3D printing, see three-dimensional [3D] printing

Aabuse of computer access at work, see

cyber-aggression; cyberdeviance; cyberloafing

access to technology, inequality of, see digital divide

accessibility of information 4acquisition of information

cyberdeviance focused on 133action-centred study of work practices 41Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

(ARPANET) 2aesthetics

definition of 81employer websites 215measurement of 93user experience 81

affordancesconcept of 27

age differences at workcognition 454personality 455work motivation 456age bias by employers 247aging workforce 450blended working 164e-learning 382, 460, 467e-recruiting 457, 466e-selection 274, 459, 466future research 465

human resources functions 457identification as older or younger

worker 451Internet-based work tools 452introduction to 449job satisfaction 165leadership 462, 463meta-stereotypes concept 457societal context 457performance management 464relational demography concept 463summary overview 469virtual teams 462, 467within-person changes during

career 454agency

of artifacts 120level of 89maximization 89power 40, 50relationships 50restoration of 41sense of 179theory 104trust 115

aggregators of job adverts 215aggression, see cyber-aggressionAI, see artificial intelligence (AI)Airbnb 3Amazon 2, 117, 499Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) 3, 51,

261AMT, see Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT)

Index

The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of the Psychology of the Internet at Work, First Edition. Edited by Guido Hertel, Dianna L. Stone, Richard D. Johnson, and Jonathan Passmore. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

bindex.indd 509 8/11/2017 10:04:25 AM

COPYRIG

HTED M

ATERIAL

510 Index

Apple, 3, 499ARPANET 2artificial intelligence (AI)

digitization 481effects on work 3e-selection 275, 276future of work 492information revolution 487intelligent algorithms 4leadership 3robots 406, 415, 488

assistance from robots, see robotsautomatization

potential for 4psychological theories relevant to 6

autonomyblended working 162as core job characteristic 162enhancement of 63, 89, 185experience of 418, 458flexwork 181ICT use 184, 186Internet-based work 3lack of 162level of 137, 147, 162, 167, 181maintenance of 33, 437need for 160, 162, 165, 168, 222, 408,

418, 442older workers 458perception of 167, 488robots 408, 418telework 488value of 63, 437, 441

 Bbehavior, see psychologyBezos, Jeff 51bias

age bias 247gender bias 247racial bias 247suppression 246

‘big data’analysis 33articles on 260emergent technologies 118e-selection 275intelligent algorithms for handling 4mobile computing 204work performance measurement 453

blended workingadoption of 166autonomy 162caregivers 164concept 10, 157, 168

consequencesfuture research 167intrinsic work motivation 162introduction to 157job satisfaction 158, 160, 163older workers 164perceived effectiveness 160perceived opportunity for (OBW) 162psychological factors 159self-determination theory (SDT) 160as solution for high job demands 161summary overview 168workers with physical disability 166

blogsbenefits of 29‘big data’ 483digitized communication 27e-leadership 289enterprise social media 28ethical issues 236impact on work practices 41information sharing 48, 388persistence of data 47volunteering 503

boundary-crossingcapabilities 5psychological theories relevant to 5

brandinge-recruiting 220

breaktimes, see work breaksbring your own device (BYOD), see mobile

computingbrowsing, see web browsingbullying, see cyber-aggressionburnout, see stress Ccareers, see employment decision-making;

e-recruiting; e-selectioncaregivers

blended working 164CAT, see computerized adaptive testing

(CAT)cell phones, see ‘smart’ phoneschannel expansion theory of computer-

mediated communication 68cloud computing

mobile computing 200, 202CMC, see computer-mediated

communication (CMC)cognition

age 454cognitive ability testing in e-selection

263cohesion in virtual teams 332

bindex.indd 510 8/11/2017 10:04:26 AM

Index 511

collaborative workcollaboration tools 3competences, see competencesinteractive communication 4Open Source Software projects 2organization by computer-mediated

communication 31relationship depth 69robots, with, see robotsshared understanding within 69‘sharing’ communities 3social impact theory 69social loafing 69trust 69virtual teams, see virtual teams

commercial Internet, see e-commercecommunication

behaviors of online leaders 302complementary successive technologies,

use of 66convergence processes 22, 66conveyance processes 22, 66cyberdeviance focused on

133digitized, see digitized communicationemail 52enterprise wikis 53e-selection 274interactivity of 4relationships 52robots as embodied communication

agents 416technology, see information and

communication technologyvirtual teams 330, 334work–life balance 183

communication visibilityenterprise social media 29theory of 29

communitiesdemocracy 44embodiment 46expertise finding within 48leadership 302Open Source Software projects 33, 302of practice 45relationships within 48work practices 44

compensatory adaptation theory of computer-mediated communication 25

competencescompetency modeling approaches 61computer-mediated communication and

related competencies, theories of 67de-skilling effects of robot use 412

digital collaboration and related competencies, theories of 68

great eight competency framework 62introduction to 61research on

low convergence of studies 70recommendations for structuring of future

research 71self-efficacy theory 64summary overview 73technology acceptance and perceived ease

of use 64technology choice and related competencies,

theories of 66theoretical basis for understanding

relevance of 71computer anxiety in e-learning 381computer crime deterrance 145computer game elements in business

applications, see gamificationcomputer self-efficacy (CSE) 381computerized adaptive testing (CAT)

262computer-mediated communication (CMC)

benefits of 22channel expansion theory 68compensatory adaptation theory

25competence model 64competences 67development phases 21effects

adaptation theories of 24affordances, concept of 27constructivist and deterministic

assumptions about 26deficit theories of 23

electronic propinquity theory 68hyperpersonal model 25lack of social cues hypothesis 23nonverbal cues, lack of 21, 67organization of cooperation 31selection of 22social identity model of deindividuation

effects (SIDE) 26social information processing theory 24,

25, 32, 67social media 27social presence theory 67Web 2.0 27

concepts, definitions, ideas and theoriesaesthetics 81, 104affordances 27agency theory 104blended working 10, 157, 168

bindex.indd 511 8/11/2017 10:04:26 AM

512 Index

channel expansion theory 68communication visibility theory 29compensatory adaptation theory 25competency 62counterproductive work behavior 131critical contact theory 219crowdwork 3cyberdeviance 132distrust 114e-learning 371electronic propinquity theory 68enterprise social media 28e-recruiting 213flexwork 176, 177gamification, see gamificationGemeinschaft 44Gesellschaft 44hybrid manufacturing 407information and communication technologies

(ICTs) 184information technology artifact 117Internet 2item response theory 262media richness theory 22media synchronicity theory 22, 66meta-stereotypes 457mobile computing 195online environments 120organizational justice theory 238organizational social media 28privacy 432processing fluency theory 92psychological needs 160reasoned action 64, 104relational demography 463self-determination theory (SDT) 160self-efficacy 64signaling theory 219social capital 30, 31social impact theory 69social information processing theory 24,

25, 32, 67social presence theory 67succession theory 66swift trust 64, 112team virtuality 315, 320, 321, 323technology acceptance 64technology trust 64telework 177‘the office’ 488user experience 79virtual teams 315work engagement 188work team 452

constructivist perspectiveseffects of computer-mediated

communication 26content, see informationconvergence processes in

communication 22, 66conveyance processes in communication 22, 66cooperation, see collaborative workcorporate intranets 27, 41counterproductive work behavior, see

cyberdeviancecritical contact theory

e-recruiting 219cross-cultural virtual teams

shared understanding in 70crowd labor relationships 51crowdsourcing

birth of 2labor relationships 51

crowdworkconcept of 3embodiment of relationships 51Internet-based 9

crypto-currency 497CSE, see computer self-efficacy (CSE)CUE model of user experience 80cues-filtered-out theories, see nonverbal cuescultural differences in privacy values 437customer satisfaction 43, 106, 107, 108, 110cyber-aggression

cyberdeviance 131, 133, 139, 140, 141, 142

risk of 8cyberdeviance

counterproductive work behavior concept 131

cyber-aggression 131, 133, 139, 140, 141, 142

definition 132focused on acquisition 133focused on communication 133future research 146interpersonal (CD-I)

behavior-based 141categorization 132characteristics 139demographic variables 141future research 148outcomes 142perception-based 141personality variables 142reasons 141research 139

intrapersonal (cyberloafing), see cyberloafingintroduction to 131

concepts, definitions, ideas and theories (cont’d)

bindex.indd 512 8/11/2017 10:04:26 AM

Index 513

organizational (CD-O)attitudinal-based 144categorization 132characteristics 143deterrance measures, effect of 146future research 149individual difference variables 143outcomes 146reasons 143research 143

summary overview 150typology 132

cyberloafingactivities 133blended working 159categorization 132in collaborative work 69collaborative work 69cyberdeviance 132distinction from cyberdeviance 132future research 147mobile computing 200outcomes 138overview of studies 134reasons

deterrance measures, effect of 135facilitating conditions 137individual differences 134job/organizational characteristics 136job-related stressors 137perceptions of organizational justice 136socially constructed norms and roles 136work–life balance issues 137

‘cyber-mobbing’problem of 4

cyberslacking, see cyberloafing Ddata, see informationdata analysis in online surveys 350data collection in online surveys 350definitions, see concepts, definitions, ideas and

theoriesdeindividuation effects of computer-mediated

communicationsocial identity model of 26

democracy and community engagement 44demography

age differences at work 463digital divide 427relational demography concept 463

depersonalization effects of computer-mediated communication

social identity model of 26de-skilling, see competences

deterministic perspectiveseffects of computer-mediated

communication 26deterrance measures against computer misuse

effect on cyberdeviance 135, 146device diversity issues

e-selection 273digital collaboration, see collaborative workdigital divide

access to technology 426cross-national differences 430demographic factors 427ethnic differences 428future research 440gender differences 427problem of 424theoretical bases 424

digitizationapplications 488implications 501trend 481, 488

digitized communicationcomputer-mediated communication (CMC),

see computer-mediated communication (CMC)

future research on 32introduction to 21knowledge building 29organization of cooperation 31pre-Internet 22relationship-building 30social media 27summary overview of 33visibility 29

disabled workersblended working 166e-selection 274

disintermediationimplications 501trend 481of work value chain 494

disruptive innovation via robots 416distrust, see trustdiversity, see workforce diversity‘dotcom crisis’ 2000 2 Eease of use perceptions 64eBay 2e-commerce

birth of 2, 105consolidation 2‘dotcom crisis’ 2000 2privacy concerns 106trust 105, 108, 119

bindex.indd 513 8/11/2017 10:04:26 AM

514 Index

editability of social media content 47education

mobile computing uses 203e-leadership, see leadershipe-learning

age differences 460attitudes to 379communication with instructor 379computer anxiety 381computer self-efficacy (CSE) 381context of 372definition of 371dimensions of effectiveness 372effectiveness models 371future research 387gamification 389guidance to trainees 378individual differences and learner choices

research model 372instructors

communication with 379role of 379

interaction 384introduction to 369knowledge repositories 388learner choices 386learner control 377learner task complexity 377learning climate 375metacognitive activity 386mobile learning 203, 387organizational context 374organizational support 374outcomes 373previous online course experience 382process of 384research inputs 374reviews of 370self-efficacy 379, 381social presence 385summary overview 390technology for

media richness 376reliability 375useability and usefulness 375

traineesage 382computer anxiety 381computer self-efficacy (CSE) 381motivation 383personality 380previous online course experience 382self-efficacy 379

virtual realities 389

electronic propinquity theory of computer-mediated communication 68

Eluta 215email

access 3address, control over 434bring your own device (BYOD) 200communication 52compensatory adaptation theory 25crowd labor relationships 51crypto-currency 498cyberdeviance 132, 139, 141, 142cyberloafing 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 147data on usage 482, 483data structuredness 276e-leadership 298, 300, 301, 306, 464e-learning 382e-recruiting 214e-selection 267ethnic differences in use 428expertise finding 49first email sent 2flexwork 188gender differences in use 427impact on on work practices 41mobile computing 195, 196, 199monitoring of use 485online surveys and feedback 349, 350, 354,

355, 356personal email websites 199restriction policy 147richness 22richness perception 68, 376social influence model of technology 23social networking 47spam 5stress 52usage data 482, 483usage monitoring 485videoconferencing 66virtual teams 318, 319, 324, 329, 334,

335, 338Web 2.0 41work simulations 267

email-free workdayemployee monitoring by robots 413employee surveys, see online surveysemployer websites

aesthetics 215content 216effectiveness 215e-recruiting uses 221interactivity 216navigability 216

bindex.indd 514 8/11/2017 10:04:26 AM

Index 515

employment decision-makingaccuracy of information 240advanced notice of procedures 248age bias 247bias suppression 246consistency of procedure 239correctability 243e-recruiting, see e-recruitingethical issues 236ethical values, correspondance with 245future research 249gender bias 247introduction to 231legal issues 236online applicant data usage

advantages 233disadvantages 234

organizational justice theory 238overview of studies 235privacy concerns 235procedural consistency 239racial bias 247social values, correspondance with 244summary overview 251validity of information 241verification of data 242

empowerment, see powerenterprise social media

capabilities 28communication visibility 29definition of 28future research on 32knowledge-building uses 29organization of cooperation 31relationship-building uses 30visibility enhancement by 29

enterprise wikisknowledge sharing uses 53

e-recruitingage differences 457aggregators 215applicant quality 218applicant reactions 223branding 220critical contact theory 219current approaches 221definition of 213disadvantages of 223effectiveness of 226employer websites

aesthetics 215content 216effectiveness 215interactivity 216

navigability 216ethics 224first impressions, importance of 219gamification 222history of 214implementation issues 223interviews 216limitations of 223mobile recruiting 222networking 220novelty 220online job boards 214, 221organizational acceptance 224passive recruiting 219privacy concerns 224signaling theory 219social media 221social networking 217, 218, 219, 224summary overview 227theories applicable to 226volume management 217

ergonomicscurrent study outline 41future research 54robots 414summary overview 54system-oriented approach to 40work practices, see work practices

e-selectionadministrators’ resource requirements 271age differences 459artificial intelligence (AI) 275, 276audience for 269candidate reactions 269challenges 258cognitive ability, testing of 263communication issues 274computerized adaptive testing (CAT) 262data privacy and security 259, 272deployment 258device diversity issues 273employer involvement levels 270equivalence considerations in multiple test

administration modes 260future research

artificial intelligence (AI) 276‘big data’ 275collection of new types of data,

opportunities for 276gamification 276machine learning 276simulations 276ubiquity of computing devices 276virtual reality 276

bindex.indd 515 8/11/2017 10:04:26 AM

516 Index

game-like (gamified) assessments 268global solutions 271impact of computerization on survey

assessments 265implementation issues 268international standards 271interviews 265introduction to 257item response theory 262knowledge testing 263personality testing 264protected groups, accommodation for 274range of assessments and tests 263security issues 273situational judgment tests (SJTs) 266summary overview 277supervised testing 272training issues 274unsupervised testing 261, 272work simulations 267

ethical issuesemployment decision-making 236e-recruiting 224

ethical valuescorrespondance of employment decisions

with 245ethnic minorities

digital divide 428employer bias against 247e-selection 274privacy 438

exchange and transactions of valueinnovation in 498

exoskeletonsfuture of work 492

expertise finding within organizations 48 FFacebook

banning of 251communities 47cyberdeviance 139development of 3digitized communication 27e-leadership 301employment decision-making 231, 249,

250e-recruiting 221ethical issues 246information technology artifact 117legal issues 236, 237organizational use 28privacy 431racial bias by employers 248

relationship-building uses 30social capital 31social networking 217validity of information 241verification of data 242

face-to-face (FtF) communicationcompetency modeling approaches 62computer-mediated communication (CMC)

compared 22electronic propinquity theory 68nonverbal cues 22, 67richness 22

family, see work–life balanceFile Transfer Protocol (FTP) 2financial transaction technologies 497flexwork

arrangements 178categorization 177concept 177definition 176future of work 488future research 187individual influences 179information and communication

technologies (ICTs)flexwork in relation 176ICT usage 175, 185outcomes

conditional 186negative 186positive 185

summary overview 188introduction to 175offering of 177organizational influences 179outcomes

negative conditional outcomes 181negative general outcomes 180positive conditional outcomes 180positive general outcomes 179

scope 177suitability 178summary overview 181, 188telework, definition of 177work–life balance in relation 176

‘forgetting’, see ‘intentional forgetting’FtF, see face-to-face (FtF) communicationFTP 2future of work

3D printing 496artificial intelligence 492automation 488change: challange and shared

responsibility 501datafication

e-selection (cont’d)

bindex.indd 516 8/11/2017 10:04:26 AM

Index 517

implications 501information revolution: shrinking of speed

and distance 487measurement of work 485trend 481, 482ubiquity of data 482

digitizationapplications 488implications 501trend 481, 488

disintermediationimplications 501trend 481of work value chain 494

empowerment of independents 496exchange of anything of value 497exoskeletons 492fusion of physical and digital 489future research 502holography 490integration technologies 488introduction to 481machines doing human work 494networked work 495‘the office’, concept of 488robotization 488, 492summary overview 503value creation and migration 499virtual reality 490work away from work 488

 Ggamification

business applications 85effects on work performance 86e-learning 389e-recruiting 222e-selection 268, 276industrial production case study

background to 89breaktime management 90collaboration optimization 91results 91team-oriented score system 90team-working rhythm 91

overview of studies 88Gemeinschaft concept of community 44gender

bias by employers 247digital divide 427privacy 438

generation Ymobile computing 199

Gesellschaft concept of community 44Github 47

global positioning system (GPS)effects on work 3monitoring of workers 4wearable technologies 360

GPS, see global positioning system (GPS)Great Eight competency framework 62group support system (GSS) 286, 293 Hhand-held devices, see mobile computingharassment, see cyber-aggressionhigh job demands, blended working as

solution 161history of Internet at work 2holography and future of work 490homeworking, see blended workinghuman resource management, see age

differences at work; employment decision-making; e-recruiting; e-selection

hybrid manufacturing concept 407, 408hyperpersonal model of computer-mediated

communication 25 IICTs, see information and communication

technologies (ICTs)ideas, see concepts, definitions, ideas and

theoriesimplementation

e-recruiting 223e-selection 268leadership of IT implementation

complementary leadership processes 305

leadership role 304senior leadership support 305summary overview 307

incivility, see cyber-aggressionindependence 496individual differences and learner choices

research model 372individual reactions to Internet at work

blended working 157competences 61cyberdeviance 131digitized communication 21ergonomics 39flexwork 175mobile computing 195overview of 9privacy, see privacytrust 103user experience 79work practices 41

bindex.indd 517 8/11/2017 10:04:26 AM

518 Index

industrial productiongamification case study, see gamificationhybrid manufacturing concept 407, 408robots, see robotsthree-dimensional [3D] printing 496

inequality of technology access, see digital divideinformation

accessibility 4accuracy 240acquisition, cyberdeviance focused on

133‘big data’ handling 4, 275, 414collection of new types of data, opportunities

for 276content

associations with contributors 47determination of 80editability 47employer websites 216persistence (permanence) 47user experience 80visibility 47

correctability 243data privacy and security

employment decision-making, see employment decision-making

e-selection 259, 273data structuredness 276datafication

implications 501information revolution: shrinking of speed

and distance 487measurement of work 485trend 481, 482ubiquity of data 482

diversity 27overload, psychological implications 5personal information

authorization for access 434authorization for release 435checking of validity or accuracy 436

power and access to data 486privacy 433processing, theories of 25, 67reprocessability 4social information processing theory 25technology, see information and

communication technologyvalidity 241verification 242

information and communication technologies (ICTs)

definition 184in e-learning, see e-learningflexwork

ICT in relation 176ICT usage 175, 185outcomes

conditional 186negative 186positive 185

summary overview 188fusion of physical and digital 489future research 187leadership, see leadershippositive associations 184succession theory 66summary overview 187virtual teams 318, 322, 323, 326, 334

information revolution, shrinking of speed and distance 487

information technology artifactsagency of 120conceptualization of 117

innovationdisruptive innovation via robots 416enterprise social media as driver 30e-recruiting 215fusion of physical and digital 490leadership 301mobile computing as driver 195, 196,

201, 204robots 403, 407, 416by teams 500in value exchange and transactions 498

instant messagingboundary crossing 47channel expansion theory 68e-leadership 299, 300, 301mobile computing 196virtual teams 318, 324, 349, 355

integration technologies and future of work 488

integrative model of leadership 287, 288intelligent algorithms

for ‘big data’ handling 4intelligent systems

trust in humans 115‘intentional forgetting’

in knowledge management 4interaction in e-learning 384interactivity

of communication 4employer websites 216increase in 3psychological theories relevant to 6

Internetbirth of 2collaborative work via 2commercial Internet, see e-commerce

bindex.indd 518 8/11/2017 10:04:26 AM

Index 519

definition of 2firsts 2globally commercialization 2interactivity 3sensor technologies 3Web 2.0 3

Internet at workautomatization potential 4blended working, see blended workingboundary-crossing capabilities 5brief history 2collaborative work, see collaborative workcommunication capabilities 4competences, see competencescore characteristics of Internet-based work 3cyberdeviance, see cyberdeviancedigitized communication, see computer-

mediated communication (CMC); digitized communication

e-leadership, see leadershipe-learning, see e-learningemployment decision-making, see

employment decision-makinge-recruiting, see e-recruitingergonomics, see ergonomicse-selection, see e-selectionflexwork, see flexworkimpact of Internet on work 1individual reactions 9information capabilities 4introduction to 1mobile computing, see mobile computing‘the office’, concept of 488online surveys, see online surveysorganizational implications 11potential benefits 7psychological implications 5psychological research into 8robots, see robotssocietal implications 13summary overview of 15trust, see trustuser experience, see user experiencevirtual teams, see virtual teams

Internet of Things (IoT)boundary crossing 5impact 3mobile computing 197

Internet-based recruitingpsychological implications of 6

Internet-based technologieslabels associated with 2

Internet-based workpotential risks 8

‘Internet-of-Things’ 3

interpersonal cyberdeviance (CD-I), see cyberdeviance

interviews, see online interviewsintranets 27, 41IoT, see Internet of Things (IoT)iPhone 3item response theory 262 Jjob advert aggregators 215job satisfaction, see motivation and satisfactionjob stress, see stressjustice, see organizational justice Kknowledge

building 29meta-knowledge 29visibility 29

knowledge management‘big data’ handling 4‘intentional forgetting’ 4

knowledge repositories in e-learning 388knowledge sharing

enterprise wikis 53visibility 30

knowledge testing in e-selection 263 Llabor

crowd relationships 51labor decisions, see employment

decision-makinglabor rights

‘sharing’ communities 3law and legal issues

employment decision-making 236Facebook 236, 237LinkedIn 236personal data use in employment

decision-making 236privacy laws 439

leadershipage differences 462, 463effect of information technology

consensus on 287question of 285

future research 307integrative model 287, 288introduction to 285IT implementation

complementary leadership processes 305leadership role 304senior leadership support 305summary overview 307

bindex.indd 519 8/11/2017 10:04:26 AM

520 Index

power 287, 289, 297, 300, 306same-place IT-supported meetings

development of 289group support system (GSS)

facilitation 286, 293studies that did not manipulate leadership

behavior 289studies that manipulated leadership

behavior 291summary overview 294

in Social Media Agecommunication behaviors of online

leaders 302dangers of social media 302impact of Internet 301online communities 302summary overview 309

virtual teamsincreased relevance of leadership 296more powerful leadership mechanisms 298reduced impact of leadership 295research on leadership 329, 335summary overview 300use of 295

learninge-learning, see e-learningmachine learning in e-selection 276mobile computing uses 203

learning performanceuser experience 82, 84

legal issues, see lawLinkedIn

communities 46development of 3e-leadership 301employment decision-making 231, 233,

236, 249, 250e-recruiting 217, 219, 220, 221,

225, 226legal issues 236

Linux 2, 302live stream

first live stream 2location data

e-recruiting uses 225 Mmachine learning in e-selection 276machines doing human work 494manufacturing, see industrial productionmeasurement of work performance, see work

performance, measurement and monitoring

mediarichness theory 22selection for tasks 22social influence model of technology 23synchronicity theory 22, 66

meetings, leadership in, see leadershipmetacognitive activity in e-learning 386meta-knowledge

building of 29relationship-building 30

meta-stereotypes concept 457micro-blogging, see blogsmillennials (generation Y)

mobile computing 199misuse of computer access at work, see

cyberdeviance; cyberloafingmobile computing

bring your own device (BYOD)advantages 198birth of 198control of 199device heterogeneity 199disadvantages 199infrastructure issues 199organizational responses 200security of 199

cloud computing 200, 202cyberloafing 200definition 195devices 195, 196e-recruiting 222evolution 197, 198future research 204future trends 202global spread 201Internet of Things (IoT) 197, 203introduction to 195mobile learning 203, 387mobility and mobile use 196organizational responses 200overlap of private and professional

contexts 197ownership issues 195research on mobile computing 196rise of 195summary overview 205technologies 195, 196training role 203ubiquity 196work-life balance 198

mobile phones, see ‘smart’ phonesmonitoring of workers, see work performance,

measurement and monitoringMonster.com 214

leadership (cont’d)

bindex.indd 520 8/11/2017 10:04:26 AM

Index 521

motivation and satisfactionaesthetics 85age differences 456blended working 158, 160, 162, 163bring your own device (BYOD) 198, 199competence 64cooperation 32customers 43, 106, 107, 108, 110cyberdeviance 141, 142, 143, 144e-learning 383flexwork 180, 181, 182, 186gamification 91mobile computing 198older workers 165online surveys and feedback 356,

359, 361psychological needs concept 160usability 81

 Nnavigability of employer websites 216networking, e-recruiting via 220nonverbal cues

lack of social cues hypothesis 23, 67presence of 22

norms and roles at workcyberloafers 136

 O‘the office’, concept of 488older workers, see age differences at workonline applicant data usage, see employment

decision-makingOnline Career Center 214online communities, see communitiesonline environments

conceptualization 120distrust 114e-commerce, see e-commercetrust repair 114virtual teams, see virtual teams

online interviewse-recruiting 216e-selection 265

online job boards 214, 221online leaders, see leadershiponline surveys

automated employee survey processes 361benchmarks for results 358communication of results 350data analysis 350data collection 350dynamic filtering 357employee surveys 347

future research 362future technologies 360impact of computerization on survey

assessments 265introduction to 347layout and design, importance of 356planning phase 349process, impact of Internet on 349required fields 357response rates 353responsive layout 357summary overview 363wearable technologies 360

online trust, see trustOpen Source Software projects

collaborative work 2communities 33, 302crowdwork 3Github 47private implementation 28relationships 50

organizational behavior 160organizational cooperation, see cooperationorganizational cyberdeviance, see cyberdeviance;

cyberloafingorganizational implications of Internet at

work 11organizational justice

cyberloafers’ perceptions of 136employment decision-making 238

organizational responses to Internet at worke-learning 369employment decision-making 231e-recruiting 213e-selection 257leadership 285online surveys 347virtual teams 315

organizational social media, definition of 28

own device at work, see mobile computing Pparticipatory design approach to work

practices 41, 50perceived ease of use

technology acceptance and 64performance, see task performance; work

performancepersistence (permanence) of social media

content 47personal data use by employers, see employment

decision-makingpersonal mobile devices, see mobile computing

bindex.indd 521 8/11/2017 10:04:26 AM

522 Index

personality age and 455personality testing in e-selection 264personalized assistance from robots 413power

access to data 486agency 40, 50independence 496information revolution 487leadership 287, 289, 297, 298, 300, 306perceptions of empowerment 183relationships 50virtual teams 337

privacyability to check validity or accuracy of

data 436authorization for access to information 434authorization for release of personal

information 435cultural and national differences in privacy

values 437definition of 432e-commerce 106employment decision-making 235e-recruiting 224ethnic differences 438gender differences 438global privacy laws 439individual factors 438informational factors 433model of 432personality differences 439procedural factors 434sociocultural factors 436violation of 431

processing fluency theory 92productivity

blended working 158, 159, 164, 165community 44, 47, 48cyberloafing effects, see web browsingdata about 348e-learning 374enhancement by enterprise social media 30e-selection 269flexwork 179, 180gamification 94impact of Internet-based tools 449measurement of 485mobile computing 196, 197, 198, 199,

203, 205networked work 495online surveys 361, 362, 363social media 33visibility 30wearable technologies 361

psychological needs concept 160psychological research

agenda for 8combination with human-computer

interaction research 362psychology

computer anxiety 381of computer misuse, see cyberdeviance;

cyberloafingcomputer self-efficacy (CSE) 381implications of Internet at work 5metacognitive activity in e-learning 386motivation and satisfaction, see motivation

and satisfactionmotivation in e-learning 383psychological needs concept 160

 Rrace, see ethnic minoritiesreasoned action

technology acceptance 64trust 104

recruitment, see Internet-based recruitingrelational demography concept 463relationship-building

meta-knowledge 30social capital, definition of 30

relationshipsagency 50communication 52crowd labor relationships 51depth in collaborative work 69email communication 52embodiment 50power 50trust 49

remote working, see flexworkrichness, see media richness theoryrisk

emergent technologies 118Internet-based work 8trust 104

robotsacceptance of 410application development 414artificial intelligence (AI) 406, 415, 488big data 413de-skilling effects 412disruptive innovation 416as embodied communication agents 416flexible adaptation to user requirements 413future applications 416future of work 488, 492future research 417

bindex.indd 522 8/11/2017 10:04:26 AM

Index 523

human-like appearance and cognition 409hybrid manufacturing concept 407, 408integration into work systems 414introduction to 403long-term effects 412monitoring of users 413personalization 413robotic assistant systems 416summary overview 418technological capabilities 404usability 410user adaptation 412user experience 410user perspectives 408

 SSAP community network 87satisfaction, see motivation and satisfactionsearch engines

employment decision-making uses, see employment decision-making

e-recruiting uses 225security, see information, data privacy and

securityself-determination theory (SDT)

blended working 160self-efficacy concept 64

Computer self-efficacy 391in e-learning 379, 381

sensor technologies 3sexual harassment, see cyber-aggressionshared understanding in collaborative work 69‘sharing’ communities

birth of 3labor rights 3

SIDE, see social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE)

signaling theorye-recruiting 219

simulations in e-selection 276situational judgment tests (SJTs) 266skills, see competencesSkype 3, 217, 265‘smart’ phones

access to 424blended working 157digital divide 424e-leadership 301, 302, 307, 308e-selection 262, 273, 274, 276future of work 482introduction of 3millennials 203mobile computing 195, 196, 198, 199,

200, 201

mobile learning 388online surveys and feedback 356, 358, 359robot development 411technology trust 116

SNS, see social networkingsocial capital, definition of 30, 31social context for older workers 457social cues, see nonverbal cuessocial identity model of deindividuation effects

(SIDE) 26social impact theory in collaborative work 69social influence model of technology 23social information processing theory 24,

25, 32, 67social issues of Internet at work

digital divideaccess to technology 426cross-national differences 430demographic factors 427ethnic differences 428future research 440gender differences 427problem of 424theoretical bases 424

future research 440introduction to 423privacy

ability to check validity or accuracy of data 436

authorization for access to information 434

authorization for release of personal information 435

cultural and national differences in privacy values 437

definition of 432ethnic differences 438future research 441gender differences 438global privacy laws 439individual factors 438informational factors 433model of 432personality differences 439procedural factors 434sociocultural factors 436violation of 431

summary overview 442social loafing (cyberloafing), see cyberdeviancesocial media

affordances 47associations between users and content 47computer-mediated communication

(CMC) 27

bindex.indd 523 8/11/2017 10:04:26 AM

524 Index

development of 3digitized communication 27distinctiveness from earlier technologies 28editability of content 47enterprise social media 28e-recruiting 221as ICT 184leadership, see leadershiporganizational 28persistence (permanence) of user

contributions 47relationship-building uses 28visibility of user presence 47

social networkingcommunities 47e-leadership 289email 47employment decision-making uses 231e-recruiting 217, 218, 219, 224e-selection 259, 275gamification 87impact on work practices 41intranets 41trust 118use of 21, 27user motivations 46virtual teams 318

social presence in e-learning 385social presence theory of computer-mediated

communication 67social values

correspondance of employment decisions with 244

socially constructed work norms and rolescyberloafers and 136

societal and cross-sectorial perspectivesemployee age differences in using Internet-

based tools at work 449future of work 481robots 403social issues of Internet at work 423

societal implications of Internet at work 13stress

burnout 141, 184, 186, 361cyberloafing 137high job demands 161performance under 83, 84

surveys, see online surveys; online surveys and feedback

swift trust model 64, 112synchronicity theory 22, 66systems perspectives

ergonomics 40

Ttask analysis of work practices 41task complexity in e-learning 377task interdependence in virtual teams 334task performance

cyberdeviance 142trust 109user experience 83, 84

tasksselection of media for 22testing tasks, user experience 83, 84

teams, see virtual teams; work teamstechnology

acceptance and perceived ease of use 64future applications, see future of workICT, see information and communication

technologies (ICTs)machines doing human work 494robots, see robotssocial influence model 23technology trust concept 116trust 115

technology choice and related competenciestheories of 66

telecommuting, see flexworktelephone communication

computer-mediated communication (CMC) compared 22

richness 22‘smart’ phones, see ‘smart’ phones

telework, see flexworktesting

cognitive ability, testing of 263computerized adaptive testing

(CAT) 262equivalence considerations in multiple test

administration modes 260item response theory 262knowledge testing 263performance in testing tasks 83, 84personality testing 264range of e-selection assessments and

tests 263situational judgment tests (SJTs) 266supervised testing 272unsupervised testing 261, 272

theories, see concepts, definitions, ideas and theories

three-dimensional [3D] printinginformation revolution 487interactive communication 4in manufacturing 496

time constraints in virtual teams 334, 337

Social media (cont’d)

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Index 525

Tocqueville, Alexis de 44training

e-selection 274mobile computing uses 203

transactions of value, innovation in 498transparency, see visibilityTrivago 215trust

agency 115avoidance of negative consequences 120balance of trust and distrust 120broader conceptualization of information

technology artifact 117collaborative work 69contextualized models 118contextualized understanding of 121definition 104development view 111distinguishing trust in technological actors

from social actors 116distrust in online environments 114e-commerce 105e-commerce trust research overview

108emergent technologies and risks 118future research 119importance 104initial trust model 112integrative view 111by intelligent systems in humans 115introduction to 103models of 110, 113online trust research 106relationships 49repair 114summary overview 122swift trust model 64, 112technology trust concept 116transference 113virtual teams 107, 331

Twitterbig-data 275communities 48development of 3e-leadership 301employment decision-making 242e-recruiting 221e-selection 275social networking 217verification of data 242

 UUber 3usability

user experience 81user experience

aesthetics 81, 93case study 85content 80CUE model 80definition of 79effects on work performance 81gamification, see gamificationintroduction to 79learning performance 82, 84measurement of 92overview of studies 82performance in testing tasks 83,

84performance under stress 83, 84processing fluency theory 92psychological processes affecting user

performance 91research

future 94practical implications of 92

summary overview 94task performance 83, 84usability 81

 Vvalue exchange and transactions

innovation in 498Viadeo 3videoconferencing

choice of 66effects on work 23e-leadership 299, 300email and 66E-recruiting interviews 216future of work 491gamification 90Internet of Things (IoT) 203job applicant reactions to 224uses 21virtual teams 324, 331, 335

virtual collaboration, see collaborative workvirtual online environments, see online

environmentsvirtual reality

e-learning 389e-selection 276future of work 490

virtual teamsaction processes 330affective reactions 332, 337age differences 462cohesion 332

bindex.indd 525 8/11/2017 10:04:27 AM

526 Index

communication media availability 334communication processes 330definition 315diversity 322effectiveness measures 337emergent mentalities 331, 337future research

inputscompositional factors 336contextual factors 336leadership 335technology 334

mediatorsemergent mentalities 337group potency 337team empowerment 337team processes 336transition processes 336

moderators, time constraints as 337opportunities 334outcomes

effectiveness measures 337members’ affective reactions 337performance measures 337

geographic dispersion 322group potency 337interactive communication 4interpersonal processes 331introduction to 315leadership

increased relevance of 296more powerful leadership mechanisms 298reduced impact of 295research on 329, 335summary overview 300use of virtual teams 295

performance measures 337psychological implications of 5research on

cross-sectional design 317exemplar studies 327input variables

compositional factors 326leadership 329primary inputs 326technology 326virtuality 326

laboratory studies 317level of analysis 318mediators

action processes 330cohesion 332communication processes 330emergent mentalities 331interpersonal processes 331

shared mental models 331team identification and

commitment 332team processes 330transition processes 330trust 331

methodological considerations 317moderators

communication media availability 334importance 333task interdependence 334team virtuality 333time constraints 334

outcomesaffective outcomes 332team effectiveness 333

student samples 317theoretical considerations 316

shared mental models 331shared understanding in cross-cultural

teams 70social loafing 69social network analysis of 318task interdependence 334team effectiveness 333team empowerment 337team identification and commitment 332team processes 330, 336team virtuality

concept 315definitions 320dimensions

composite measures 324conceptualizations 321, 323diversity 322geographic dispersion 322multiple dimensions 324operationalization 322, 323technology usage 322types of technology used 323

as input 326research on 319, 333

technology types used 323technology use 318, 322, 326, 334time constraints 334, 337transition processes 330, 336trust 107, 331

visibilitycommunication visibility theory 29enhancement by enterprise social

media 29knowledge sharing 30social media affordance 47

volunteeringfuture of work 503

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Index 527

 Wwearable technologies in online surveys 360Web 2.0

birth of 3, 21computer-mediated communication

(CMC) 27email 41enterprise wikis 53impact on work practices 41

web browsingcyberloafing 138future of work 483

web conferencinginteractive communication 4

web page, first 2web searching automatization 4Web-based Work, see Internet at workwebsites

aesthetics of 93automated scanning of 4bring your own device (BYOD) 199cyberloafing 138employer websites

aesthetics 215content 216e-recruiting 215interactivity 216navigability 216

e-recruiting 213, 215future of work 483, 497perception of 91privacy issues 434, 435social networking 87task performance on 84trust building 107, 116trust transference 113user experience of 80

Wikipediabirth of 3community 32, 303enterprise wikis 53volunteering 503

wikisimpact on work practices 41

womenemail use 427employer bias against 247

work breakscyberloafing 138gamification and breaktime

management 90work communities, see communitieswork engagement concept 188

work motivation, see motivation and satisfactionwork norms and roles

cyberloafers and 136work performance

age differences 464measurement and monitoring

datafication and future of work 485by robots 413virtual teams 337

psychological processes affecting 91trust 109user experience 81virtual teams 337

work practicesaction-centred study 41communities 44email impact 41embodiment of 43participatory design approach 41, 50research

current 41future 54

summary overview 54task analysis 41

work relationships, see relationshipswork simulations in e-selection 267work stress, see stresswork teams

concept 452gamification and team-working rhythm 91innovation by 500virtual teams, see virtual teams

worker monitoring by robots 413workers with physical disability, see disabled

workersworkforce diversity

e-selection 274virtual teams 322

working from home, see blended workingwork-life balance

blurring of boundaries 181boundary crossing 182cross-boundary communication 183cyberloafing 137flexwork, see flexworkICTs 183mobile computing 198outcomes of work–family integration 183

workplace aggression, see cyber-aggression YYouTube 3

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