Index

Adevarul 190 advisers, Soviet 29, 30 Afghanistan, civil resistance 199 Aganbegyan, Abel 141 Albania

'domino effect' 199 and Greece 35-6,37,41 Marshall Plan 18 reforms 125 Soviet army 2 and Soviet Union 33-5 and Yugoslavia 32-8,39,40,41,

42-3 Albrecht, Jerzy 60 Alexandrov, Chudomir 126 Ambartsumov, Yevgenii 124 Andreieva, Nina 152 Andreotti, Giulio 165 Argumenty i fakty 122, 143 army, Soviet

in Czechoslovakia 10 dependence on 4-5 Gorbachev 123 non-intervention 155, 156, 177-8 in Poland 56 prevalence 2 in Romania 97-9

arts 114 Austria

and Hungary 183,184,185,186 television 131 Soviet military forces 98 Yugoslav territorial claims 31

authoritarian nationalism 6

Baltic states 191-4

223

Barbulat, V. K. 103 Benes, Eduard

foreign policy discussions 9 Marshall Plan 19,22

Berlin Treaty 64-5 Berlin Wall, fall of 7, 156, 186 Berthoud, Sir E. A. 52 Bessarabia 64-6

annexation 63-4, 66--7, 72 Moldova 69, 73, 81, 82, 88;

language 74, 79 Molotov 63-4 Romania 85,94-109

Bevin, Ernest 13 Bidault, Georges 13 Bodiul, Ivan I. 103, 105

language 75, 77 Bodnaras, Emil 98 Bodrov, M. F. 15,20 Bognar, Jozsef 216 Bogomolov,Oleg 140 Bolshevik 28 Bolsheviks 114 Brandt, Willy 150 Bratianu, I. I. C. 65 Brezhnev, Leonid IJyich

bureaucracy I 17 CMEA 154 foreign policy 209 mass media 121 glasnost' 115 Moldova 77 Romania 76, 102, lOS violence 202

Brezhnev Doctrine III, 178 renunciation 125, 139, 155, 177

224 Index

Brezhnev regime criticism 140 Czechoslovakia 3 mass media 119

Brucan, Silviu 190 Bruchis, Michael 85 Brzezinski, Zbigniew 208-11 Bucovina

annexation 66,67,95 Romanian revolution 106 Romanian unification 65 territorial disputes 96, 104

Bulgaria CMEA 137 collapse of Soviet regime 7 foreign policy 210 glasnost' 126-7, 132 Greek Communist Party, assistance

to 41 Marshall Plan 17 and Czechoslovakia 17 and Moldova 81 Moscow conference (1948) 40-1 Pravda 140 reforms 125 revolution (1989) 179, 187 rise of Soviet regime 10 and Romania 101 Soviet plans 180 and Yugoslavia: Albania, relations

with 38; federation 41-2,43; federation of East European states 31, 38, 39, 40; joint declaration 30--1, 39, 40

Burckhardt, Jacob 198-9 bureaucracy and glasnost' 117-18 Bush, George 124, 165

Carol II, King 72 Catholic Church, Poland 61

press 130 repression 49, 50, 58

Ceausescu, Nicolae

1985-90 137, 141-2, 143, 146-7 Gorbachev 138 Bessarabia 63-4, 105 'de-Sovietization' of Romania 76, 102,106 fall of 7, 190--1 glasnost' 127 information technology 131 Moldova 88 nationalism 103

censorship 121 Charta 77: 3, 188 Chetnik movement 28 China

1989 unrest 155, 197; and Honecker 186-7

Communism 196 and Romania 99, 100, 102

Chisinau 65 Chou En-lai 102 Churchill, Sir Winston 67 Civic Forum 188, 189 Clement is, Vladimir 12, 16, 19,20 cohesion, social 200 Cold War 9 collectivization 49, 51 COMECON see Council for Mutual

Economic Aid (CMEA) Cominform

establishment 28, III Marshall Plan 21 and Yugoslavia 39-40, 43

Communist International (Com intern) Bessarabia 102 doctrine 26 Poland 55

Communist Party of Albania (CPA) 32-3,34

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU)

Baltic states 191-2 coup 194, 195 foreign policy 209,213

Index 225

Gennan unification 152-3, 155, 160, 164, 166

Hungary 146 Khrushchev speech 52 language 78 mass media 118, I 19-20 glasnost' 121, 130 'socialist camp' model 27 Soviet army 178

Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY)

and Albania 32 leadership, and Stalin 2 Moscow conference (1948) 40 power 28 Second World War 28-9 socio-political aims 27 Soviet Union, relationship with 39 Yugoslav-Bulgarian federation

42,43 Communist Union of Polish Youth

51 computers I 15 Conference on Security and

Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) 211

Czechoslovakia 188 Gennan unification 160

consumer goods 216-17 Council for Mutual Economic Aid

(CMEA) Communist economic sustainability

5 elite: legitimacy 213-19;

penetration 207-13 Gennan Democratic Republic 154 Gorbachev 137,138 Romania 75-6,99, 101 Western countries 157

Creanga, Ion 69 Croatia 38 Cuban Missile Crisis 99 culture 114

Cyrillic script 70--1,72-3,79,85, 103

Czechoslovak Communist Party break-up 5 foreign policy 213 opposition to 7 refonns (1967-68) 2-3 support 4, 10

Czechoslovakia civil resistance 199, 200, 201; 'velvet revolution' 179,187-9,

196 CMEA 137 democratization 60 foreign policy 209,210,211-12,

215 'fraternal help' III and Hungary 142, 183 invasion (1968) 76, 103 mass media 113-14, 131 glasnost' 128-9, 132 nature of Soviet regime 2-3, 4 Pravda 140 reforms 7 'renewed socialism' 146 and Romania 102 Soviet troops 155, 178

Dacians 69 Dashichev, Viacheslav 159 Davy, Richard 180 Dawisher, Karen 212 Dedijer, V.

Moscow conference (1948) 40 and Yugoslavia 29, 40; and

Albania 34, 35-6 defence, and civil resistance 200--1

Cuban Missile Crisis 99 industrialization plans 76, 99 national autonomy 102 US assistance 96

democratization 96 Poland 59-60

226 Index

dictatorships 6 Dima, Nicholas 85 Dimitrov, Georgi M.

and Greek Communist Party 41 Marshall Plan 17 and Yugoslavia: federation of East

European states 31, 39, 40; Yugoslav-Bulgarian treaty 31

Djilas, Milovan Greek Communist Party 42 Marshall Plan 15,21 and Stalin 9 and Yugoslavia 32,40; and

Albania 34-5, 36, 38 'domino effect' 199 Drtina, Prokop 17, 18 Druta, Ion 87 Dubcek, Alexander 183, 188-9, 209

East Germany see German Democratic Republic (GDR)

Edinstvo 82 education

language 78; Moldovan 75 modemization I 14-15 and opposition to Soviet regimes

5 Eisenhower administration 99 elites

and Communist parties 4 legitimacy 213-19 penetration 207-13 Poland 48, 54, 57 revolutions 176

embassy system 208 Eminescu, Mihai 69 Engels, Friedrich 102 Estonia 191-2, 194, 20 I

mass media 131 Soviet coup 194

ethnicity, Moldova 84-8 European Danubian Commission 63 European Economic

Commission 10,12 European Recovery Program see

Marshall Plan Export-Import Bank 12

Falin, Valentin 153 Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)

mass media 128,131,198 reunification with GDR 7, 150,

157-9,163-70,186; importance 176

and Romania 100 Fierlinger, Zdenek 10

Marshall Plan 16, 19-20 Finland

Marshall Plan 20 television 131

First World War 96 France

German unification 165 Marshall Plan 10, IS, 17; and

Czechoslovakia 13-14, 16, 19, 20-1

freedom of speech 121-3 Friendship Treaty 10

Gagauzi 81, 82-3, 87 Gati, Charles 181 Gerasimov, Gennady 178 German Democratic Republic (GDR)

army, Soviet 178 CMEA 137 foreign policy 210, 211 and Hungary 183, 184, 185 mass media 131, 198;

glasnost' 127-8, 132 nature of Soviet regime 4 reforms 7 'renewed socialism' 146 revolution (1989-90) 150-74;

civil resistance 185-7, 197, 198; importance 176, 179

Soviet platts 180

Index 227

glasnost' 114-23,125,132 reactions of East European regimes

126-31 Goga, Octavian 105 Goma, Paul 64 Gomulka, Wladyslaw 59

attitude 60 credibility 56 goal 57 return to power 52 support 54

Gorbachev, Mikhail Baltic states 191, 192 coup 194 foreign policy 123-5 Gennan unification 151-2,

153-8, 160-70, 186-7 glasnost' I 14, I 16-18, 120,

122-3, 133 reaction of East European regimes

126-7, 128-9, 130-1, 132 Moldova 77; language 78, 83 reforms 6,7,137,138,139-40;

Romania 106, 138 'renewed socialism' 145 revolutions 177-8, 179-81, 197;

opportunity for 3, 7-8 Gosplan 115 Gottwald, Klement 10

Marshall Plan 12, 16, 20; Moscow discussions 17, 18-19; and Stalin 14,15, 17, 18,21

Grand National Assembly (MAN) 81-2,85-6,87

Great Britain Marshall Plan 10, 15, 17; and

Czechoslovakia 13,14-15,16, 19,20

and Poland 52 and Yugoslavia; Bulgarian joint

declaration 30; Second World War 28

Greece

Anglo-American military involvement 30-1

Yugoslav-Albanian relations 35-6, 37,41

Greek Communist Party 41,42 Gromyko, Andrei Andreyevich 141,

158,210 Grossu, Semion 77,80 Gr6sz, Karoly

mass demonstrations 142 reforms 183-4 sponsor of 141

Hadiirdi, Ion 82 Hager, Kurt 128 Hanc,Jaroslav II Havel, Vlacev 129,188,201

NATO 198 historiography, Romania 101, 105-6 Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen,

Ferdinand 65 Honecker, Erich

civil resistance 185-7, 197 Gennan unification 151-4, 156,

160-2, 168-9 glasnost' 128

Honikova, Dr Milada 14 Horn, Gyulin 144, 146 Hoxha, Enver 32, 33, 35-6 Hungarian Communist Party 146 Hungarian Democratic Forum 184 Hungarian Socialist Workers Party

(HSWP) factional fighting 141 membership 219 reforms 184 and Romania 143, 144

Hungary 1985-90 137-49,179,181; civil

resistance 183-5, 199,200 Bush's visit 124 collapse of Soviet regime 7 foreign policy 209-10,211,215-16

228 Index

Hungary (continued) German unification 160, 186 mass media 131; glasnost'

129-30, 132 nature of Soviet regime 2; economic

instability 6; non-Party opposition 3

and Poland 56, 57 rise of Soviet regime 10 and Romania 97, 98, 105 Soviet treaties 41 and Yugoslavia 31

Husak, Gustav 129, 188

I1'iashenko, T. 76 I1iescu, Ion 127, 190 illiteracy, eradication of 114 industrialization 76, 99 information

control of 112,218-19 glasnost' 115

information technology 115, 131 Institute of Social Sciences 51 intelligence, Soviet 29, 30 International Monetary Fund 22 Ioannides 42 Iron Guard movement 72 Islamov, Tofik 143 Israel 76 /slOria Romaniei 101-2 Italian Communist Party 3 I Italy

German unification 165 Marshall Plan 13 Yugoslav territorial claims 31

/zvestiia Hungary Moldova Romania Valev plan

144 66,68 141

101

Jagodovski, Leonid 144 Japan 157

Jaruzelski, General Wojciech 114, 130-1,213

Jews 55 Johnson, Lyndon Baines 100 joint stock companies, establishment

of 29,30 Judt, Tony 181

Kadar, Janos glasnost' 129 loss of support 3, 141 and Romania 144

Kaganovich, Lazar 56 Karaganov, Sergei 179 Kardelj, Eduard

and Greek Communist Party 41, 42

Moscow Conference (1948) 40-1 and Yugoslavia 38,40; and

Bulgaria federation 42 Kazakhstan 194 Kennedy, John F. 99 Khrushchev, Nikita

bureaucracy 1 17 CPSU speech 52 cultural freedom 121 and Poland 56 'renewed socialism' 146 and Romania 100;

industrialization 99, 10 I; Soviet troops 98

Kireyev, A. A. 116-17, 120 Kohl, Helmut 157-8, 165-7 Kolarov, Vasilii 38 Konstaninovski, nya 147 Kopecky, Vaclav 20 Korce, Yugoslav military base at 36,

37 Kostov, Traicho 38 Krenz, Egon 162-4,169,180.186 kulaks, fight against 49 Kux, Ernst 180

Index 229

language Moldovan 70-88, 95-6, 103 skills, and Soviet opposition 5

Lashchenko, Pjotr 144 Latin script 71-3,79,80-1,82,103 Latvia 191,194,201 Lavrentiev, Anatolii I. 39,43

and Albania 36-7 Lazarev, A. M. 104 legitimacy

elite 213-19 and media I 12

Lenin, Vladimir lIyich mass media 112,118, 122;

glasnost' 115, 117 New Economic Policy 145

Ligachev, Yegor 152 Literatura si Arta 79 literature

glasnost' I 14 Moldova 68-9

Literatumaya Gazeta 141-2 Lithuania 191-3,201

Western attitudes 198 Litvinov, Maksim 72 Luers, William H. 180-1 Lukanov, Andrei 187 Lupescu,Magda 72

Malenkov, Georgi M. 40 Mamuladze, Temuraz 158 Maniu, ruliu 72 Marea Adunare Nationala (MAN)

81-2,85-6,87 Marr, N. I. 74 Marshall, George C. 10, II Marshall Plan 9, 10-22 martial law

glasnost' 130 Poland 182

Marx, Karl 102 Masaryk, Jan

death 215

foreign policy discussions 2 Marshall Plan 11-16,20,22;

Moscow discussions 17, 18 mass media I 10-36

civil resistance 198-9 Western information 5

Mata, Andrei 79 Mateevici, Alexei 69, 78 Matwin, Wladyslaw 60 Maurer, I. G. 100 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz 54, 181 media 110-36

civil resistance 198-9 Western information 5

Medvedev, Vadim 122 Mielke, State Secretary, Erick 153,

161,162 Migranyan, Andranik 124 Mihailovic, Draza 28 Mikoyan, Anastas 56, 100 Militaru, Nicolae 190 Minc, Hilary 13, 48 Ministry for Public Security (MBP)

50-I Mitterrand, Fran~ois 165 Mladenov, Petar 180,187 Mlynar, Zdenek 189,209 Moczar, Mieczystaw 57 Modrow, Hans 161, 162, 164, 166,

185 Modzelewski, Zygmund 13 Moldova 63-93

Romania 94-5, 104 Moldova Socialista 80 Moldovan Communist Party (PCM)

Boldiul speech 103 Ceausescu 102 deportations 95 language 75,77,79-80,83,86

Molotov, Viacheslav Mikhailovich and Bulgaria 40 Marshall Plan 13, 14, 15, 19 Moscow conference (1948) 40,41

230

Molotov (continued) and Poland 56 Soviet westward expansion 63 and Yugoslavia 28,41; and

Albania 33,34-5,36-7,41; Bulgaria joint declaration 3 I

Molotov-Ribbentrop pact 66,95, 106

Morawski, Jerzy 60 Moscow News 119-20 Moskovskie Novosti 142 Murgescu, Costin 101

Index

Notatnik Agitatora 50 Novoe Vremya 142 Novopashin, Jury 140 Nowa Kultura 59

Ogonek 144, 147 Orban, Viktor 184 Orzechowski, Marian 182 Otetea, Andrei 102

Palach, Jan 188 Paris conference, Marshall Plan 10,

mutual consultation protocols 40,41 12,13, 15-18 Parrot, George I 15 Pasternak, Boris I 14 Patriotic Guards 103 perekovka dush 50 perestroika 137, 138

Nagy,lmre and Poland 57 Soviet-Hungarian relations 144

Narodny Komissariat Vnutrenikh Del (NKVD) 48

National Assembly, Czechoslovakia 10

National Salvation Front 190 nationalism 6, 214-16 Natolin group 55 Nazarbayev, President Nursultan 194 Nejedly, Zdenek 20 Neues Deutschland

German unification 152 Repentance 128

New Economic Policy 145 New Faith crusade 50, 59 New Forum 185, 186 newspapers see mass media Nicholas I, Tsar 115 Nichols, Phillip 14-15 North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO) 202 German unification 165, 170 Havel 198 Soviet altitudes 157, 158

Norway 20 Nosek, Jifi 13, 16

Bulgaria 126 German Democratic

Republic 128; unification 151, 152, 161, 167-8

Hungary 129 mass media 118,119, 132 'renewed socialism' 145 revolutions 180 Romania 127

periodization of Soviet control 1-3 Po prostu 58 Poland

1956 47-62 Bush's visit 124 collapse of Soviet regime 7 foreign policy 210,211,213,215 'fraternal help' III Marshall Plan 12, 13, 15, 19; and

Czechoslovakia 11,16,18-19, 21

mass media 114, 128; glasnost' 130-1, 132; Radio Free Europe 131

nature of Soviet regime 2;

Index 231

economic instability 6; opposition 3

reforms 137, 139 revolutions 181-3, 196, 199 rise of Soviet regime 10 Soviet troops ISS, 178 Western attitudes 198 and Yugoslavia 33

Polish Peasants' Party 49 Polish "Socialist Party 49 Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP;

PZPR) 1956 55-6,58 democratization 60 Gomulka 54 Gorbachev 123 image 55 resistancc 52 revolutions 182 roles 48

Polish Workers' Party (PPR) 48 Ponomarev, Boris 209-10 Popovic, Miladin 33-4 Popper, Karl 120 Popular Front of Moldova (FPM) 81,

82 Poznan revolt 58 Pozsgay, Imre 129,184 'Prague Spring' 76, 103 Pravda

Czechoslovakia I 13-14 Dimitrov 38 falling readership 122 Hungary 140, 143 Marshall Plan 12 Moldova 68 Romania 142

Prut-Dnestr intertluve 63-4,65,66, 67,88

colonization 95 Pulawy group 55

Quadripartite Agreement 163, 165

Radio Free Europe 131 Rakhmanin, Oleg 140 Rakosi, Matyas

Soviet-Hungarian relations 144 and Yugoslavia 32

Rakowski, Mieczyslaw 131, 182 razkulachenie model 49 Reagan, Ronald

Polish sanctions 182 Reykjavik summit 157 violence 202

Red Army see army, Soviet Reich, Jens 169 'renewed socialism' 145-7 Repentance 128 Ribbentrop-Molotov pact 95, 106 Rokossovski, Marsha 154, 210 Roller, M. 96 Romania

1985-90 137-49, 175, 189-91, 197

Bessarabia 64-6, 85, 94-109; annexation 63-4,66-7

collapse of Soviet regime 7 dictatorship 6 foreign policy 210, 212-13, 215 and Hungary 185 Marshall Plan 18 mass media 198; glasnost' 127,

132 Moldova 67-9, 82; language

70-6,79-80,82,85-8 nature of Soviet regime 2, 4 reforms 125 rise of Soviet regime 10 Soviet army 5 Soviet treaties 41 and Yugoslavia 31

Romanian Communist Party (PCR; RCP)

Ressarabia, annexation 0 f 64, 96 Ceausescu 102, 146-7 foreign policy 213

232 In(iex

Romanian Workers' party 76, 100-1 Round Table agreement 7, 131 Rude pral'o 183

'salami tactics' 208 samizdat publications 5, 122, 130 satellization 110 Schalck-Golodkowski, Alexander 164 Scientia 127 Second World War 28-9 secret services 197 Sergievskii, M. V. 73,74, 76 Shevardnadze, Eduard

Brezhnev Doctrine 178 Gennan unification 151, 154-8,

160-2, 164, 169-70 glasnost' 128 reforms 137, 138, 139 'renewed socialism' 145 revolutions 179, 197

Shevchenko, Arkadiy 209-10 Shishlin, Nikolai 140 Shishmarev, V. F. 74 Shultz, George 188 Sidorovich, General 39-40 Simi(:, Stanoje 41 Siroky, Viliam 19 Skvorecky, Josef 188 Slavic inlluence, Moldova 69, 104

language 76 Slavik, Juraj II 'small stabilization', Poland 61 Snegur, Mircea 81 Snetkov, General 186 Social Democratic Party,

Czechoslovakia 10 Social Democratic Party, Germany

167 'socialist camp' model

Poland 51, 54, 56 Yugoslavia 26-46

Socialist Party, Bulgaria 187 Socialist Unity Party (SED)

civil resistance 186 Gennan unification 151, 152-3,

155-6, 159-64 Solidarity

civil resistance 182 election of 181 mass media 114,128 rise of 3 Round Table agrcement 7

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 121 Sovetskaya Rossiya 143 sovietization 110 speech, freedom of 121-3 Spiru, Nako 32, 33, 34 Sputnik 128 stabilization, Poland 61 Stalin, Josef

and Albania 33, 34 and Bulgarill; federation of East

Europelln states 38, 40; and Yugoslav federation 42

Communist parties 2 criticism 140 foreign policy 3-4 Marshlill Plan 10-1 I, 2 I; lind

Czechoslovakia 14,15,17-19, 22

mass media I 13 and Moldova 67, 69; language

73-4 Moscow confercnce (1948) 40,41 and Poland 47 on Second World War 9-10 sovietization 110, III and Yugoslavia 28, 40; Albania,

relations with 33, 34-5, 36, 40; and Bulgarian federation 42; and Bulgarian joint declaration 30-1,40

Starkov, Vladislav 122 Stepanov, G. 76, 158 Stoica, Chivu 96, 98-9 Stransky, Jaroslav 13-14, 19,20

Index 233

strikes, Poland 182 Suslov, Mikhail A. 40 Sweden 20 Szklarska Poreba conference 28

Tarasenko, Sergei 158 television see mass media Thayer, Robert H. 96 Thorp, William II Three Powers' conference (1947) 13 Tiananmen Square massacre ISS,

187,197 THo, Marshal

and Bulgaria 38 and Greek Communist Party 42 leadership 28, 39, 42 Ljubljana speech 29, 30 media criticism of 113 and Romania 99 Yugoslav-Albanian relations 33,

34,35-6,37,43 Yugoslav-Bulgarian federation 43 Yugoslav-Bulgarian treaty 31

Tocplitz, Krzysztof, Teodor 59 Togliatti, Palmiro 31 Transylvania

and Hungary 97, 105 Romanian unification 65 terri torial disputes 94

Treaty of Berlin 64--5 Trieste crisis 29, 31 Truman doctrine 12 Trybuna Llldu 50, 51 Turkey

Anglo-American military involvement 30-1

Bessarabian liberation 69 Tygodn;k POlI'szechny 49

Ukraine Bessarabia 66 Bucovina 66, 67 Moldova 67-8,82,87,95;

language 72 Soviet coup 194

Ukrainian Communist Party 70 Ulbricht, Walter 131 Union of Democratic Forces 187 United Kingdom see Great Britain United Nations

Convention on Refugees 185 and Czechoslovakia 188 entry of former Soviet republics

176,191 European Economic Commission

10,12 German unification 160 Romania 95

United States of America Baltic states 192 and Czechoslovakia 188 and Federal Republic of Germany

157, 165 Gorbachev 124 Marshall Plan 9, 10-22 Polish sanctions 182 and Romania 96-7,99-100 and Yugoslavia 28, 30

Valev. L. B. 101 'velvet revolution' 187-9 Vieru, Grigore 82 Vladimirov,Oleg 140 Voellno-;stor;cheskii zhurnal 144

Walesa, Lech 182 Wallachia

Moldova 69, 104; language 70 Romanian unitication 65

Warsaw Pact 210-11 end of 176 extension 138 German unification 165, 168, 170 Gorbachev 154, 155 Hungary 143 Moldova 88

234 Index

revolutions 179; Romania 76, 102, 103; Soviet

troops 98 West Oennany see Federal Republic

ofOermany (FRO) Wolf, Markus 153 Wyszynski, Cardinal Stepan 58

Xoxe, KOyi 32,33

Yakovlev, Alexander 128 Yalta order 52, 104 Yanayev,Oennady 194 Yeltsin, Boris

Lithuania 192 Soviet coup 194, 195

Yugoslavia foreign policy 212 Oorbachev 124

Marshall Plan 12, 18, 21; and Czechoslovakia 1 I, 16

revolution 175-6 rise of Soviet regime 10 Soviet army 2 Soviet contlict (1948) 26-46

Zachariades, Nikos 42 Zalygin, Sergei 121 Zhdanov, Andrei

and Bulgaria 38, 40 Moscow conference (1948) 40 Yugoslav-Bulgarian treaty 40 and Yugoslavia 28; and Albania

34,40,43 Zhelev, Zheliu Zhivkov, Todor Zorin, Valeri A. ZUjovic, Sreten

126--7 126,187 14,40

43