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INDEX
9/11 terrorist attacks, 3681267 Sanctions Regime, 2311999 Ministerial Conference of the
World Trade Organisation, 2152004 Cardoso Report, 6
AB Achema, 448AB Danisco Sugar, 448AB Krekenavos agrofirma, 443AB Lietuvos Telekomas, 446AB Mažeikių nafta oil refinery, 436AB SEB (Vilniaus bankas), 448AB Šiaulių bankas, 448AB Švyturys-Utenos alus, 448AB TEO, 448AB Utenos trikotažas, 448, 449Aba, Nigeria, 51–2Abidjan, 341–2ABIOVE see Brazilian Association of
Vegetable Oil Industriesabsence of violence/terrorism, 146, 149,
152, 174, 176, 184absolute spoilers, 191, 193–4absolutist illicit power structures, 195Abu Ghraib prison, 114abuse, 468academic communities, 451–2accessibility, 288accidents, 395accountability
authority of non-state standardsetters, 508, 509–10
competing claims, 252–7concepts, 21–2construction, 250–2corporate social responsibility, 433, 459Côte d’Ivoire, 335
accountability (cont.)critical information infrastructures,
72–5debates, 244–7democratic legitimacy, 232, 514effectiveness concepts, 25Extractive Industries Transparency
Initiative, 109future research agendas, 554Governance Indicators, 146, 152,
173–82, 184implications for non-state
regulators, 257–62legitimacy, 19, 21, 241–64, 271–2multi-stakeholder initiatives, 90–1organisational responses to competing
claims, 255–7, 258–62political science, 11polycentric regulation, 241private military companies, 142privatisation debate, 73–5to what?, 525–6to whom?, 526–9transnational actors, 270–302
challenges, 293–4concepts, 276–9Global Accountability
Framework, 277–82Global Accountability Project,
277–88legitimacy, 271–2measuring accountability, 279–88methodology, 288–94why measurements, 282–3
accounting standards, 502accreditation, 520acquiescence, 260, 264
563
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Action Aid International, 299actionable indicators, 149adoptio minus plena, 472adoptio plena, 471Adoption of Children Act, 483adoption of children in Tanzania,
465–87, 539Adoption Ordinance of 1953, 474advocacy non-governmental
organisations, 516Africa
child adoption in Tanzania, 465–87environmental standards, 306–21Extractive Industries Transparency
Initiative, 97forest governance, 384, 395, 396, 397infrastructure projects, 306–21limiting violence, 324–45market shares, 306–21public policy, 35–55
African Charter on the Rights andWelfare of the Child of 1990, 483
African Development Bank, 158, 161African Union Convention, 125Afrobarometro, 158Agence Française de Développement,
152, 161Agenda 21, 380agendas for future research, 551–7aggregate governance indicators
1996–2007, 146–87methodology, 162–7
agreement ratios, 174, 181, 182aid organisations, 46, 47–9AIDS, 468, 479–80all-channel networks, 202allegiances, 89Amazon, 383, 391–2, 393, 397American Government Accountability
Office, 80AmericasBarometer, 152, 158, 162Amnesty International, 271, 299ANEC see Brazilian Cereal Exporters’
AssociationAngolan oil extraction, 46Annan, Kofi, 522anthropological basis of legitimacy, 512anthropological limits to violence, 327
anti-corruption regulation, 357–8Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1988), 362Anti-Torture Convention of 1984, 5arbitration, 415Arendt, Hannah, 548armaments, 203armed forces
Côte d’Ivoire, 331–45illicit power structures, 192precarious statehood, 325private military companies, 113–42
arrogatio, 471Article 45 Protocol I, 124Article 50 Protocol I to Geneva
Conventions, 118, 122, 129Asia, 97Asian Development Bank, 158, 161Asia-Pacific region, 396assessment flexibility, 283–5assets of illicit power structures, 198auditing, 391, 415authority, 502–11
accountability, 276capital movements, 351–72concepts, 22–4corporate social responsibility, 413–18democratic legitimacy, 223effectiveness, 25future research agendas, 552legitimacy, accountability and
polycentric regulation, 249sovereignty, 354
averages of governance indicators, 183–6avoidance, 260
Bakassi boys, 51Bank Secrecy Act, 361banned imports, 402Basel Committee on Banking
Regulations and SupervisoryPractices, 358
Basel Committee on BankingStandards, 219
Basel Committee on BankingSupervision (BCBS), 246
Bédié, Konan Henri, 338behavioural effects
Forest Stewardship Council, 394–5
564 index
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Bellamy, Carol, 522benefits of environmental standards, 317Bertelsmann Foundation, 158biases of governance indicators, 150biodiversity, 380, 381, 396black-listing, 365Blackwater, 114, 141, 142bombings, 69Booz Allen Hamilton, 370brand name products, 534Brazilian Association of Vegetable Oil
Industries, 384Brazilian Cereal Exporters’ Association
(ANEC), 384Brazilian forest governance, 381, 383,
385, 390, 391–2, 393, 394–5Bremer, Paul L., 125bribery, 198, 357, 361, 368British government, 92British rule, 473–4Brunkhorst, Hauke, 225Budrevičienė, Dalia, 443business responsibility in Lithuania
business attitudes, 445business culture, 436–8business initiatives, 445–50corporate social responsibility, 431–61
businessesauthority concepts, 24critical information infrastructures, 75effectiveness concepts, 25legitimacy in standard setting, 521–5role in standard setting, 495–6
Cabinda, 46Cameroon’s logging operations, 384Canada Standard Association
(CSA), 397capital movements, 351–72Cardoso report, 521CARE, 48cartels, 311Carter Center conference, 101categorisation, 253, 281cattle ranching, 391causality, 498–500CBD see Convention on Biological
Diversity
Central Asia, 97Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 369Certificate of Urgency, 478, 482, 484certification
corporate social responsibility, 416costs, 388, 389, 391environmental standards, 318forest governance, 379–404social standards, 412
CESR see Committee of EuropeanSecurities Regulators
Chad, 97chain networks, 201changes over time, 173–82checkpoints, 343chef de canton, 335chef suprème Sénoufo, 337chemical facilities, 71, 72chiefs, 41child adoption in Tanzania, 465–87, 539children whose parents are still alive,
481–4children within the lineage, 466–8, 476,
477–87Chinese Exim Bank, 311, 312–15Christian organisations, 38–9, 42, 52churches, 38–9, 42, 52CIA see Central Intelligence AgencyCIIP see critical information
infrastructure protectionČilinskas, Kęstutis, 443CITES see Convention on
International Trade inEndangered Species
citizensGovernance Indicators 1996–2007, 148
civil regulationbusiness standard setting, 495
civil servants, 331civil society
CSR standards in Lithuania, 438,441–5
democratic legitimacy, 514Extractive Industries Transparency
Initiative, 106Civil Society Organisation (CSO), 296civil wars, 46, 49, 327civilians, 117, 118, 122–3, 126–7, 130–2
index 565
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clarity of CSR, 452–4classical realism, 353Clean Clothes Campaign, 409–10Clean Water Act, 304clearance issues, 469coalition, 92, 304, 521Coalition Provisional Authority, 119codes of conduct
business standard-setting, 495corporate social responsibility, 412,
413, 422–4effectiveness concepts, 26law, 4private military companies, 142transnational corporations, 433
Codex alimentarius standard setting,519–20
CoE see Council of Europecoercion, 198, 199, 207, 262, 505cognitive functions, 399collaboration, 68–9collapsed states, 325collective corporate social
responsibility, 420–2collective multi-stakeholder
initiatives, 85collective representation, 26Collier, Paul, 197Colombia, 122colonial powers, 473colonisation, 42–3combatant status, 117–22command and control regulation, 65commercial contracts, 113commercialisation, 519commitments of CSR, 457–8Committee of European Securities
Regulators (CESR), 515Common Approaches on Environment
and Officially Supported ExportCredits, 309, 310, 311, 312,314–15, 316, 317
communications, 61–81Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)
(CPN(M)), 204–11community based groups, 39community forest certification, 391Compagnie Territoriale de Korhogo, 342
comparisons of governance indicators,159–61, 170–3
complaint mechanisms, 279, 280, 286,292, 295, 297–301, 525
complexity, 241compliance, 98–100, 300, 414Comprehensive Peace Agreement, 205compromise, 260, 264Comrade Prachanda, 207confidence intervals, 150, 170–3conflict
illicit power structures, 190–211conflictual accountability, 509Congo Basin forest concession
monitoring system(FORCOMS), 385
Congo Basin Forest Partnership, 384Congress
critical information infrastructures,71–2, 79
Congressional power, 307consistency, 262Constituent Assembly, 207, 211constitution of public norms, 324–45constitutionalisation, 415constrain, 262construction
accountability, 250–2legitimacy, 250–2
Construction Sector TransparencyInitiative [CoST], 100
constructivists, 354consulting engineers, 320contracts, 137–8, 320contradictory initiatives, 454–5control
authority of non-state standardsetters, 509
capital movements, 366–71corruption, 146, 153, 164, 172,
179, 185Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD), 380, 381Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species (CITES), 380Convention to Combat
Desertification, 380cops across borders, 363
566 index
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Corporate Governance Code, 449corporate self-regulation, 4, 439corporate social accountability, 245corporate social responsibility (CSR)
accountability of transnationalactors, 272
authority of non-state standardsetters, 510
concepts of standards, 13delegated norm enforcement, 415–17domestic law, 418, 422–4effectiveness concepts, 25elasticity, 432–5freedom of association, 420–2future perspectives in Lithuania,
452–9ILO, 419–21international framework
agreements, 417–18, 422–4international law, 418–22labour markets, 409–26law, 412–26legal authority, 413–18legal form, 412–26legitimacy, 245Lithuania, 431–61national law, 418, 422–4norm enforcement, 413–18origins, 432–5paralegal instruments, 412–13reflexive transnational law, 424–5social standards, 409–12trade unions, 417–18, 421–2transnational companies, 409–26transnational law, 424–5
Corporate Watch, 454corruption, 2
accountability of transnationalactors, 271
capital movements , 352, 357–8, 360,361, 363–4, 365, 366–8, 371–2
control, 146, 153, 164, 172, 179, 185Extractive Industries Transparency
Initiative, 105Governance Indicators 1996–2007, 146Worldwide Governance Indicators,
153, 163, 164, 172, 179, 185Corruption Perception Index (CPI), 97
cosmopolitan critics, 530COST see Construction Sector
Transparency Initiativecost/benefit ratios, 393costs
certification, 388, 389, 391environmental standards,
316–17forest governance, 394
Côte d’Ivoire, 331–45Coulibaly, Kassoum, 342Coulibaly, Péléforo Gbon, 337Council of Europe (CoE), 358, 532coup d’Etat of 1999, 336coverage of environmental
standards, 305CPI see Corruption Perception IndexCPIA assessmentsCPN(M) see Communist Party of
Nepal (Maoist)credibility, 516credit cards, 356creed, 197, 206crime
capital movements, 357private military companies,
128, 140criminalisation
capital movements, 366–8mercenaries, 124–6
critical information infrastructure(CII), 535
critical information infrastructureprotection (CIIP), 61–81
critical infrastructure, 61Critical Infrastructure Information Act
of 2002, 71, 79critiques of governance indicators, 151cross-border capital movements, 351cross-country comparisons, 170–3cross-sector principles, 270–302CSA see Canada Standard AssociationCSOs see Civil Society OrganisationCSR see corporate social responsibilityculture
public–private distinction, 540,543–4
violence, 324–45
index 567
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customary laws, 20, 465–8, 475–6,480, 483
cyber-attacks, 61–81
Dahal, Kamal Pushpa, 207Dahl, Robert, 216dams, 219, 314–15Danisco Sugar, 445data collection, 289data protection agencies, 370data sources, 150, 152–67DDoS see Distributed Denial of Servicede facto authority, 506, 507, 508, 510–11de facto care, 480death of parents, 467, 477–81decision making, 228, 229–33, 273defensive attacks, 127, 128defiance, 260deforestation, 383, 384delegation
accountability, 527corporate social responsibility,
415–17democratic legitimacy, 226future research agendas, 552legitimacy of businesses in standard
setting, 521deliberation, 229democracy
authority concepts, 23challenges, 242governance beyond the state, 215–35multi-stakeholder initiatives, 90–1
democratic deficit, 215–35democratic elections, 529democratic legitimacy, 215–35,
513–16concepts, 20epistemic authority, 229–33NGOs, 516–19sovereign authority, 216–17
Democratic Republic of Congo, 19demonopolisation, 19Denmark, 401Department of International
Development (DFID), 100dependence, 262deregulation, 439
desertification, 380design of accountability
mechanisms, 257Deutsche Rechnungslegungs Standards
Committee, 502DFID see Department of International
Developmentdialogue, 229diffusion, 262direct control of capital movements,
368–71direct participation in hostilities, 126,
127–32disaggregated information, 148, 283–8disclosure
accountability, 293, 533authority, 510CSR standards in Lithuania, 456–7Extractive Industries Transparency
Initiative, 106discourse theory, 244, 252, 262, 264discrimination, 468discursive functions, 399disempowerment mechanisms
see sanctionsdisintegration of authority, 9‘Distributed Denial of Service’ (DDoS)
attacks, 63divergent practices
CSR standards in Lithuania, 454–8diversity of non-state actors, 38–44divorce, 468“dogs of war”
private military companies, 114domestic law, 418, 422–4dozo, 333, 336–40dozoya associations, 338–40drivers in multi-stakeholder initiatives,
92–3DRSC see Deutsche Rechnungslegungs
Standards Committeedrugs and money-laundering, 358
EBRD’s business environment surveys,158
EC see European CommunityEC Code of Conduct on Non-Profit
Oganisations, 246
568 index
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ECAs see export credit agenciesECG see Export Credit Groupseco-label, 449economics
critical informationinfrastructures, 75
enforcement mechanisms, 414motivations, 196rewards, 198security provision, 333
Economist Intelligence Unit, 158ECOSOC see United Nations
Economic and Social Councileducation, 451–2effective norms for the south, 409–26effectiveness, 498–502
authority, 508–9concepts, 24–6Governance Indicators, 146, 152,
174, 177, 184multi-stakeholder initiatives, 90–1
Eigen, Peter, 100EITI see Extractive Industries
Transparency InitiativeEkoagros, 449elasticity, 432–5elections, 20, 228, 529Electric Reliability Organisation
(ERO), 71electricity, 70, 71–2empirical research agendas, 552–4employment
standards in Lithuania, 437–8see also labour
Energy Policy Act of 2005, 71enforced self-regulation, 66enforcement of corporate social
responsibility, 413–18, 459engineers, 320English adoption law, 472, 473, 483Enron, 300enterprises and governance
indicators, 148environmental standards
African infrastructure projects,306–21
business standard setting, 496CSR standards in Lithuania, 447
finance, 304–21legitimacy concepts, 20regional variations, 311–16state regulation substitutes, 304–21
EPFIs see Equator Principle financialinstitutions
epistemic authority, 22, 23, 215–16,229–33
Equator Principle financial institutions(EPFIs), 310–11, 315–16
Equator Principles, 247accountability, 276, 535democratic legitimacy, 219environmental standards, 306, 307,
310–11, 312, 315–16, 317ERO see Electric Reliability
OrganisationESTER project, 411Estimates of governance 1996–2007,
167–86Estonia, 63Esty, Daniel, 229ethical legitimacy, 18ethical practices in Lithuania, 447, 449Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI), 94Etzioni, Amitai, 198EU see European UnionEurobarometer survey, 437European adoption laws, 471–3European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development, 158European Commission’s Green Paper,
411, 433European Community (EC) law, 359European Court of Justice, 365European data protection agencies, 370European Parliament, 370European Union (EU), 359
accountability, 528capital movements, 352, 364–5, 372corporate social responsibility, 433,
434, 439, 440, 452democratic legitimacy, 219forest governance, 396legal effects of non-state
standards, 502money laundering, 359Water Framework Directive, 304
index 569
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evaluating accountability, 279, 280,286, 291, 295, 525
exclusivity, 499, 514expert assessments, 150exploitation of children, 468export credit agencies (ECAs), 305,
306, 307, 309–10, 311–15, 316,317, 318
Export Credit Groups (ECG), 312Export-Import Bank, 309externalities, 75Extractive Industry Transparency
Initiative (EITI)authority, 510background, 96–100cornerstones, 96–100critique, 100–6drivers, 108intervention areas, 109lessons, 100–6multi-stakeholder initiatives, 85, 92,
94–111partner status and composition, 108Public Private Partnerships, 2
ExxonMobil, 97
F & C Asset Management plc, 105failing states, 36–55, 325Fair Labour Association (FLA),
410, 416fair procedure, 254fair trade, 94, 220, 271, 444family law, 465–87FAO see Food and Agriculture
OrganizationFARC see Fuerzas Armadas
Revolucionarias de Colombia(Revolutionary Armed Forcesof Colombia)
FATF see Financial Action Task ForceFCPA see Foreign Corrupt Practices
Actfederal contracts, 136Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission (FERC), 71–2federal security standards, 71–2fees, 343female workers, 409–10
FERC see Federal Energy RegulatoryCommission
Ferkéssedougou, 336finance
concepts of standards, 13effectiveness concepts, 25environmental standards, 304–21illicit power structures, 199, 202–3Information Sharing and Analysis
Centres, 70non-state environmental standards,
304–21sanctions, 529terrorism, 352, 357, 359–60, 362,
365–72Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
capital movements, 362, 365, 366money laundering, 358–9terrorist financing, 359–60
Financial Intelligence Units (FIU), 359First World War, 472–3fisheries sector, 401Fitchew, Geoffrey, 364FIU see Financial Intelligence UnitsFLA see Fair Labour AssociationFLEG see Forest Law Enforcement and
Governanceflexibility in accountability, 283–5Fofié, Martin Kouakou, 342FOI see Freedom of Information ActFood and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) Committee onForestry, 380
Food processing companies, 448FORCOMS see Congo Basin forest
concession monitoring systemforeign contractors, 445Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA),
361, 367foreign investors in Lithuania, 437, 445Forest Declaration, 380forest governance
certification, 379–404global governance, 379–404intergovernmental negotiations,
379–83land conversion, 393–4land tenure insecurity, 392–3
570 index
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multilateralism crisis, 380–1north-south differences, 380–1, 390private governance systems, 385–404public–private partnerships, 382,
384–5transnational advocacy networks,
383–4voluntary certification systems,
397–9Forest Law Enforcement and
Governance (FLEG), 384, 385Forest Stewardship Council (FSC),
379–404accountability of transnational
actors, 271behavioural effects, 394–5legitimacy, 246limitations, 387–94market governance, 387–9north-South disparities, 396political effects, 399–402regulatory effects, 394–402side effects, 396–9
formal actors and organisationspublic policy in Africa, 46, 52–3
fragmentationFrance
adoption, 472bilateral aid agency, 152, 161forest governance, 401, 402FrenchMinistry of Finance, Industry
and Employment, 158France Nature Environnement, 398fraud, 365free market advocates, 455Freedom House, 158, 159freedom of association, 26, 420–2freedom of information, 77, 78Freedom of Information Act (FOI )Freedom of Information Act of
1966, 77Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de
Colombia (RevolutionaryArmed Forces of Colombia)(FARC), 122
functional accountability, 524–5functional challenges, 242future research agendas, 551–7
G7 campaigns, 309G8 commitment, 298Gallieni, Joseph, 337Gallup World Poll, 158, 159GAP see Global Accountability ProjectGbagbo, Laurent, 341GCS surveys, 183GEF see Global Environment Facilitygendarmerie, 332Geneva Conventions
civilian status, 122mercenaries, 126private military companies, 116,
117, 118geo-politics of illicit power
structures, 195Germany
adoption, 470, 472, 473Clean Clothes Campaign, 409–10industry lobby groups, 318legal effects of non-state
standards, 502Global Accountability Framework,
277–82Global Accountability Index
concepts, 279–80development, 280–1disaggregation, 283–8functional accountability, 525interpretation parameters, 281–2transnational actors, 277–88what it measures, 283–8
Global Accountability Project (GAP),22, 277–88, 510
global averages of governanceindicators, 183–6
Global Compactaccountability, 534business responsibility, 434CSR standards in Lithuania, 440,
446, 450, 453, 455, 456Global Competitiveness Report
survey, 159global cooperation in capital
movements, 361–72Global Environment Facility
(GEF), 299Global Fund, 219
index 571
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global governanceaccountability of transnational
actors, 271–2capital movements, 361–72concepts, 18democratic legitimacy, 215–35forests, 379–404legitimacy and democracy, 215–35
Global Insight, 158Global Integrity Index, 147global legal pluralism, 549–51Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), 94,
97, 433, 452, 534globalisation
child adoption in Tanzania, 465–87future research agendas, 553–4private–public distinction, 539–40
good practice principles, 295–7governance concepts, 17–18Governance Indicators 1996–2007, 146–87Government Effectiveness, 146, 152,
174, 177, 184Government in the Sunshine Act of
1976, 77governments
corporate social responsibility, 440–1critical information infrastructures,
63–73environmental standards, 309–10legitimacy of businesses in standard
setting, 521legitimacy of NGOs, 519
greed, 197greedy spoilers, 191, 194–5greening finance, 317–20greening policies, 401Greenpeace International, 383grievance, 206–7Grisay, Alain, 105groupes d’autodéfense, 333–6Guantánamo Bay, 131guerillas, 192Guidelines on Multinational
Corporations, 440
halo effects, 150HAPI see Humanitarian Accountability
Partnership International
Hart, H. L. A., 221health and safety, 447Helsinki process, 397hierarchy
effectiveness of non-state standardsetting, 498–500
illicit power structures, 200, 207political science, 11
High Court of Justice of Israel, 131High Courts, 477, 478, 482, 485
child adoption in Tanzania, 477Hindu organisations, 38history of non-state actors in Africa,
42–4HIV/AIDS, 468, 479–80Hoeffler, Anke, 197Homeland Security Appropriations
Act of 2007, 71homogeneity, 500Houphouët-Boigny’s regime, 338House Committee on Oversight and
Reform, 141hub networks, 201Human Life International, 299human rights
accountability, 271, 526business standard-setting, 496China Exim Bank, 314Clean Clothes Campaign, 409–10CSR standards in Lithuania, 435, 449democratic legitimacy , 221legitimacy, 245, 513non-governmental organisations, 519private military companies, 113,
119, 139public–private partnerships, 540–2
Human Rights Monitoring Institute,443, 444
Humanitarian AccountabilityPartnership International(HAPI), 300
humanitarian aid, 47–9humanitarian do-gooders, 131humanitarian law, 115, 116–42hunters’ associations, 336–40Hurd, Ian, 223Hurricane Katrina, 80hydropower, 314
572 index
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Iacobucci, E.M., 74IAG see International Advisory Board
GroupIASB see International Accounting
Standards BoardICC see International Chamber of
CommerceICME see International Council on
Metals and the EnvironmentICRC see International Committee of
the Red CrossIDA see International Development
Associationidentity politics, 197IFAs see international framework
agreementsIFC see International Finance
CorporationIFIA see Interafrican Forest Industries
AssociationIFRC see International Federation of
Red Cross and Red CrescentSocieties
IFRS see International FinancialReporting Standards
IGOs see intergovernmentalorganisations
ILA see International Law Associationillegal logging, 384, 392illegal salary payments, 443,
447, 452illicit actor research agendas, 555illicit authority, 503, 505–6,
507–8illicit power structures, 189–211
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist),204–11
definition, 190–1methods, 198–203morphology, 199–203motivation, 196–7, 206–7power, 198–9typology, 191–204
illness factors, 468ILO see International Labour
OrganizationImboulou Dam, 314IMF see International Monetary Fund
impartiality, 254import bans, 402in-house protection, 64inappropriate firing, 141incentives, 92–3, 101–5inclusion, 513–16, 554indefinite leave, 469Index Report, 277–88Indian Exim Banks, 311indigenous institutions, 42–3indigenous lands, 391–2indigenous people, 380individual governance indicators
1996–2007, 146–87industrial self-regulation, 310–11, 499informal actors and organisations
public policy in Africa, 46, 52–3informal protection groups, 334information deficits, 75, 78information infrastructures, 61Information Sharing and Analysis
Centres (ISAC), 70InfraGard, 70INGOs see international non-
governmental organisationsInstitute for Management
Development’s WorldCompetitiveness Yearbook, 158
Institutional Profiles Database, 152, 161institutional theory, 250–2,
259, 264institutionalism, 107, 244insurgency, 192, 205, 331–45integrative functions, 401Interafrican Forest Industries
Association (IFIA), 385interconnectedness, 262intercultural families, 484–6interdependence, 10, 241intergovernmental negotiations,
379–83intergovernmental organisations (IGOs)
accountability of transnationalactors, 270, 272–4, 283–5, 286,295, 296–9, 301–2
concepts of non-state actors, 14Global Accountability Index, 283–5
internal sovereignty, 216
index 573
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internalisation of internationalgovernance, 234
International Accounting StandardsBoard (IASB), 501
International Advisory BoardGroup (IAG), 100–1, 102–6,105–6
international capital movements,355–72
International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)
legitimacy of NGOs, 519Statute of 1998, 5
International Committee of theRed Cross (ICRC), 5, 129,134, 140
international constructioncontracts, 320
International Convention againstthe Recruitment, Use,Financing and Training ofMercenaries, 125
International Convention on the Rightsof the Child, 511
international conventions, 133international corporate social
responsibility, 431–61International Council on Metals
and the Environment(ICME), 87
International Cyanide ManagementCode for the Manufacture,Transport and Use of Cyanidein the Production of Gold, 87
International DevelopmentAssociation (IDA), 161, 307
International Emergency EconomicPowers Act, 360
international environmentalstandards, 20
International Federation of Red Crossand Red Crescent Societies(IFRC), 299
International Finance Corporation(IFC), 310
International Financial AdvisoryCommission (MeltzerCommission), 298
international financial institutionsAfrican infrastructure projects, 306–21environmental standards, 305–11
International Financial ReportingStandards (IFRS), 501
international framework agreements(IFAs), 413, 417–18, 419, 422–4
international governanceby the people, 228–9democratic legitimacy, 218–20for the people, 225–8
international humanitarian law (IHL),115, 116–42
international inequality, 396International LabourOrganization (ILO)
accountability of transnationalactors, 298, 299
business standard setting, 496concepts of standards, 13corporate social responsibility,
419–21, 423–4, 433, 439, 447forest governance, 380Tripartite Declaration of
Principles, 245international law
corporate social responsibility, 418–22democratic legitimacy, 218–35, 513state of debates and emerging
questions, 4–7state’s role in standard setting, 497
International Law Association (ILA),530–1
international legal personality, 551international migration, 465–87International Monetary Fund (IMF),
297, 317–18, 366International Navigation Association
(PIANC), 501international non-governmental
organisations (INGOs)accountability of transnational
actors, 270–1, 274–5, 284, 285,286, 295, 296, 299–300
democratic legitimacy , 219Extractive Industries Transparency
Initiative, 102–5Global Accountability Index, 285legitimacy, 245
574 index
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international organisationsaccountability, 525–6, 529–31concepts of non-state actors, 15CSR standards in Lithuania, 445environmental standards, 308multi-stakeholder initiatives, 87NGO’s role in standard setting, 493
International Organization ofSecurities Commissions(IOSCO), 246, 515
International Peace OperationsAssociation (IPOA),138–9, 142
international public–privatepartnerships, 382
international regulation of privatemilitary companies, 133–5
International Relations (IR), 353, 355International Standards Organisation
(ISO), 246, 271, 272International Standards Organisation
(ISO)ISO 14001, 449, 453ISO 26000, 413, 433, 434ISO 9000, 271ISO 9001, 449
international treaties, 124International Tropical Timber
Agreement (ITTA), 380International Tropical Timber
Organization (ITTO), 392Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers, 219Interpol, 358inter-state fora, 2inter-state international
conventions, 493inter-state law, 495, 500–2, 513intervention areas
Extractive Industries TransparencyInitiative, 109
multi-stakeholder initiatives, 94intransparency, 514Investors’ Forum, 442, 454IOSCO see International Organization
of Securities CommissionsIPOA see International Peace
Operations Association
IR see International RelationsIraq, 113, 114–15, 118–19, 125–6,
128–9, 141–2ISAC see Information Sharing and
Analysis CentresIslamic groups, 39–40Islamic law, 474–5islands of order, 23, 44–53ISO see International Standards
OrganisationITTA see International Tropical
Timber AgreementITTO see International Tropical
Timber Organization
Jeunes Patriotes, 341judgment of governance indicators, 149justice and legitimacy, 254
Kayapo Indians, 391Keen, David, 196, 197Keohane, Robert, 230Kerry, John, 362key concepts, 12–26kings, 41kinship relations, 466–8, 476,
477–87, 539Kivu, 52Koh, Harold Hongju, 222Korhogo, 336, 337, 339, 342–4Krasner, Stephen, 353Kuria people of Tanzania, 476Kyoto Protocol, 380, 523
labelling, 220, 457labour
business standard setting, 496concepts of standards, 13corporate social responsibility,
409–26Lithuania, 437–8, 443, 445, 447, 449
legitimacy of non-state standard-setting, 511
social standards, 409–26land conversion, 393–4land tenure insecurity, 392–3Landmines Convention of 1997, 5Latin America, 97
index 575
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Latin America Public Opinion Project,152, 162
Latinobarometro, 158law
authority concepts, 24business standard setting, 495child adoption in Tanzania, 465–87concepts of standards, 13–14corporate social responsibility,
412–26, 439–41democratic legitimacy, 218–35, 513Extractive Industries Transparency
Initiative, 96–7forest governance, 381Governance Indicators, 146, 153,
173–82, 185legitimacy of NGOs, 518non-state environmental
standards, 304private military companies, 115,
116–42public–private distinction, 549–51public policy in Africa, 44–5state of debates and emerging
questions, 4–7Law of the Sea Convention of 1982, 501LDCs see Least Developed Countriesleaderless networks, 200, 202leadership, 208–9, 287Least Developed Countries (LDCs), 312legal analysis of private military
companies, 116legal authority, 24, 413–18legal effects inter-state law, 500–2legal environments of CSR standards in
Lithuania, 439–41legal form, 412–26legal frameworks
private military companies, 115,134–7
legal norms, 219legal personality, 551legal pluralism, 242
child adoption in Tanzania, 465–87concepts of standards, 13democratic legitimacy , 234–5public–private distinction, 549–51public policy in Africa, 53
legal sanctions, 529legal vacuum, 115legalist legitimacy, 19, 253, 254, 516legislation
Forest Stewardship Council, 402non-state environmental
standards, 304legitimacy, 3
accountability, 19, 21, 241–64, 271–2authority, 22, 223, 503, 505–9competing claims, 252–7concepts, 18–21construction, 250–2corporate social responsibility, 419Côte d’Ivoire, 332–45debates, 244–7democratic governance beyond the
state, 215–35effectiveness, 25, 498–500Extractive Industries Transparency
Initiative, 106future research agendas, 555illicit power structures, 198, 199implications for non-state
regulators, 257–62limiting violence, 330–45multi-stakeholder initiatives, 90–1NGOs, 246, 256, 512, 516–21, 523non-state actors, 215–35non-state standard setting, 511–24organisational responses to
competing claims, 255–7,258–62
polycentric regulation, 241–64public–private distinction, 539, 544public policy in Africa, 41, 215sovereign authority, 216–17transnational actor accountability,
271–2see also democratic legitimacy
legitimate domination, 331, 543legitimisation of children, 483Levey, Stuart, 369lex mercatoria, 4, 495LFMI see Lithuanian Free Market
Instituteliberal model of sovereignty, 353Liberia, 46, 327
576 index
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licensing private military companies, 139limited leave, 470limited spoilers, 192, 194Linder, Stephen, 76Lindseth, Peter, 227lineage responsibility, 466–8, 476, 477–87Lithuanian business responsibility,
431–61Lithuanian Confederation of
Industrialists, 459Lithuanian corporate social
responsibility, 431–61Lithuanian Free Market Institute
(LFMI), 455little envelopes, 443, 447LMICs see Lower Middle-Income
Countrieslocal actors and organisations
public policy in Africa, 35–55Local Defence Forces, 52Lockheed scandal, 361logging, 384, 392, 393logistics personnel, 130London conference, 99Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), 190, 199Lowe, Vaughan, 220Lower Kafue Gorge Dam, 314Lower Middle-Income Countries
(LMICs), 312LRA see Lord’s Resistance Army
MAI see Multilateral Agreement onInvestment
Mainland Tanzania, 473–4, 477–86Majone, Giandomenico, 226majority will, 228Mali, 50–1Malinké, 337Manding empire, 334Mano Guru, 448Maoism, 204–11March Terai incidents, 208marginalisation, 468margins of error, 147–8, 151, 170–3marine aquarium organizations, 401marital separations, 468market accountability, 534market authority, 25, 503
market denial, 362market economy transition, 436market for critical information
infrastructures, 75–7market governance, 387–9market regulation, 67, 137market shares of African infrastructure
projects, 306–21Martens, Jens, 86Martins Group, 393Mato Grosso, 383Mau Mau Movement, 43mayors, 337–8McDonald’s restaurants, 383MDB see multilateral development
banksmeasuring accountability, 279–88measuring change, 106media, 451–2mediation, 497Medicines Transparency Alliance
(MeTA), 100, 106MEJA see Military Extraterritorial
Jurisdiction ActMeltzer Commission, 298members of the Forest Stewardship
Council, 386, 390–1menace, 207Mepanda Nkua dam, 314mercenaries, 114, 117, 123–6Merowe Dam, 314, 315MeTA see Medicines Transparency
Alliancemethodology
accountability of transnationalactors, 288–94
illicit power structures, 198–203Worldwide Governance Indicators,
152–67metrics in legitimacy, 511–12Mexico, 402MG Baltic, 448Middle East loans, 315migration, 443, 444, 465–87, 539military
burials, 119critical information infrastructures,
62–3
index 577
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military (cont.)effectiveness concepts, 25objectives of private companies,
127, 129private military companies, 113–42
Military Extraterritorial JurisdictionAct (MEJA), 136
militias, 49–52, 120, 192mining 87, 88, 94–111, see also
Extractive IndustriesTransparency Initiative
Minow, Martha, 74mission creep, 530mission societies, 42MNC see multi-national corporationsMoamba-Major dam, 314monarchies, 513money-laundering, 2, 352, 357, 358–63,
364–8, 371–2monopoly control, 190Montreal process, 397moral authority, 503moral legitimacy, 18, 221, 516morality and public policy in
Africa, 52Moravcsik, Andrew, 226morphology of illicit power structures
199–203Morris, Philip, 445motivation factors, 196–7, 206–7Mozambican National Resistance
(RENAMO), 194MSI see multi-stakeholder initiativesMultilateral Agreement on Investment
(MAI), 5multilateral development agencies, 158multilateral development banks
(MDB), 308, 312, 317multilateralism crisis, 380–1multinational corporations (MNC),
102–5multinational enterprises, 14,
245, 276multiple accountability disorder, 243,
256, 263multiple accountability
relationships, 259multi-sectoral networks, 87
multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSI),2–3
authority, 509, 510conceptual understandings, 85–90drivers, 92–3evidence-based typologies, 84–111function, 91–2incentives, 92–3intervention areas, 94partner status and composition, 93–4
Muslim organisations, 38Myanmar, 366
Nagel, Thomas, 225Nam Mang 3 Dam, 314National Commission on Sustainable
Development, 440National Contact Point, 440National Coordinating Centre, 70National Cyber Security Alliance, 70National Cyber Security Partnership, 70National Environmental Policy Act, 304national law, 418, 422–4National Strategy on Sustainable
Development, 440natural disasters, 80natural resources, 46, 94–111Nauru, 366need, 197, 206–7negotiation, 340–4neo-realism, 353neo-traditional actors, 40–1, 42–3, 49,
50–1, 337Nepal, 204–11NERC see North American Electricity
Reliability Corporationnetworked illicit power structures,
200–2New Institutional Economics, 499NGO see non-governmental
organisationsNigeria, 97night watches, 335Nike v. Kasky, 458non-absolutist illicit power
structures, 195non-compliance, 300non-discrimination, 423
578 index
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non-governmental organisations (NGOs)accountability, 302, 525, 526, 528,
531–3anti-corruption regulation, 358authority of non-state standard
setters, 505concepts of non-state actors, 14–16, 17corporate social responsibility, 416,
442, 443, 455effectiveness of non-state standard
setting, 498environmental standards, 308, 314forest governance, 381–2, 383,
384–5, 387future research agendas, 551–2Governance Indicators, 148, 158, 159law, 5–6legitimacy, 246, 256, 512, 516–21, 523multi-stakeholder initiatives, 87, 93–4political science, 10public policy in Africa, 36, 38–9, 42,
45, 48, 52–3public–private partnerships,
540–2role in standard setting, 493–4, 495terrorist financing, 360WorldwideGovernance Indicators, 164
non-manipulative persuasion, 90non-profit sector in Africa, 38–9non-state actor concepts, 14–17non-state environmental standards,
304–21normative legitimacy, 18, 511–13norms
enforcement, 413–18NGOs’ role in standard setting, 494
North America, 396North American Electricity Reliability
Corporation (NERC), 70,71–2
North Kivu, 52Northern Côte d’Ivoire, 331–45
ODA see Official DevelopmentAssistance
OECD see Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development
offensive attacks, 127, 128
Official Development Assistance(ODA), 189
oil pipelines, 128OLICs see Other Low Income
CountriesOne World Trust, 245, 277, 301, 525online disclosure, 293opportunistic spoilers, 194–5opposition groups and public policy in
Africa, 39–40accountability of transnational
actors, 299anti-corruption regulation,
357–8capital movements, 365, 367corporate social responsibility, 419,
433, 439, 440, 452environmental standards, 309–10,
311–15forest governance, 383law, 6
organisational capabilities, 285–8organisational effectiveness, 25organisational illicit power structures,
199–203, 207organisational responses to competing
claims, 255–7, 258–62organised crime, 192origins of corporate social
responsibility, 432–5orphans, 467, 477–81Other Low Income Countries
(OLIC), 312Oxfam International, 272, 299
PACI see Partnership againstCorruption Initiative
Palermo Convention, 359Pan-European Forest Certification
Scheme (PEFC), 397–9paper market, 388, 397para-lawconcepts of standards, 13corporate social responsibility,
412–13legal effects of non-state
standards, 501parallel economies, 49–52
index 579
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para-statehood, 325parent’s deaths, 467, 477–81parental poverty, 467, 468, 482participation
accountability, 279, 280, 286, 290,295, 299, 525, 527
sovereignty, 361partner status and composition, 93–4, 108Partnership against Corruption
Initiative (PACI), 2patrimonial legitimate domination, 331peace, 94, 190Peace Treaties of Westphalia from
1648, 538PEFC see Pan-European Forest
Certification Scheme;Programme for theEndorsement of ForestCertification Schemes
people and international governance,225–33
perception factors, 148–9, 150performance factors, 254PIANC see International Navigation
AssociationPLAID database, 305pluralism
future research agendas, 553political science, 10private–public distinction, 549–51public policy in Africa, 53, 549see also legal pluralism
PMCs see private military companiesPoland, 396police, 325, 331–45policy
accountability of transnationalactors, 290, 291, 292
democratic legitimacy, 228Global Accountability Index, 285, 287public policy in Africa, 35–55
Politburo, 209political authority, 23, 215–35political community, 538–9political effects of the Forest
Stewardship Council, 399–402political enforcement of corporate
social responsibility, 414
political environments of corporatesocial responsibility, 439–41
political movement groups in Africa,39–40
Political Risk Services, 158political sanctions, 529political science, 9–11political self-determination, 216political stability, 146, 152, 174, 176, 184polycentric regulation, 241–64polygyny, 475popular sovereignty, 216poro, 334–6post-Cold War transformation, 432–61power
accountability, 262authority of non-state standard
setters, 506–7concepts, 22–4illicit power structures, 198–9legitimacy, 262polycentric regulation, 262sociology, 7–8
power plants, 314PPPs see Public–Private Partnershipsprecarious statehood, 324, 325, 332pre-colonial values, 43prisoners of war, 116, 117, 121,
123, 124private–public distinction, 536–51
conceptual alternatives, 547–9usefulness, 544–7why continue to use?, 540–4
private authority, 503–8private banks, 305, 306, 307, 310–11, 318private capital movements, 355–6private forest governance, 385–404private governance environmental
standards, 305private institutions and democratic
legitimacy, 219private international financial
institutions, 305private military companies (PMCs),
113–42private sector governance indicators, 148private sector public policy in Africa, 40private security companies, 46–7
580 index
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private standards in the north, 409–26private texts, 494private–private partnerships, 495, 496privatisation, 73–5, 436profit, 75–7Programme for the Endorsement of
Forest Certification Schemes(PEFC), 397–9
promotion of CSR standards inLithuania, 456–7
prosecution immunity, 117protection money, 48protection of critical information
infrastructure, 61–81protectionism risks, 401protest movements in Africa, 43public–private distinction, 536–51
conceptual alternatives, 547–9usefulness, 544–7why continue to use?, 540–4
public agencies, 65–6public confidence, 3public goods, 75public inclusion, 554public international financial
institutions, 305public norms, 324–45public policy in Africa, 35–55public pressure and environmental
standards, 307public procurement
forest governance, 402public resources
CSR standards in Lithuania, 451–2public sector governance indicators,
158, 159publications
CSR standards in Lithuania,451–2
public–private partnerships (PPPs), 2accountability, 535–6business standard setting, 495–6critical information infrastructure
protection, 61–81definitions, 67–8democratic legitimacy, 219Extractive Industries Transparency
Initiative, 2
forest governance, 382, 384–5legitimacy of businesses in standard
setting, 523–4multi-stakeholder initiatives, 87regulation relationship, 68–9
Publish What You Pay Campaign, 102pulp and paper market, 388, 397
Quality Management Systems, 271quasi-governmental organisations
(Quangos), 16, 493, 519Quilombo communities, 395
reasserting sovereignty, 351–72rebels, 49–52, 331–45, 505reconciliation, 193reflexive transnational law, 424–5refugees, 47–9regional actors in public policy in
Africa, 35–55regional variations in environmental
standard impacts, 311–16regulation
authority of non-state standardsetters, 504
critical information infrastructureprotection, 63–81
environmental standards, 304–21Forest Stewardship Council,
394–402multi-stakeholder initiatives, 90private military companies, 115,
126–7, 132–40public–private partnerships,
68–9state of debates and emerging
questions, 9–11regulatory quality, 146, 153, 174,
178, 184relatives
child adoption in Tanzania, 466–8,476, 477–87
religious groupspublic policy in Africa, 38–9, 52
religious laws, 465, 474–5Remei, 449RENAMO see Mozambican National
Resistance
index 581
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Reporters Without Borders, 158, 159representativeness, 245, 254, 255République de Côte d’Ivoire, 331reputational accountability, 534reputational sanctions, 529residence permits, 469–70resource curse, 96response mechanisms, 279, 280, 286,
292, 295, 297–301, 525, 527Revenue Watch, 102right of innocent passage, 501Right of Peoples to Self-Determination,
114Rio Earth Summit, 380, 383road blocks, 335, 338, 340–2rogue states, 191Roman adoption law, 471–2Rosenau, James, 228, 382Rosenfeld, Michel, 230Rule of Law
governance indicators, 146, 153,173–82, 185
public policy in Africa, 45rule-making
authority of non-state standardsetters, 504
public policy in Africa, 44Rumsfeld, Donald, 128runaway phenomenon, 530Russia, 63
Safeguard Policies, PollutionAbatement Handbook, andOperations Manual, 306
Sahelian countries, 324salary payments, 443, 447, 452SamoriTouré soldiers, 334sanctions, 389–92, 526, 529Sarbanes–Oxley Act, 300SARs see suspicious activity reportsSavas, Emanuel, 67Scharpf, Fritz, 225Schepel, Harm, 12Scientific Certification Systems
(SCS), 394scoring, 281, 289–93SCS see Scientific Certification SystemsSDR see Special Drawing Rights
Second World War, 121, 356secrecy, 334–6, 499sectoral alliances, 384security
business concepts, 333Côte d’Ivoire, 331–45critical information infrastructure,
61–81effectiveness concepts, 25guards, 128–9precarious statehood, 325private military companies, 113–42public policy in Africa, 46–7, 51–2
self-defence groups, 333–6self-determination, 538, 539self-policing, 521, 532self-regulation
authority of non-state standardsetters, 509
critical information infrastructures,66, 72
effectiveness concepts, 25, 26environmental standards, 310–11private military companies, 138–9
Senufo, 334, 337separatist movements, 39–40Serufuli, Eugene, 52service provision, 45, 86, 87Seven Party Alliance (SPA), 205SFI see Sustainable Forestry Initiativeshadow or hierarchy, 498–500shareholders’ accountability, 527Shell, 97Shelton, Dinah, 219Sierra Leone, 46, 51, 327signal-extraction, 162Šimašius, R., 455Slaughter, Anne-Marie, 224social accountability, 449social awareness, 326social capital, 438social legitimacy, 3, 18–20, 250–2,
330–45, 511–13social norms, 329–45social security benefits, 470social standards
authority concepts, 24corporate social responsibility, 409–12
582 index
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Côte d’Ivoire, 331–45labour markets, 409–26limiting violence, 329–45transnational companies, 409–26working conditions, 409–26
social theory, 554societal self-determination, 538, 539Society for Worldwide Interbank
Financial Telecommunication(SWIFT), 356, 368–71
capital movements, 372sociology
institutional theory, 261state of debates and emerging
questions, 7–9soft law, 381soldiers of fortune, 124Soro, Guillaume, 342South Africa, 87, 135, 137, 384sovereignty
authority, 216–17, 223capital movements, 351–72Communist Party of Nepal
(Maoist), 206democratic legitimacy, 216–17equality, 218participation, 361private–public distinction, 538transnational actors, 351–72
soy production, 383SPA see Seven Party AllianceSpecial Drawing Rights (SDR), 309Special Rapporteur on the Right of
Peoples to Self-Determination,114
spoilers, 191, 193–5stakeholder accountability, 272, 273,
277, 280, 284, 527–8, 533standard errors, 169standards of violence, 328–31Standing Committee, 209state building in Lithuania, 435–6state laws, 465–6, 471–5, 477–87state of debates and emerging
questions, 4–12state regulation, 134–8, 304–21State Tax Inspectorate, 444statehood beyond the state, 324–31
stateless areas of violence, 324–45states’ role in standard setting, 496–8Statute of the International Court of
Justice, 219Stedman’s illicit power structure
typology, 191, 193–5steel companies, 314stove-piping, 200Strange, Susan, 369structural connectivity, 202structural power, 506subpoenas, 362, 369Sub-Saharan Africa, 312Sudan, 325sugar industry, 445surveys, 148, 158suspicious activity reports (SARs), 367sustainability, 440, 534Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI), 397SWIFT see Society for Worldwide
Interbank FinancialTelecommunication
SWIFTNet FIN, 356Swiss Initiative, 134–5, 142systemic challenges, 242systems
accountability of transnationalactors, 290, 291, 292
Global Accountability Index,287–8
Tamanaha, Brian, 221Tanganyika, 473–4, 475Tanzania, 539
child adoption, 465–87legitimacy concepts, 20
Tanzanian Adoption of ChildrenAct, 480
Tarapoto process, 397Tarullo, Daniel, 367Task Force on Evaluation Capacity
Development, 298tax, 369, 444, 447technical democracy, 400technical enforcement, 414technical standards, 13, 515Tekeze Dam, 314telecommunications, 70, 446
index 583
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terrorismcritical information infrastructures,
62–81financing, 352, 357, 359–60, 362,
365–72governance indicators, 149, 174,
176, 184illicit power structures, 191, 192, 200public policy in Africa, 39–40
Terrorist Finance TrackingProgramme (TFTP), 370
textile workers, 409–10TFTP see Terrorist Finance Tracking
Programmethreats to critical information
infrastructures, 62–81three-sector model of society, 35–7, 38timber, 385, 387–8, 389–93, 393–4,
396–7time series changes, 173–82TNCs see transnational corporationstobacco industry, 445, 522Tobin-style tax, 369ton, 336Total, 97tourism, 401Tout pour la Paix et le Développement, 52tozobele, 336–40trade in the Côte d’Ivoire, 341–4trade law, 13trade unions, 26, 417–18, 421–2, 437, 445training factors, 288transnational actors
accountability, 270–302challenges, 293–4concepts, 276–9Index Report, 277–88legitimacy, 271–2measurements, 279–88methodology, 288–94why measurements, 282–3
capital movements, 351–72Global Accountability Framework,
277–82Global Accountability Index, 277–88Global Accountability Project, 277–88sovereignty, 351–72
transnational advocacy networks, 383–4
transnational companiescorporate social responsibility,
409–26forest governance, 382social standards, 409–26
transnational corporations (TNCs)accountability, 525, 526, 528, 531,
533–6accountability of transnational
actors, 270, 275–6, 284, 285,286, 295, 297, 300–1
concepts of non-state actors, 14–15,16, 17
effectiveness of non-state standardsetting, 498
Global Accountability Index, 285human rights, 541law, 5legitimacy of businesses in standard
setting, 522–3legitimacy of NGOs, 519legitimacy of non-state standard
setting, 511role in standard setting, 495–6
transnational financial regulatoryorganisations, 246
transnational law, 424–5transnational non-governmental
organisations, 10transnational production, 21, 26transnational terrorism, 191transparency
accountability, 533accountability of transnational
actors, 278, 280, 286, 290, 295,296–7, 300–1
authority of non-state standardsetters, 508, 510
corporate social responsibility, 442,447, 457
critical information infrastructures,72, 77–9
Extractive Industries TransparencyInitiative, 96, 106, 108, 109
functional accountability, 525future research agendas, 554legitimacy of non-state standard
setting, 513–16
584 index
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Transparency International, 97, 100,246, 271, 358
Corruption Perceptions Index, 147transport in the Côte d’Ivoire, 341–4Treasury and Economic Policy
Directorate General of theFrench Ministry of theEconomy, Industry andEmployment, 152, 161
Trebilcock, Michael J., 74trilateral public–private partnerships,
523–4Tripartite Council, 439Tripartite Declaration of Principles, 245tropical timber, 388, 389–93, 396–7trust, 340–4Tuareg rebellion in Northern Mali,
50–1Twining, William, 222typology of illicit power structures,
191–204
US executive order 13224, 360UAB Commercial Union Lietuva
Gyvybės Draudimas, 448UAB Constructus, 448UAB Lietuva Statoil, 448UAB Mėta, 448UAB Narbutas & Ko, 448UAB Rūta, 448Uganda, 51UK see United KingdomUkraine, 366UMICs see Upper Middle Income
CountriesUN see United Nationsuncertainty, 262UNDP see United Nations
Development ProgrammeUNEP see United Nations
Environmental ProgrammeUNFCCC see United Nations
Framework Convention onClimate Change
UNFF see United Nations Forum onForests
UNHCR see United Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees
unilateralism, 381Union matter, 474United Kingdom (UK)
capital movements, 372child adoption in Tanzania, 469–70Foreign Office, 92private military companies, 135
United Nations (UN), 140, 518accountability of transnational
actors, 298capital movements, 298Convention, 125Convention on the Rights of the
Child of 1989, 483corporate social responsibility, 433,
439, 452corruption and capital
movements, 357Global Compact, 245, 276, 419High Commissioner for Human
Rights, 139Kofi Annan, 522law, 6legitimacy of NGOs, 518Norms on the Responsibilities of
Transnational Corporations andother Business Enterprises, 245
Palermo Convention, 359private military companies, 140Security Council, 219, 360Vienna Convention, 358
United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP)
baseline study, 445, 446, 450, 451CSR standards in Lithuania, 446, 456Lithuanian Office, 440
United Nations Economic and SocialCouncil (ECOSOC), 518, 519,520, 532
United Nations EnvironmentalProgramme (UNEP), 87
United Nations Forum on Forests(UNFF), 380, 381
United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change(UNFCCC), 380, 381
United Nations High Commissionerfor Refugees (UNHCR), 47
index 585
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-11490-5 - Non-State Actors as Standard SettersEdited by Anne Peters, Lucy Koechlin, Till Forster and Gretta Fenner ZinkernagelIndexMore information
United Republic of Tanzania, 465–87United States (US)
adoption, 473armed forces, 113, 118–19, 131–2,
141–2capital movements, 352, 361–4, 367,
368–71, 372critical information infrastructures,
69–81Department of State, 92, 158Export–Import Bank, 309forest governance, 381, 384, 396private military companies, 113, 114,
118–19, 120, 131–2, 135–7,141–2
stock exchange, 300universal human rights, 540–2unobserved components model, 163Upper Middle Income Countries
(UMICs), 312Uspaskich, Viktor, 443
validation, 99–100, 101, 107, 108Vienna Convention, 358vigilante groups, 51–2Vilnius Stock Exchange, 449violence
authority of non-state standardsetters, 505
constitution of public norms,324–45
Côte d’Ivoire, 331–45culture, 324–45entrepreneurs, 40, 45, 49–52, 192, 507governance indicators, 146, 149, 152,
174, 176, 184illicit power structures, 198, 207privatisation, 113public norms, 324–45public policy in Africa, 39–40statehood beyond the state, 324–31
visas, 469–70voice
future research, 551governance indicators, 146, 152,
173–82, 184legitimacy of NGOs, 517
voluntary certification, 397–9, 402
Voluntary Initiative on Human Rightsand Security, 92, 93
voluntary regulation, 97–111, 134, 459voluntary self-regulation, 66, 72volunteer forces, 120voting
accountability, 79–80, 529critical information infrastructures,
79–80Forest Stewardship Council, 390legitimacy of NGOs, 518NGOs’ role in standard setting, 494
vulnerability factors, 61–81
war crimes, 140warlords, 40, 45, 49–52, 192, 507waste trade, 519Water Framework Directive, 304Watergate scandal, 361WCD see World Commission
on Damsweak states
authority of non-state standardsetters, 505
capital movements, 365–6, 372public policy in Africa, 36–55
wealth of illicit power structures, 190weapons, 131, 203, 335weights
accountability of transnationalactors, 293
governance indicators, 150, 163–7voting, 390
welfare economics, 75WGI see Worldwide Governance
IndicatorsWHO, 298will-formation, 227Williams International, 436WIPO see World Intellectual Property
OrganizationWolfsberg Anti-Money Laundering
Principles, 2woman-to-woman marriage, 476working conditions, 26, 409–26World Bank
accountability, 297, 299, 531capital movements, 366
586 index
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-11490-5 - Non-State Actors as Standard SettersEdited by Anne Peters, Lucy Koechlin, Till Forster and Gretta Fenner ZinkernagelIndexMore information
Country Policy and InstitutionalAssessment, 161
environmental standards, 305, 306,307, 308, 310
forest governance, 384, 402Inspection Panel, 231Worldwide Governance Indicators,
158, 161World Commission on Dams (WCD),
91, 219World Economic Forum, 158, 534World Heritage Convention, 380World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO),298, 299
World Resources Institute, 385World Summit on Sustainable
Development, 96, 384World Trade Organisation (WTO),
402, 531
world views of illicit power structures,192–6
World Vision International, 274,299, 300
World Wide Fund (WWF), 299, 402WorldCom, 300Worldwide Governance Indicators
(WGI), 146–87data sources, 152–67methodology, 152–67
written organisational documents, 287WTO see World Trade OrganisationWWF seeWorld Wide Fund for Nature
Yeywa Dam, 314Young Communists League (YCL), 207
Zanzibar, 473–5Zapatista Movement, 201Zauberlehrling phenomenon, 530
index 587
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-11490-5 - Non-State Actors as Standard SettersEdited by Anne Peters, Lucy Koechlin, Till Forster and Gretta Fenner ZinkernagelIndexMore information