monitoring, fetal, 400-401 Pineal gland, 154 Pituitary gland, 342-349 Placenta

anatomy, 199-220 abnormal variations, 217-218 chorangioma, 218 cord insertion anomalies, 217-218 gross form, 199-203 histogenesis, 203-210 at maturity, 199,201-203 membrane formation, 207-208 normal diploid singleton, 199-210 normal variations, 210-218 nutrient metabolism and, 298-299 postimplantation, 199 tissue interactions, 210 vascularization, 204, 206-207 X cell system, 207

blood flow, 119-120, 199,222 classification, 224, 225 drug transport, 118-120

Placenta (cont.) enzymes, 302 fetal growth control by, 21-22 fetal surface, 20 I hormones, 105, 329, 334 maternal surface, 202 measurement, 248 physiology, 221-244; see also Placental transport

diffusion, 119,223, 224,226,227,302-303 endocrinology, 234-235 in fetal excretion, 234 immunology, 236-237 permeability, 226

reticuloendothelial system, 207 vascularization, 202-203 weight, 199,201

Placenta extrachorialis, 214-215 Placenta membranacea, 218 Placental clearance, 223 Placental: fetal weight ratio, 210, 214, 215-

216 Placental transport, 221-234

alcohol effects, 303-304 amino acids, 229-230, 299-302 bilirubin, 232 blood flow control, 222-223 carbohydrates, 229, 302-303 carbon dioxide, 227 cations, 303 chloride, 303 cortisol, 352-353 diffusible substances, 223 electrolytes, 228-229 fatty acids, 302, 306 in fetal excretion, 234 hormones, 233 immunology, 236-237 lipids, 230-231 malnutrition effects, 304-305 nutrients, 298-305 oxygen, 226-227 phosphorus, 357, 358 potassium, 228 proteins, 223-224, 233-234 sodium, 303 steroids, 231-232, 233 thyroid hormones, 350 vitamins, 232-233, 303, 358 water, 227-228

Placentation, 146 Placentitis, syphlitic, 210 Plasma

drug binding, 122-123 fetal

amino acid levels, 94-95 taurine content, 97

Plasma proteins drug binding, 120, 123

491

492

Plasma proteins (cant.) fetal, 104-105

synthesis, 144 placental transport, 233-234

Platelet, production, 7 Platelet-derived growth factor, 333 Pleiotropy, 183 Pneumonocyte, 333 Polio vaccination, 116 Polychlorinated biphenyls, 117 Polycythemia, 10

in small-for-gestational-age infants, 404, 408, 409 Polycythemia rubra vera, 142 Polygonal granular cell, 207 Polypeptides, placental synthesis, 234 Polyploidy, in liver growth, 59 Ponderalindex, 439-440, 457 Postnatal evaluation, of low-birth-weight infants, 401-

404 Postnatal period; see also Neonate

growth rate, 134-138 Potassium, placental transport, 228 Prealbumin, 104 Pregnancy

chorionic molar, 207 creatinine clearance during, 118 diabetic,295,297,315-316 drug effects, 118 fasting state, 295, 296 glucose metabolism, 295-296, 298 hormone-nutrient interactions, 297-298 hypoglycemia, 297, 298 immunology, 236-237 lipid metabolism, 296-297 multiple

anomalous cord insertion, 218 placental anatomy, 210-214

nutrient metabolism, 295-298 changes during, 295-297 placental transport, 298-305

uteroplacental blood flow, 120 Preimplantation period; see also Oeavage

control mechanisms, 27-35 Preterm infant; see also Low-birth-weight infant; Small-

for-gestational-age infant amino acid synthesis, 93 brain development, 418 caloric intake, 428 catch-up growth, 454-467

head circumference, 455, 456, 457-463, 464-465, 466-468

mental development and, 459, 461, 462-463 definition, 416-417 drug effects, 126 gestational age, 416 growth,415-473

evaluation methods, 418-420 sex differences in, 420, 421-425, 427, 429, 430, 431,

432,434,437,439,441,442,446,447,448,451

Preterm infant (cant.) growth (cant.)

supine length/height, 429-441 velocity, 427-429 weight, 420-429.

head circumference growth, 440-454 brain weight and, 452-454 dolichocephaly and, 446-447, 448 growth velocity, 447, 449-452 perinatal period, 440 sex differences, 442, 444, 451

initial problems, 404-408 kidney function, 125 mortality risk, 391 nutrient requirements, 449-450, 464-467 perinatal period, 417 ponderal index, 439-440 protein synthesis rate, 104 structural immaturity, 405-406

Primates, nonhuman adolescent growth patterns, 155-159 delayed development, 154-155 growth curves, 153-165

Progesterone fetal, 351, 353 neonatal, 357 placental synthesis, 234 in pregnancy, 297

Prolactin fetal, 343, 344 neonatal,343, 344 in pregnancy, 297

Proliferation, cellular of functional units, 5-6 during gastrulation, 71-72 mesenchymal, 41 during preimplantation development, 27 of tissues, 3, 4, 5-6 transferrin in, 43, 44

Pro-opiomelanocortin, 344-345 Prostacyclin, 223 Prostaglandins, 222-223 Protein(s); see also name of specific proteins

basement membrane, 44 in differentiation, 5 placental transport, 229-230, 233-234

binding, 223-224 synthesis, 102-105

fetal,307-308 rates, 307

Protein:DNA ratio, 53-58, 59-63 brain, 53, 54-56, 63, 103 heart, 57-58, 103 liver, 59-60, 103 lung, 58-59 skeletal muscle, 60-63

Protein hormones, 235 Proteolipids, 86 Proteolytic enzymes, 44, 91

INDEX

INDEX

Pseudohermaphroditism, 356 Psychoactive agents, fetal effects, 116 Puberty

body height, 136-138 body weight, 136-138 comparative growth, 135, 136-138 delayed, 153, 154-155 drug metabolism, 125, 126 growth rate, 135-138

in nonhuman primates, 159-162 obesity onset, 189, 190

Purkinje cell, 57 Pyruvate kinase, 85

Rabbit, epimorphic regeneration, 16, 17 Radiation, fetal effects, 116 Radiography, offeta1 growth, 258-261 Receptor

adrenergic, 123 autonomic, 120-121 drug, 120-121, 123

Regeneration, epimorphic, 3, 13-20 evolution, 13-15 liver, 60 mammalian, 16-17 process, I 7-19 wound healing versus, 19-20

Renin, 145-146, 354 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, 145,354 Reptiles, indeterminate growth, 6 Respiration, fetal monitoring, 400 Respiratory distress syndrome, 89, 90

etiology, 89, 90 intrauterine evaluation, 398-399 maternal diabetes and, 90 prevention, 121, 127

Reticuloendothelial cells, placental, 199, 207 Reticuloendothelial system, 204 Retina, taurine content, 98 Rhesus monkey, growth patterns, 155-156, 157, 158,

159, 160-164 Riboflavin, 119, 122 Ribonucleic acid, synthesis, 103 Rubella virus, 116, 11 7

Salicylates, metabolism, 124 Salivary glands, innervation, 11 Scheitel-Steiss-Lange, 249 Sebum, 140 Secretin, 141 Sedatives, fetal effects, 116, 127 Seminiferous tubule, 6, 7 Serine, synthesis, 98, 99 Sex differences

in fetal development, 266-267 in nonhuman primate growth, 159-162 in preterm infant growth, 420, 421-425

growth velocity, 439 head circumference, 441, 442, 444, 447-449, 451

Sex differences (coni.) in preterm infant growth (cont.)

supinelength,432,434-437,441 weight velocity, 429, 430

Sex differentiation, 349, 354-355 Sex hormones, 116 Sexual maturity; see also Puberty

species differences, 136-138 . Signal substances, morphogenetic, 40 Silver-Russell syndrome, 174, 178 Skeletal development

anthropometric indices, 258-261 chondrification, 40, 251 embryonic growth, 251 growth and, 162-165 growth zones, 4 radiographic indices, 258-261 sexual dimorphism in, 266-267

Skeletal muscle cellular growth, 60-63 growth mechanisms, 5 mechanical growth control, 8-9 protein:DNA ratio, 60-63

Skeleton, weight, 139 Skin, growth, 140 Skull, growth, 251 Small intestine, humoral growth control, 8 Small-for-gestational-age infant, 391-392

catch-up growth, 454-467

493

head circumference, 455, 456, 457-463, 464-465, 466-468

mental development and, 459, 461, 462-463 nutritional factors, 464-467

congenital abnormalities, 408-409 definition, 396, 408 disease risk evaluation, 396-397 dysgenic, 393 growth evaluation methods, 418-420 hepatic hormones, 360 long-term outcome, 409-410 mortality rates, 392 nutrient requirements, 449-450, 464-467 nutritional, 393 polycythemic, 404 ponderal index, 457

Smiling, 186 Smoking, fetal effects, 127,409 Socialization, primary, 184-187 Sodium, placental transport, 228, 303 Sodium benzoate, 123 Soft tissue, chemical maturity, 138 Somatomedin

fetal, 343, 361 fetal growth effects, 329-332

Somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor 1,329-331 Somatostatin, 341 Somitic count, 250 S-100 protein, 105 Sphingomyelin, 80

494

Spinal cord curvature, 261 myelination, 88

Splanchnopleure, 237 Spleen, heterochronic graft, II Starfish, regeneration, 13, 14 Starvation

accelerated, 295, 296, 298 metabolic responses, 293-294, 295

Steroid hormones fetal effects, 126, 328 fetoplacental unit and, 352, 353 placental transport, 231-232, 233 synthesis, 234-235

Streptomycin, fetal effects, 126 Stroma, histogenesis, 203-204 Suckling

growth rate during, 134 ketone bodies during, 88

Sulfamethoxypyrazine, 123, 125 Sulfaphenazole, 123 Sulfatase deficiency, 235 Sulfatides, 88 Sulfobromophthalein, 123, 124 Sulfokinase, 351 Sulfonamides, 122 Supine length/height, 429-440 Sympathomimetic drugs, 123 Synaptic markers, 88 Syncytiovascular approximation, 206

Tcell fetal development, 381 functions, 378-379 maturity at birth, 381-382 tolerance and, 386-387

Taille vertex-coccyx. 249 Tamm-Horsfall protein, 43 Taurine

developmental role, 96-98 fetal levels, 94

Teeth, formation, 39 Tendon, mechanical growth control, 8-9 Teratogens, 115-117

administration timing, 116 contact duration, 117 critical development periods and, 184 dosage, 116-117 genetic makeup and, 117

Testes cryptorchid, 7 differentiation, 355 interstitial cells, 7

Testosterone in epimorphic regeneration, 16, 19 fetal, 355-356 fetal effects, 126 neonatal, 356-357

Tetany, neonatal, 358 Tetracycline, fetal effects, 127 Thalidomide, 116, 117 Thermogenesis, 92 Thoracic measurement, 262-263 Thrombohematoma, subchorial, 218 Thrombopoietin, 7 Thrombosis, placental, 218 Thymic hormones, 333 Thyroid-binding globulin, 350 Thyroid gland _

fetal hormone synthesis, 349-351 ontogenesis, 349-350

Thyroid hormones in fetal growth regulation, 328 perinatal secretion, 350-351 placental transport, 233, 350

Thyrotrophin, 346 Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, 340 Thyroxine

fetal, 346, 350 neonatal, 350-351 secretion inhibition, 7

Tight junctions, 32, 34 Tissue

comparative growth, 139-146 DNA content, 53 growth mechanisms, 3-6

differentiation, 4-5 functional unit proliferation, 5-6 mitotic potential, 3-4 regulatory, 6-13, 21

inductive interactions, 39-40, 45 Tolbutamide, 124 Tolerance, immunological, 386-387 Total body water, 122 Total intrauterine volume, 281 Toxemia, of pregnancy, 118, 119 Tranquilizers, fetal effects, 116 Transamination, 293 Transferrin

in cell proliferation, 43, 44 fetal synthesis, 104 in inductive tissue interactions, 45 iron binding sites, 228-229 variants, 144

Transinhibition, 301 Transplantation

heterochronic, 11-l3, 21 nuclear, 27

Transsulfuration, 94-95 Triglycerides, 86

fetal storage, 92 as glycerol source, 294 uptake, 91, 92

Triiodothyronine fetal, 346, 350 neonatal, 350-351

INDEX

INDEX

Trophectoderm, 29, 31 differentiation, 34, 35 function, 71

Trophic hormones, 7-8 Trophoblast

description, 199 histogenesis, 203 in immunological tolerance, 236 syncytial, 199, 200, 203 trabecular, 200

Trunk, fetal measurement, 262, 277-279, 284-286 Tryptophan, placental transport, 300, 301 Tryptophan pyrrolase, 101 Twins

birth weight, 69 blastomere separation and, 72 of diabetic mothers, 76 head circumference growth, 461-462, 464 placental anatomy, 210-214

abnormal, 218 Tyramine, 123 Tyrosine

oxidation, 100-101 synthesis, 93-94

Tyrosine aminotransferase, 100-101 Tyrosinemia, 101 Tyrosyluria, 101

UltrasonographY,of intrauterine growth,275-290,399-400 abdomen, 263 abnormal growth patterns, 286-288 crown-rump, 282-283 fetal physiology, 282 fetal weight, 265-266,281 first trimester, 276-277 head,264-265,277,283-284 head:abdomen ratio, 279-281 normal growth patterns, 282-286 second trimester, 277-282 third trimester, 277-282 trunk,277-279,284-286 uterine volume, 281 volume, 263-264

Umbilical artery, 208 aplasia, 218

Umbilical cord blood flow, 222 corticosteroids, 354 fetal looping, 209-210 histogenesis, 208-209 insertion anomalies, 217-218 length, 209, 210

Umbilical vein, 208 Upper abdominal circumference, 399-400 Urea

placental transport, 234 synthesis, 99-100, 293

Urogastrone, 332 Uteroplacental artery, 207 Uterus

birth weight effects, 68-70 blood flow, 119, 120,222

control, 222-223 intrauterine growth retardation and,

282 development, 355 hypertrophy, 10 malformations, 216 volume measurement, 281

Uterus subseptus arcuatus, 216 Uterus unicollis, 216

495

Vascular systems, placental, 202-203, 204, 205, 206-207

Vasculosyncytial membrane, 206 Vasopressin, 342 Ventricle, mechanical growth control, 10 Vertebrates, indeterminate growth, 6 Very-Iow-birth-weight infant, 399

definition, 391 developmental outcome, 409 gestational age determination, 402 long-term outcome, 406

Villi cytotrophoblastic connections, 204, 205 vascular system, 203-204, 205, 206

Virilization, 356 Visceral organs, humoral growth control, 7-8 Vision, critical development periods,

190 Vitamin(s), placental transport, 232-233 Vitamin A, 232-233 Vitamin BI> 233 Vitamin B2, 233 Vitamin C, 233, 303 Vitamin D, 233, 358 Vitamin E, 233 Vitamin K, 233 Volume measurement, fetal, 263-264

Water, body content fetal, 120 neonatal, 122 placental transport, 227-228

Weight embryonic, 250 fetal

estimation, 265-266, 281 sex differences, 267

of preterm infants, 420-429 sex differences, 420, 421-425, 427,

429 at puberty, 136-138

Wharton's jelly, 208, 209 Wilson's disease, 139

496

Wolffian duct, 355 Wound healing, 13, 14-15, 18, 19-20

X cell system, 207

Yolk sac, 247

Yusho disease, 117

Zinc, eye content, 139 Zona fasciculata, 4 Zona glomerulosa, 4, 7 Zygosity, choriality and, 210

INDEX