Index with AbstractsOf

The Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities 1995-2007

Prepared, Compiled & EditedBy

Zafar Iqbal

Central LibraryAllama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad

July: 2008

Title Index and Abstract

Administration of the Tribal Areas After Independence (Syed Islam Shah, Dr.) Spring, 1998, Vol. 4 No. 1, 27-40

Agricultural Credit-its impact in changing the Socio-Economic condition of Farmers in District Mardan: A Case Study (Muhammad Jalal Ud Din, Dr.) Autumn, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 2, 79-92

This study was conducted to examine the impact of agricultural credit advanced by Agricultural Development Bank in changing the socio-economic condition of farmers in Mardan District. For this purpose 50 respondents were selected from three villages i.e., Kandare, Taos kale and Samarkand Koroona. From Kandare 20; Taos kale and Samarkand Korrona 15 each, who obtained credit from ADBP in Mardan branch? Majority of the load takers were in the age between 31-50 years. Most of the sample respondents in the study area were illiterate. They had land between 11-15 each. All the respondents utilized the credit properly. They purchased with that input, which led to the enhancement of their agricultural products. Their average income increased due to the proper utilization of credit. A number of problems were identified by some of the respondents in getting credit. It was reported by the sample respondents that the interest rate on credit was very high. Delay in getting credit was also reported as one of the main problems to the farmers. It is, therefore, recommended that the process of getting credit should be simplified so that each and every needy farmer may have an easy access to the Bank in getting credit. It is also recommended that the Bank staff should visit fields regularly so that the proper utilization of credit can be checked. It is also recommenced that the Bank should bring down its interest rate on credit for the development of agricultural sector as well as for the socio-economic uplift of the farmers.

AIOU Central Library in the 21st century: A Research Report (Jan Muhammad Chaaran) Spring, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 1, 143-155

This article discusses the historical development of the central library of Allama Iqbal Open University, and it’s technical operation, along with collection development, user services, electronic and digital media facilities. It has traveled from print media to electronic and digital media. The management of material processing and database, net services to the users through bibliographies, electronic and digital media has also been discussed. The library building turns out beautiful through the renovation. The library broadly has designed to keep the readers setting comfortably. The research information and statistics is updated from deferent sources and library records for the since last 32 thirty two years.

Alternative Concepts, An Information Processing Approach: Psychological Foundation (Sabir Hussain Raja) Spring, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 1, 115-134

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The American Perception of Mussolini in the Twenties (Farooq Solangi, Dr.) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 15-26

An Analytical Overview and Future Prospects of Sino-Pak Trade/Economic Relation (A. Rashid Malik, Dr.) Autumn 1997, Vol. 3 No. 2 11-26

Analysis of Technological Change on Employee Development Process in Pakistani Banks (Muhammad Haroon & Muhammad Khalique) Spring 2007, 39-48

Today businesses are changing with the speed of thoughts, especially in terms of technology and trends. Technological change is a constant phenomenon in contemporary organization. These accelerating changes have allowed theorists and practitioners to envision new avenues in the field of HRM. This study investigated the employee development practices Pakistani banks. Inferences had drawn by the study show that banking sector in Pakistan lacking behind in terms of inculcating HRD concepts. On-the-job training was reported as the most frequently used training method. The discussion and recommendations focus on the need for improved change management approach.

An Appraisal of the European Community’s External Trade and Development Cooperation Regime with Reference to Pakistan (Rashid A. Naeem, Dr.) 1996, Vol.1 No. 1 & 2 37-80

This article has outlined and critically analyzed the main instruments of the European Community’s (EC) external trade and development cooperation regime. It concentrates on both aspects of instruments which restrain exports and preferential arrangements favoring imports from developing countries. It has been shown that in case of Pakistan, EC’s development cooperation instruments have been implemented at multilateral level over the years within the legal framework of commercial cooperation agreement signed between Pakistan and the EC.

Approaches to the Study of Innovation: A Critical Review (Muhammad Latif Virk, Dr.) 1996, Vol.1 No. 1 & 2 101-118

As a result of rapid changes in science, technology and socio-economic conditions in the post war period, the study of innovation has emerged as a key concept in educational inquiry and is central to many cotemporary academic debates. This paper discusses and critically examines the various approaches to the study of innovation as found in the literature. The review presented here suggests that despite impressive studies on the subject, the question of definition remains unresolved. In facts the concept seems to have been quite muddled up. In the end, a useful definition has been introduced which offers common ground for operationalization of the concept for research purpose.

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Architectural Heritage of Muslim Spain 11th-15th Centuries: A Brief Survey(Tauqier Ahmad Khan, Malik) Autumn, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 2, 65-78

The Muslim conquest of Spain brought security, prosperity, and enlightenment to the region. It transformed its sociocultural and economic structure from simile to brightness. In this process, among other achievements, Muslim Spain produced architectural masterpieces including mosques, places, and gardens. The period of Muslim rule in Spain is extended over seven centuries. Grand works in architecture started in the eighth century with the construction of Cordoba Mosque and terminated at the construction of Alhambra in the fifteenth century. There is extensive history of beautiful monuments in between these two constructions. Remnants of architecture of the period under discussion (11th to 15th centuries) are rarely found in real form. Many monuments have been vanished but few remaining provide us information about the architectural genius of the Muslims. This article highlights the achievements and innovative elements of Muslim rulers during the period of their downfall in the field of architecture. Muslim architecture in Andalus falls into two broad styles characterizing two distinct schools of architecture. First was the caliphate style emanating from Cordoba and brought by the Arabs from the middle east (Cordoba Mosque is an example of this style), the second period was that of the maghreb style, developed by Muslims in Morocco and brought to Spain in the 12 th

century. This article deals primarily with the second phase.

Art of the Indus Valley Civilization (Badshah Sardar) Silver Jubilee Issue, 1999, Vol. 6, 11-18

Ataturk’s Emergence Muslim Punjab 1914-1924 (Sher Muhammed Garewal)Autumn, 1999, Vol.5 No. 2, 1-14

Book Review A Book Valued as Being Rare: Story of te Commonwealth of Learning (Mahmudur Rahman, Dr.) Spring 1995, Vol. 1 No. 1 209-211

Book Review: A Collection of Critiques (Mahmudur Rehman, Dr.) Autumn, 1997, Vol. 3 No. 2 129-130

Book Review: Anthropology As Science the Problem of Indigenisation in Pakistan (Rathore, A. H., Prof.) Autumn, 1998,Vol. 4 No.2, 99-101

Book Review: In search of excellence: lessons from America’s best-run companies (Mirza B. Baig, Dr. & Gary S. Straquadine, Dr.) Spring, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 1, 157-162

A Brief Review of the Working of the Muhammeden Education Conference 1886-1906 (Syed Iqbal Pervaize) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 37-50

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Book Review: Iqbal’s Futuristic (Rahim Bakhsh Shahin, Prof. Dr.) Spring, 1997, Vol. 1 No. 1 130-131

Book Review: Pakistan Movement; Through the Diary of a Labour (Mahmudur Rehman, Dr. ) Spring, 1998, Vol 4 No. 1 149-151

Book Review: Politics of Identity; Ethnic Nationalism and the State of Pakistan ( Kausar Parveen) Autumn, 2005, Vol. XIII No. 2, 1-12

Book Review Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (His Death Centenary Falls on March 29) (Mahmudur Rehman,Dr. ) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 135-138

Book Review: Uncollected Writings About Iqbal ( Nazeer Siddiqui, Prof.) Spring, 1997, Vol 1 No. 1 129-130

Book Review: The Taliban; War and Religion in Afghanistan (Khalid Mahmood) Spring, 2005, Vol. XIII No. 1, 98-101

Book Review: The Works of Quaid-I-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah( Riaz Ahmed) Silver Jubilee Issue, 1999, Vol. 6, 141-144

Boosting Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan: Need to Learn from Chinese Experience (A.Rashid Malik) Silver Jubilee Issue, 1999, Vol. 6, 49-68

A Brief Historical Perspective: Anthropology in India until 1970 ( M. Farooq Solangi, Dr.) & sallahuddin Khan, Dr.) Spring, 1998, Vol. 4 No. 1 81-90

Britain’s Role In the Origins of The Cols war In the 1940s: A View In Retrospect (Zulfaqar Khan) Spring, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 1, 157-180

British Administration of the Tribal Areas (Syed Islam Shah, Dr.) Spring, 1997, Vol. 1 No. 1 55-62

The British Government’s practical Policies and Their Impact on the Muslims of the Subcontinent (Farooq Solangi) Spring 1995, Vol. 1 No. 1 115-140

Changing Labour Migration Patterns and their Impact on Agriculture in Hunza valley, Northern Areas, Pakistan (Arif Mehmood) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 89-100

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Cholistan: The Great Desert in Pakistan Historical, Socio-Cultural Dimensions (Abdul Hamid Khan, Dr., and Shami, Javid Usman 1996, Vol.1 No. 1 & 2, 119-132

A Collection of Imam Khomeini’s Poetry (Mahmudur Rahman, Dr.) 1996, Vol.1 No. 1 & 2 155-158

Comparative study of MA Education through distance Education of a developed Country(USA) and less developed country (Pakistan) (Tanvir malik & Sohail Anjum) Autumn, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 2, 141-150

The Concept of shareholders: Perception and its Implications in Pakistani Stock Exchanges (Muhammad Amir Shah, Syed & Hassan Raza, Dr Syed) Spring 2007, 1-14

The paper attempts to analyze the concept of Shareholder’s Wealth, with relation to the prevailing notion in the Stock exchanges. The study analyzes the information provided by the local stock exchanges, brokers and information available on the Internet. Primarily the focus would on the theoretical knowledge and second phase related it to the practicality of the area under discussion. It has often been argued that companies administrate with the objective to Increase the shareholders wealth – market price per share of the firm’s common stock. Though companies consist of number of stakeholders along with one shareholder that is employees, suppliers, lenders, customers, government and society. Whereas by pursuing the interest of only one stakeholder at the cost of other stakeholders, we are doing injustice with other stakeholders. This practice of running companies created number of problems. The study would provide a practice in the area and would put forward any probable modification and would attempt to endow with classification to a vital question of how is this tension could be resolved.

Conceptual approach to Digital Library (Muhammad Hamid) Spring, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 1, 131-142

Constitutional relationship between president and Prime Minister: implications of the parliamentary system in Pakistan (Kausar Parveen, Mis) Autumn, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 2, 1-22

President-PM relationship in Pakistan has always been troublesome. People of Pakistan have always showed commitment with the parliamentary system. But parliamentary democracy has not taken roots in Pakistan. There have been many amendments that have altered the relationship of both offices several times. The ever-changing relationship has destabilized the political set up of Pakistan with the eighth Amendment; two centers of powers were created in the political system. The continuous struggle for power between the president and PM had caused the breaking down of the system with intervals. Once again article 58(2b) has been revived I the constitution through the seventeenth amendment Now the single most crucial issue before the people

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of Pakistan is how to ensure the balance between the two offices, which contribute to the smooth functioning of the political system of Pakistan. The only solution is the parliamentary system with PM as the chief executive as he is directly elected by the people and is responsible to the people. The effective check on his authority is regular elections therefore there is no need of balance of power between PM and president in the parliamentary system in Pakistan.

Critical Evaluation of Electronic Media in Pakistan: Audience Perception of GEO and PTV News (Shahzad Ali and Javed Hussain) Spring, 2005, Vol. XIII No. 1, 51-78

This article presents comparative analysis of GEO and PTV news bulletin (sixty days). The study also examining opinion of 200 respondents regarding PTV and GEO news. In this regard, five hypothesis were formulated, developed and tests by the researchers.

Findings of the study reveal that most of the respondents prefer to watch, Geo news as compared to PTV. The results of the study shows as it was predicted, that PTV has given more coverage and significance to the statements of official authorities and Kashmir issue. It is obvious that PTV is the mouth piece of every successive is ruling regime and has been under absolute Govt. control since its inception, so it was not stunning findings that PTV has given less priority and coverage to opposition parties as compared to GEO news. Similarly, the ratio of international news was greater in GEO as compared to PTV.

A Cyclic Change in China’s Kashmir Policy (Aman Memon) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 83-92

Development of Juvenile Literature (Mahmudur Raman, Dr.) Silver Jubilee Issue, 1999, Vol. 6, 33-40

Development of Multi Media Libraries in Pakistan Audio_Visual Aids in Libraries (Abid Khawaja) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 51-64

Differential in Age at Marriage (Rukhsana Masood, Dr.) Spring, 1998, Vol. 4 No. 1 137-148

Dilemma of Farmland Conversion in Pakistan (Asad Ali Khan) Spring, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 1, 83-90

Arable land is a basic and major resource for the production of human food. But it seems that expansion of human population and his activities will reduce the availability of land for food production in future. While on the other hand food demands will grow rapidly. Expanding population demands more food on one side and devours agricultural

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land on the other side which is alarming for each of us. The study in point presents a brief view of the problem, on the basis of which, lessons for the future can be drawn.

Does Western Privatization/Economic Model Worth Copying? The Pak-UK Context (Sajid, M.A. Dr.) Spring, 1998, Vol. 4 No. 1 71-80

Dynamics of Global Conflict and Ummah’s Response (Mirza Aslam Beg, General) (R) Spring, 1998, Vol. 4 No. 1 1-18

Education in Islam (Mian Bakhsh Lagari and Nabi Bakhsh Jumani) Spring, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 1, 91-100

This article attempts to highlight the importance of education in Islam with special reference to Quran and Hadith. The article also makes use of other prominent sources to determine the place of education in Islam.

Effect of information Technology on Society-A Postmodernist perspective (Abdul Siraj, Dr. Syed) Spring, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 1, 1-14

Post-modernist media reject “Meta-narration” and give emphasis on the plurality of truths. To-day society is a visual society and our social reality in dominated by the media reality. We are now living in a three minutes culture because reality is littered with video footage, computer games advertising, film, television images and photographs. Post-modernism is a set of literary and cultural movements. It emerged after the collapse of the division between the elite culture and mass culture/common culture.

The speed of communication has brought the concept of “hare and now” There is no time to just “smell the rose” TV remote controller has given more control to the audience member in the communication process. Now audience choices are given top priority. This uses and gratification approach has not only put the audience member on the driving seat in communication processing but has also brought about fragmentation and segmentation in the society. This cauterization of audience has changed the very definition of mass communication.

Everything, which was directly lived, has moved into a representation. Where the tangible world is replaced by a selection of images and which simultaneously has imposed itself as a tangible. Post-modernist media believe in the adoption and juxtaposing of old and new text, image, idea to produce all together a new meaning. Now more emphasis is given on the style rather than the substance and content. The labels become more important than the product. Packaging is more important than the contents. People buy inferior product our superior over because they like the color of the packages. All this is bizarre but true.

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Ego-The Central Plank of Iqbal’s Philosophy of Life (Muhammad Ashraf Chaudhri, Dr.) Spring 1995, Vol. 1 No. 1 161-208

Ego-The Central Plank of Iqbal’s Philosophy of Life (Muhammad Ashraf Chaudhri, Dr.) Spring 1995, Vol. 1 No. 1 161-208

The Emergin Role of Public Utilities Regulator in Pakistan (Hassan Raza, Syed) Spring, 2005, Vol. XIII No. 1, 27-38

The world is turning away from government control over the economy.. According to western literature it is quite evident that Central planning as failure. With the emerging globalization market economy has succeeded. Deregulation and privatization of natural monopolies emerged the regulator of public utilities on the science, although in a diminished role. Literature on privatization argued that a well-balanced retulator4s take into account the needs of utilities to earn sufficient income to attract investors, as well as the requirement that the utilities provide reliable services in adequate quantities at the lowest possible price. Excessive attention to assuring high levels of profit may against those investors afterwards. Excessive emphasis thereby hindering a successful privatization.

Electronic Media of Pakistan and family planning: A study about the Coverage and impact of family planning Media Campaign wit perspective of Pakistan.(Shahzad Ali & Rooh-e-Aslam) Spring, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 1, 55-84

The prime purpose of this research article was to highlight the coverage of Pakistani media about family planning. Secondly, the researchers have slightly mentioned and evaluated the impact of family planning media campaign in this regard.

This research article is divided into two sections, in the first part of the study extensive details and discussions have been done about population explosion as a global concern, its causes and procedure plus methods to control this menace have been incorporated by the researchers. Subsequently, the significance, objectives and need of family planning with perspective of Pakistan have been included in this study. Similarly, various factors effecting (i.e culture, religion and gender) family planning have been discussed by the researchers.

In the second part of this research article, the coverage of PTV and PBC’s programmes relating to health communication in general and issue of population explosion plus family planning in particular have also come under the specific area of this study. Similarly, list of newspaper’s articles & the advertisements have been mentioned. Moreover, the researchers have explained brief summary/crux of PTV dramas about the issue of population and family planning.

In short, the popular family planning media messages/slogans and family planning media campaign of PTV, PBC, print media, cinema and by other medias

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(verbal, non verbal, presentational, representational and mechanical media.) have also covered and discussed by the researchers.

In the end of this article, this research study found that degree of level of awareness about family planning was absolutely high (98%) as compared to adoption level, which was merely low (38%) in urban areas of Multan.

English Language Teaching in Pakistan: An Overview, Analysis and Some Suggestions (Abdul Hafeez) Autumn, 1997, Vol. 3 No. 2 51-58

Endangered Punjabi Language: What is to Be Done, And Why? (Amjad Ali) Spring, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 1, 59-72

Environmental Controls in farming Scotland- A Case Study ( Abdul Hameed Rathore) Spring, 1997, Vol. 1 No. 1 75-82

Evaluation students’ learning outcomes & Philosophy of grading.(Rehana Masrur, Dr. & Masrur Alam Khan, Dr.) Spring, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 1, 85-94

This article discusses the approaches of evaluating the students’ learning outcomes, and also compares the relative advantages of different approaches as widely used by the teachers. One can imagine that grading is an extremely complex task. Grades do not exist in a vacuum, but are part of the instructional process and serve as a feed back loop between instructor/teacher and student. Grades, on the other hand, are indexes of evaluation: they imply that value judgment had been made with the assistance of other criteria and in terms of some type of value, objectives, goals or standard for they compare the achievement with a reference group. It implies that grading policy should be consistent with the learning objectives for the course. If an instructor/teacher/professor has responsibility for planning the course, including devising exams, quizzes or assignments, then, then he/she will have to keep connection between the grading policy and learning objectives firmly in mind. The behavioral objectives are the foundations of teaching-learning process. Therefore, grading policy of and institution and learning objectives are directly related. Grading policy of an institution and learning objectives are directly related. Grading policy of an institution revolves around any one of the two approaches i.e. Criterion-referenced and Norm-referenced or the combination of these two approaches. Educationists are proposing a new approach, which yet have to qualify to replace these two approaches.

European Union’s External Trade Regime: A Comparative Export Performance of Pakistan (Rashid A. Naeem, Dr. & Khalid Mustafa, Professor Dr.) Spring 2007, Vol. XV No.1, 15-37

The EU, operating as a single market, is not only the biggest trading bloc of the world; it is by far the largest trading partner of Pakistan accounting for more than one third of the country’s total trade. This makes it, as a block, the most prominent trading partner of Pakistan. This article intends to determine the status of Pakistan in relation to

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its competitors in the European Union market in the milieu of EU’s external trade regime. To this end, identifies and examines the tools of EU’s external trade policy regime regulating trade flows from its trading partners with reference to Pakistan. The EU’s preferential trading hierarch of trade relations – called as “pyramid” of trade preferences. In this regard, it dig into the exploration of the nature and application of EU’s trade arrangements with its trading also examines EU’s trade arrangements with its trading partners to some detail. This article is devoted to examine the impact of EU external trade regime on the comparative export performance of Pakistan in relation to its competitors in the EU market. It is interesting to know that how Pakistan has fared in relation to its competitors in the EU market in view of EU’s multifaceted and multidimensional external trade regime? Have the EU trade policy regime retarded trade flows between advantageous and disadvantageous ones with special reference to Pakistan’s textiles imports in the EU’s market?.

The analysis of comparative trade statistics discloses the fact that the pattern of tariff preferences EU grants does not necessarily guarantee success in the export performance of the recipients. Pakistan’s export performance has been far better in contrast to many GSP, and ACP and Mediterranean countries. The data reflects that at the aggregate level many EU member and non-member developing countries are principally competing with Pakistan for similar products/markets. However, 8-digit degree of specialization indicating that their revealed comparative advantages are increasingly residing in different exportable products as per differential in their factor endowments.

Firm Size and Rate of Growth (Amir Shah, S.M. & Tahir Hajazi, Syed) Spring, 2005, Vol. XIII No. 1, 17-26

Firm’s Growth is the steady process by which the productive capacity of the firm is increased over time to bring about rising level of income. Business size is the most widely studied factor for its contribution to economic growth. This is because of the widespread interest. In this study 31 years cross section data of 51 firms from Pakistan, corporate sector has been used. The statistical tools coefficient of correlations and co efficient of determination and regression analysis applied between the companies average capital employed and their growth rates over the time to test the hypothesis “growth rate depends on the size of the firm”. The results showed that growth is independent of its size. This may give a guide3line to the industrial policy makers to promote small as well as large sector industries. Small firms need less equity and have significant contribution in the economy.

Future of Pakistan Studies: A study in Structure and Process (Humayun, A. Salman) Spring 1995, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1-10

Gautama Buddha: A Brief Study (Mahmudur Rahman, Dr.) Spring 1995, Vol. 1 No. 1 149-160

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Gandhara: A Buddhist School of Art (Badshah Sardar) 1996, Vol.1 No. 1 & 2 1-16

Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s System of Espionage (Rathore, A.H) 1996, Vol.1 No. 1 & 2 159-162

Household Characteristics and Family Type in Punjab, Pakistan (Azra Aziz) Autumn, 1998, Vol. 4 No.2, 31-52

Human and Environmental Factors in the diffusion Of Tractors in the Hunza Valley Northern Pakistan (Arif Mahmud, Dr.) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 27-44

IMF/World Bank Policy Prescriptions and Poverty in Pakistan (Talat Anwar, Dr. ) 1996, Vol.1 No. 1 & 2 81-100

Through, the economy has grown at respectable rate in the 1980’s, internal and external imbalances continued to deteriorate. This caused an economic crisis in 1988 and lead to an implementation of the IMF and the World Bank. Neither theory nor existing evidence gives a conclusive verdict about the effects of adjustments policies on poverty. Hence, the paper examines the actual changes in absolute poverty during the period of adjustment. The actual changes in the distribution have surveys (HIES) for 1987-88 and 1990-1991, spanning the period of adjustment. Evidence suggests that the stylized facts of structural poverty. The first order stochastic dominance test suggests that not only the absolute poverty incidence but also the intensity and severity of poverty increased significantly by all poverty lines and poverty measures over the period of adjustment. Structural adjustment created new poor in urban areas amongst the low income groups (mainly Clerical and Sales workers) whose real wages were eroded over the period. Poverty also informal sector) and unemployed who seems to have been affected adversely by the overall economic contraction. Though, the government has the priority to achieve the fiscal balance, it should seek to ameliorate the most distressing cost arising in the short run. Excessive reliance on demand management in scale or speed is counter-productive for adjustment. Adjustment strategies need to account for the trade-off between short-term gains and long-term benefits foregone.

Impact of Nuclearization on Traditional Paradigms of Security in South Asia ( Imran Farid, Sardar) Autumn, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 2, 1-16

Implementation of Educational Innovation: A Case Study of “Scholarships for Research” Scheme (Muhammad Latif Virk, Dr.) Spring 1995, Vol. 1 No. 1 41-54

This paper evaluates the implementation of federally-funded educational innovation relating to human resource development. The main conclusion of the study is that federally supported piece-meal change efforts which tend to ignore the role and

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participation of teachers are less likely to succeed in their desired objectives. It is further concluded that any change policy implemented from the top is not a desirable for reform efforts. The implication of the study calls for re-assessment and re-appraisal of the federal government’s change policy for fulfilling the objectives of its various change programmes.

Inequality and Social Welfare in Pakistan (Talat Anwar, Dr.) Spring, 1998, Vol. 4 No. 1 41-64

The major limitation of the earlier studies was that they were based on published grouped data. Existing studies also show that no account has been taken to adjust the household size for differences in needs and economies of scale in account of these factors and uses micro data of Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) for the year 1987-88 to estimate the inequality in Pakistan. The results indicate that the rural distribution was more equal unanimously than the urban one. The highest inequality was found in rural Punjab due to the extreme poverty. On the other hand, the highest inequality was found in urban Sindh due to the extreme wealth. A review of existing studies indicates that there has been no attempt at the measurement of social welfare in Pakistan. This paper makes an attempt to measure social welfare in Pakistan. Social welfare is considered as a positive function of mean and a negative function of degree of inequality in the distribution of income. Obviously, one can evaluate alternative situations for a trade-off between greater inequality and higher average living standards. The notion of the ‘Generalized Lorenz Curve’ has been used to assess welfare across the distribution. The generalized Lorenz welfare comparison suggests higher welfare in urban than in rural areas. The highest welfare was implied by the distribution for Baluchistan across rural areas, whe3eas the distribution for Sindh gave the highest level of welfare across urban areas.

In Search of Alexander’s Aarons (Latif, M.A.) Silver Jubilee Issue, 1999, Vol. 6, 81-86

International System of Units (Khawaja Nasim Ahmed) Silver Jubilee Issue, 1999, Vol. 6, 41-48

English Language Teaching Situation in Pakistan ( Shagufta Siraj) Spring, 1998, Vol. 4 No. 1 125-136

Enlargement of the European Community: Trade Implications for Pakistan-An Empirical Investigation (Rashid A. Naeem, Dr.) Spring, 1997, Vol. 1 No. 1 93-124

This article has appraised Pakistan’s trade relations with the European Community (EC) in the context of latter’s revised frame work following Greece, Portugal and Spain’s inclusion into its orbit. The main finding is that the beneficial impact of the enlargement has swamped the legible negative impact of the EC’s recent enlargement. Contrary to the belief that Pakistan-EC’s trade relations would receive a setback

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following the latter’s enlargement, it has led to an improvement in Pakistan’s overall trade flow with the enlarged EC.

Errors and Second language Learning Strategies (Shagufta Siraj) Autumn, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 2, 97-108

The European Community’s External Preferential Arrangements: Trade or Co-operation - some Recent Developments (Rashid A. Naeem, Dr) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 21-36

The article deals with the EC’s generalized system of preferences in general and with reference to Pakistan, in particular. The generalized system of preferences offers to the exports of beneficiary countries (including Pakistan) the opportunity to enjoy a preferential rate equal to the MFN tariff paid by non-beneficiary countries. The article also highlights some contradictory elements regarding the implementation of the EC’s GSP scheme. Furthermore, the article stands right on the revision or EC’s GSP in order to make it simpler, more transparent and more stable.

Forest Resources-A Temporal and Spatial View (Asad Ali Khan), Autumn, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 2, 47-62

A Geographical Study of their Distribution Settlement and Mobility Pattern (Muhammad Khan Malik, Dr. and Shahid Khan) Autumn, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 2, 17-46

Governance in Pakistan and women’s quest for participation in social Institutions (Riffat Haque, Dr.) Autumn, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 2, 35-64

The status of women in Pakistan cannot be understood except in the context of the country’s history, and its political, ideological, socioeconomic and cultural institutions. An examination of the situation of women over the past fifty-eight years of Pakistan’s history reveals the existence of powerbrokers in different governments abusing women’s Rights, often under the guise of the religion of Islam. The deep-seated practices and attitudes of secluding and in effect excluding women are justified in the name of religion and traditions.

The status of women in Pakistan has always been obscure. In spite of the guarantee of equality of sexes given by the religion of Islam and the constitution, in practice the upholding of women’s rights is far removed from the written word. The relationship between women and the state has been paradoxical. An overwhelming majority of the population (especially women) has little knowledge of their rights as citizens and of orthodox Islam. Life in the country is governed by a complex legal system fragmented with Islamic law, secular law and customary norms, which creates contradictions and duality.

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This paper provides information on the approach to women’s issues taken by successive governments in Pakistan since the founding of the country in 1947 and the emergence of women’s activism in response to various governments

The Grammar Translation Method: Advantages and disadvantages (Abdul Hafeez) ) Autumn, 1998,Vol. 4 No.2, 65-72

The grammar translation method has been very popular and used for teaching foreign languages for centuries. It is still being used in many parts of the world including Pakistan. This paper makes an attempt to discuss this method with its brief history and the principles underlying it. And, then keeping the advantages and the disadvantages of using this method and the objectives of English language teaching in Pakistan, and effort would be made to give some suggestions for improving the situation in terms of teaching methodology.

Human Resource Development, Islam and Globalization: A case study(Shafiq ur Rehman, Dr.) Autumn, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 2, 93-140

Globalization is one of the most pressing challenges facing countries in today’s economic and political development front globalization represents the structural making of the word characterized by the free flow of technology and human resources across national boundaries as well as the spread of information technology and mass media presenting an ever-changing and completive business environment. Two major limitations are observed in the treatment of twin issues of globalization. The issue of globalization has been addressed predominantly in and with respect to the Islamic principles elaborated by the Holy Quran and Sunnah of the holy prophet (PBUH). This paper is an attempt to address these two limitations.

Since the human factor is the key in the new era of globalization’s the primary objective of this paper is to present a conceptual framework for effective management of human resources as a response to the growing interactions of globalization and the Islamic ideology. Many in the Muslim world perceive that their circumstances lag behind that of the “What”. They may also be aware that in the golden are of Islam, Muslim societies led the world in Science, philosophy culture and prosperity. Since then Muslim empires have been defeated Muslim countries invaded and colonized and humiliation has been suffered at the hands of the west. Since the age of imperialism, independence has been gained, but many Muslim countries like Pakistan still fall into the category of “less developed country” those that are because of the unskilled, untrained and ill planned human resource and lack of development of these resources.

Three major point are mad in this paper that: A growing body of evidence converge to suggest that changes taking place in the

global environments often are not accompanied by complementary changes in human resource management practices leading to a situation whereby the failure of the some firms is due to the mismanagement of people rather that the problems with Islamic system or its ideology.

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This is because organizations have achieved relatively low levels effectiveness in implementing strategic human resource management practices especially in Pakistan that is exposed to the challenges and globalization in shape of its development of ports and other mega projects making a new venue of economic development and a hub of economic activities through Gawadar to the central Asian states.

In order to manage employees for competitive edge in period of globalization human resources personnel must possess competencies relevant for implementing such strategic HRM policies and Islamic practices as mentioned in the teachings of Islam on numerous occasions in the Holy Quran e.g.

“Read: in the name of the Lord who created,Created man from a Clot,Read: And thy Lord is the most Bounteous,Who teaches by the pen?Teaches man that which he knew not”

Hunza Rights: Origin, Meaning and Definitions (Lutfullah Mangi,Dr) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 101-112

Impact of the Newspapers Exposure on the Gomalians (Muhammed Nawaz Mahsud, Farish Ullah Yousafi and Abdul Siraj, Syed) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 147-162

This study in an attempt to explore the influence of newspaper exposure on the Gomal University Students. The exposure of newspaper refers to sustained pattern of reading newspapers and its correlation with the respondent’s cognitive and attitudinal levels about social issues. The other dimension of the study is to explore the impact of exposure to editorial page on the respondents’ perception about Pakistani press. Total 300 respondents are interviewed. Findings of the study show significant effects of newspaper exposure on major criterion variables.

Impact of Working Capital Management on the Profitablity of Firms: Case of Listed Pakistani companies (Safi Ullah Khan, S.M. Amir shah and Tahir Hijazi, dr. Syed) Autumn, 2005, Vol. XIII No. 2, 41-50

The study investigates the relationship between measures of working capital management and the corporate profitability of the non-financial firms. Working capital management (WCM) is an important element of financial management for many firms as majority of them makes significant investment of cash in working capital. Moreover, firms normally look for a level of working capital that will contribute to their worth. Number of days accounts receivable, inventories, and accounts payable and cash conversion cycle are used as measures of working capital management. Applying Pearson’s correlation Co-efficient and Fixed Effect Estimation model, we find a significant negative relation between firm’s gross profit and the number of days inventories, accounts payable and cash conversion cycle. These results are consistent

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with the findings of other studies. These results suggest that managers can generate positive returns for the shareholders by reducing the number of day’s accounts payable and inventories to a reasonable minimum

India and Pakistan: Conflict Over Kashmir, A Historical Perspective (Zulfiqar Khan) Autumn, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 2, 63-96

Indexing, Types, Methods and Procedures (Jan Muhammad Charan) Autumn, 2005, Vol. XIII No. 2, 51-66

For determination of subject the document has been examined and analyzed, the indexer must determine what subject (or subjects) has been covered. Simply put, what is this document about? Concepts in the document must be identified and expressed in words, making up a list of possible descriptors for the index.

This paper discusses about the compilation work of indexes, Types of indexes, methods and procedure of the indexes. The duty of an indexer is to provide guides to the subject content of knowledge records, the result o index. Almost certainly only an index can really understand the total processes, which is a combination of formal rules, common sense, and an elusive thing called talent. The is major an art of indexers, even those with years o experience, often have a difficult time describing that they do, subjective judgments play a major role.

Industrial Development of Balochistan: problems and some solutions (Khalid M. Sarwar) Autumn, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 2, 23-34

Baluchistan, the largest province of Pakistan, possesses enormous industrial potential in key sectors- minerals, agriculture, livestock, and fisheries. It offers greater investment opportunities in all sectors of provincial economy for exploiting the industrial potential of the province. Despite this, the industrialization in Baluchistan presents a dismal scenario. Out of a total number of 223 industrial units in the province, 127 units have been closed down. In this study, and effort has been made to highlight the pertinent issues concerning industrial development of the Baluchistan province. While analyzing various issues concerning industrialization, the major impediments in this process have been pinpointed. The researcher, who is himself a civil servant of government of Pakistan, has also made some recommendations and suggestions for improvement of the situation. Most of these recommendations are addressed to the federal and provincial government as they are the one who occupy the decision-making positions.

Iqbal As a Legislator: 1926-1930 (Riaz Ahmed, Prof. Dr. & Kishwar Sultana) Autumn 1997, Vol. 3 No. 2 27-40

Iqbal Programmatic and his Political Philosophy (Abdul Hamid Khan, Dr. and Javaid Usman Shami) Spring,1997, Vol 1 No. 1 1-12

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Iqbal-The Humanists (M. Ashraf Chaudhry, Brig. Dr) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 113-134

Iqbal’s View About Warriors (Mahmudur Rahman , Dr.) Spring, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 1, 149-156

Islam & The West (Farooq Ahmad Dar) Autumn, 1998,Vol. 4 No.2, 89-98

Islam the Religion of Peace, Tolerance and Love (Shah Mohyuddin Hashmi) Spring, 1997, Vol 1 No. 1 83-92

Issue in standardization of Marketing Strategies (Shsan Wagha, Dr.) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 45-54

Kalabagh in Ancient Time (Latif, M.A.) Spring, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 1, 185-190

Kashmir Dispute: Third Option a Viable Solution? (Amanullah Memon, Dr.) Silver Jubilee Issue, 1999, Vol. 6, 19-32

Law Enforcing Agencies in the Tribal Areas (Islam Shah, Dr. Syed) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 105-116

The Literature on Innovation: A critical Review and analysis (Mohammad Latif Virk, Dr.) Spring, 1997, Vol. 1 No. 1 13-42

This paper examines the literature on innovation in an attempt to explain its major themes, preoccupations, trends, and theoretical concepts. This review shows that the innovation studies have had a chequered history and had to cover a long a difficult course before reaching its proper perspective o study today.

Management Training & Development Practices in Arab Countries: Need an Effectiveness Approach (Mushtaq Sajid, Dr.) Autumn, 1997, Vol. 3 No. 2 41-50

The developing countries of the Arabs have been aware of the highly positive impact of management training and development on individual and organizational effectiveness as well as economic and social development. They adopted all the available models and strategies in order to develop their executives along with the organizational setup. As a result 1980’s were declared as a decade of administrative development. This paper discussed the Asian and Western management styles and their differences and similarities along with recent steps and measurements for executive’s development programmes. The role of international academic and professional agencies is also reviewed and analyzed.

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Muammar-Al –Qathafi on Governments and Democracy: The Islamic Republic of The Libyan Model (Mumtaz Bhutta, Dr Prof.) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 167-172

The article deals with the EC’s generalized system of preferences in general and with reference to Pakistan, in particular. The generalized system of preferences offers to the exports and beneficiary countries (including Pakistan) the exports of a preferential rate equal to the MFN tariff paid by non-beneficiary countries. The article also highlights some contradictory elements regarding the implementation of the EC’s GSP scheme.

Furthermore, the article stands right on the revision or EC’s GSP in order to make to simpler, more transparent and more stable.

These are “Hypothetical Views” of a Geographer, interested in celestial phenomena, on the Rotation of Globe and Sliding of Continents. Dilation of an observant, the themes should invite attention of Geographers.

Motivating factors of Roreign Direct Investment: A Case Study of Pakistan (Rashid A. Naeem A., Dr.) Spring 1995, Vol. 1 No. 1 91-114

Mysticism of S.A latif of Bhit (Kanwar Muhammad Ashraf Khan) Spring 1995, Vol. 1 No. 1 55-68

Muslim Spain -The Lost Glory (Mahmudur Rahman, Dr.) Spring, 1998, Vol. 4 No. 1, 65-70

Need of Co-operative Among Federal Area University Libraries of Pakistan (Niaz Hussain) Autumn 1997, Vol. 3 No. 2 71-90

The article intends to examine the basic library operations like acquisition, processing, storage and retrieval services in the Federal Area University Libraries. These operations are high lighted and analyzed in regard to their execution with in each library. Differences in the execution that might occur in library co-operation have also been explained. Suggestions regarding better implementation and improvement of library services to meet the present needs of the users within the limited resources are also considered.

The Objectives Resolution (Farooq Ahmed Dar) Spring, 1997, Vol 1 No. 1, 43-54

Of Trand-Indus Jatois (Abdul Hamid Rathore, Prof.) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 139-140

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On country Wisdom (M. Ashraf Ch., Dr.) Spring, 1998, Vol. 4 No. 1 107-124

Optimizing Internships In Mass Communication Trading (Ojomo, Coliseum W.) Spring 2007, 49-60

This paper aims at drawing the attention of stakeholders in the mass communication industry to the place of internship in mass communication training. It begins by observing the little attention accorded internship by mass communication department, the government and hosting organizations. It highlights the benefits of internship. It also discusses the extant lapses in the current running of internship and suggests strategies for maximizing the benefits that accrue from a well-structured internship programmed. The rest of the paper is a manual for successfully evolving and implementing a modest internship programmed beginning with setting criteria for internship to internship evaluation.

Organization, Evaluation and Use of Students Assignments in distance Learning (Muhammad Rashid, Dr.) Autumn, 2005, Vol. XIII No. 2, 13-22

The paper examined the aims, purpose and media of assignments setting for distance learners. It advocates that assignments should be set bearing in mind the learning goals and objective3s for the particular course in question. Assignments can also be made relevant to students* practical full time work experience, bridging the gap between theory and practice.

Our Biological Resources and Food Supply (Asad Ali Khan) Silver Jubilee Issue, 1999, Vol. 6, 1-10

Due to recent ‘Population explosion’ there are a lot of pressure biological resources. Although the food production is increasing but it is not equally distributed among the inhabitants of this planet so the number of hungry people is also growing. In future, food production may increase further but there are many problems in the way to this increase, which can be solved only by adopting conservation methods. Otherwise, it will be difficult to overcome world hunger and to check environmental degradation. The study in point is a short view of population pressure on food resource, resulting problems and their possible solution.

Our Future Hopes: The Youth in Society (Mumtaz Bhutto, Dr. Prof.) Silver Jubilee Issue, 1999, Vol. 6, 117-128

Pakistan: Ethonational Historic Realities; A Think Paper (Aftab A. Kazi, Dr.) Spring, 1998, Vol 4 No. 1 19-26

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Pan-Islamism in the Indian Subcontinent comparative study of the role and impact of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. (Khalid Mahmood) Spring, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 1, 37-53

Pashtoonwali-The Pashtoon Code of Life (Wiqar Ali Shah, Dr. Syed ) Autumn, 1998,Vol. 4 No.2, 73-84

Perspectives on a Grassroots Theory of Literary Morality & Aesthetics (Shemeem B. Abbas, Dr.) Autumn, 1997, Vol. 3 No. 2 1-10

Philosophy of History and Historical Materialism (Khalid Mahmood) Spring, 2005, Vol. XIII No. 1, 1-16

Pre-writing Activities for an EFL Classroom (Shagufta Siraj) Silver Jubilee Issue, 1999, Vol. 6, 69-80

Process-Oriented Approach to Teach English Writing Skills (Samia Iqbal Gillani, Dr.) Autumn, 1997, Vol. 3 No. 2 91-108

Problem of Development in Multilingual Pakistan- With Special Reference to Punjab( Amjad Ali) Silver Jubilee Issue, 1999, Vol. 6, 129-140

Problems of Teaching Urdu to English Medium Learners (Ahsan Wagha, Dr.) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 65-82

Japan and Northeast Asia: An Overview of Five-Power Relations (Lutufullah Mangi, Dr. ) Spring, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 1, 73-82

Quaid-I Azam and the Punjab Muslim Leadership A Comparative Study of Quaid-I Azam M.A. Jinnah and Fazl-I-Hussain’s Political Strategies (Muhammad Khurshid, Dr.) Spring, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 1, 1-28

Quaid-e-Azam’s Role in The London Round Table Conferences 1930-31 (Riaz Ahmed) Spring 1995, Vol. 1 No. 1 11-40

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Radical developments through reform and regulation of Electricity sector in Pakistan.(Hassan Raza, Syed) Spring, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 1, 119-129

The paper attempts to gives an account on the power sector in Pakistan that has undergone major developments in recent years, including partial privatization, but despite that electricity service n the country remain substandard and unsatisfactory. It attempts to fine out the benefits of electricity liberalization in Pakistan, whether have been passed on to the consumers or other wise. Another important question that who remains confronted with a host of problems ranging from arbitrary price increases to power fluctuations is endeavored to clarify and analyze the responsibility of poor quality of services offered to the consumers. Moreover, it presents an overview of the major developments in the sector, with a focus on the post-privatization scenario and with particular reference to the citizen-consumer concerns. Power tariff is the key to the sustainability of the power utilities, competitiveness of the Pakistani made-up goods, fruitful commercial activities and welfare of the general public. Determination of appropriate tariff appears to be a simple matter of demand and supply, which could be easily resolved. However, the peculiar nature of the ‘product’, i.e. the electricity, ownership and control of utilities, technology, fuel used for power generation, government taxes on different fuels and on electricity, etc. have turned it into a complex issue. This paper is an attempt to offer an overview of the factors contributing to the tariff complexities. Appropriate policy decisions and concerted actions by the government in these areas would help improve the tariff imbalances and resolve the implicit subsidy issue, for benefit of most of the stakeholders including the customers

Reconstructing the Past the Seat of Mauryan Empire (Latif, M.A) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 93-104

Religious Leaders Can be Asked to Help in Agricultural Development in the Remote Areas of Developing Countries (Nowshad Khan, Dr.) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 135-146

Religious leaders are generally educated people, and, because of their communication skills and social contacts, are capable of being effective channels of extension messages to their people. The duties of a religious leader include both the teaching of religious tenets and also guidance in the social life of the community he serves. Religious leaders were in favour of the involvement in agricultural development process. They were agreed to work closely with extension and research and research personnel in official position in either voluntarily or on an honorarium basis in their spare time for agricultural technology dissemination among the farming community. They were interested to be in Agricultural Information System because they can devote a substantial time for agricultural development in their constituency. The study showed that religious leaders could be useful in providing support to agricultural development progammes, especially forming a communication link between research and extension personnel and farmers.

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The Relative Efficiency of Private versus Public Schools.(Muhammad Afzal, Dr.) Spring, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 1, 15-35

Religious-Political Conditions of shah Abdul Latif’s Era (Aman Memon) Spring 1995, Vol. 1 No. 1 69-90

A Remarkable Collection of Qasmi’s Short Stories (Sajjad Shaikh, Prof.) Silver Jubilee Issue, 1999, Vol. 6, 145-146

Reproductive Choice in Pakistan (Shakila A. Rehman) Silver Jubilee Issue, 1999, Vol. 6, 87-116

Restructuring in Pakistan Electricity Industry: changes in the Power Sector Through Privatization and consumers (Hassan Raza, Dr, Syed) Autumn, 2005, Vol. XIII No. 2, 31-40

The paper is an attempt to search for the change in the electric industry in Pakistan that would be in new ways necessary for commodity to offer to electric customers. The study put forward heretofore untested ways that residential and small business consumers are not informed about the new choices in electric services evolved. It suggest that the privatizing electricity utilities seems an attractive way of reducing foreign public debt but requires raising tariffs and creating credible system of price regulation post-regulations. The “Post-Modern” regulators need to change the way in which they have provided market oversight and information to consumers. Some market information tasks need to be removed from the regulatory sphere and transplanted into the marketplace, the social and academic sectors. The paper would identify new institutions and new regulatory functions that facilitate the dissemination of market information.. It further investigates that the ultimate benefits of proper regulation and eventual privatization result from upsetting the present unsatisfactory equilibrium with under-pricing and underinvestment, and should include improved efficiency in generation.

Review Article: The Kashmir issue and peace in the Region (Muhammad Bilal, Ch) Autumn, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 2, 151-154

A Review of the Socio-Economic Structure and Its Implications on Education in Pakistan (Hamid khan Niazi, Dr.) ) Autumn, 1998,Vol. 4 No.2, 53-64

The role of Educational Technology in Promoting Teacher Education (Zahid Ali) Autumn, 2005, Vol. XIII No. 2, 23-30

The mechanism of the teaching process has offered signif9icant developments in the field of educational technology. Several teaching media like radio, TV, tape recorder,

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computer and language laboratories are in common use now-a-days. Even distance education has become possible due to these media which are playing an important role in preservation, transmission and advancement of knowledge. This paper examines the role of educational technology in promoting teacher education.

The Role of Ulama in Freedum Movement (Mahmudur Rehman, Dr.) ) Autumn, 1998,Vol. 4 No.2, 19-24

The Role of Print Media in Pakistan Movement (Mahmudur Rahman, Dr.) 1996, Vol.1 No. 1 & 2 145-154

Role of Rural Woman in livestock management Actives ( Shabbir Ahmed, Dr.) Spring, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 1, 135-148

Rural women are largely responsible for the livestock potion of the household economy. They are an actively working body of livestock component. However, women’s and men’s parts o the household economy are not separate; in fact agriculture and livestock management are closely linked and interdependent. Women’s participation in livestock management operations consumes most of their time. Because livestock in the most important income generating activity for an average rural household.

A Search for Fundamental Human Emotions (Lubna Saif) Autumn, 1998, Vol. 4, No.2, 1-18

Anthropological discussions of emotions tend to be cast in terms of a universalism-relativism dichotomy. A synergetic solution to the problem of the number of possible emotions in proposed here. It amalgamates important elements of both positivism and social constructionist approaches giving each its due share in providing a coherent solution to a long-standing problem in the study of emotions. A major issue is whether or not some emotions are “primary” or more “basic” than others. If, there are no basic emotions, then all emotion may be socially constructed.

A Search for the Strategic Link Between Pakistan and Central Asia States (Shakil Ahmad, Dr. Qazi and Taleem Badshah Khattak) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 15-20

In the context of Pakistan providing much needed outlet for the exports of Central Asian States, the paper seeks to establish the fact that Khushka-KIandahar-Quetta-Khuzdar Ormara route appears to be the shortest and more convenient passage for the exportable commodities emanating from Central Asian States.

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Shaikh Ayaz A Revolutionary Poet of Sindh (Mahmudur Rahman, Dr) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 129-134

Sino-Pak Relations: Indian Factor as a Determinant (Aman Ullah Memon) Autumn, 1997, Vol. 3 No. 2 59-70

Social Scientists Views on Development Process in North-East India Till 1970 (Muhammad Farooq Solangi and Salahuddin A. Khan) 1996, Vol.1 No. 1 & 2 17-27

Social and Economic Factors of Fertility Differential in Pakistan (Rukhsana Masood, Dr) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 65-84

The Siraiki Language: Social, Cultural and Geo-political Factors (Abdul Hameed Khan, Prof. Dr. and Shami, Javaid Usman) ) Autumn, 1998,Vol. 4 No.2, 25-30

Social Structure Values and Norms of Pushtoon Society in the Light of Pushto Tappa (Abdullah jan Abid) Autumn, 2005, Vol. XIII No. 2, 1-12

Some Major Threats on our Agriculture (Asad Ali Kan) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 55-64

A Study of Pakistan’s Trade and Economic Relations with the European Community (EC) in the context of EC’s Trade and Development Policies (Rashid A. Naeem, Dr.) Spring, 1997, Vol 1 No. 1 130-131

Study paper Dealing with the World Globe and The Gender of the Globe Poles (Laitf, M.A) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 85-88

These are “Hypothetical Views” of a geographer, interested in celestial phenomena, on the Rotation of globe and Sliding of Continents. Dilation of an observant, the themes should invite attention of Geographers.

Sufi Paradox in Waris Shah (Amjad Ali) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 117-128Symbiotic Relationship Between Media and Terrorism (Abdul Siraj, Dr.

Syed) Spring, 2005, Vol. XIII No. 1, 79-97

Terrorism is increasingly getting coverage in the world popular media today. Frank Cass, Paul Wilkinson (1997) argues that there is a symbiotic relationship between terrorism and the media. The recent history of terrorism and extremism in many

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democratic countries vividly demonstrates that they do thrive on the oxygen of publicity. This does not mean that the established democratic media share the values of the terrorists. It does demonstrate, however, that the free media in an open society are particularly vulnerable to exploitation and manipulation. In using TV, radio and the print media the terrorists and extremists generally have four main objectives: 1) To convey the propaganda of the deed and to create extreme fear among their target group/s; 2) To mobilize wider support for their cause among the general population, and international opinion by emphasizing such themes as righteousness of their cause and the inevitability of their victory; 3) To frustrate and disrupt the response of the government and security forces, for example by suggesting that all their practical antiterrorist measures are inherently tyrannical and counterproductive; and 4) To mobilize, incite and boost their constituency of actual and potential supporters and in so doing to increase recruitment, raise more funds and inspire further attacks. There are also evidences that there are biased reporting, stereotype stories and hidden hate towards Muslims in the Western journalism. The horrible images of Islamic teachings and its people creating misunderstanding among the various religious and ethnic groups, which lead to animosity, hate and intolerance.

Technological Trends in communication and mass Media (Siraj, S.A.) Spring 1995, Vol. 1 No. 1 141-148

Teaching English Through Integrated Language Skills (Abdul Hafeez) 1996, Vol.1 No. 1 & 2 28-36

Transhumance in Darel Valley Northern Areas of Pakistan (Zahid Javaid ) Spring, 1997, Vol 1 No. 1 63-74

Trends in Pakistan’s trade with the European Community: Problem and Future Perspectives (Rashid A. Maeem, Dr. and Khalid Mustafa, Dr.) Spring, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 1, 29-58

The article explores the trends of Pakistan’s trade with the European Community in the context of EC’s external trade policy regime. The export performance of Pakistan in the EC market shows encouraging trends. The overall conclusion is that the EC’s special and differential treatment has not retar4ded the trade flows between Pakistan and the European Community. This view is supported by the analysis of comparative export performance of Pakistan in the EC’s market in comparison with its competitors consistent with the EC’s trade regime.

The treatment of the theme of Partition in the Novels of Bapsi Sidhawa. (Sarwat Dilshad & Amna Ayub) Spring, 2006, Vol. XIV No. 1, 95-117

With the partition of the subcontinent in 1947 a very horrifying period for its inhabitants began. The enthusiasm, which accompanied the independence of the

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subcontinent in 1947 not only changed the minds and the geographical boundaries of the countries, and, gave shape to the history of the specific age but also affected the literature written on both sides of the border. The poets, scholars and writers, Bapsi Sidhwa being one of them, have presented the theme of partition with all its terror, depression, outrage and detestation in their works.

The paper aims at an exploration of Sidhwa’s treatment of theme of partition, especially in her two renowned novels: The bride and Ice-Candy man. These novels have been evaluated in the perspective of the novelist’s passion for history. Sidhwa’s works bear an obvious stamp of her personality. Her novels present a vivid picture and a moving record of thousand of Muslims struggling towards the new homeland. A thorough analysis of the text of the novels reveals that the people of the sub-continent, no matter what religion they belonged to or what philosophy of life they adhered to, one thing they shared in common: the frenzy and madness, which drove them to contribute to the brutality, bloodshed and ruthless killings.sidhwa has described her experiences of the intensity of the religious hatred and conflict in her novels, and the analysis of the texts of the bride, and Ice-Candy man reveals that she is one of the most sincere and objective writers to write about partition.

UNICODE and Implementation of Arabic Scripts (Muhammad Hamid) Spring 2007, 61-83

This Unicode standard is a global character set for worldwide computing covering the major modern scripts of the world as well as classical forms, which text of all forms and languages can be encoded for use by computers. Unicode give the potential to support every s script. Expanding the character set would have consequences for transcription. Faithfulness of transcription has implications for retrieval. The principles behind the design of the Unicode standard are described with reference to Arabic Script/Oriental languages and the role of National language Authority (NLA) Pakistan.

Uncollected Writings about Iqbal ( Nazeer Siddiqui, Prof.) Spring, 1997, Vol 1 No. 1 125-128

Units of Liner and Angular measurements A Historical Background (Nasim Ahmad, Khan) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 1-14

Urbanization and Urban System in Pakistan (Shakila A. Rehman & Birjies Talat) Autumn, 1997, Vol. 3 No. 2 109-128

The Uruguay Round: Impact on the World Economy with Reference to Pakistan (Rashid A. Naeem, Dr.) Spring, 1998, Vol 4 No. 1 91-106

Uruguay Round has been described as a milestone in the history o world trade. It opens new avenues for world trade. It means more trade, more investment, more jobs and larger income growth for all. This article intends to investigate the possible trade

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implications of Uruguay Round on the world economy with reference to Pakistan. It is concluded 5that with the universal reduction of tariffs and eradication of tariff benefits of Generalized System of Preferences and Lame Convention, the de development countries will have to face stiffer competition. In this regard, the Uruguay Round will help the efficient and punish the inefficient one in the arena of international trade.

Use of Inputs in Agriculture: A Case Study of Pesticides for Cotton Crop (Ejaz Ali Khan, Rana) Spring, 2005, Vol. XIII No. 1, 39-50

The cotton output in the season 2001-02 touched 9 million bales but remained short when compared with production of 9.35 million bales in the 2000-01 seasons. In Punjab the cotton production stood at 6.86 mission bales in 2001-02, down by 6.23 percent, compared to 7.32 million bales a year earlier. In this situation at the country level the cotton stock will not be in surplus, it will only fulfill the requirement of textile mills. The cotton production is significant from the point of view of country’s need of ghee/edible oil, as Pakistan has imported edible oil of worth of Rs. 23906 million in 1997. The ghee industry is also passing through crisis due to lower cotton crop in the previous years. So it is necessary to increase cotton production, which may be done by both extensive and intensive cultivation. One of the components of intensive cultivation is use of pesticides. The literature on input use in agriculture confirms that the proper plant protection may increase the agriculture production by 10-15 percent. In the present study the grower’s perspective about the use of pesticides for cotton crop is analyzed.

Use of Mathematics in Everyday Life: A Think Paper (Niaz Hussain Shar) Autumn, 1998,Vol. 4 No.2, 85-88

Views and Comments Maulana Hasan Musanna Nadvi: A Veteran Journalist Mahmudur Rehman, Dr.) Spring, 1999, Vol. 5 No. 1, 163-166

Views and Review: Facing The Challenge of 21st Century (Mahmudur Rahman, Dr.) Spring, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 1, 181-184

Women’s Role in Freedom Movement: A Case Study of Gegum Jahan Ara Shanawaz (1935-47) ( Tauqir Ahmad Khan, Malik) ) Autumn, 2005, Vol. XIII No. 2, 1-12

Word Formation in Siraiki Language (Wagha, Ahsan) 1996, Vol.1 No. 1 & 2 133-144

Words (Shahida Shah) Spring, 2000, Vol. 7 No. 1, 101-114

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