INDEX

2556

AAbbreviations

accuracy 1221geometric 609–614mathematical and signs 2scientific and engineering terms 2554–

2555symbols for mechanics 115welding 1396

ABEC bearing tolerances 2256–2261Abrasive

beltgrinding 1193–1194selecting 1194

contact wheelselecting 1195

cubic boron nitride (CBN) 755–757, 1140, 1157, 1166

cutting 1195–1196diamond 1139grains and materials 1139grinding 1139honing 1196–1199lapping 1199–1202polishing 1440–1441

ABS plastics 380, 579, 588, 601, 2511Absolute

programming, NC 1240system of measurement 114temperature 2514zero 2514

Acceleration 114, 151, 153–154angular 153constant 152linear, of point on rotating body 154of gravity, g 114

Accuracyeffect of, on part tolerances 1220of NC machine tools 1218–1219positioning 1216repeatability, and resolution, NC 1216significance of 1218–1219

Acetal plastics 380, 579, 588, 597, 601Acetylene, specific gravity 371Acme threads

abbreviations 1795ANSI Standard 1792–1816centralizing 1802–1811checking 1870–1874drill sizes for 901

Acme threads (continued)general purpose 1792–1802multiple start 1795, 1800stub type 1811–1816taps for 898–901thread profile form 1793–1794types of 1792, 1802, 1811wire sizes for checking 1872–1874

Acres to hectares 2541Acrylic plastics 380, 588, 597, 601Active face width 1998Active spline length 2127Actual space width 2127Actual tooth thickness 2127Adaptive control, NC 1233Addendum 1998

chordal 2017–2018, 2062modification 2044

involute spur and helical gears 2044Addresses, letter, NC 1243Adhesives, bonding 2460–2466

one-component 2461–2463retaining compounds 2463–2464sealants 2464–2466thread-locking 2463–2464two-component 2460–2462

Adiabatic expansion and compression 395–401

Adjusting gear blanks for milling 2062Aerodynamic lubrication 2321Aging of metal 479AGMA

backlash allowance and tolerancefine-pitch spur, helical and herringbone

gearing 2041recommended backlash range

bevel and hypoid gears 2038coarse-pitch spur, helical and

herringbone gearing 2037AGMA Standard

AGMA 112.05 2001AGMA 115.01 2001AGMA 116.01 2001AGMA 202.03 2054AGMA 208.03 2054AGMA 209.04 2054AGMA 330.01 2054AGMA 370.01 2066AGMA 390.03 2038backlash recommendations 2037–2038,

2041

INDEX 2557

Airadiabatic expansion and

compression 395–396compression and flow 393, 396–401density 394flow in pipes 401isothermal expansion and

compression 396power or work to compress 396, 398–400pressure, temperature, and volume

relationships 395properties of 393–394velocity of escaping 401volume and weight at different

temperatures 393volume transmitted through pipes 401

Airdry wood, weight per cubic foot 377AISI–SAE 406–408Alcohol, specific gravity 371Algebra and equations 20Algebraic

expressions and formulas 32rearrangement and transposition of

terms 20–21Alignment variation 2127Allowances and tolerances for

cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard for 627–657

fits 621–667fits, preferred series 628–630metric ISO fits, British Standard for 657–

666Allowances for bending sheet metal 1304–

1310Alloy cast iron 1330Alloy steels 406

AISI-SAE designations 409–410basic numbering system 403, 405carburizing grades 422–423castings 1335compositions 411–412directly hardenable grades 424–425effects of alloying elements 2114–2117hardness of heat-treated 432–436heat treatments 505mechanical properties 432–436numbering system 403, 405quality variations 418selection for making tools 452–456speeds for drilling and reaming 1030–

1033, 1035speeds for milling 1014–1019speeds for turning 996–999strength of heat-treated 432–436

Alloysaluminum 542–557bearing 1344, 2238–2242brazing 1354–1361cast iron 1328–1329cast steels 1332–1335copper 525–542

Alloys (continued)copper-beryllium 565–566copper-silicon 565die casting 1342–1344magnesium 557–560nickel 561–563nonferrous 525–566nonferrous, strength 477numbering systems for 403soldering 1352–1355titanium 561, 564

Alternating current motors 2449–2452Alternating stress 197Aluminum

alloys 542–557Association 543, 546–548bearings 2241cast

composition of 546–548, 550–551strength of 477

strength of 550–551characteristics of 542–543clad 546composition of

wrought 556–557designations 546die casting 1342–1343heat treatability of wrought 546machining 1116melting point 368–369properties of 550–557series groups 546–549soldering 1352–1354structural shapes 2498temper designation 543–546welding 1365, 1386–1387, 1390wrought 477, 546–557

Aluminum bronzecasting alloy 532strength 477

cast 550–551American

Boiler Makers Association 268Brass Company 565Bureau of Shipping 355, 1335Foundrymen's Association 479Gear Manufacturers Association

(AGMA) 2001, 2004, 2037–2038, 2041

Institute of Steel Construction 265column formulas 267

Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 360, 403, 405

Steel Products Manual 411–412Wire and Rods, Carbon Steel 435

National fire hose connection threads 1842–1845

Railroads, Assn. of 1335Screw threads, wire sizes for

measuring 1861–1862Society for Metals (ASM) 479, 521

INDEX2558

American (continued)Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM) 479, 520–521, 557–560, 1328–1331, 1335

annealing temperatures 496–497copper alloys 525–542

Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) 1295

wire gage 2499–2500American Standard B1.1 1712Ammonia, specific gravity 371

in nitriding 417Amortization 27AMS 2404C 1447AMS 2405B 1447AMS 2433B 1447Analysis, break-even 40–42Angles

bent to circular shape, lengths of 2488between lines tangent to two circles 685compound 688–690cutting tool 723–730cutting tool inserts 1281–1284degrees into radians 90, 92functions of 83–101helix 1933indexing 1950–1993involute functions of 97–101lead 1933length of arc of given radius 80–81length of chord 80–81measuring by disc method 682–683minutes into decimals of a degree 90, 92moment of inertia 2495–2497radius of gyration 2495–2497section modulus 2495–2497sine bar for measuring 673–682structural 2495–2497taper per foot corresponding to 684

rules for figuring 682–683thread, tolerances on gages 1882to find, for given taper per foot 682–685useful relationships among 93weight per foot 2495–2497

Angularacceleration 153

torque, relation to 156backlash in gears 2042clearance for dies 1302indexing 1956–1977velocity 151–153, 187

of rotating bodies 187Annealing 414–415, 479, 495

constant temperature, transformation 496–497

double 496temperatures 496

Annual cost method 27–29Annuities (calculation of) 26–27Anode 1319Anodizing 1444

Anodizing (continued)hard 1448

ANSI / RMA IP-26, 1977 2398ANSI Bl.20.5 1854ANSI B1.1 1506, 1508, 1712ANSI B1.12 1786ANSI B1.13M 1538, 1544, 1762ANSI B1.18M 1755ANSI B1.20 1848ANSI B1.20.1 1848, 1851ANSI B1.20.3 880, 1853–1854ANSI B1.3 1879ANSI B1.3M 1774ANSI B1.5 1792, 1811ANSI B1.9 1818, 1822–1823, 1877ANSI B17.1 2342–2343, 2345–2347ANSI B17.2 2348–2350ANSI B18.1.1 1464, 1468–1470ANSI B18.1.2 1464–1467ANSI B18.16.1M 1542, 1547ANSI B18.16.3M 1520, 1542, 1547ANSI B18.17 1693–1701ANSI B18.2.1 1492ANSI B18.2.2 1492, 1510ANSI B18.2.3.1M 1520–1521ANSI B18.2.3.2M 1520, 1522, 1524ANSI B18.2.3.3M 1520, 1523ANSI B18.2.3.4M 1524ANSI B18.2.3.5M 1520, 1524, 1530ANSI B18.2.3.6M 1520, 1524, 1529ANSI B18.2.3.7M 1520, 1528–1529ANSI B18.2.3.8M 1520, 1525, 1532ANSI B18.2.3.9M 1524ANSI B18.2.4.1M 1520, 1542–1543ANSI B18.2.4.2M 1520, 1542–1543ANSI B18.2.4.3M 1520, 1542ANSI B18.2.4.4M 1520, 1542, 1544–1545ANSI B18.2.4.5M 1542, 1548ANSI B18.2.4.6M 1520, 1542, 1548ANSI B18.22.1 1512–1513, 1515ANSI B18.22M 1520, 1549ANSI B18.3 1541ANSI B18.3.1M 1522ANSI B18.6.1 1456ANSI B18.6.3 1568–1577ANSI B18.6.4 1620, 1622–1625, 1627, 1635ANSI B18.6.7M 1568ANSI B18.8.1 1649ANSI B212.1 738–739, 741–746, 859–860,

862–864ANSI B212.12 730ANSI B212.4 731ANSI B212.5 733–734ANSI B27.7M 1665–1668, 1670, 1672–

1673ANSI B29.1M 2435ANSI B32.1 2501ANSI B32.4M 644ANSI B4.1 627, 630, 634, 636, 638–640,

2267–2268ANSI B4.2 642, 644, 646, 648–655, 657

INDEX 2559

ANSI B4.4M 656ANSI B47.1 1882ANSI B5.18 920, 922–924ANSI B6. 7 2024ANSI B6.1 2004–2006, 2008–2009, 2011,

2019, 2023ANSI B6.7 2008, 2011, 2023–2026, 2079ANSI B6.9 2064–2065ANSI B7.1 1170, 1174, 1196ANSI B7.1-1988 1173ANSI B74.13 1141, 1166ANSI B74.2 1142–1143, 1148, 1150, 1204–

1206ANSI B74.3 1163–1165, 1167ANSI B92.1 2130–2131, 2133–2134, 2137,

2139, 2149–2150ANSI B92.2M 2126, 2148–2150ANSI B94.11M 827, 837ANSI B94.2 813–820, 822–826ANSI B94.25 731ANSI B94.33 942–943, 945–950ANSI B94.35 848, 850ANSI Standard

abbreviations 115, 2554–2555Acme threads 1792–1816bolts, nuts, screws, and washers,

inch 1492–1519bolts, screws, and nuts, metric 1520–

1524, 1548–1549boring tools, carbide 859–864buttress inch type threads 1818–1824cap screws, hex head 1496, 1520cap screws, metric 1520–1523castle and slotted nuts 1500–1502chain, transmission 2421–2426Class 5 threads 1786–1788cutting tools 730–746diamond wheels 1163–1168drafting practices 606drafting room practice 606–611drill drivers 848–850drive screws 1635electric socket and lamp base

threads 1846engineering drawings 606fine pitch standard gear tooth parts 2009fine-pitch

helical gears 2077–2080worm gearing 2064–2066

fine-pitch worm gearingANSI B6.9 2064

flat metal productsinch sizes 2501–2502metric sizes 2503

gage usage, recommended 656gagemakers

tolerances 656gages 1876–1884

for self-holding tapers 914for Unified screw threads 1877–1884

gear tooth forms 2004–2010

ANSI Standard (continued)geometric characteristic symbols for

engineering drawings 609–614geometric dimensioning and

tolerancing 606–611grinding wheel safety 1170–1174grinding wheels 1141–1149, 1157, 1166hexagon socket head shoulder

screws 1605hose coupling screw threads 1841–1845interference-fit threads 1786–1791involute spline symbols 2130involute splines

inch dimensions 2126–2147metric module 2148–2155

jig bushings 941–951key drive 911–912keys and keyseats 2342–2354keys and keyways for milling cutters and

arbors 794knurls and knurling 1211–1215letter symbols for mechanics 115limits and fits 627–657lock washers 1515–1519machine screws 1568–1577

binding head 1576fillister head 1574flat, countersunk head 1569–1571hexagon washer head 1571metric 1578–1585oval head 1574–1576pan head 1573round head 1577slotted hexagon 1572truss head 1572

manufacturers' standard gage for sheet steel 2501–2502

metriccap screws 1520–1523retaining rings 1666–1673screw threads, M profile 1755–1776screw threads, MJ profile 1777–1780screws, bolts, nuts, and washers 1520–

1525, 1533–1534, 1546–1549microscope threads 1846milling cutters 772–795miniature threads 1781–1785numerical control 1226nuts 1492–1504nuts, metric 1541, 1543–1548pins 1648–1664pipe and pipe fittings 2504–2508pipe thread 1846–1855plain washers 1512–1517position symbols 1221preferred

basic sizes 644fits 644–647metric limits and fits 632, 642–657metric sizes 642–644numbers 19

INDEX2560

ANSI Standard (continued)thicknesses, thin, flat metals 2501

reamers 813–815, 820–826retaining rings 1666–1673rivets 1464–1470roundness symbols 1222runout symbols 1224screw thread symbols 1787, 1793–1794,

1811, 1816, 1824metric 1756–1778

screw threads 1706–1710, 1712–1790, 1793–1816, 1818–1824

metric M profile 1755–1776metric MJ profile 1777–1780

screws and boltsinch 1492–1509metric 1520–1527, 1529, 1532–1534,

1541section lining symbols 606, 608self-tapping thread inserts 1635self-threading screws, inch 1620–1635

metric 1635–1644serrations, involute 2126set-screw heads and points 1606–1610set-screws, socket type 1607, 1612shoulder screws 1605single-point tools and tool posts 740–746slotted head cap screws 1599–1600slotted headless set screws 1606socket head cap screws 1601–1605spindles and drives for portable

tools 1207–1210spline socket set screws 1607, 1612splines, involute

inch dimensions 2126–2147metric module 2148–2155

spur gear tooth forms 2004–2010stub threads, 29- and 60-degree 1811–

1816stud threads 1786–1791studs, drive 1659, 1662surface texture 697–708symbols

accuracy 1221accuracy symbols 1221comparison to ISO 609concentricity 609, 1223datum referencing 614diameter 609, 1222drawing practices for surface

texture 704–708parallelism 609part tolerance 609, 642–644perpendicularity 609position 609roundness 609runout 609section lining 606, 608total runout 609welding 1393

symbols for section lining 608

ANSI Standard (continued)tang drives 909–910tapers 906–918taps and threading dies 872–898threads for electric sockets 1846T-nuts, T-bolts, T-slots 1645–1647tolerances 630

gagemakers 656symbols 578–579, 609–614, 622

tolerances and allowances for cylindrical fits 621–657

tooth proportions, fine-pitch involute spur and helical gears 2008

total runout symbols 1224twist drills 827–849Unified threads 1706–1710, 1712–1754,

1781–1786washers, inch 1512–1519

metric 1547, 1549welded and seamless wrought steel

pipe 2505wing nuts, wing screws, and thumb

screws 1693–1701wood screws 1456woodruff keys 2348–2354worm gearing, fine pitch 2064–2066wrench openings 1510–1511

ANSI Standard Z17.1-1973 19ANSI X3.37 1264ANSI Y10.4 115ANSI Y14.1 606ANSI Y14.2 1294ANSI Y14.2M 608ANSI Y14.36 606ANSI Y14.5M 1286ANSI Z136.1 1413ANSI 14.5M 1221ANSI, RMA IP-25 2402ANSI/AFBMA Std 10 2303, 2306ANSI/AFBMA Std 11 2291ANSI/AFBMA Std 11–1978 2297ANSI/AFBMA Std 18.1 2263, 2270–2271ANSI/AFBMA Std 18.2 2263–2264, 2269–

2271ANSI/AFBMA Std 20 2256–2257ANSI/AFBMA Std 20, 1987 2258–2260ANSI/AFBMA Std 24.1–1989 2261ANSI/AFBMA Std 24.2 2262ANSI/AFBMA Std 24.2–1989 2261ANSI/AFBMA Std 7 2265, 2267–2268ANSI/AFBMA Std 8.2 2276–2279ANSI/AFBMA Std 9 2286, 2297ANSI/AGMA 2005 2054ANSI/AMSE B18.16.3M 1546ANSI/ASME B1.1 1712ANSI/ASME B1.12 1788–1791ANSI/ASME B1.13M 1755, 1757–1759,

1763–1764, 1766–1768, 1774, 1776ANSI/ASME B1.2 1864, 1877, 1880, 1883–

1884ANSI/ASME B1.20.1 1847–1851

INDEX 2561

ANSI/ASME B1.20.7 1841–1842ANSI/ASME B1.21M 1755, 1777ANSI/ASME B1.3M 1712, 1791ANSI/ASME B1.7M 1707, 1712ANSI/ASME B18.1.3M 1464ANSI/ASME B18.2.1 1492–1498, 1551ANSI/ASME B18.2.2 1492–1493, 1499–

1502, 1510, 1551ANSI/ASME B18.2.3.4M 1527ANSI/ASME B18.2.3.5M 1530ANSI/ASME B18.2.3.9M 1526–1527ANSI/ASME B18.21.1 1515–1519ANSI/ASME B18.21.2M 1515ANSI/ASME B18.3 1601–1605, 1607–

1608, 1611–1613ANSI/ASME B18.3.1M 1532, 1539, 1541ANSI/ASME B18.5 1505–1509ANSI/ASME B18.5.2.2M 1527–1528, 1531ANSI/ASME B18.6.2 1599–1600, 1606,

1609–1610ANSI/ASME B18.6.5M 1623, 1635–1640ANSI/ASME B18.6.7M 1577–1585ANSI/ASME B18.8.2 1651–1655, 1658–

1664ANSI/ASME B29.1 M 2421ANSI/ASME B29.1M 2421–2422, 2425–

2429, 2438, 2442ANSI/ASME B29.3M 2422ANSI/ASME B32.3M 2503ANSI/ASME B36.10M 2504–2505ANSI/ASME B5.1M 1645–1647ANSI/ASME B5.10 848, 909–914, 918ANSI/ASME B5.15 2156ANSI/ASME B5.50 1284–1286ANSI/ASME B92.2M 2156ANSI/ASME B94.11M 829, 839–841, 846–

847, 849ANSI/ASME B94.19 772–795ANSI/ASME B94.6 1211, 1213–1214ANSI/ASME B94.9 872ANSI/ASME Y10.3M 115ANSI/ASME Y14.2M 607ANSI/AWS A2.4 1396ANSI/AWS 2.4-79 1408ANSI/EIA RS 274-D 1227, 1240–1241,

1243, 1245, 1248–1249, 1264ANSI/RMA IP-20 2379–2381ANSI/RMA IP-21 2386ANSI/RMA IP-22 2373–2375, 2377ANSI/RMA IP-23 2394–2396ANSI/RMA IP-24 2409, 2411–2414ANSI/RMA IP-25 2402–2403ANSI/RMA IP-26 2397, 2400ANSI/RMP IP-21 2387ANSI/RMP IP-24 2411ANSI/SAE AS568A 2482Antifriction bearings 2246–2302Apothecaries'

fluid measure 2518weight 2519

Application factor 2044–2045

Applying surface texture symbols 706APT (automatically programmed

tool) 1263–1280axis nomenclature 1235circles 1265–1270, 1272computational statements 1265example program 1277for turning 1279–1280geometry statements 1265geometry, 3-D 1274motion statements 1270–1275planes 1273points 1266postprocessor statements 1275–1280programming 1263–1280tabulated cylinder 1274

Arborscircular saw 1203diameters for spring-winding 332dimensions of centers 813driving slots and lugs for shell

reamer 823keys and keyways for 794lathe 858shell reamer 823standard milling machine 920–924steels for 456

Arbor-type milling cutters 790Arc

checking radius of 690–692electric, cutting of metals 1391, 1428–

1429length of given angle and radius 80–81of action 1998of approach 1998of recession 1998plasma welding 1387–1391thickness of internal gear tooth 2047thickness of pinion tooth 2047welding 1362–1387

Arc of recession 1998Area

circle 63circular

ring 64ring sector 64sector 63segments 63, 78, 80–81

cycloid 63different sections 217–227ellipse 65enclosed by cycloidal curve 58fillet 64finding by Simpson’s rule 57–58geometrical figures 60–65hexagon 62hyperbola 65irregular outline 57–58octagon 62parabola 64–65

segment of 65

INDEX2562

Area (continued)parallelogram 60plane figures 60–65plane surface of irregular outline 57–58polygon 62rectangle 60spandrel 64square 60surface of revolution 56–57trapezium 62trapezoid 61triangle 61

Areas and volumes 56–59Argon, welding gas 1364–1366, 1374, 1387–

1388Arithmetical

operations, sequence of 21progressions 43–44

ASA B1.10 1902ASA B1.12 1559ASA B17c 281ASA B18.2 1492, 1510ASA B5.38 1207–1210ASA B6.1 2005, 2009–2010ASA Code for transmission shafting 280Asbestos, specific gravity and weight 370ASCII, American Standard Code for

Information Interchange 1295ASME Y14.5M 609ASME/ANSI B 1.8 1800ASME/ANSI BI.5 1807ASME/ANSI B1.1 1739, 1753–1754ASME/ANSI B1.12 1786ASME/ANSI B1.3M 1753ASME/ANSI B1.5 902, 1792–1794, 1796,

1799–1805, 1808–1811ASME/ANSI B1.8 1793, 1801, 1811–1813,

1815ASME/ANSI B29.1M 2423, 2443ASME/ANSI B94.9 872, 876–895, 897–898ASTM A 220 1331ASTM A297 1334ASTM A307 1488, 1495ASTM A325 1488ASTM A325M 1530ASTM A354 1488, 1496ASTM A449 1488, 1496ASTM A490 1488ASTM A490M 1530ASTM A563M 1542, 1544, 1547ASTM A574M 1531ASTM A743-81a 1335ASTM B23-83 2239ASTM B253 1447ASTM B438-83a 2243–2245ASTM B439-83 2243, 2245ASTM B633 1451ASTM E-140 2306ASTM E-18 2306ASTM F467M 1544ASTM F568 1530

ASTM F594 1494ASTM F837M 1531ASTM 574M 1530Atmospheric pressure 393, 2519Austempering 479, 491–492Austenite 483–484, 514Austenitic manganese cast steel 1335Autocollimation 1219–1220Autogenous, (welding) 1362Automatic screw machines 1094–1099

knurling on 1094Avoirdupois or commercial weight 2518Axial

pitch 1998plane 1998thickness 1999

Azimuth reading displacements 1219

BB & S automatic screw machines 1094Babbitt metals 2238–2242

properties of 2240–2242SAE general information 2238

Backlash 1999allowance in checking gears by the pin

method 2103control of allowances in production 2039control of in assemblies 2041determining proper amount of 2036fine-pitch gears 2040gearing 2036–2042recommended 2038

Bainite 481Balance wheels 173Balancing

calculations 167–172counterbalancing masses located in two or

more planes 170–171counterbalancing several masses located

in single plane 168–170dynamic 167lathe fixtures 171–172machines 167rotating parts 167–172running or dynamic 167static 167

Ball bearings 2246–2252, 2254–2261, 2264–2266, 2271–2301alignment and squareness 2273–2274allowance for axial displacement in 2264angular contact 2246–2248cage materials 2254–2255clamping and retaining methods 2274–

2280clearances, running 2282–2284closures 2275, 2280design and installation 2264designation of 2267failures 2285

INDEX 2563

Ball bearings (continued)fits 2275, 2280flanged housing 2254friction losses 2280handling precautions 2284–2285housing bore tolerances 2267–2268housings, soft metal and other 2274–

2275life 2285life adjustment factors 2296locknuts and shafts for 2277–2278lockwashers for 2276lubricants 2318–2320lubrication 2282materials for 2254mounting 2271–2284pillow block 2254plastics 2254quiet or vibration-free mountings 2275radial and axial clearance 2283–2284rating life 2287–2291seating fits for 2275selection 2281–2283shaft

and bore limits 2267–2268and housing fits for metric radial 2264–

2266tolerance

classifications, metric 2265–2266limits, metric 2266–2267

special or unconventional types of 2254squareness and alignment 2273–2274starting torque 2281static

equivalent loads 2300–2301load ratings 2297–2300

thrust 2250tolerances 2255–2261types of 2246–2254

Ball, roller, and needle bearings 2246–2302Balls, standard 2302–2310

grades 2305hardness corrections 2306hardness ranges 2306materials 2305number per kilogram 2310number per pound 2309ordering specifications 2303package markings 2293–2294preferred gages 2303preferred sizes 2306–2308tolerances 2305–2306

Band brakes 2337–2339Band saw

blade selection 1101–1102break-in 1105–1106speeds and feeds, metal cutting 1103–

1105Bar, small diameter radius of gyration 147Barometer reading and equivalent

pressure 395

Barrelliquid capacity 2518volume 71

Barrel effect 1319Base

circle 1999, 2127diameter 2127helix angle 1999pitch 1999tooth thickness 1999

Base circle 1999Base circle, spur gear

diameter 2004Base helix angle 1999Base oils for metal cutting 1109Base pitch 1999Base tooth thickness 1999Basic

endurance limit 2044gear dimensions 2010rack profiles 2153space width 2127

Basic dimension 621hole 621shaft or hole 621

Baths, hardening or quenching 488–490for heating steel 487tanks for 490–491

Baumé’s hydrometer 372conversion to specific gravity 371

Beams 239, 241–242, 248–249, 251–259, 2488–2494channel 2494, 2498combined stresses in 206–210curved 254–257deflections 236, 239, 241–242, 253–254

designing for 253–254fixed at

both ends 252one end 241–242, 249, 251

formulas 207I-beams 2488–2493, 2498reactions 236rectangular solid 249simple stresses in 204–205stresses in 204–210, 236, 239, 241–242,

248, 252–258stresses produced by shocks 257–258supported at both ends 239, 249uniform strength 248, 251–252

Bearing lubricantsball and roller bearings 2318–2320plain bearings 2202–2205

Bearing materials, plain 2236–2244aluminum 2238, 2241ASTM compositions 2239–2245babbitt metals 2238–2242cadmium alloys 2240–2242carbon-graphite 2241–2245cast iron 2241copper-lead 2238–2242

INDEX2564

Bearing materials, plain (continued)die casting in place 1344graphitic 2242, 2245laminated phenolics 2242leaded bronze 2240–2242nylon 2242oil impregnated 2242–2245plastics laminates 2242porous 2241–2245properties 2236–2237rubber 2242, 2245SAE compositions 2238–2239seals 2198–2199silver 2241Teflon (TFE) 2242, 2245tin-bronze 2240–2242white metal 2238–2242wood 2242, 2245

Bearing spacing and shaft stiffness 2053Bearings 2193–2218, 2220–2244, 2246–

2300guide 2236–2237

Belleville springs or washers 326Belts and pulleys 2368–2420

flat belts 2368–2371V-belts 2372–2420

Bendingallowances, sheet metal 1304–1310formulas

for beams 239, 241–242, 249, 251–257for shafts 275–277

stress in beams 236, 239, 241–242, 248–249, 251–254

structural angles 2495–2497Bending load wood 375Beryllium and copper alloys 566Bevel gearing 2050–2063

ANSI/AGMA Standard 2054applications 2051–2053applications of 2051backlash 2037–2038bearing spacing 2053blank design 2052–2053cutting teeth in 2053–2062face angles 2054, 2056–2057face widths 2054, 2056–2057German standard tooth form 2090Gleason system, straight bevel

gears 2054Zerol bevel gears 2050–2051

hypoid gears 2051materials for 2063milled 2054, 2056–2062milling cutters for 792, 2058–2060milling setup 2061–2062mountings 2052–2053nomenclature 2054–2056octoid tooth form 2053planetary 2083, 2087replacement gear dimensions 2122–2125selecting formed cutters for 2060

Bevel gearing (continued)shaft stiffness 2053spiral 2050straight 1998, 2050, 2052, 2054tooth measurement for milled 2062types of 2050typical steels used for 2063Zerol 1998, 2050–2052

Bilateral and unilateral tolerances 621–622Binary multiples 2533Birmingham wire gage 2499–2500Birnie's equation 272Blank diameters, drawing dies 1302–1307Blanks, sintered carbide 738–740Blast cleaning of castings 1338Block

brakes 2340NC 1241, 1243, 1245or multiple indexing 1990–1991

Blow, force of 159–160Boilers, strength of flat stayed surfaces 268Boiling temperature,various substances 364Bolt head

markings, inch 1484–1488metric 1532, 1534, 1560–1561

wrench and socket clearances 1510–1511Bolt hole circles

chordal distance 78coordinates for 953–970

Bolts and nutsANSI, inch dimensions

cap or acorn nuts 1503countersunk bolts 1508–1509fin neck bolts 1506flat jam nuts 1500heavy hex bolts 1495heavy hex structural bolts 1493–1494hex

bolts 1493flat nuts 1500high nuts 1504nuts 1493–1494, 1499slotted high nuts 1504slotted nuts 1500–1502thick slotted nuts 1501–1502

jam nuts 1499machine screw nuts 1568ribbed neck bolts 1507round head bolts 1505–1507square

bolts 1492–1494neck bolts 1505–1508nuts 1492–1493, 1502

step bolts 1508T-bolts 1646T-head bolts 1505T-nuts 1647types of 1492–1493Unified 1489–1490, 1492–1496, 1499–

1502wing nuts 1693–1697

INDEX 2565

Bolts and nuts (continued)ANSI, metric dimensions

clearance holes 1532designation 1532diameters 1523heavy hex

bolts 1529nuts 1548structural bolts 1529

hexflange nuts 1545jam nuts 1548

hex nuts 1543identification symbols 1532materials and mechanical

properties 1534prevailing torque hex

flange nuts 1547nuts 1546

reduced diameter bolts 1524, 1527slotted hex nuts 1544thread series 1532

British StandardFine thread 1552–1559, 1619, 1838–

1840hexagon 1551–1554metric hexagon 1555–1561standard thread 1839Unified 1597Whitworth 1551–1554, 1591, 1595–

1598, 1619, 1836–1838, 1868eye bolts and nuts 358–359grade markings for steel 1484–1488,

1532, 1534, 1541, 1560–1561load allowable on bolts 1489–1491spacing for wrench clearances 1510–

1511tightening 1475torque required to tighten 1475–1488working strength of bolts 1489–1491,

1559–1560wrench clearances for 1510wrench openings 1510

Bolts and screws 1492Bonding, adhesives 2460Boring

carbide tools for 859–864cutting time for 1044wood 378

Boring-bar, cutters, carbide 859–864Boron nitride

cubic (CBN) abrasive 982, 1140, 1157, 1166

cutting tool materials 982speeds and feeds for 1002, 1008, 1018–

1022Bottom land 1999Box wrench clearances 1510Brads and wire nails 1455

Brakesband 2337–2339block type 2340coefficient of friction 2338–2340

Brasscastings 525–532coloring 1441–1442strength and physical properties 477wire, strength 477

EDM 1328–1329Brazing 1354–1361

filler metals for 1354–1359fluxes for 1354–1359heating for 1360symbols 1361workholders for 1360

Break-even analysis 40–42Bricks

specific gravity and weight 370strength 478

Briggs (now ANSI) standard pipe thread 1849–1850

Brinell hardness 473, 475, 516–524aluminum alloys 550–555cold-drawn carbon steel rounds, squares,

and hexagons 395–396heat-treated steels 432–436magnesium alloys 560Rockwell conversion tables 520stainless steels 439

British Associationstandard screw threads 1839tolerance formulas 1839

British StandardBS 1083 1551, 1553–1554BS 1157 1838, 1903–1904BS 1387 1857BS 1449B 1565BS 1580 1551BS 1657 1825BS 1768 1492, 1551BS 1769 1492, 1551BS 1807 2043BS 1916 1650BS 1981 1595, 1597BS 2059 2156BS 21 1856–1858BS 235 2043BS 2519 2043BS 2693 1551, 1559, 1562BS 2708 1551BS 275 1464, 1471BS 2779 1856–1857BS 2827 1586BS 2870 1565BS 2963 1559BS 3027 2043BS 308 2043BS 328 848, 850–856BS 3382 1559, 1586BS 3550 2156

INDEX2566

British Standard (continued)BS 3643 902, 904, 1560, 1587, 1826,

1831, 1834BS 3692 1551, 1555–1559, 1904–1905BS 3696 2043BS 4084 1825BS 4168 1613–1618, 1904–1905BS 4183 1586, 1588–1589, 1592–1594,

1904–1905BS 4186 1904BS 4190 1551, 1904BS 4235 2354–2355, 2357–2360BS 4320 1565–1567BS 436 2042–2045BS 4464 1563–1565BS 45 1840BS 450 1586, 1595, 1598BS 4500 657, 660–663, 665–666, 2356BS 46 2359, 2361–2364, 2367BS 4620 1473–1474BS 545 2043BS 57 1586BS 6 2365BS 6104 1613BS 6105 1613BS 6186 2156BS 641 1472BS 721 2043BS 821 2043BS 84 1551, 1838BS 93 1551, 1839BS 949 902–903BS 970 2354BS 978 2043clearance holes for metric bolts and

screws 1903–1904combined drills and countersinks 847countersunk head screws 1591–1598dowel pins, metric 1648–1650drills, metric 850–856fasteners, mechanical properties 1559–

1560, 1613Fine threads (BSF)

basic dimensions 1838tolerance formulas 1836

hexagon bolts 1551–1554hexagon socket screws, metric 1613–

1618button head 1617cap 1614–1615set 1616–1618

Imperial wire gauge 2499–2500interference fits 1551, 1562ISO metric

grade markings 1559–1560hexagon bolts, screws, and nuts 1555–

1561limits and fits 657–666tapping drill sizes for 1903taps 902–903threads 1825–1834

British Standard (continued)keys and keyways 2354–2367limits and fits for holes and shafts 657–

666machine screws 1586–1598metric

and inch pipe threads 1856–1858basic sizes, preferred 667bolts, clearance holes 1903–1904comparison of British, French, German

and Swiss 1780dowel pins 1648–1650drills 850–856hexagon socket screws 1613–1618keys and keyways 2354–2367limits and fits 657–666machine screws and nuts 1586–1595series plain washers 1565–1566series spring washers 1563–1565taps, ISO 902–903threads 1780

nuts 1552–1555, 1557–1559, 1586–1597PD 3376 2043PD 6457 2044pipe threads, parallel 1856–1857pipe threads, taper 1857–1858preferred metric basic sizes 667preferred numbers 667rivets 1464, 1471–1474screws 1551–1560, 1586–1598, 1613–

1619thread dimensions 1825–1858thread profiles 1825, 1836

spark plugs 1840spur and helical gears 2042striaght splines 2156studs 1551, 1562tapping drill sizes, ISO metric

threads 1901–1903taps, ISO, metric 902–903thermal units, (BTU) 2514

converted into foot-pounds 2553power and heat equivalents 2551

Unifiedmachine screws and nuts 1595–1597screws and nuts 1595–1597thread sizes 1706–1710, 1712–1754,

1781–1785UNJ profile threads 1825–1826washers, plain, metric 1565–1567Whitworth threads (BSW)

machine screws 1595–1598set-screws 1595–1598, 1619thread form 1836–1837tolerance formulas 1836

Broacheschip breakers 930–931clearance angles for teeth 930depth of cut per tooth 929depth of teeth 930face angle or rake 930

INDEX 2567

Broaches (continued)land width 930pitch of teeth 927–930radius of tooth fillet 930shear angle 930–931surface 928total length of 930types 926–927

Broaching 926–932cutting oils for 1108–1109cutting speeds for 1043difficulties 932pressure 928types of machines 930–931

Broken tap, removal of 1905–1908Bronze 525

castings, strength 477strength 477

Brown & Sharpeautomatic screw machines 1094–1099milling machines 1979taper 906, 915–916taper reamers for sockets 825wire gage 2499–2500

Brush finishing, power 1435–1438Buckingham formula for pin method of

checking screw threads 1867–1870Buckling, columns 261–262Buffing and polishing 1439–1440

wheels for 1440Built-up Sections, Moments of Inertia 217Bulk modulus of various material 384Bulk temperature thermal flash factor 2045Burs and files, rotary 1433Bushings

gear 2117jig, materials for 941standard, for jigs 941–951steels for 456

Butt joint, riveted 1457–1462Buttress threads 1817–1824

allowances and tolerances 1821–1823ANSI Standard inch type 1818–1824basic dimensions 1817–1818British Standard 1825designations 1824diameter-pitch combinations 1817–1818miscellaneous types 1817–1824symbols and formulas 1820thread form 1818–1819wire method of measuring 1875–1877

Byte 2533Byte, PLC 1229B18.2.1 1492B18.2.2 1492B18.6.7M 1577

CCables, wire, breaking strength 336–341CAD/CAM 1287–1297

drawing exchange standards 1294–1296projections 1289rapid prototyping 1296standard lettering sizes 1294tips 1290

Cadmiumbearing alloys 2240plating 1444vacuum coating 1451

Cage materials, anti-friction bearings 2254–2255

Calculation procedure 1137Calculations

strength of materials, sample 212Caliper

gear tooth 2018–2020, 2108–2111measurement of 2020

vernier 669Calorie, kilogram 2514, 2546Cams and cam design 1098–1099, 2163–

2188acceleration, velocity, and displacement

formulas 2163–2167classes of cams and followers 2163–2164cylindrical cams 2185–2187design example 2181–2184displacement

constant velocity 2165curves 2163–2167cycloidal 2166–2167diagrams 2163–2169harmonic 2165–2167parabolic 2165–2166synthesis of 2167–2169

forces 2179–2184machining errors, effect on

acceleration 2183–2184materials 2179–2186milling 2186–2188pressure angle 2171–2178profile determination 2168–2171radius of curvature 2178–2184rollers 2186–2187size determination 2172–2176stresses, contact 2179–2180, 2184threading cams, screw machine 1094–

1098Canned (fixed) cycles, NC 1258–1262Cap screws 1496, 1599–1604

button head 1604drill and counterbore sizes for 1601–

1602fillister head 1600finished, hexagonal 1496flat head 1599, 1603

INDEX2568

Cap screws (continued)hexagon socket type 1601–1604hexagonal 1496metric 1521round head 1600spline socket type 1601–1604tap drill sizes 1889–1907

Capacitor 1319Capital recovery 28Carat 2518Carbide tools

application of cutting fluids to 1111boring 859–865coated 980–981cutting 738–740grinding 937–940insert holders 726, 732–738, 1281–1284insert type 726, 730–738materials for 747–757, 979–981sharpening 937standard blanks for 738–740tips for boring tools 859–864tips for turning tools 741–746

Carbides and carbonitrides 747–752Carbon

monoxide, specific gravity 371steel castings 1333–1334steels 403, 406

AISI-SAE designations 409–410cold drawn 430–431composition of, SAE 420heat treatments 504mechanical properties 432–436numbering system 403, 405quality variations 418speeds for milling 1014–1019, 1022speeds for turning 996–999structure of 483tool steel as a cutting tool material 978unified numbering system 403, 405,

413Carbon dioxide

solidification temperature 623specific gravity 371

Carbonaceous mixtures 498Carbon-graphite bearings 2242, 2245Carbonitrides and carbides 747–752Carbonitriding 417–418Carburizing 417, 479, 498

gas 498liquid 498solid materials 498steels for 422–423temperatures 504–505vacuum 499

Cartesian coordinates 36Case hardening 416–418, 479, 498

steel 497Cash flow 30–31

discounted 30–31Cast iron

Cast iron (continued)alloy 1328–1329bearings 2241chilled 1328–1329density 370ductile 1332gray 1328–1329malleable 1330–1331Meehanite 1328–1329nodular 1332speeds and feeds for

drilling, reaming, and threading 1037–1038

milling 1021–1022turning 1002–1003

strength 476white 1328–1329

Cast roller chains 2421Cast steel 1332–1336

strength 476, 1332–1335Casting processes

aluminum alloys 1342–1343die casting 1337–1344ductile iron 1332gravity die casting 1337–1338gray iron 1336–1337green-sand molding 1336–1337investment casting 1345–1347low pressure casting 1337–1338permanent mold 1337–1338shell-molding 1336–1337squeeze casting 1337–1338V-process 1336–1337

Castingsalloy steel 1332–1335blast cleaning 1338brass and bronze 525–532bronze and brass for gears 2117–2119carbon steel 1333–1334cleaning methods 1338ductile (nodular) iron 1332finishing operations 1338heat treatment 1338heat-resisting 1328–1329investment 1345malleable iron 1330–1331malleable iron, strength 476manganese steel 1335Meehanite 1328–1329nodular cast iron 1332nonferrous strength 477removal of gates and risers 1338shrinkage of 1339–1343steel 1332–1336steel, for gears 2063, 2113–2117surface texture of 708weight, obtained from pattern

weight 1340Castle and slotted nuts 1493, 1500–1502,

1552, 1554Cathode 1319

INDEX 2569

Cell, flexible manufacturing, NC 1235Celsius (Centigrade) and Fahrenheit

temperatures 2514–2516Cement, strength of 478Cementation 479Cemented carbide tools 747–752

coated 750–752grinding 937–940materials for 979–981speeds for drilling with 1030–1033,

1035–1041speeds for milling with 1013–1022speeds for turning with 996–1009

Cementite 483Cements, pipe joints 2464–2466Center

distance, gear set 2010, 2012, 2080drills reamers and machine

countersinks 813of oscillation 151of percussion 151

Center distance 1999Center distance, gearing 1999Center of gravity 136–142, 151

any four-sided figure 137circle sector 138circular arc 137cone 140cone, frustum 140cylinder 139cylinder, portion of 139ellipse segment 138ellipsoid, segment of 141fillet 138of two bodies 141parabola, area of 139paraboloid 141part of circle ring 138perimeter or area of parallelogram 136pyramid 140pyramid, frustum 140spandrel 138sphere, hollow 141spherical sector 141spherical segment 141spherical surface 138spheroid, segment of 141trapezoid 137triangle 136wedge 140

Centering toolsfeeds for 1094–1095length of point 925

Centerless grinding 1183–1185screw threads 1926–1927troubles 1184–1185

Centers, for arbors and reamers 813Centimeter-gram-second system of

measurement 2520Centimeter-inch conversion tables 2533Centipoises 2201–2202, 2312–2313, 2319

Centistokes 2201–2202, 2312–2313, 2319Central plane 1999Centralized lubrication systems 2313–2315Centralizing Acme threads 1802–1811, 1816

alternative series 1816designation 1811formulas for determining diameters 1804limiting dimensions 1804–1807, 1811major and minor diameter allowances and

tolerances 1810pitch diameter allowances 1808thread data 1807thread form 1794, 1803

Centrifugalclutches 2332force 163–166

calculation 164stresses in flywheels 178

Ceramic cutting tool materials 752–755, 981Cermets 747Chain

cast roller 2421close-link 355crane and hoisting 351–360detachable 2421pintle 2421

Chamfers and corner clearance, gearing 2135Change gears

helical gear hobbing 2080–2083helical milling 1931leads and angles for helical milling 1946–

1947relieving helical-fluted hobs 1916–1917thread cutting, lathe 1912–1916

fractional ratios 1913–1914fractional threads 1912metric pitches 1912–1913modifying the gearbox output 1913–

1916threads per inch with given

combination 1912Channels

aluminum 2498elements of 2494, 2498moment of inertia 2494, 2498radius of gyration 2494, 2498section modulus 2494, 2498steel 2494structural 2494, 2498weight per foot 2494, 2498

Characteristic, logarithm 102, 104Charcoal, weight and volume 371Checking

Acme threads by three-wire method, table 1872

American standard threads by three-wire method, table 1866–1867

assembly 619castings 619dimensions 619drawings 618–619

INDEX2570

Checking (continued)for strength 618gear size 2094–2112machined parts 620radius of arc 690–693Whitworth threads by three-wire method,

table 1868Cheese head screws, British Standard 1591,

1595–1596, 1598Chemical

treatment of metals 1440–1443vapor deposition (CVD) 750

Chilled cast iron 1330Chipbreakers 728

grinding 939–940Chisels, cold steels for 456Chord

length for given angle and radius 80–81length for given number of

divisions 955–958Chordal addendum 1999, 2018

milled bevel gear teeth 2064milled, full-depth gear teeth 2016–2017

Chordal distance of bolt circle 78Chordal thickness 1999

gear teeth 2015–2017, 2062milled bevel gear teeth 2064milled, full-depth gear teeth 2016–2017OD is special 2018OD is standard 2015

Chrome 1445Chromium

plating 1427tool steels 458, 460, 462

Chucking reamers 808–822expansion 814rose 808, 822

Chucksdrill, tapers and threads for 919hexagonal, for portable tools 1210spindle, for portable tool grinders 1207

Cincinnati milling machines, indexing movements 1986–1989

Circleschords for dividing circumference

of 955–958dividing, on jig boring machine 959–970enclosed within a circle 72–75enclosed within a rectangle 77geometry of 48–50lengths of chords for dividing 955–958packing

in circles 72–75in circles and rectangles 72–77in rectangles 77

programming in APT (NC) 1267–1270segments 80–81squares of equivalent areas 79

Circulardisk

radius of gyration 147

Circular (continued)gear teeth 2006–2008interpolation, NC 1254–1255mil gage for wires 2517pitch 1999, 2127

given center distance and ratio 2014pitch gears, diameters of 2022ring sector, area 64ring, area 64ring, thin flat 148saws, arbors for 1203sector segment 955–958sector, area 63segment, area 63thickness 1999

milled bevel gear teeth 2064outside diameter

has been enlarged 2015has been reduced 2015is standard 2014

Circular arcenter of gravity 137

Circular pitch 1999Circular pitch in gears 2022Circular thickness 1999Circumference, chords for dividing 955–958CL data, NC 1242Classical V-belts 2379–2386Clavarino's equation 271Cleaning castings 1338Clearance 1999

anglesboring tools 859–864milling cutters 800punch and die 1301reamers, tooth rest position 811single-point tools 740–746turning tools 740–746

drill sizes, machine screw 1900for wrench 1510–1511

ANSI Standard 1532British Standard 1903–1904

Clevis pins 1648Closed-loop system 1233, 2468–2470Clutches 2329–2336

centrifugal and free-wheeling 2332cone 2330–2331cutting with angular cutters 2334–2336disk 2329friction 2329–2330friction coefficients 2330magnetic 2331–2332positive 2333–2334power capacity of 2329saw tooth 2335–2336slipping 2332wrapped spring 2332–2333

CNC 1225–1226programming 1240–1280

Coatings 1444–1451Coatings, conversion, of metals 1440–1443

INDEX 2571

Cobalt 939alloy 981

Cobaltchrom steel 508Coefficient of friction 190–191, 2045, 2330,

2341rolling resistance 191

Coefficient of heat radiation 367Cold-form tapping 1904–1907Collets 971–973Colloidal suspension 1319Coloring metals 1440–1443Columns 261–267

American Institute of Steel Construction 264–265, 267

American Railway Engineering Association formulas 261

eccentrically loaded 262Euler formula 261–263, 266–267J. B. Johnson formula 262, 266–267Rankine or Gordon formulas 261, 263steel pipe, allowable concentric

loads 264–265Combination

drill and tap 1909shanks for end mills 781

Combinations of involute spline types 2138Combined stress 206

normal stresses at right angles 206Combined stresses 207–210Compensation, insert radius, NC 1281–1284Complex conjugate 39Complex or imaginary numbers 38Composite, checking of gears 2042Compound

angles 688–690indexing 1950–1956thread cutting, NC 1263

Compressionin beams 236, 256–257in columns 261–267of air 395–401springs 285–305

Compressive propertiesceramics 379definitions 196strength, values of 476, 478wood 375–376

Computer numerical control, CNC 1225–1226programming 1240–1280

Computer-aided (or-assisted)design (CAD) 1287–1297manufacturing (CAM) 1287

Concave arbor-type milling cutters 790Concrete

specific gravity and weight 370strength 478

Conditional expressions, NC 1258Conductance, thermal 366Conductivity

electrical, of metals 1323–1324

Conductivity (continued)electrical, of plastics 580–581thermal 368–370, 379

Conecenter of gravity 140clutches 2330–2331frustum

center of gravity 140polar moments of inertia 144radius of gyration 150

frustum of 68polar moments of inertia 144radius of gyration 149

Cone volume 68Conical pendulum 188–189Conjugate fractions 14–16Constructional steels 1150–1151Contact

diameter 1999, 2028diameter, gearing 2028–2033ratio 1999, 2029

face 1999factor 2044–2045total 1999

ratio, gearing 2024–2029stress 1999, 2045stresses, cams 2184–2186

Contact diameter 1999Contact ratio 1999Contact ratio factor 2044–2045Contact stress 1999Contents of tanks 58–59Continued fractions 13–14

use of as conjugates 15–16Contour Milling 1994Contourmilling 1994Control, adaptive, NC 1233Convergents 13–16Conversational part programming,

NC 1240–1241Conversion

coating of metals 1440–1443cutting speed formulas 985tables

angular measure 90, 92cutting speed and diameter to rpm 986,

1174cutting speed formulas 1908–1909decimal equivalents of inch

fractions 2519decimal multiples of SI units 2522foot-pounds into Btu 2553hardness 520–524horsepower into kilowatts 2553metric into English measure 2525–

2550miscellaneous English units 2532oil viscosity unit 2201–2202, 2312–

2313pounds-force into newtons 2550radians into degrees 90, 92

INDEX2572

Converting numbers to powers-of-ten notation 18

Convex arbor-type milling cutters 790Coolants for

lapping 1202machining

aluminum 1116magnesium 1117–1118tool sharpening 939–940zinc alloys 1118

tapping 1889–1890, 1909Coordinate system, converting to another 36Coordinates, for jig boring 953–970Copolymer 569Copper

flat products, strength 477lead bearings 2238–2241linear expansion 368–369plating 1445silicon alloys 565wire, strength 477zinc-tin alloys, strength 478

Copper and copper-base alloyscast 525–532classification 525Copper-beryllium 565–566die casting 1343passivation 1441–1442speeds, for drilling and reaming 1041

for turning and milling 1006wrought 533–542

Copper- and iron-base sintered bearings 2243–2245

Copper Development Association 525–542Cordage Institute 353, 360Core drills 846–849Corner-rounding milling cutters 775, 790Corrosion-resisting alloys 425, 428, 525–

566castings 1335

Cosecant 83Cosine 83Cosine law of 84Cotangent 83Cotter pins, standard sizes 1648, 1659, 1662Cotters 2354Coulomb shear theory (plastics) 584–585Counterbores 857–858Countersinks 813, 862

combined with drills 845machine 813

Countersunk headrivets 1466, 1470–1472

British Standard 1464, 1472–1474screws 1569–1571, 1574–1575, 1591–

1599, 1603British Standard 1591–1598

Couples and Forces 120Couples of forces 121Couplings

double-cone 2326

Couplings (continued)fire-hose 1842–1845flexible 2327hose 1841–1843interference fits 2326knuckle joint 2328–2329safety flange 2325single keys used as fixed 2140, 2143slipping 2332universal 2327–2328

CPVC plastics 380, 601, 2511Crane chain

hoisting 351–360safe loads 352strength 351–354

Crane motors 2456–2457Crane, hooks 351–360

capacity of 357dimensions 357

Crater-resistant carbide toolsmaterials for 980

Craters 1319Creep 524, 576–577

rupture 524, 576–577Critical

slenderness ratio 261–262speeds 185–186

formulas for 185–186of rotating bodies and shafts 185

speeds of rotating shafts 283temperatures, heat treatment 479, 485

determining 486Crobalt alloy 981Croning shell mold process 1336–1337Crosby Group 356–359Cross recesses

for machine screws 1577for self-tapping screws 1623

Cross section lining, ANSI Standard for drawings 606, 608

Crossed helical gears 1998Crowned

involute splines 2145splines for large misalignments 2145

Crowned involute splines 2145Crushing strength, wood 375Cryogenic treatment, steel 514–517Cube, volume 66Cubes of wire diameters 330Cubic

boron nitride (CBN) 982, 1002, 1004, 1008, 1018, 1021–1022, 1139–1140, 1157, 1166

grinding wheels 1157, 1166conversions 2542equations 33measure 2517, 2542

Cumulative fatigue damage 198Cupola malleable iron 1330–1331Curve, normal distribution 1216–1219Cutoff 701

INDEX 2573

Cutoff or roughness sampling length 707Cutter

checking relief and rake angles 801, 805clearance angles 800–801, 806compensation, NC 1251–1253, 1281–

1284grinding 798–806location data (CL data) 1242radial relief, eccentric type 801–805rake angles 800–801spline 799tooth rest positions 806wheels for sharpening milling

cutters 798–800Cutter compensation, NC 1251–1253, 1281–

1284location data, NC 1242

Cuttersangular, milling 777, 783, 796–799bevel gear, formed types 2058–2061boring-bar 859–864box-tool 1095fluting, for reamers 808–810helical gear, formed type 2077–2079internal gear 2047milling 771–806

speeds and feeds for sharpening 800milling, steels for 452–456roller chain sprocket 2439–2441spur gear, formed type 2017–2021T-slot 775Woodruff keyseat 795

Cuttingabrasive 1204electric arc 1428–1429fluids 1106, 1108–1111

application of to carbides 1111aqueous solutions 1107broaching 1108–1109carbides 1111chlorinated oils 1107–1109magnesium 1108–1109, 1111mineral oil 1109selection 1107–1109soluble oils and compounds 1107sulfurized oils 1107, 1109–1110various alloys 1107–1109

gas torch cutting 1428–1429roller chain sprocket teeth 2437time for turning, boring and facing 1044wire rope 344

Cutting bevel gear teeth 2053Cutting speeds and feeds 978, 1040–1046

automatic screw machine 1095bandsaw 1103–1105broaching 1043chip thickness 992–994cutting speed calculations 1005cutting tool materials 444–471, 747–757CVD diamond tools 982

Cutting speeds and feeds (continued)diamond tools 981–982drilling and turning titanium and titanium

alloys 1007drilling superalloys 1008–1009drilling, reaming, and threading 1012–

1043copper alloys 1041feeds 1012ferrous cast metals 1037–1038glass 1034light metals 1039plain carbon and alloy steels 1030–

1035stainless steels 1036tool steels 1035

equivalentchip thickness (ECT) 992–994rpm for given cutting speed 986–990rpm for given drill sizes and speed 986

formulas for 985, 1005honing 1196–1198metal cutting saws 1044milling 1009–1012

feeds for high-speed steel cutters 1023ferrous cast metals 1021–1022plain carbon and alloy steels 1014slit and slot 1012–1013stainless steels 1019–1020superalloys 1008–1009titanium and titanium alloys 1007with cemented carbide cutters 1009–

1012planing 1044rpm for different speeds and

diameters 987–990shaping 1044tapping 1012–1039, 1041–1043, 1959–

1975thread chasing 1041–1043tool

angles 723–730inserts 747–757, 1281–1284life 982–983, 992–994

adjusting 755–757, 1004–1005, 1009, 1012, 1028

materials related to 978tool steels 1000, 1018–1019, 1035turning

copper alloys 1006ferrous cast metals 1002–1003hard-to-machine materials with CBN

tools 1008–1009light metals 1007–1008plain carbon and alloy steels 996–999stainless steels 1001superalloys 1008–1009titanium and titanium alloys 1007tool steels 1000unusual materials 1044

work materials 978

INDEX2574

Cutting tools 723–726angles 723–738, 1281–1284application codes, ISO 753carbide grade selection 747–757, 980–

981carbon tool steels 978carbonitrides (cermets) 747–752, 981cast nonferrous alloy 981cemented carbides 747–757, 979–981ceramics 752–755, 981coated carbides 980coatings 750, 980compositions and properties 748–750crater-resistant carbides 980cubic boron nitride (CBN) 754–757, 982,

1140, 1157, 1166CVD diamond 982diamond 750–757, 981–982

CVD 982polycrystalline 754–755, 981–982synthetic 755–757

grades 752, 980–981high-speed steel 979inserts 1281–1284machining data 755–757materials 978–982sharpening 934–935single-point 723–738specifications, ISO 751–752titanium carbides 749–752, 980trouble-shooting checklist 983tungsten carbide 747, 979

combined with other elements 749–750whisker-reinforced 754

Cyanidebath for heating steel 487hardening 498

Cyaniding 417–418, 480Cycloid 1999

area 63curves, area enclosed by 58

Cylindercenter of gravity 139collapsing pressure 273–274hollow

polar moment of inertia 144radius of gyration 149volume 68

plates and shells 268–274polar moment of inertia 144portion of volume 67–68portion of, center of gravity 139radius of gyration 148strength to resist internal pressure 270–

274working pressure vs. radius ratio 272

Cylindrical coordinates 38Cylindrical grinding 1175–1183

automation in 1178–1179basic process data 1178

Cylindrical grinding (continued)high speed 1178–1179machines 1175operating data 1177selection of grinding wheels 1142, 1156–

1157, 1166, 1176–1177traverse and plunge grinding 1175troubles 1179–1183workholding 1176

Cylindrical tank, contents 58–59Cylindrical to rectangular coordinates 38

DData input, manual, NC 1240Datum referencing 610–611, 614Datum target points 616Datum targets 615Decalescence point in steel hardening 479,

485Decimal

equivalents, fractions 2519multiples and submultiples of SI

units 2522point programming, NC 1245

Dedendum 1999Definitions

gear terms 1998geometric dimensioning and

tolerancing 610spline terms 2142surface texture 699surfaces of solid materials 697

Deflectionbeams 236, 239, 241–242, 253–254calculating 206flat plates 268–270shaft, linear 280shaft, torsional 277–280springs

compression and extension 302torsion 321–324

Degrees, expressed in radians 90, 92Density 370

air 394ceramics 379metals 368–370plastics materials 380powdered metals 383wood 376

Department of Commerce 272–273Deposition rates (welding) 1367, 1375–

1378, 1390–1391Depth of cut 982–983Depth of engagement 2127Derivatives of functions 34–35Detachable chains 2421Deviation, mean positional 1217Diameter of circle enclosing smaller

circles 72–75

INDEX 2575

Diameters for finished shafting 280Diametral

equivalent circular pitch and tooth proportions 2007–2008, 2091–2093

equivalent modules 2091–2093pitch 1999pitch knurls, (ANSI) Standard 1212–

1215pitch, gear teeth

sizes 2002–2004Diamond

concentration 937–938dust for lapping 1201grinding wheels 1152–1169laps and lapping 1201tool materials 754–757, 981–982truing 1158–1162wheels 937–939, 1163–1169

composition 1166designation symbols 1163–1166diamond concentration 937–939feeds and speeds 1169grades, grit sizes 937–938modifications 1166operating guidelines for 1169selection of 1168shapes of standard 1163–1166speeds and feeds 1169terminology 1163thread grinding 1923

Die blocks, steels for 452–456Die casting 1337–1344

alloys used 1342bearing metals 1344design 1341–1342dies 1343–1344machining zinc alloy 1118porosity 1341

Die sinkers’ files 1432Diemaker's reamers 797Dies and punches, steel for

drawing 1302–1307hot-working 452–454, 456

Dies and tapscombination drill and tap 1909maximum pitches 1929–1930selection of 1885–1887square thread 883, 887–890tap drill size 901, 1889–1908

Acme threads 901formula 1900–1901metric 1903pipe 1907–1909Unified 1889–1902

Dies, sheet metalangular clearance for 1302bending allowances 1304–1310blank diameters for drawing 1304–1307blocks, steels for 452–454, 456clearance between punch and die 1301diameter reductions in drawing 1305

Dies, sheet metal (continued)heat-treatment, steels for 452–454lubricants 1302press speeds and pressures 1302–1304punching pressures 1302–1304rectangular drawing 1302–1304shut height of press 1302–1304steels for various classes of die parts 452–

454, 456Dies, steel rule 1315–1317Dies, threading, maximum pitches 1929–

1930Differential

indexing 1976–1985pulley 135

Dimensioning and tolerancing, geometric 606, 610–611

DIN 867 2090Direct (or distributed) NC 1296Discounted cash flow 30–31Disk

circular, radius of gyration 147clutches 2329method of measuring tapers 682–683springs 326

Displacement in ball and roller bearings, allowance for axial 2264

Distance across bolt circle 687Distributed numerical control (DNC) 1296Distribution curve, normal 1216Dividing

circles 959–970head

angular position 796–799indexing 1947–1993

numbers written in powers-of-ten notation 19

DNC 1296DOD-P-16232-F 1450Dolly bars for riveting 1467Double angle milling cutters 777Double V-belts 2386–2394Double-cone clamping couplings 2326Dovetail slides, measuring 682–683Dowel pins 1648–1654

metric 1648–1650Drafting practices, ANSI Standard 606–611Draw-in bolt ends 923Drawing

ANSI Standarddrafting practices 606–611lines 606sheet sizes 606surface texture symbols 704–708welding 1394–1409

bisect angle 52checking 618circle around square 54circle around triangle 53circular arc 53data for gear blanks 2033

INDEX2576

Drawing (continued)data for gears 2033–2036data for involute splines 2139divide line into equal parts 51ellipse 54equilateral triangle 52helix 55hexagon around circle 54hyperbola 55involute 55metric dimensions on 708parabola 55parallel lines 52perpendicular lines 51sizes of sheets 606square around circle 54symbols

ANSI Standard 606–611section lining 606

geometric 609ISO 609

tangent to circle 53triangle around circle 5345-degree angle 5260-degree angle 52

Drawing data, splines 2140Drawing dies

annealing drawn shells 1302blank diameters 1304–1307brass 1302depth drawn in one operation 1305–1307diameter reduction in one

operation 1305–1307rectangular 1302–1304

Drawing, or tempering, steel 493–495Drawings

checkinginspecting a new design 618materials specified 618method of making drawing 619

data for spur and helical gear 2036metric dimensions on 710scales of metric drawings 711specifying spur and helical gear data

on 2034Dressing grinding wheels 1158–1162Drill

sizes for tapping Acme threads 901sizes for wood screws 1456

Drillingaccuracy of drilled holes 856–858automatic screw machine feeds and

speeds 1095cutting speeds for 1094

ferrous cast metals 1037–1038light metals 1039superalloys 1008–1009titanium and titanium alloys 1007tool steels 1035

difficulties 1034

Drilling (continued)estimating thrust, torque, and

power 1051–1055feed rates for 1012holes in glass 1034holes, accuracy of 856–858horsepower and thrust for 1051–1055machine, shaftless motor type 2454spade 865–871

Drillsaccuracy of drilled holes 856–858angle of cutting point 934–936chucks, tapers 919cobalt high-speed steel 857combined drills and countersinks 845–

847core, taper shank 847cutting speeds and equivalent rpm 986definitions of terms 827diameters of tap 1889–1903drivers 848–850for taper pin reamers 1655–1658grinding 934–937jobbers length 829–835length of point 925metric, British Standard 847–856nomenclature 827screw machine drills 829–840sharpening 935–937sizes for tapping 1889–1903

for Acme threads 901spade 865–871steels for 856–857straight-shank drill sizes

core drills 849letter 833–834metric 829–839number 829–833

straight-shank, taper-length, drill sizesfractional 830–839letter 833–834metric 830–839number 830–833screw machine length 840

tangs for 839tap and clearance hole sizes 1900taper-shank core drills 846–849taper-shank drill sizes

fractional inch 841–846metric 841–846

twist 827–858types 827

Drivesmotors, NC 2471–2473nose key 911–912screws 1620–1621, 1635square, for portable tools 1208studs 1662taper 910–911

Driving slots and lugs for shell reamers and arbors 823

INDEX 2577

Drop-forging dies, steels for 452–456Drums, chain and wire rope 342–343, 360Dry measure 2518, 2523Dryseal pipe threads 1852–1855

taps for 881Ductile

cast iron 1332iron 476, 1332

Duranickel, machining 1118Durometer tests 521Dynamic

balance 167stresses 257–258

Dynamic factor 2044–2045Dynamic viscosity coefficient for

lubricants 2324Dynamometers 2338–2341Dyne 2520

EEarth, weight of 370Eccentricity 2136Economic Tool-life 1073ECT

grinding 1121ECT (equivalent chip thickness) 992–994EDG (electrical discharge grinding) 1319EDM 1318–1329

dielectric filter 1319dielectric fluid 1319dielectric strength 1319discharge channel 1319dither 1319duty cycle 1319electrode growth 1319electrode wear 1319electro-forming 1319Farad 1319gap 1320gap current 1320gap voltage 1320heat-affected zone 1323–1324ion 1320ionization 1320low-wear 1320negative electrode 1320no-wear 1320overcut 1320overcut taper 1320plasma 1320plunge (sinker) method 1321–1328

electrode materials 1324machine settings 1322making electrodes 1327metal removal rates 1323

positive electrode 1320power parameters 1320process 1321quench 1320

EDM (continued)recast layer 1320secondary discharge 1320spark in 1320spark out 1320square wave 1321stroke 1321UV axis 1321white layer 1321wire EDM 1321wire guide 1321wire method 1318, 1328–1329wire speed 1321workpiece materials 1323–1324

Effectivedimensions, splines 2127, 2136length of bolt 1479vs. nominal interest rates 25

Efficiency 2000influence of friction on 191machine tool 1048–1051

spade drilling 870riveted joints 1459–1462

Elasticlimit 196modulus 196

for various materials 196plastics 583region 196, 1483–1484

tightening fasteners in 1477–1481Elastic properties of material 384Elasticity (rigidity)

modulus of 196in shear (torsion) 196spring materials 326–329various materials 196

Elasticity factor 2044–2045Elastohydrodynamic lubrication 2321Electric

arc, cutting metals 1428–1429dielectric strength

ceramics 379plastics 380

socket and lamp base threads 1846Electrical relationships 2532Electrodes (welding)

characteristics of standard types 1378–1382

AWS E60XX 1379–1383AWS E70XX 1381–1383

current to use with 1367–1386deposition rates 1364, 1367–1370, 1375–

1377diameter to use 1363–1364, 1372, 1381,

1383selecting GTAW tungsten type 1385–

1387wire, feed rates 1367–1375

Electropolishing 1447Elements, table of chemical 363Elevation reading displacements 1219