Index

Abo, bishopric in Finland (Turku), 29 Adalbert Heinrich Wilhelm, Prince of

Prussia and Admiral, 140 Adalbert, Prince of Prussia, son of

Emperor William II, 139, 147 Absolutism, 70-4, 77 -86,91 Address to the Christian Nobility of the

Gennan Nation Concerning the Improvement of the Christian Estate (1520),20-1,25-6

Admiralstab see Germany naval staff Aegean Sea, 110 Afamia, crusader castle, 4, 9 Africa, 121 Against the Heavenly Prophets in the

Matterof Images and Sacraments (1525),30

Agricola, Johan, court chaplain in Brandenburg, 29

Agricola, Michael, Protestant Bishop of Abo, 29

Akkon, crusader castle, 4, 7, 9 Aland, Kurt, German religious historian,

18 Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Duke

of Prussia and Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, 15,41-65

administrative structure and, 49, 52, 55, 56-9

agrarian issues and, 46-9 economy and, 53-6 financial administration and, 5 1-2, 59,

61,65 foreign policy and, 58-9, 60 legal administration and, 59 peasants revolt and, 46-7 religious administration of, 42-6, 48,

49,50,60 Teutonic Order and, 41-4, 52, 54, 55,

56,58,61 Alexander II, Tsar of Russia, 110, 116 Altenburg, town in Saxony, 22 Altenstein, Karl vom Stein zum, Prussian

reforming minister, 103, 105

Altmark, German auxiliary vessel, 174 Alsace-Lorraine, Franco-German

province, 160, 162 Amsdorff, Nikolaus, Protestant Bishop of

Naumburg,29 Andalsnes, town in Norway, 183 Andrll.ssy, Count Julius, Austrian foreign

minister, 123, 125 Angerburg, town in Prussia, 55 Angern, Ferdinand Ludwig Friedrich von,

Prussian official, 100 Ansbach household ordinances, 58

'see also Albert Duke of Prussia and George Margrave of Ansbach

Antimachiavell (1739), 75, 76, 81, 85, 153

Aragon, Spanish province, 73 Athlith, crusader castle, 3 -4, 7, 9 Atlantic Ocean, 179, 184 Augsburg, town in Bavaria, 20, 22, 27,30,

36,37,38,39,49,59 August Wilhelm, Prince of Prussia,

brother of Frederick William III, 103 Augustine, St, early Church father, 15 -16 Augustinians, Catholic religious order,

14, 15,22,30 Aurifaber, Johannes, Protestant

theologian, professor in theology at Rostock,29

Aurifaber, Johannes (the younger), theologian, editor of Luther's Table Talks, 28, 29

Austria, 73, 79, 87, 89, 170 a11iancesof,119,121 Eastern Question and, 111-13, 118,

119,120,121,123,124 Austria-Hungary see Austria Austrian Succession, War of (1740-8),

75,85

Babylonian Captivity of the Church, The (1520),20-1,24

Baden-Baden, bath and conference place in southern Germany, 114, 115

188

Index 189

Baczko, Ludwig von, Prussian scholar, historian, 102

Balga, town in Prussia, 44,53 Ballin, Albert, German shipowner, 145,

161 Balkans see Eastern Question Baltic Sea, 137, 139, 140, 141, 147, 175,

186 Baltic trade, 54-5

see also countries bordering the Baltic Bamberg, bishopric in Bavaria, 57 Bareilles, Bertrand, French historian, 124 Bartenstein, town in Prussia, 42, 51, 54,

59,62 Basle, free city of the Empire and

bishopric, 30, 31, 36 Batroum, town in Lebanon, 6 Bauer, Max Hermann, Gernlan colonel,

167 Bavaria, German state, 51, 79, 87, 90, 158 Bavarian People's Party, 168 Belgium, 185 Beaconsfield, Earl of see Disraeli Beaufort, crusader castle, 4, 8 Belinas see Subeibe Bellapai, abbey of crusader building, 5, 9 Bendemann, Felix Eduard Robert Emil

von, German admiral, 143 Berg, Friedrich von, Prussian official, 167 Berlin, capital of Prussia and Germany,

103,104,105 congressof(1878),114-26 congressof(1885),121

Berney, Arnold, German historian, 76 Besenrade, Hans von, Prussian official,

47,61 Besika Bay, anchorage south of

Dardanelles, 110 Bessarabia, Russo-Rumanian province,

119 Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von,

German Chancellor, 152, 156 Beyme, Karl Friedrich, Prussian official,

101 Biberach, town in Wiirttemberg, 36 Bible see Scripture Bismarck, Otto, Count von, German

Chancellor, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 111-14

Berlin Congress and see next entry Eastern Question and, 115-25 alliance system of, 121-2 navy and, 136, 157

Bizer, Ernst, German religious historian, 18,20,23

Bj6rko, treatyof(1905), 160 Black Sea, 119 Blarer, Ambrosius, Protestant preacher in

Constance, 31 Bluntschli, Johann Kaspar, Swiss legal

historian, 125 Bodenstein, Andreas see Karlstadt Bodin, Jean, French philosopher, 70, 71 Bohemia, Kingdom, 50, 107 Borcke, Joachim von, Prussian diplomat,

58 Bornkamm, Heinrich, German religious

historian, 19 Bosnia, Balkan province of Austria

Hungary, 119, 123 Bosphorus, Turkish Straits, 111, 117 Boyen, Herman von, Prussian military

reformer, 98 Brandenburg, German electorate, 31, 33,

36,41,65,79 see also Prussia, Hohenzollern, Albert

(Duke of Prussia), Casimir (Margrave), George Frederick (Margrave), Frederick William ('the Great Elector'), Joachim II (Elector) and William (Margrave)

Brandenburg, town, Amt and local court in East Prussia, 53, 56, 59, 63

Brandt, Asverus von, Prussian diplomat, 59

Braunschweig, German state, 29 Bremen, German port, 133 Brenz, Johann, Protestant theologian in

Wiirttemberg, 30 Breslau, town in Silesia, capital and

bishopric, 54,159 Briesmann, Johan, Protestant clergyman

in Prussia and Riga, 43 Britain

alliances, 121, 145, 150, 159 Berlin Congress (1878) and, 115-18 colonial expansion, 139 Eastern Question (1856-80) and,

109-11 navy, 109-10, 113, 117, 134, 174, 175,

179,181 Second World War, 173, 174, 179,

183-4,185 see also England, Stuart

Bruening, Heinrich, German Chancellor, 170,171

Brunswick see Braunschweig Brussels, town in Flanders, 113, 114 Bucer, Martin, Protestant theologian in

Strasburg, 30, 31, 34

190 Index

Buchholtz, Friedrich, German journalist, 103

Buffavento, crusader castle in Cyprus, 5, 8 Bugenhagen, Johannes ('Doctor

Pomeranus'), Protestant Pomeranian scholar, 28-9

Bulgaria, 110, 111, 118, 127 Bullingeir, Heinrich, Protestant Swiss

reformer, 21 Biilow, Bernhard Ernst von, German

secretary of state, 116, 118, 125 Bund, Deutscher see German

Confederation Burckhardt, Georg (Spalatin), Saxon

court official, 29 Busch, Clemens, German official, 118,

124 Biisching Anton Friedrich, German

archivist in Silesia, 104 Byblos, crusader castle, 5, 6

Cajetan, Jacob, Cardinal and Dominican theologian, 20, 22

Calvin, Johan, Protestant Swiss reformer, 16,20

Calvinism, 80-1, 86 Cambridge, town in England, 30, 108 Capito, Wolfgang the elder, Protestant

preacher in Strasbourg, 31 Caprivi, Leo von, German minister,

chancellor and admiral, 137,142 Carls, Rolf, German admiral, 179 Cartesian( us), Desiderius (Descartes),

French philosopher, 74 Casimir of Brandenburg-Culmbach,

Margrave, 47 Castel Blanche, crusader castle, 6, 7,9 Castel Pelerin see Athlith Castel Rouge, crusader castle, 6, 9 Castellum Regis, crusader castle, 4, 7, 9 Castile, Spanish province, 73 Castles, crusader, 1-10 Castrum Novum, crusader castle, 7,9 Catt, Henri de, Frederick II's reader-

companion, 82 Cave de Tyron, crusader castle, 7, 9 Chamberlain, Neville, British Prime

Minister, 183 Charles I, King of England and Scotland,

72 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 34, 37,

39,57,60,62 Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor, 90 Charles XI, King of Sweden, 73

Charles XII, King of Sweden, 73, 88, 163, 177

Christian III, King of Denmark, 55 Church, state of, c.1500, 11-13,22,38

see also England, France and Papacy Church Devotional (1521), 28 Cleves, duchy and town on lower Rhine,

95,97 Coburg, duchy in central Germany, 29 COlln, Friedrich von, Prussian politician,

103 Cologne, archbishopric and electorate,

90,159 Commentarius de vera et de falsa religione

(1525),35 Conciliar movement in late medieval

church,l1 Conder, C. R., British historian, 1 Congresses in European diplomacy,

125-6 Conring, Hermann, German scholar, 79 Constance, free Imperial city, 30, 31, 36 Constantinople, town in Turkey, 109,

110,113,116,117,124 Copenhagen, naval action at (1807),110 Corti, Count Luigi, Italian diplomat, 120,

124 Courland, Baltic province, 51 Crac des Chevaliers, crusader castle, 4 - 5,

7,8,9 Cracow, treaty of (1525), 41, 42, 59, 60 Crete, Aegean island, 119 Crimean War, settlement after see Paris Cromwell, Oliver, British head of state

(Lord protector), 72 Cruciger, Caspar, Protestant German

scholar,29 Crusader castles, 1-10 Culmiclaw, 44, 51, 55, 102 Curia see Papacy Curtius, Friedrich, German historian, 124 Cyprus, Mediterranean island

Berlin Congress (1878) and, 119, 123 crusader castles on, 5, 6, 8

Dagmar, Tsarina of Russia and Princess of Denmark, 120

Danzig, port in Prussia, 54, 60, 65,133 Dardanelles, Turkish Straits, 109, 110,

113,119 De libero arbito (1524), 28 De Republica (1575),70 De servo arbitrio (1525), 28 Dehio, Ludwig, German historian, 88

Index 191

Denmark, 29, 42, 55, 57, 58, 59,73,115, 120,121,178-9,181,186

Derby, Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of, British Foreign Secretary, 113, 114,115

Deschamps, P., French historian, 1 Dewey, George, US admiral, 143 Didymos see St Hilarion Diederichs, Otto von, German admiral,

143 Dietrich, Veit, Protestant German

scholar, 29 Dilthey, Wilhelm, German scholar, 77 Disraeli, Benjamin, 1st Earl of

Beaconsfield, British Prime Minister, 118,120,121,123

Domhardt, Johan Friedrich von, Prussian reforming official, 96

Doom, manor house in Holland, exile of Emperor William II, 147

Dorothea, princess of Prussia and Princess of Holstein-Denmark, 57

Dunkirk, town in France, 177 Dresden, capital of Saxony, 114 Dreadnoughts, battleships, 144 Dutch Republic see Holland

East Frisia, German province, 95, 97 East Prussia see Prussia Eastern Question (1877 -8),109-23 Eastern Rumelia, Balkan protectorate,

119 Ebernburg, castle in Palatinate, 36 Ebert, Friedrich, German Reich

president, 162 Eck, Doctor see Maier Edward VII, King of Great Britain, 149 Egypt, 3 Eisfeld, town in Thuringia, 29 Elbe, German river, 144 El-Mudiqsee Afamia England, 42, 52, 72, 97

castles, 6 - 8, 9 church, 72 crusades, scholarship on, 1-2 see also Britain

Enlart, C., French archaeologist, 1 Enlightened despots

Frederick II as, 77,83 -4,86,89 Joseph II as, 88-9

Epirus, Greek province, 119 Erasmus of Rotterdam, Dutch humanist

scholar, 26, 28, 36 Erastianism,38

Ermland, bishopric and landscape in East Prussia, 43, 48, 58, 63, 64, 65

Es-Samariya, crusader castle, 7 Estates of Prussia see Prussia

Falkenhorst, Nicolas von, German General, 185

Famagusta, cathedral in Cyprus,S, 9 Fedden, Robin, English scholar, 2 Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, King

of Bohemia and Hungary, 63 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, German

philosopher, 104 Finland, 29,175,183,186 Fischer, Friedrich, Prussian official, 58 Fischhausen, district and bishopric in

Prussia, 56, 63 First World War

German internal organisation, 156-7, 161-2

German military performance, 163 Norway and, 147, 148, 173-6, 177,

183 Flacius Illyricus, Matthias, Protestant

theologian, 23 Flottenverein (Navy League), German

pressure group, 144 Foch, Ferdinand, French Field Marshal,

167 France, 59, 70-1, 72, 79, 90, 91

church in, 72 colonialism, 124, 140 crusades, scholarship on, 1 Eastern Question (1877-8) and, 111,

112,114,117,118,120,124,125 foreign policy (1890-14),147,151,

160 navy, 133, 140, 142 Second World War, 143

Franconia, territory of south German tribe, 47

Frankfurt-on-Main, free city of the Empire, 36

'Frankfurter', German theological writer, 15

Franz Joseph I, Austrian Emperor, 114, 120,149

Frederick, Duke of Liegnitz, 45 Frederick II, Roman German Emperor, 4 Frederick II, King of Prussia, 73, 91, 99,

153,163 religion and, 80-1 Stein and, 94-7,100

FrederickIlI,GermanEmperor, 117, 159

192 Index

Frederick III, King of Denmark, 73 Frederick III, Elector of Saxony, 12, 27,

32 Frederick William, the 'Great Elector' of

Brandenburg, 74, 77,79, 80, 82, 83, 87

Frederick William I, King of Prussia, 74, 80,82,87,101,104,107

Frederick William III, King of Prussia, 99, 102,104,107

Frederick William IV, King of Prussia, 124 French Revolution, 89, 91, 93, 97, 99 Frey, Johann Gottfried, Prussian official,

106 Friedland, town in Prussia, 54 Friedrichsruh, in duchy of Lauenburg,

Bismarck's estate, 117 Frisches Haff, lagoon in Prussia, 51 Fronde disturbances in France

(1648-51),78 Fuggers, bankers based in Augsburg, 54,

55,65

Gadendorf, Claus von, Prussian official,S 8 Gallicanism,72 Gallipoli, turkish peninsula, 111 GIUlivare, town in Sweden, 175, 178 Gamelin, Maurice-Gustave, French

General, 186 Gamsee, town in Prussia, 54 Gedin, crusader castle, 4, 7, 9 Genoa, town in Italy, 3, 6 George V, King of Great Britain, 149 George, Margrave of Ansbach, 45 George Frederick, Margrave of Ansbach,

53 Georgenburg, domain and castle in

Prussia, 53 Gericke, Hans, Prussian official, 46 German Bite, 177 German Confederation, 96 German language, Luther and, 32-4 German Order, 12, 15, 32

see also Teutonic Order German Sea, 137, 140 Germany

air force, 176, 178, 179, 180 army, 164, 176, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183 constitutional crisis (1932), 170-2 cruisers outside Europe, 143-5 crusades, scholarship on, 1 diplomacy, 112-24, 147, 160-9 economy, 134, 169 education, 150

French Revolution and, 99 -1 00 High Command, 178, 181, 185 Marinekabinett, 137, 138, 140 mercantile marine, 133 Naval Academy, 137 Naval Staff, 134-7, 141, 142, 143-5 navy, 133-45, 176, 177,178, 180 navy, supreme command, 138-42, 143 wars: First World, 156-7,163,174;

Second World, Norwegian campaign, 173 - 86; unification, of, 90

Weimar period (1919-33), 165-72 William II and, 147-63

Gervinus, Georg, German literary historian, 33

Geyer, Hans Georg, German religious historian, 23

Gibelet, crusader castle,S, 7 Gilgenburg, town and domain in Prussia,

59 Gladstone, William Ewart, British Prime

Minister, 111 Glogau, town in Silesia, 165 Goldap, town in Prussia, 55 Goltz, Max von der, German admiral, 139 Gooch, George Peabody, British

historian, 75 Gorchakov, Prince Alexander M.,

Russian Chancellor, 115, 116, 118 Goslar, town in Brunswick, 36 Gottingen, university in Hanover, 94 Gottsched, Johann Christopher, pioneer

German language scholar, 33 Great Elector see Frederick William Greece, 119, 123 Greenland, 179 Greschat, Martin, German religious

historian, 23 Grobin, domain in Courland, 51 Groener, Wilhelm, German soldier and

minister, 166, 170, 171 Grzesinski, Albert Karl Wilhelm,

Prussian politician, 166 Guerin, V, French scholar, 1 Gundermann, Iselin, German scholar,

125 Gustavus I, Wasa, King of Sweden, 47 Gustavus II, Adolphus, King of Sweden,

83

Habsburg, Imperial house of Austria, 62, 65,79,81,88,90

Haff, Frisches, Lagoon in East Prussia, 51 Hagen, Friedrich Heinrich von der,

Index 193

German writer, 104 Hagem, Ludwig Phillip von, Prussian

minister, 96 The Hague, 96 Haldane, Richard Burden, 1st Viscount,

British politician, 145 Halle, town in the Salle district, 33, 36 Hallmann, Hans, German historian, 139 Hamburg, Imperial free and Hanseatic

town, 29, 133 Hanover, German state, 79, 91 Hansa, German confederation of ports,

54 Hardenberg, Carl August Count von,

Prussian reforming minister, 103, 104,105

Hartung, Fritz, German historian, 77,83 Harz, mountain region in central

Germany,95 Hattin, battle of (1187),2,5 Heid, Caspar (Heido), Protestant

Strasbourgreformer, 31 Hedingham (Essex), tower-castle, 6, 9 Heidelberg, town in Baden, 22, 30, 36 Heilbronn, town in WUrttemberg, 36 Heilsberg, castle in Prussia, 42 Heinitz, Friedrich Anton von, Prussian

minister, 94, 95, 96, 97,98 Heller, Eduard, Austrian historian, 123 Hellespont, 110 Hercegovina, Balkan province of Austria­

Hungary, 119, 123 Hesse, German State, 35, 36 Heuss, Theodor, West German President,

169 Hildesheim, town and bishopric in

Hanover,29 Hindenburg, Paul von Beneckdorff von,

German Reich President and Field Marshal,165-72

Hirsch, Emanuel, German religious historian, 18,33

Hintze', Otto, German historian, 80, 83 Hitler, Adolf, German leader, 86, 87,89,

170,171,177,178,182,183,185 Hoen, Cornelius, Dutch theologian, 35 Hohenlohe-Schillingsfiirst, Chlodwig,

Prince, German diplomat and chancellor, 118, 124

Hohenstein, castle and domain in Prussia, 59

Hohenzollern, royal house of Brandenburg-Prussia, 65, 77 -8,79, 81,82,84,86,88,90,162

see also Albert, Frederick, Frederick William and William

Holborn, Hajo, Austrian historian, 124 Holl, Karl, German religious historian, 18 Holland (the Netherlands), 5, 73, 95,121,

166,185 Hollman, Friedrich, German, 138 Holstein see Schleswig-Holstein Holy Land, 1-9, 120 Hospitallers (Order of the Hospital of St

John of Jerusalem), military order, 4-5,6,7,8,12

Hornby, Vice Admiral RN, 110 Hossbach, German officer, 155 Hungary, 55, 59

'see also Austria Hungary-Austria see Austria Hymns, 31-2, 50

Iceland, 179, 184 Ignatieff, Count Nikolai Pavlovich,

Russian General and diplomat, 116 India, 110, 119 Indulgences, sale of, 19,22 Ingolstadt, university in Bavaria, 22 Insterburg, castle and domain in Prussia,

53,55 Interim controversy (1552),20,29,30,39 Iserloh, Erwin, German religious

historian, 18, 19 Italy, 110, 111, 113, 117, 119-20, 121,

164

Jade, German naval base (Wilhelmshaven), 135, 140, 144

Jan Wellem, German navy tanker, 174, 176

Japan, 159 Jerusalem, crusader kingdom, 2,12 Joachim II, Elector of Brandenburg, 30,

63 JodI, Alfred, German general, 185 Johannisburg, castle and domain in

Prussia, 59 John Frederick II, Elector of Saxony, 29 Jonas, Justus, Protestant German

theologian, 29 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 87,88,

89 Joseph Clemens of Bavaria, Archbishop­

Elector of Cologne, 90 Justification through faith, 18-19,20,22,

25 Jutland, province of Denmark, 179

194 Index

Kala'at Kurein see Montford Kant, Immanuel, German philosopher,

86,106 Kantara, crusader castle in Cyprus, 5, 7,8 Karatheodory, Pasha, Turkish diplomat,

124 Karlstadt, Andreas (Bodenstein),

Protestant German theologian, 21, 28,30,35,36

Kaymen, domain in Prussia, 45,46 Keitel, Wilhelm, German Field Marshal,

178 Kempten, town in Bavaria, 36 Kerak, crusader castle, 4, 8 Kiei, German naval base, 135, 139, 140,

144 Kiruna iron mines in Sweden, 178 Klingenbeck, Georg the elder, Prussian

official, 47, 59 Kolossi, crusader castle, 6, 7, 9 Kolberg, town in Pomerania, 164 Ke.nigsberg, town in Prussia, 28, 30,42,

43,46,47,49,51,54,57,60,61,62, 63,64,104,106

Ke.nigsbergmemorandum (1808), 102 Ke.nigsberg, university in Prussia, 102,

105,107,108 Kulmic law see Culmic law Kulturkampf, 112, 159 Kunheim, Georg von, Prussian official, 62 Kuuba, crusader castle, 6, 9 Kyrenia, crusader castle in Cyprus, 5,7,9

Labiau, castle and domain in Prussia, 53, 54

Laband, Paul, German scholar in public law, 155

Lawrence, Thomas Edward, British scholar and soldier, 1

Le Manuet, crusader castle, 7, 9 League of Nations, 169 League of Virtue, German patriotic

organisation, 104 Leipzig, town in Saxony, 22 - 3 Lemezera, crusader castle, 7, 9 Leo XIII, Pope, 159 Levant, 1-9 Libau, town in Courland, 51 Liebkneckt, Wilhelm, German radical

socialist, 113 Liegnitz see Frederick, Duke of Lindau, Imperial free city on Lake

Constance, 30, 31 Lipsius, Justus, Dutch scholar, 80 Lithuania, Baltic province, 54, 55, 60

Livonia, Baltic province, 54, 59 Locarno treaty (1926), 169 Loitz, bankers based in Danzig, 65 London, 109,111, 115, 152 L6tzen, domain and town in Prussia, 53 Louis XIV, King of France, 71, 72, 74, 87 LUbeck, Free and Hanseatic city, 29 Ludendorff, Erich, German General

Quartermaster, 166, 168 Ludwig II, King of Bohemia and Hungary,

46 Luftwaffe see Germany air force Luise, Queen of Prussia, wife of Frederick

William III, 103 Luled,towninSweden, 175, 178, 186 Luther, Martin, Protestant German

reformer, 11, 13-39,41,42,43,47, 50,81,86

Lyck, town in Prussia, 53

Macedonia, Balkan province in Greece, 119

Machiavelli, Niccolo, Italian writer, 75, 76,80

Magdeburg, town in duchy of Saxony, 27, 29

Maier, Johann (Dr Eck), German catholic theologian, 22-3, 30

Mainz, archbishopric and electorate on Rhine, 27, 94, 96

Maiwald, Serge, German legal historian, 125

Malta, island of, 111 Manuet, Le see Le Manuet Marburg, town and university in Hesse,

35,36,37 Margat, crusader castle, 4, 7, 9 Marggrabowa, Margrave-town in Prussia,

55 Maria Laach, Benedictine abbey in

Rhineland, 159 Maria Alexandrowna, Russian Tsarina

wife of Alexander II, 120 Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress,

89,90 Marienburg, Teutonic Order's main castle

in Prussia, 8 Marinekabinett see Germany Mark, county on River Ruhr, part of

Prussia, 95, 97 Markgrafenstadt see Marggrabowa Marmara, sea of, 116 Marschall von Bieberstein, Fritz, German

scholar, 156 Marx, Karl, German revolutionary writer,

Index 195

21 Masuria, district in Prussia, 51 Maurer, Wilhelm, German religious

historian, 23 Maurice, Elector of Saxony, 62 Maximilian I, Roman German Emperor,

13,32 Maximillian II, Emanuel, Elector of

Bavaria, 90 Mecklenburg, duchy in north Germany,

29 Medlicott, W" N", British historian, 123 Meinecke, Friedrich, German scholar, 81,

83,84,85,86,88 Melanchton, Philip, Prostenant German

theologian, 19, 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 37 Memel, river in Prussia, 51 Memel, town in Prussia, 54,101,103,

104 Memmingen, Imperial free town in

Bavaria, 30, 31, 36 Memoirs of the Brandenburg Dynasty,

82 Mettemich, Clemens Lothar Wenzel,

Prince von, Austrian Chancellor, 122

Meyer, Justus, German scholar, 7 Miltitz, Karl von, German curial

diplomate in Saxony, 22, 47 Mohrunge, domain and town in Prussia,

59 Moltke, Helmuth, Count von, German

Field Marshal, 135, 165 Monarchomachen, constitutional

movement, 70 Monasteries, 11, 14,30 Mont Pelerin see Tripolis Montenegro, Balkan state, 117, 119 Montfort, crusader castle, 4, 5, 7,8 Montreal, crusader castle, 4 Moscow, duchy of early Russian state see

Russia M6ser, Justus, German writer, 106 Moiiy, Count Charles de, French

diplomat, 124 Msailha, crusader castle, 6, 9 Muenter, Hindenburg's doctor, 167 MUhlhausen, town in Prussia, 54 MUnster, town in Westphalia, 97 MUnster, Georg Herbert Count von,

German diplomat, 111, 115, 116 Miintzer, Thomas, Protestant German

preacher, 21 Muralt, Leonhard von, Swiss historian,

126

Namos, town in Norway, 183 Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 88,

99,101,103 Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 1,

122,157 Narvik, town in Norway, 176, 177, 178,

179,181 Nassau, town and duchy in West

Germany, 99 Nassau memorandum (1807), 99-100,

102-3 N atangen, province of Prussia, 46, 51 National Party (Germany), 171 National Socialist Workers Party

(Germany: 'Nazi'), 170-1 Naumann, Friedrich, German writer and

politician, 155 Naumburg, Prostestant bishopric in

Saxony,29 Neidenburg, castle and domain in Prussia,

53 Neostoicism, 80, 82, 86 Netherlands see Holland Netze, district in Prussia, 95 Neudeck, Hindenburg's manor in west

Prussia, 165 N eudorf on the N ehrung, place in East

Prussia,54 Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 149, 155 Nis, town in Serbia, 119 Norman architecture, 6, 8 North Sea, 142 Norway,42,147

armed forces, 179, 181 First World War and, 148, 174, 176,

179,184 Second World War and, 173 -86

Nostitz, Kaspar von, Prussian official, 53 Novotny, Alexander Austrian historian,

123 Nuremberg, Imperial free city in

Franconia, 12,26,29,30,31,36,58, 59

Oberland, district of Prussia, 51 Oberburg, castle of RUdesheim on Rhine, 6 Ockham, William of, English Franciscan

theologian, 15 Of the Freedom of a Christian Man

(1520),20-1,24-5 Of en, battle of (1541),63 Okolampad, Johann (Husschin),

Protestant German theologian, 36 Oncken, Hermann, German historian,

159,160

196 Index

Orlamunde, town in Thuringia, 30 Oscar II, King of Sweden, 147 Osel, bishopric in Estonia, 55 Osiander, Andreas (Hosemann),

Protestant German theologian, 30, 37

Oslo, capital of Norway (older name Kristianen), 147,176,178

Osterode, town and domain in Prussia, 51, 53

Ottoman Empire see Turkey

Paderborn, town and bishopric in Westphalia, 97

Palatinate Electorate, 50 Palestine, 1-5,8-9,120 Papacy, 11,20-1,22,24,26,37,38

see also Leo XIII Papen, Franz von, German Chancellor, 171 Paris, 106, 152 Paris, Conference of and Peace of (1856),

110,111,117,118,122,125 Parliament, England, 72 Patollu, pagan god of Prussia, 44 Paul, St, early Church father, 17-18, 25 Peasants War (1524-5), 21, 46, 47 Pein, Johann, Prussian official, 55, 58 Perkunos, pagan god of Prussia, 44 Persia, 117 Peter I, Tsar of Russia, 87 Petersburg (St Petersburg), capital of

Russia, 114, 118, 121, 152 Philip V, King of Spain, 73 Philip, Count of Hesse, 35, 36 Plauen, Heinrich Reuss von, commander

in Bartenstein (Prussia), 42 Poland, 41, 42,43, 46, 50, 55, 59, 60, 64,

87,113,114,166 Polentz, Georg von, Protestant bishop of

Samland, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47,50 Poliander, Johann, Protestant theologian

in Kflnigsberg, 47 Political Testament (1752) of Frederick II

of Prussia, 77, 81 Political Testament (1768) of Frederick II

of Prussia, 79, 81, 84 Pomerania, German province, 29, 54, 58 Pomeranus, Dr see Bugenhagen Pomesanien, bishopric in Prussia, 42, 49,

50 Posen, German province, 54, 165 Potrimpos, pagan god of Prussia, 44 Potsdam, royal residence, 153 Prague Peace (1866), 120

Predestination, Luther and, 16 Pregel, river in Prussia, 51 Pribram, Alfred Francis, Austrian

historian, 123 Prussia

administrative organisation, 50-1, 52, 56,98-100,103,107,157

agrarian organisation, 44-6, 52, 55, 64, 101-2

Albert and, 41-65 army, 84, 88 bankers, 54, 55, 65 coinage, 59-60, 98 economy, 53-6, 95-6 education, 63-4,105-6 Estates of, 47-8, 61, 62, 63, 64 financial organisation, 56, 61 foreign policy, 58-9, 60, 88-91, 96,

103-4,121-2 Frederick II and, 71-2, 73, 77-91 immigration into, 55 industry, 99 Landesordnung (1528), 47 -9,58,62 legal organisation, 56-9 local government, 99-100,106-7 mining administration, 94 - 7 nobility and, 42, 46-7,63,64,87 peasants revolt (1524-5), 46-7 reform movement, 89-108 religious organisation, 42-4, 46, 48-9,

50,60,104-5 Stein and, 89-108 taxation, 61, 62 Teutonic Order and, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58 trade, 54

Prussian Holland, town and domain in Prussia, 54

Psalms, 17, 18,33,37 Pusch, Hans von, Prussian official, 55 PUtter, Johann Stephan, scholar at

GOttingen, 94

Queis, Erhard, Protestant bishop of Pomsanien, 42-3, 49, 50

Quisling, Vidkun, Norwegian fascist, 174

Radowitz, Joseph Maria von, German diplomat, 118, 124

Raeder, Erich Hermann Albert, German Admiral, 185

Ragnit, castle and town in Prussia, 53 Ranke, Leopold von, German historian,

76 Rastenburg, domain, castle and town in

Index 197

Prussia, 51, 59 Raschdau, Ludwig, German historian,

124 Red Castle, crusader castle, 6, 9 Reden, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count von,

Prussian senior mining official in Silesia,95

Reuchlin, Johannes, German humanist scholar of Reformation period, 36

Reutlingen, town in Wiirttemberg, 36 Rey, E. G., French archaeologist, 1, 8 Rhein, castle, domain and town in Prussia,

53 Rhenish type castles, 5, 7,8 Rhineland, 135, 169 Richard I, King of England, 6, 8 Richau, Nicolaus, mayor of K6nigsberg,

46 Richelieu, Cardinal Armand-Emmanuel

du Plessis, duke de, French statesman, 71, 74, 78, 86

Riesenburg, town in Prussia, 42, 59 Riga, archbishopric of, 54, 55 Rio de Janeiro, German ship, 175 Rippe, Andreas, official of Kaymen in

Prussia, 45, 46 Ritter, Gerhard, German historian, 82,

83,85,100 Rohrbach, Paul, Livonian writer, 160 R6hricht, Reinhold, German scholar, 1 Rome, Church of see Papacy Rominter Heide, landscape in East

Prussia, 51 Rosenberg, Alfred, German fascist

ideologue, 186 Rostock, port in Mecklenburg, 29 Riidesheim, town in Hesse, 6 Ruhr, river and industrial district in West

Germany, 95, 96 Rumania, 119, 166 Ruprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, 158 Russia, 59, 79, 96

diplomacy (1879-1914), 123, 146, 151,160

Eastern Question and (1877 -8), 108-19,122,123

First World War and, 166 navy, 139, 140, 142 war with Finland (1939-40),175,176,

183,184

Saalfeld, town in Prussia, 51, 59 Sachs, Hans, Nuremberg poet

(Meistersinger), 26

Sachsenhausen near Frankfurt-on-Main, hospital ofthe Teutonic Order, 15

Safita, 6, 7, 9 Salisbury, Robert Arthur Tabot Gascoyne

Cecil, 3rd Marquis of, British Prime Minister, 117, 123

St Gall, town in Switzerland, 36 St George, brotherhood of medieval

order, 11 St Hilarion, crusader castle, 5, 7,9 St John of Jerusalem, Order of see

Hospitalliers Salmon, F. J., British historian, 1 Samland, bishopric and district in Prussia,

28,42,44,45,46,51 San Stefano, peace of (1877), 110-11,

115,116,117,118,119 Sans Souci, Prussian palace, 83 Saone, crusader castle, 4, 8 Sardinia, Italian state, 122 Saxony, German state, 27 - 8, 30, 36, 37,

43,49,50,79,87,90,94 see also Frederick III, John Frederick

III, Maurice and Wettin Scandinavia see Denmark, Finland,

Norway and Sweden Scapa (Orkney), 179 Schaaken, domain in Prussia, 53, 56,

63 Scharffenberg, Johan, Norwegian

politician, 174 Scharnhorst, Gerhard Hans David von,

German military reformer and soldier, 98

Scheffner, Johann George, Prussian official, 101

Schenkendorf, Max von, German writer, 104

Schleicher, Kurt von, German General and politician, 171, 179

Schleswig-Holstein, Germano-Danish province, 29, 120, 179

Schlieffen, Alfred Count von, German General, 155, 165

Schmalkaldic War (1546), 60, 62, 64 Schneider, Johannes (Agricola),

Protestant German theologian, 29-30

Sch6n, Heinrich Theodor von Prussian reforming official, 102, 105

Schroetter, Friedrich Leopold von, Prussian Chancellor, 102

Schulenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm von der, Prussian reforming official, 96

198 Index

Schwarzenberg und Hohenlandsberg, Johann von, German administrator, 57-8

Scripture basis of religion, 20-1, 25, 27, 37, 38 scholarship on, 16-18 translation of, 27 -8,29,32-4,36 vernacular and preaching, 21, 25, 31

Sealion, Operation (1940),182 Seck en dorff, Veit Ludwig von, German

scholar, 78 Second World War

Norwegian campaign, 173-87 Secularisation of church land in Germany,

42-3 Sedan, battle of (1870),150 Seehandlung see Prussian bankers Seeckt, Hans von, German general, 168 Seely, Robert, British historian, 108 Serbia, Balkan state, 117, 119, 123 Seven Years War (1756-63), 80, 82, 85 Sheizar, crusader castle, 4 Shetlands, British islands, 179 Shuvalov, Count Peter, Russian diplomat,

117,121,124 Sickingen, Franz von, German gentry, 36 Sigismund I, King of Poland, 50, 60 Sigismund II Augustus, King of Poland,

60 Silesia, Prusso-Austrian province, 33, 45,

46,54,75,95,96,100,134 Skalweit, Stephan, German historian, 85 Somelaria, crusader castle, 7, 9 Spain, 59, 71, 73 Spalatin see Burckhardt Spanish Succession, Warof(1702-14),

90 Speratus, Paul, Protestant bishop of

Pomesanien, 48,50 Speyer, town in Palatinate, 36, 37, 59 Spinoza, Benedict de, Dutch philosopher,

74 Spranger, Eduard, German philosopher,

81 Srbrik, Heinrich von, Austrian historian,

123 Staegemann, Friedrich August von,

Prussian reforming minister, 102, 105

Staupitz, Johannes von, German catholic clergyman, 15,22

Stavanger, town in Norway, 178, 179, 182 Stein, Karl vom und zum, Prussian

reforming minister, 93-108

administration and, 98-100, 103, 107 agriculture and, 101-2, 104 economic reform and, 96-7 education and, 104-5 foreign policy and, 96,104-5,106 Interior Minister of Prussia as, 101-7 local government and, 99-100, 106 - 7 mining and, 94 - 7 Prussia, decision to enter service of,

94-5 Reform Movement and, 97 -108

Stettin, port in Pomerania, 133 Stosch, Albrecht von, Prussian politician

and admiral, 136, 137 Strasbourg, Imperial city in Alsace, 28,

30,31,36 Stresemann, Gustav, German foreign

minister, 169 Stuart, royal house of Britain, 72 Stupperich, Robert, German religious

historian, 23 Stuttgart, town in Wiirttemberg, 36,114 Subeibe, crusader castle, 4, 8 Suez Canal, 110, 119 Suffolk, HMS, British cruiser, 182 Sweden,42,46,59,73,79,87,88,121,

147,174,175,176,185,186 iron ore, 54, 175, 177, 179, 183, 184,

186 Switzerland, 31, 50,114 Syncretists, 21 Syria, 1-9

Tannenberg, battle of (1914),166,168 Tapiau, Prussian castle and domain, 56,

59,63 Templars (Poor Knights of Christ and the

Temple of Solomon), religious military order, 3 -4, 5

Tenedos, Greek isle, 11 0 Teutonic Order, military order, 3 -4, 6-7,

8,41-4,52,54,55,56,58,102 Thessaly,119 Thomson, John, British historian, 2 Thoron, crusader castle, 4, 9 Thuringia, castle types, 4, 7, 8 Thuringia, German province, 47 Tiberias, castle in Palestine, 5,7, 9 Tilsit, town, castle and domain in Prussia,

53,55 Tilsit, peace of (1807),99,101 Tirpitz, Alfred von, German admiral and

minister, 139-40, 142, 143, 144, 176 Tortosa, cathedral of St Mary, crusader

Index 199

building and fortification,S, 7, 9 Trentino, Italian-Austrian province, 120 Trieste, port on Adriatic, 120 Triple Alliance (1882),120 Tripolis, crusader castle,S, 6, 7, 9 Trondhjem, town in Norway (modern

spelling: Trondheim), 176, 178, 179, 181

Tubingen, university in Wurttemberg, 30 Tunis, French colony in north Africa, 123 Turkey,62,63,70,88,160

(1877-8),109-12,117,118,119,122, 123

Turkey, the Straits see Bosphorus, Dardanelles

Ulm, town in WUrttemberg, 31, 36 Ulrich, duke of WUrttemberg, 30 United Provinces see Holland United States of America, 121, 151

navy, 135,143,144

Venice, Italian state, 50, 73 Versailles, peace of (1919), 126, 166,

169,170 Vesta, periodical, 104 Victor Emanuel III, King of Italy, 149 Victoria, Crown Princess of Germany,

121 Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, 121 Vienna, capital of Austria, 113, 114, 120 Vienna, congress of (1814-15), 117, 122 Voltaire (Francoois-Marie Arouet),

French writer, 88

Wackernagel, Wilhelm, German scholar, 32

Waddington, William Henry, French foreign minister, 114, 125

Wahlstatt, cadet school (near Liegnitz, Silesia),165

Waiblingen, Adrian von, Prussian official, 48

Waldersee, Alfred Count, Prussian Field Marshal,165

Wartburg, castle in Eisenach belonging to Saxony, 4, 27,30

Wehrmachtflihrungstab see Germany High Command

Weimar Republic, 165-72 Welf, royal house of Hanover, 79, 81 Werner, Anton von, German artist, 124 Wertheimer, Edouard von, Austrian

historian, 125

West Prussia see Ermland, Prussia Westphalia, German province, 95, 96, 98,

100 Wetter-on-the-Ruhr, town and mining

office in Westphalia, 95 Wettin, royal house of Saxony, 79, 81 Wetzlar, town in Hesse, free city of the

Empire, seat of the Reichskammergericht,94

White Castle, crusader castle, 6, 7 - 8 Wiesbaden, town in Nassovia, 114 Wigand, von, American journalist, 167 Wildbad, town in the Black Forest, 114 Wilhelmshaven see Jade William, German Crown Prince, 167, 170 William, Margrave of Ansbach and

archbishop of Riga, 54-5 William I, German Emperor, 117, 135,

153,162 William II, German Emperor, 147-63,

165,167 Bismarck and, 158 exile, 163, 166-7, 168 navyand,136,137,140,141,147,161 political parties and, 158-9

William III, Prince of Orange, Stadholder of the United Provinces, and King of England and Scotland, 72, 177

William of Ockham, English philosopher, 15

Windsheim, free Imperial town in Franconia, 36

Windthorst, Ludwig, German politician (catholic Centre Party), 113

Wittelsbach, royal house of Bavaria, 79, 81,90

Wittenberg, university in Saxony, 12, 15, 16,17,19,22,23,26,28-9,30,31, 47

Concord of, 34 Theses posted (1517), 19-20

Wolfenbuttel, town in Brunswick, 29 Worms, town and bishopric in Hesse, 27,

59 Wurttemberg, German state, 31, 47,50

Zainer, GUnther, Augsburgprinter, 27 Ziegler, Clemens, Archbishop-Elector of

Mainz and Imperial Chancellor, 27, 32

Zurich, town in Switzeriand, 28, 31, 37 Zwingli, Ulrich, Swiss Protestant

reformer, 16,21,30,31,34,35,36, 37