Index

accelerated test (AT), 243accelerometer, 394–395, 578–581accident investigation, 35–36, See also

Columbia Accident Investigation Board(CAIB)

accident, 222, 578acquisition cost, 30–31, 139active monitoring, 424actuator/actuation, 119, 189–190, 315, 394,

409, 423–425, 459–460, 486adaptive prognosis, 287–288advanced amphibious assault vehicle (AAAV),

379Advanced Checkout, Control, and Maintenance

System (ACCMS), 536Advanced Health Monitoring System (AHMS),

146–147, 440advanced life support system (ALSS), 498–500Advanced Range Technology Working Group

(ARTWG), 349Advanced Spaceport Technology Working

Group (ASTWG), 349Advisory Circular (AC), 578Aeronautical Radio, Inc. (ARINC), 589–592,

599ARINC-604, 5, 591ARINC-624, 5, 592ARINC-629, 479ARINC-653, 516

Aerospace Industry Steering Committee(AISC), 194

Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP),304

After Action Review (AAR), 69–71aging materials, 210–211, 556–557, 569

System Health Management: with Aerospace Applications, First Edition. Edited by Stephen B. Johnson,Thomas J. Gormley, Seth S. Kessler, Charles D. Mott, Ann Patterson-Hine, Karl M. Reichard, and Philip A. Scandura, Jr.© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Artificial Intelligence Exchange and Service Tieto All Test Environments (AI-ESTATE),460

air data inertial reference unit (ADIRU), 514Air Force Policy Directive (AFPD), 191Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), 130,

566, 573Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC), 191Air National Guard (ANG), 191air revitalization system (ARS), 500, 502Air Transport Association (ATA), 594aircraft/aircraft system, 97, 101, 146, 155–156,

160, 186–193, 204–208, 255–257, 373,389–401, 467–469, 484, 581–598

aircraft condition monitoring function (ACMF),596

Aircraft Maintenance Analysis System(AIRMAN), 593

aircraft propulsion health management,389–401

component lifing methods, 398–399computing host, 395–396design of, 399–400engine health tracking, 391–393engine-hosted health management,

393–394FMPs, 400–401module performance analysis, 390–391on-board models, 398operating conditions, 394–395software, 396–397

Aircraft Structural Integrity Program (ASIP),193

airline modifiable information (AMI), 599airworthiness, 191

COPYRIG

HTED M

ATERIAL

618 Index

Airworthiness Certification Criteria ControlBoard (AC3B), 191

American National Standards Institute (ANSI),299

American Society for Quality (ASQ), 299American Society for Testing of Materials

(ASTM), 206American Society of Mechanical Engineers

(ASME), 133Ames Research Center (ARC), 34, 138amphibious armored vehicle (AAV), 377–380analysis

analysis and optimization (A&O), 138, 141analytical redundancy, 21

anomalyanomaly detector (AD), 397, 583anomaly, definition of, 7, 282detection using IMS, 173–174detection, 13, 15, 174, 396–397, 461–463

application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC),454

architecture, 115–127advanced concepts, 126SHM characteristics, 120–126SHM components, 117–119

Ares I, 348–349Ariane 5, 224, 513ARINC-604, 5, 591ARINC-624, 5, 592ARINC-629, 479ARINC-653, 516Army Aviation and Missile Research and

Development and Engineering Center,555

Arrhenius law, 559artificial intelligence (AI), 22, 146, 159, 389,

446artificial neural network (ANN), 397AS9100, 302, 305, 307athermal plasticity, 201, 203Attitude and Articulation Control System

(AACS), 550Attitude and Information Management (AIM),

474attitude control, 471–472authorization-to-proceed (ATP), 531Automated Non-Destructive Evaluation System

(ANDES), 570–571Automatic Test Meta Language (ATML), 460automation, 228–229

Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG),132

autonomic logistics (AL), 298, 370–371autonomy/autonomous system, 150, 351, 356,

370–377, 477–478, 546–549autonomous flight management, 485Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment

(ASE), 146availability, 79–81, 380average bias, 289Aviation Engineering Directorate (AED), 191avionics, 95, 160–162, 170–171, 321–330,

365description, 445–448

avionics health management, 445–464architectures, 447–448components, 446–447EEE parts qualification, 448–450environments, 450–453failure sources, 453requirements, 460–464technology, 448

B-2 bomber, 131B10, See t0.10

Backup Flight Computer (BFC), 535backup flight software (BFS), 462battery, 332, 433–434Bayesian belief networks, 391Beacon-based Exception Analysis for

Multimissions (BEAM), 154bearings, 192, 239–243, 394, 435, 579–582behavior, 13, 52–57, 504–505

emergent, 96beyond Earth orbit (BEO), 509bi-directional safety analysis (BDSA), 5, 220,

223big picture thinking, 32bi-level integrated system synthesis (BLISS),

134biological waste processor (BWP), 505block redundancy, 450, 473–474, 480Boeing 777, 5, 131, 146, 447, 476–477, 516,

591–592, 598–599Boeing C-17, 146Boltzmann formula, 559bond graphs, 501boundary element method, 425boundary scan, 453, 455–456Bragg Grating, 571

Index 619

built-in test (BIT), 315, 355, 387, 447, 486,526, 589

built-in self test (BIST), 454built-in test equipment (BITE), 591

burn anomaly rate factor (BARF), 568business case, 77–91, 574by-wire system, 484Byzantine fault, 5, 20, 476–477

C Language Integrated Production System,(CLIPS), 269

calibration, 303–306, 409–411can not duplicate (CND), 104, 518, 538Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI),

116Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS),

535capsule communicator (CAPCOM), 352carbon–carbon (C–C) composites, 200case study, 69–75case-based management training, 74–75case-based reasoning systems, 265–266,

269–270Cassini, 224, 471, 474, 477catastrophic failure, 51, 261, 435, 440,

527, 545cause and effect model, 9, 268, 347caution and warning (C&W), 320, 327,

330–331, 351, 406, 440, 442, 446, 536,539

censored life data, 239–243Central Maintenance Computer (CMC),

212–215, 592–599central processing units (CPUs), 120Centralized Fault Display System (CFDS), 592ceramic matrix composite, 199–200ceramics, 200, 212–214, 573certification/certify, 80, 96, 145–147, 150–152,

155, 159, 163, 165, 167, 173, 191, 415Challenger, 16, 32, 36, 37, 41–42, 54, 133, 420chaos engineering, 273–276Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), 579Civil Aviation Publication (CAP), 579classification, 8, 201–204, 272, 282, 373Climate Orbiter, 473, 513–514cockpit display, 323, 526, 596, 599cockpit interface, 320, 324code change notice (CCN), 164Coffin-Manson, 208, 559cognitive, 1, 3, 25, 51, 322

Columbia, 4, 9, 16, 34, 36–39, 42, 75, 129,420, 439, 535

Columbia Accident Investigation Board(CAIB), 10, 29, 69

commandcommand and control (C2), 374command and data handling (C&DH), 117command and data processing system

(CDS), 544, 550Command Loss Response, 547, 549,

551–552command sequences, 362, 473, 480, 547command/monitor computer pair, 476

commercial aviation, 316, 477, 590commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS), 353, 468,

477, 593Common Logistics Operating Environment

(CLOE), 373Common Object Request Broker Architecture

(CORBA), 460communication

communication channel, 34–36communication modalities, 30, 34communication redundancy, 33, 42communication, planned, 39communications and tracking (C&T), 447

complexity, 10–12compliance, 160, 187, 299, 301complicated overlapping interval-censored data,

243component health, 341, 578component life usage tracking, 398–399Component Object Model/Distributed

Component Object Model(COM/DCOM), 460

computed tomography (CT), 570Computer-Aided Software Reliability

Estimation (CASRE), 229concept of operations (ConOps), 66, 99–100condition-based maintenance (CBM), 316, 369,

582condition indicator (CI), 191, 579–584condition-based paradigm, 570configurable real-time analysis system

(CRANS), 362configuration management, 72, 161, 227, 302,

347Constellation Program (CxP), 116, 180, 348,

493Contractor Source Inspection (CSI), 303

620 Index

corrosion, 203, 210–212crack growth, 202–211, 420crack propagation, 208, 210, 563, 569creep, 201–202, 395crew, 50, 53, 162, 254, 276–277, 355, 361,

366, 381, 401, 509crew alerting system (CAS), 591, 594–596Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), 325, 509Crew Information System (CIS), 597–599crew situational awareness, 526Critical Design Review (CDR), 164critical failure effect (CFE), 14critical items list (CIL), 125, 347criticality 1 (Crit 1), 417cross-check, 22, 25, 321, 333, 363, 365, 473cross-compare, 492cross-correlation, 272, 405, 408cumulative damage models, 559cumulative distribution function (cdf), 233cumulative risk, 254–257cyclic redundancy check (CRC), 455

datadata acquisition system, 406, 571, 580data bus, 118, 120, 592, 596data capture, 151, 517

data collection point (DCP), 409data computation complex (DCC), 534data handling, 117, 170, 474, 532

data mining, 558data processing system (DPS), 324, 535

data structures, 175DC-XA design study, 537Decision Coverage (DC), 162decision support, 41, 66, 101, 381–385decision-making, 30–31, 34, 36–38,

40–41, 43Deep Space Network (DSN), 544Deep Space One, 146, 326defects, 220–229, 353–354, 453, 569–570defect detection and prevention (DDP), 134Defense Contract Management Agency

(DCMA), 304, 307Defense Meteorological Satellite Program

(DMSP), 471–473defensive software design, 516deformation, 201–202degradation, 7, 244–246, 395, 499, 557delamination, 215Delta IV, 345, 532, 535

de-noising, 271Department of Defense (DoD), 281, 536Department of Defense Architecture

Framework (DODAF), 116dependability, 4, 49–52, 100–103dependable design, 50, 57–61Design Change Notice (DCN), 164design diversity, 469, 476–477, 479design fault, 10, 20, 445, 453, 457design for testability (DFT), 132, 137, 268design rule, 73–74, 595design synthesis, 106–107designated engineering representative (DER),

160deterioration, 392, 555diagnosis (DX)/diagnosibility/diagnostic,

265–277automation considerations, 276–277chaos engineering, 273–276failure effect, 267–268general problem, 267machine learning, 272–273multivariate statistical methods, 271–272signal analysis, 272techniques, 268–271testability analysis, 268

diagnostic reasoning, 112, 156, 265–268, 277,460

discrete-event model, 501discrete event simulation (DES), 139discrete-time model, 399dissimilar hardware, 21, 484, 488, 515dissimilar software, 462, 515distributed architecture, 125distributed neural network (DNN), 171–172distributed prognostics architecture, 292DO-160, 187, 189DO-178B, 161–162, 190, 478, 514documentation, 35–36, 222, 224, 415, 474domestic object damage, 395dual bond stress temperature (DBST), 571durability, 186–189dust contamination, 451–452dynamic fatigue, 201–202, 207–210dynamic random access memory (DRAM),

479

Earth Observing (EO), 146economic benefit, 194, 578electrical and magnetic effect, 189

Index 621

electrical power health management (EPHM),429–442

aeronautics, 440batteries, 433–434cables, 437convertors, 436distribution switchgears, 437flywheel energy storage, 434–435fuel cells, 431–433hubble space telescope (HST), 438–439international space station (ISS), 439layered approach, 441–442regulation, 436solar arrays, 431space shuttle, 440

electrical power subsystem (EPS), 117, 324,331, 429, 447

Electrical, Electronic and Electromechanical(EEE), 303, 448–450

electrically erasable programmable read-onlymemory (EEPROM), 474

electromagnetic interference (EMI), 124, 186,284, 414, 451

Electronic Connect/Disconnect Log (ECDL),347

electronic maintenance support (EMS), 378electrostatic discharge (ESD), 189, 303, 545embedded knowledge, 66, 98, 409empirical model, 243, 397end-of-life (EOL), 100, 286, 461energy conversion, 431energy generation, 429energy storage, 429–431, 434–435Engine Diagnostic Unit (EDU), 396engine fault, 391, 527engine health management (EHM), 130, 389,

399–401, See also electrical powerhealth management (EPHM)

engine health tracking, 391–393enterprise model, 82–86environmental control and life support (ECLS),

497–500, 509–510environmentally assisted cracking (EAC), 210error, definition of, 14error detection and correction (EDAC), 21, 455event tree, 132–133, 254, 261event tree analysis (ETA), 110, 133events table, 221Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV),

345, 535

exception handling, 516execution traceback, 517Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV), 339, 345,

523, 535–540exponential distribution, 235–236extended back propagation (EBP), 171extended Kalman filter (EKF), 171extended service life, 566extensibility, 116, 125Extensible Mark-up Language (XML), 358, 460External Tank (ET), 340extravehicular activity (EVA), 352

fabrication fault, 453factor of safety, 557, 566, 572failed sensor, 171, 224, 362, 550failover, 540failure

failure adaptive control (FAC), 506–507failure assessment technique, 197, 219, 224failure assessment tools, 219–230failure avoidance, 18–19, 470failure candidate, 266failure coverage analysis (FCA), 348failure detection (FD), 13, 23, 104,

461–462, 468, 528failure detection isolation and recovery

(FDIR), 353failure, definition of, 7failure effect propagation path (FEPP), 14failure effect propagation, 267–268failure effect, 16–17, 19, 267–268failure, impact and workaround (FIW), 356failure masking, 18failure mitigation, 353failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA),

111, 220, 268, 347failure modes, effects, and criticality

analysis (FMECA), 220failure preclusion, 281failure prediction, 12, 378, 390failure prevention, 11, 300failure probability, 561failure prognosis, 17failure recovery, 18failure response determination, 17failure response, 17failure tolerant, 470–477

false alarm (FA), 104, 108, 167false alarm rate (FAR), 150, 176–177

622 Index

false negative (FN), 15, 123, 175false positive (FP), 15Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), 272faster, better, cheaper (FBC), 67, 474, 477, 479fatigue, 200–211, 214, 236, 269, 560fault

fault adaptive control (FAC), 499fault avoidance, 11–12fault code, 396fault containment, 19fault, definition of, 8fault detection, 34, 159, 273, 448fault detection and isolation (FDI), 273fault detection, isolation and recovery

(FDIR), 118, 173, 275, 440fault detection, isolation, and identification

(FDII), 504fault diagnosis, 16fault forwarding, 80fault identification, 13, 378fault isolation, 13, 174, 334Fault Management Support (FAMS), 327fault manager, 550fault-propagation model, 54fault protection (FP), 163–164, 543fault tolerance, 121–122fault tree, 133, 261–263fault tree analysis (FTA), 132–133, 222fault management (FM), 4, 12fault management loop, 12–14fault tolerance, 12, 20, 121, 354

Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), 304Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 189,

578, 591Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR), 304federated avionics, 592Fibre Channel, 446Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), 446field programmable gate array (FPGA), 120,

454figure of merit (FOM), 131, 268finite difference method, 425finite element analysis (FEA), 421finite element method, 557finite element model (FEM), 421finite impulse response (FIR), 271fleet management plan (FMP), 400flight

flight control (FC), 483flight control computer (FCC), 535flight control health management, 483–494

flight control system (FCS), 515flight critical software, 152flight dynamics, 490–493flight hardware, 170flight operations, 352–353flight sensor, 355–356flight software (FSW), 543flight system, 146

fluids susceptibility, 186, 189fly-by-wire, 476, 484foreign object damage (FOD), 213, 390fracture, 200–208, 214–215frequency domain, 504, 581fuel cell, 431–433fuel leak, 420full authority digital engine control (FADEC),

390functional analysis, 105–106functional hazard assessment (FHA), 110function-based design, 134–135fundamental model (FM), 138fuzzy logic, 272, 391

Galileo, 224, 471, 479gas path analysis (GPA), 390General Purpose Computer (GPC), 535generalized likelihood ratio (GLR), 171, 272generalized likelihood test (GLT), 171generic function block (GFB), 463genetic algorithm, 391global combat support system (GCSS),

372, 310global positioning system (GPS), 447, 487goal change, 11–13, 18Government Contract Quality Assurance

(GCQA), 304–305Government Industry Data Exchange Program

(GIDEP), 303Government Mandatory Inspection Points

(GMIP), 305–306government source inspection (GSI), 303grain size, 202–204graphical user interface (GUI), 359Ground Command, Control, and

Communications Mission Equipment(GC3ME), 535

ground operations, 493, 550ground support equipment (GSE), 123, 340ground system, 156, 345, 415, 452ground-based activities, 118, 171, 320, 359,

392

Index 623

guidance, navigation, and control (GN&C),116, 319, 357, 447, 483

habitat, 406, 497–499, 509–510Hall-Petch relation, 203hazard, 56–57, 225hazard function (hf), 233hazard rate, 234, 239hazardous operation (HAZOP), 61, 224health

health and usage monitoring system(HUMS), 191, 369, 578

health electronic data sheet (HEDS), 460health indicator (HI), 583health management (HM), 23, 100–103health management engineer (HME), 23health management requirements, 460–463health management system (HMS), 315health monitoring, 185–194

helicopter, 137, 381, 597–582highly reliable organization (HRO), 49–61

behavior patterns, 52–57major areas, 57–60

hot spare, 476Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 438–439human-centered health management (HCHM),

340–346human-in-the-loop processes, 524human-machine interface, 100, 109, 319human-rated, 18, 122, 174, 320, 351, 538–539Huntsville Operations Support Center (HOSC),

343hybrid bond graph (HBG), 501hydrogen gas detection system, 536

impact monitoring, 421–422independent verification and validation (IV&V),

149, 154Inductive Monitoring System (IMS), 154,

173–179inertial measurement unit (IMU), 487–488infinite impulse response (IIR), 271information technology (IT), 66–67informed maintenance, 537–538initiating event master logic diagram

(IE-MLD), 260–262inspection, 169, 185, 284, 302, 339, 340, 453instantaneous failure rate function, 234Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE), 116institutional behavior, 49

institutional practice, 29–30, 37institutional stewardship, 56instrumentation, 119, 137, 201, 204, 406–407,

524, 533integrated data environment (IDE), 346, 377Integrated Engine Diagnostic System (IEDS),

137integrated health monitoring (IHM), 524integrated logistics support (ILS), 316integrated modular avionics (IMA), 24, 593Integrated System Health Management (ISHM),

115, 135Integrated Vehicle Health Management

(IVHM), 24, 29, 131intelligent system, 356, 405–417interactive electronic technical manual (ETM),

378interface, 25, 153, 155, 157, 374interfering failure (IF), 549International Council on Systems Engineering

(INCOSE), 7, 98, 117, 133International Electrotechnical Commission

(IEC), 116International Space Station (ISS), 125, 339,

342–344, 352, 439International Standards Organization (ISO),

116, 187, 299interplanetary robotic spacecraft, 544Iterative Extended Kalman Filter (IEKF), 171

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), 32Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 474, 544Johnson Space Center (JSC), 164, 535Joint Aviation Regulation (JAR), 160, 190Joint Strike Fighter (JSF), 146, 372Joint Test Action Group (JTAG), 455just in time point (JITP), 287

Kalman filter, 275, 293, 391, 398, 488–489Kaplan–Meier (KM), 239, 241–242Kennedy Space Center (KSC), 164, 340, 535knowledge

applied knowledge, 65embedded knowledge, 66explicit knowledge, 66knowledge assets, 66knowledge management (KM), 65–75,

97–98knowledge sharing workshop (KSW), 71–72sharing, 71–72tacit knowledge, 66

624 Index

latent fault, 24launch commit criteria, 533launch control, 222, 525, 535Launch Control Center (LCC), 535launch operations, 339–349launch processing system (LPS), 524, 535launch site (LS), 339launch vehicle (LV), 347, 523launch vehicle system health management

(LVSHM), 523–541layered approach, 401, 415–416, 427,

441–442, 464, 480, 493, 510, 518,590–591

learning system, 265, 270–273lessons learned, 364–366, 527, 583–584,

596–597life cycle, 98, 373life cycle cost (LCC), 282, 380life prediction, 200, 562–563life support health management, 497–510

behavior monitors, 504CEV, 509failure-adaptive controller, 506–507global controller, 507–508ISHM for, 498lunar habitats, 509Martian habitats, 510modeling, 501–504Physics-based modeling, 501–503procedure-based execution, 508–509resource-based modeling, 503–504system architecture, 504–507

life usage estimation, 398–399light armored vehicle (LAV), 377light detection and ranging (LIDAR) 487,

489–490light-emitting diode (LED), 458likelihood function, 241line replaceable module (LRM), 592line replaceable unit (LRU), 190, 281, 447,

528, 591linear-feedback-shift-register (LFSR), 454loadshedding, 551local area network (LAN), 125, 596logistics, 381–385Logistics Innovation Agency (LIA), 373lognormal distribution, 234–235lognormal probability plot, 239–241longevity, 190, 573long-term aging, 555

loss of crew, 254, 417loss of life, 110, 301, 570loss of mission (LOM), 139loss of vehicle (LOV), 461, 527, 582low Earth orbit (LEO), 414–415, 452, 470, 509

machine learning, 173, 271–273Magellan, 471main engine (ME), 544main Neural Network (MNN), 171–172main propulsion subsystem (MPS), 141, 321,

323, 342maintainability, 124–125, 137–141, 309–317maintenance, 77–89, 100–102, 105–106,

124–125, 130–131, 137–142, 191–194,247–249, 255–257, 265–266, 282–284,292–293, 309–316, 445–446, 458–459,483–484, 536–538, 578–579, 581–585,589–603

maintenance control and display panel(MCDP), 591

Maintenance System (MS), 597–600maintenance-related data, 524

malfunction, 271, 319–325, 330–334, 577management

Aircraft Propulsion Health, 389–401attitude and information management

(AIM), 474autonomous flight management, 485, 494avionics health management, 445–464case-based management training, 74–75configuration management, 161, 227–228,

302–303, 307, 347Defense Contract Management Agency

(DCMA), 304, 307Electrical Power Health Management

(EPHM), 429–442engine health management (EHM), 389,

399–401fault management (FM), 4–6, 12–19,

323–328, 351–366fault management loop, 12–14, 23, 605fault management support (FAMS),

327–329, 331, 334–336fleet management plan (FMPs), 400–401Flight control health management, 483–494Health Management (HM), 3–26, 49,

95–112, 399–401, 405–417,446–448, 459–460

health management engineer (HME), 23

Index 625

health management requirements, 460–463health management system (HMS), 95–112,

315, 399–401human-centered health management

(HCHM), 340–346Integrated System Health Management

(ISHM), 115, 135, 498Integrated Vehicle Health Management

(IVHM), 131, 139–140Knowledge Management (KM), 65–75,

97–98launch vehicle system health management

(LVSHM), 523–541life support health management, 497–510power management , 429, 430, 436, 442,

447power management and distribution

(PMAD), 429–431, 436–438,440–442

prognostics and health management (PHM),6, 373, 393, 61, 491

risk management plan, 104, 106risk management, 30–31, 54–56, 132–133,

253–257, 300, 302strategic missile health management,

565–574subsystem health management, 387–388,

401, 427, 513, 518System Health Management (SHM), 3–26system management, 40, 53, 101Systems Management (SM), 535–536vehicle health management (VHM), 281,

416, 589Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF),

373–375, 379Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), 379, 382Mariner, 473Marshall Avionics System Testbed (MAST),

171Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), 6, 33,

115, 164–165master/slave, 119, 458material aging, 568–569material defect, 453material failure, 203, 212, 584material loss, 201–203, 212, 214–215material property variation, 568maturation, 83, 99, 102, 103, 105, 145–150,

152, 157, 181, 185maturation cycle, 109

maximum likelihood detector (MLD), 171maximum likelihood estimation, 241–243mean cumulative function (MCF), 237,

247–249mean logistics delay time (MLDT), 311, 380mean time between failure (MTBF), 140, 190,

237, 311, 353, 380, 400, 449mean time between maintenance (MTBM), 311,

476mean time to diagnose (MTD), 311mean time to failure (MTTF), 121, 234, 421mean time to repair (MTTR), 123, 140, 311,

313–316measurement, 266–267, 277, 284–286,

288–289, 299, 346–348, 365, 391–393,397, 405, 408–409, 413–416, 421, 432,434, 435, 448, 485–492, 535–539, 602

mechanical design, 133, 186, 189–190mechanistic model, 572medium Earth orbit (MEO), 452medium tactical vehicle replacement (MTVR),

375, 377meta-environment, 152, 153metrics, 78–82, 84–86, 89–90, 105, 107, 133,

138–139, 154, 167, 194, 236–237, 243,257, 276, 282, 289–291, 293, 297, 307,309, 311, 313–314, 316, 346, 441, 514,531, 538

micro crack nucleation, 200micro-controller, 119, 471micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS), 411,

417, 448, 450, 451micro-processor, 448, 455, 476–477, 479, 515microstructural degradation, 215military logistics, 297, 369–385MIL-STD-461, 187–189MIL-STD-810, 187MIL-STD-1553, 118, 446, 479Ministry of Defence Architecture Framework

(MoDAF), 116MINITAB, 239, 250Minuteman III, 567, 570Mir, 55, 489mission capability rate (MCR), 89, 90Mission Control Center (MCC), 277, 320, 322,

336, 352, 359, 361, 362, 364, 365, 524,525, 535

mission-critical, 29–31, 100, 105, 160, 165,271, 301, 306, 373, 477, 488, 535, 540,603

626 Index

mission critical data element (MCDE), 374,377, 381, 382

Mission Data System (MDS), 227, 228, 478Mission Evaluation Room (MER), 151, 277,

352mission event tree, 260, 261, 263mission manager software, 524mitigation, 4, 11–12, 14, 17, 23, 24, 35, 101,

105–109, 111, 130, 151–153, 220, 300,305, 353, 387, 445, 452, 474, 538, 544

modeladjustment, 13, 14–16baseline, 79, 86bias, 226, 227mental, 33, 321, 328model-based approach, 137, 168, 286, 348,

421, 491, 501, 504model-based diagnosis (MBD), 23, 266,

274, 598, 600model-based engineering, 152model-based reasoning (MBR), 31, 135,

168, 169, 181, 265, 266, 268,273–276

Modified Condition Decision Coverage(MCDC), 162, 166

modular auxiliary data system (MADS), 535,536

modular avionics, 24, 592, 593, 597module performance analysis (MPA), 390–391,

393Module Test And Maintenance (MTM), 445,

453, 458–459moisture, 188, 189, 215monitoring

Advanced Health Monitoring System(AHMS), 146, 147, 440

Aircraft Condition Monitoring Function(ACMF), 596, 598, 599, 600

health and usage monitoring system(HUMS), 191–193, 369, 377, 396,578–579, 581, 583–585

health monitoring, 199, 206, 265, 282, 348,374, 385, 389, 401, 409, 421, 426

impact monitoring, 421–422Inductive Monitoring System (IMS), 154,

173–177, 179integrated health monitoring (IHM), 524passive monitoring, 423, 524Shuttle Advanced Health Monitoring

System, 146

structural health monitoring (SHM),189–190, 194, 199, 207, 413,419–427, 567

system health monitoring (SHM), 3, 157system monitoring, 129, 550vehicle health monitoring (VHM), 5–6, 138,

147, 185–194

NASA Policy Directive (NPD), 304National Aeronautics and Space Administration

(NASA), 4, 29–43, 67–72, 110,130–134, 146–148, 162–168, 227, 254,299–302, 323, 348, 406–407, 471–474,478–480, 497, 509, 526, 535, 544

National Council on Systems Engineering(NCOSE), 98, 117, 133

National Science Foundation (NSF), 43, 481net present value (NPV), 80, 82network-centric operations (NCO), 126,

601–602neural network (NN), 171, 283, 285, 421Next Generation Launch Technology (NGLT),

138, 536no fault found (NFF), 590non-destructive evaluation (NDE), 199–201,

203, 208, 214–215, 413, 570non-destructive inspection (NDI), 303non-destructive testing (NDT), 303non-interfering failure (NIF), 549normal accident theory (NAT), 51–52normal distribution, 234–235normalization of deviance, 16, 36, 57

off-nominal state, 7–10, 15, 320–323, 416one fault-tolerant, 121, 540Open System Architecture (OSA), 460Open System Architecture for Enterprise

Application Integration (OSA-EAI), 460Open System Architecture-Condition Based

Maintenance (OSA-CBM), 460operational instrumentation (OI), 535Operational Maintenance Requirements and

Specifications (OMRS), 343orbit replaceable unit (ORU), 343, 439Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS), 341Orbital Space Plane (OSP), 131, 538organization structure, 50organizational change, 67original equipment manufacturer (OEM), 309,

316, 583, 595–597

Index 627

out-of-the loop unfamiliarity (OOTLUF), 328,330

oxidation, 212

Palmgren-Miner rule, 560Parallel redundancy (or parallel system, etc),

538parametric data, 526partial least squares (PLS), 271particle filtering (PF), 285–286passive monitoring, 423–424Pathfinder, 152, 169, 471, 473–474pause and learn (PaL), 69–71payload, 150, 170, 312, 342–344, 471–472,

484, 498, 523–524, 526, 567Payload Test and Checkout System (PTCS), 343peak-aged (PA), 206performance-based logistics (PBL), 316performance metrics, 107, 289–291, 538phenomenological model, 254, 572physical redundancy, 171physics-based analysis, 286–287physics-based model, 286–287, 501–503physics of failure, 199–216, 283piezoelectric, 190, 413, 421, 422, 424, 571, 573polymer matrix composites, 200portable maintenance aid (PMA), 315–316post-failure recovery, 549power and pyrotechnics subsystem (PPS), 550power consumption, 117–118, 284, 331, 406,

408, 417, 475power distribution, 331, 429–430, 437–438,

447, 597power electronic building blocks (PEBB), 441power electronics, 431, 435–437, 440–442power management, 429–430, 436, 447power management and distribution (PMAD),

429, 447precision 26, 243, 282, 290–291, 371, 391,

492, 602prediction, 17, 58, 100, 104, 107–109,

111–112, 193–184, 200, 226, 233, 244,284–285, 289–293, 313–314, 558–560,562–563, 574, 584

Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML),460

preliminary design review (PDR), 164prequential likelihood (PL), 226primary flight display (PFD), 322, 329, 331,

333

Primus Epic System, 593principal component analysis (PCA), 271–272probabilistic risk assessment (PRAs), 110, 132,

139, 170, 253–263, 276probability

probability density function (pdf), 233, 285,287

probability distribution, 139, 234–236, 254,259, 559

probability of crew survival, 538probability of detection (POD), 194probability of loss of crew (PLOC), 139, 347probability of loss of mission (PLOM), 139probability of loss of payload (PLOP), 139probability of loss of vehicle (PLOV), 139probability of mission success, 539probability plotting, 239–241

problem and failure reporting (P/FR), 474process-based methodology, 514product development life cycle, 95prognosis, 13, 17, 167, 191, 199–201, 210,

282–292, 501, 537prognostic, 4, 6, 77, 80, 88, 106, 121, 281–293,

316, 373–375, 379–380, 385, 446, 461,536, 538, 557–563

prognostic horizon (PH), 289–290prognostics and health management (PHM), 6,

373project risk, 254–257, 305propagation, 14, 137, 177, 179, 210, 213, 265,

267–268, 285, 292, 357, 423–426, 492,562–563, 569, 571

propulsion, 79, 87, 95, 116, 118, 151, 261, 323,389–401, 471–472, 527, 577, 603

propulsion subsystem, 118, 323, 401, 472, 527,529

prototype, 85, 87, 99, 149, 153–154, 178,411–412

qualify, 107, 185quality assurance (QA), 4, 11–12, 19, 22, 24,

161,168, 299–307, 474, 614quality clause, 303–304quality standard, 125, 302quality system audit, 305, 306–307quantile, 234–235, 241quantitative risk analysis and simulation

(QRAS), 133, 614quantitative risk assessment, 198, 253, 254,

257, 258, 259, 263

628 Index

radial basis function (RBF), 397, 614rotorcraft, 577–585RS-422, 118, 446RS-485, 118, 446Ruggedization, 155rule-based expert systems, 265–266,

268–269

safe mode, 544, 546safety, 110–111, 399safety analysis, 225safety-critical, 306, 462safing, 12, 480scheduled maintenance, 81, 106scheduling, 88, 315, 509second phase particles, 204, 207self-test, 473sense and respond framework, 600–603sensitivity analysis, 558sensor(s)

capacitive, 448current, 170, 432data, 170–171humidity, 557inductive, 448intelligent, 405–417lick and stick, 411–412nano sensor, 409–411network, 119piezoelectric sensor, 421–422pressure, 188, 341sensor failure detection, isolation and

accommodation (SFDIA), 171smart sensors, 409–411spray-on, 405, 408technology, 407–409temperature, 188, 362torque, 379vibration, 189, 394voltage, 432–436, 438

sequential Monte Carlo (SMC), 285sequential probability likelihood ratio test

(SPLRT), 171series system, 237–238Shuttle Advanced Health Monitoring System

(AHMS), 146Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL),

164signal analysis, 272signal processing, 580–581

signal to noise ratio, 391single event upset (SEU), 15, 415single axis, 488smallest extreme value distribution, 235smart sensor, 405, 408–411, 413, 415, 448,

537smart sensor agent (SSA), 410smart washer, 424social contract, 50Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 302Software, 4–7, 12, 19, 21, 25, 34, 68, 169,

219–230, 513–518, 543–547,590–603

software failure modes and effects analysis(SFMEA), 221–222

software failure modes, effects, andcriticality analysis (SFMECA),220–221

software failure tolerance, 478, 513–518software fault tree analysis (SFTA), 5, 169,

220, 222software reliability engineering, 168,

225–227, 229software reliability estimation, 228–229software reliability model, 226–229software reliability, 5, 168, 225–230, 253,

257–260software safety, 162, 225, 253software verification process, 160software-related accident, 513–514

solar array, 430, 431–439, 472solid rocket booster, 260, 340, 567solid rocket motor (SRM), 521, 565–570Soyuz, 489space mission, 133, 139, 253, 323, 339, 352,

366, 420, 450, 470–474, 498, 509, 510,544, 545

space operation vehicle (SOV), 419, 427, 538Space Shuttle, 4, 8, 10, 17, 25, 54, 110, 116,

312, 319, 432, 438, 440, 462, 487, 488,489, 509, 535, 540, 567

Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), 146, 164,171, 262, 535, 536

Space Shuttle Main Engine Controller(SSMEC), 164, 171

Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF), 342Space Transportation System (STS), 227, 323,

414, 440, 535–536space vehicle, 6, 95, 159, 169, 170, 190, 276,

320, 325, 420, 452, 461, 497, 509, 547

Index 629

spacecraft, 6, 12, 18, 21, 49–51, 61, 134, 146,150, 155, 156, 219, 220, 224, 275, 277,406, 497, 509, 510, 513, 523, 526, 536,540, 543–554, 603

Spacecraft Health INference Engine (SHINE),173, 178–179

spacecraft operations flight support (SOFS), 543spectral element method (SEM), 425S-PLUS Life Data Analysis (SPLIDA), 250S-PLUS, 239, 245, 250Stakeholders, 59, 78, 79, 80, 83, 86, 88, 100,

131, 141standard deviation, 234, 286, 290, 559, 561,

562, 574standards, 70, 160–181, 190–194, 299–300,

445–449state

capture, 517estimated, 286excursion, 492expected, 267

statement coverage (SC), 162static fracture, 202, 203, 206–207statistical distribution, 87, 558statistical model, 225, 229, 233–234, 243, 271,

284, 491Statistical Modeling and Estimation of

Reliability Functions for Software(SMERFS), 229

strain-controlled fatigue, 202, 208strategic missile health management, 565–574strategic missile, 521, 555, 565, 567, 573stress corrosion cracking (SCC), 210, 211stress-controlled fatigue, 202, 211structural health monitoring (SHM), 189–190,

194, 199, 207, 413, 419–427, 567Structural/Ballistic Analysis System (SBAS),

571subject matter expert (SME), 82, 322, 378subsystem health management, 401, 427,

387–388, 513, 518subsystem internal fault protection (SIFP),

547–548, 550–551Supplemental Type Certification (STC), 191support system, 59, 66, 75, 78, 104, 107–109,

112, 276, 316, 319, 349, 362, 371–374,378, 497–500, 503–504, 508–510, 546

support vector machine (SVM), 271–273supportability, 18, 100, 109, 122, 124, 131,

138, 309, 346, 429, 530

surveillance, 191, 556–557survival function (sf), 233sustainable system, 65, 67–68, 74–75, 100system(s)

architecture, See architecturecomplexity, 4, 51, 407, 436design, 6, 10, 50–53, 61, 65, 90–91, 102,

104–109, 129–141, 168, 192, 268,292, 300, 309, 311–315, 351, 406,433, 441, 453, 468, 475, 484

engineering, 4, 5, 7, 11, 23, 25, 26, 32, 43,67, 95–112, 115, 117, 131, 133, 138,141, 163, 180, 266, 274, 277, 309,320, 345, 347, 531, 540, 541

failure response stage, 468–469identification, 13, 421life cycle, 98monitoring, 129, 550reliability, 14, 20, 105, 106, 111, 122, 194,

233, 236–238, 239, 250, 310, 317,406, 449, 461, 467, 469, 480

system fault protection (SFP), 547, 548, 550system health management (SHM), 3–26,

77–90, 95–112, 145, 159–181system of systems, 140systems analysis and optimization (SA&O),

137–141systems engineering database (SEDB), 345Systems Engineering Education

Development (SEED), 43Systems Integration Laboratory (SIL), 345systems management (SM), 40–41, 53, 101

t0.10, 243tactical autonomic logistics capability (TALC),

374tactical missile health management, 555–565

probabilistic prognostics modeling, 557–563stockpile surveillance findings, 556–557

technical performance measure (TPMs), 138technology readiness levels (TRLs), 123,

147–149telemetry, 60, 359, 411, 602test and verification, 342–343test control monitor system (TCMS), 344testability, 137, 268, 387

analysis, 268Testability Engineering and Maintenance

System (TEAMS), 138, 173testability figure of merit (TFOMs), 268

630 Index

testing, 39, 104, 271, 467, See also diagnosis(DX)/diagnosibility/diagnostic

accelerated test (AT), 243built-in test (BIT), 315, 355, 387, 447, 486,

526, 589unit under test (UUT), 289

The Open Group Architecture Framework(TOGAF), 116

thermal gradients, 214–215thermal protection system (TPS), 421–425thermocouple, 118, 448thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA), 413tight coupling, 51time domain, 581time domain reflectometry (TDR), 437–438time synchronous average (TSA), 581time-critical failure, 357, 545time-to-criticality (TTC), 14time-to-failure model, 233–236Time-Triggered Protocol (TTP), 446total residual risk, 255tracking and data relay satellite system

(TDRSS), 357, 533training, 25, 66–73, 174–175, 351–358training and operations, 175, 357–358transducer electronic data sheets (TEDs),

459transmission, 377, 580–581, 582trend-based evolutionary approaches, 284trending, 314, 390, 401trustworthiness, 56–57, 538turbine engine, 208, 389turnaround time, 538two fault-tolerant, 121, 540Type Certification (TC), 191

ultrasound, 570–571uncertainty, 87–88under-voltage, 547, 551–553unexplained anomalies (UAs), 108unit under test (UUT), 289United States Air Force (USAF), 191,

193–194, 526, 528United States Army, 371, 373, 555United States International Standard Payload

Rack Checkout Unit (USICU), 343

United States Marine Corps (USMC), 371,373–385

unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs), 156, 484unscheduled maintenance, 87, 311, 400uplink, 362, 549, 551usage-based, 283–284, 369useful life, 288

validate/validation, 3, 79, 88, 415, 148,159–181

Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB), 535vehicle control, 366, 527vehicle health management (VHM), 589vehicle health monitoring (VHM), 6, 185verification, 159–181verification and validation (V&V), 88, 99,

107–108, 159–181avionics, 160existing software, 160–165feasibility, 165–166flight hardware, 170for fault protection, 163functional verification, 161for IMS, 175NASA policies, 162–163sensor data, 170–171structural coverage analysis, 161–162sufficiency, 166to SHINE, 178–179for SHM, 167–170to TEAMS, 177–178

vibration, 187–189, 394, 451, 579–583vibration health monitoring (VHM), 579Viking mission, 146, 473voting, 457Voyager, 146, 471

water recovery subsystem (WRS), 500wear-out, 167, 473Weibull, 235–243, 310, 558, 562–563Weilbull probability plot, 241–242, 245–246wooden rounds, 565workmanship standard, 304

X-33, 171, 536–537X-34, 138, 141, 169, 536–537