Index A-Bcleavage 79 - Springer978-94-017-0149-5/1.pdf · Index A-Bcleavage 79 ahim˙sa:...

Index

ahimsa: (Hindu principle) 151A-B cleavage 79ahupua’a (Hawai’i) 260, 267–8aardvaarks 215air pollution, Japan 177abduction 83A9 jı:vikasiso 150–1Aboriginal people see Australian AboriginalAkimichi, Tomoya 265peopleAlaska 311, 312–14, 319–22, 343aboriginal subsistence whaling (ASW) 11Alaska National Wildlife Refuge 321acacia 238Alaska Native Claims Settlement ActAchuar (American people) 278–9, 281(ANCSA) 1971 320–1activists, animal rights 343

Alayco, Salomonie 319acupuncture 202alchemy 381, 406Adam (biblical character) 422, 428–9Aleutian Islands 312adaptation, role of nature in culture 91–112Aleutiiq (American people) 312adaptive behavior 102–5algae 301, 307adaptive management 83–90Algonquins (American people) 118aestheticsAllan, Sarah 395China 190–1, 192Allen, Paula Gunn 333, 335, 336, 339Japan 5, 169alpacas 301–2, 305Africa, sub-Saharan 211–27altiplano (Andes) 289, 291Africa, East 218–19altitude risk 298–302Afro-Caribbean people 108Amaterasu (Japanese goddess) 165, 175Agni (Indian God) 123, 153Amazonia 23–5, 277–86, 296–8Agrawal, Arun 67, 77, 78–9, 90American Indians see Native Americansagriculture

Amazon and migrant farmers 23–5 Amerindian see Native AmericansAmes, Roger 170, 396Bali 108–9

Central Andes 290–8, 302–4, 305 Amida Buddha 168Analects (Confucian text) 375cosmology 115–26

Daoism 197–8 Anasazi (American people) 340Anath 438ethnobiological knowledge 55–6, 57, 63

Israel 448, 451–2 anatomy 57–60, 62Anaximines 192–3Japan 179

Judaism 436–9 ancestorsChina 188, 189local knowledge 67–8

Native Americans 344 Oceania 268ANCSA see Alaska Native Claims SettlementOceania 248–9

Thailand 132, 134–5, 138 ActAndes, Central 289–308Vedas 122

Y ijing 124–5 Ando Shoeki (Japan) 388animal rightssee also swidden agriculture

agroforestry 56, 60–1, 254 hunting by Native Americans 343sustainability and noble Other myth 13Agta (Philippines) 9

Aguaruna 49 animals

457

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Techniset, Denton, Manchester 0161 335 0399

458 Index

Amazonia 278–82 noble Oriental xxi, 1–2, 4–8, 12see also China; Japan; ThailandAustralian Aboriginal people 230–1, 234,

Asia, East 373–89235–6Asia, Southeast 34, 247, 257biological knowledge 49assimilation 321Buddhism 354, 359L ’Astrolabe 255Central Andes 292, 293, 301–2, 305astrologyDene 316–17Daoism 398–401ethnobiology 51–60, 62–4fengshui 186, 187human adaptations 102, 103

astronomyInuit 318ancient Jews 438–9Judaism 444–6, 448–9Central Andes 302–4Native Americans 336–9, 343, 344–5fengshui 186Oceania 247, 251–3Inuit 313–14, 319sub-Saharan Africa 211, 213, 215, 220,

ASW see aboriginal subsistence whaling222–7Athapaskans (American people) 311symbolism 50–1atheism, India 147, 148animism 50, 131, 133, 135Atlantic Ocean, Walker cells 296anteater 225atolls 248–9, 251, 252, 253–4, 269Antei, Miyazaki 171, 172atomism 2anthropocentricism 117, 421atoms, India 151, 157anthropocosmic perspective 117atonement, Judaism 439anthropologyAtsutane, Hirata 172–3ethnobiological classification 51Australia 229–40, 250–1, 252forest-dwellers 21Australian Aboriginal people 229–40, 267–8holism 79–80Austronesian languages 247–8indigenous knowledge 48, 76–9authenticity 8, 11, 12noble Other 3–4, 10autonomy, indigenous knowledge 90–2Oceania 250Avicenna see Ibn Sı:na:symbolism in natural world 50–1Aymara (American people) 297–8, 300,anthropomorphism 50301–2ants 59–60

Azure Dragon 186, 187, 201Aotearoa (New Zealand) 245, 248–9, 252Apache (American people) 98 Baal 438apocalypse 399 Baboquivari Peak 105Appalachian Mountains 29 Babylonia 438Arabic 212, 424 Baduy (Japanese people) 57, 63Arabs, Israel 450–2 Bagmati River, Nepal 25–7Aranda (Australian Aboriginal people) 239 Bahamas 108Arapaho (American people) 336–7 Baka (African people) 57, 59–60, 62archaeology 313, 434 Bal tashchit (Hebrew concept) 446, 450, 452Archer, M. 239 balancearchipelagos, Oceania 247, 249, 253–4 Hinduism 411architecture, China 190 Native Americans 332–4, 335, 338Arctic 311, 312, 319–21 noble Other 4Argentina 289, 296 Balee, William xi, xxii, 277–86Ari (Ethiopian people) 57 Bali 108–9arid environments Bangkok, Thailand 129Australian Aboriginal people 234 Bantu (African people) 63, 216Judaism 436–42 banyan trees 353, 361sub-Saharan Africa 211, 212 baobab trees 215

Aristotle 249–50 barley 439, 440–1, 443Arnhem Land, Australia 231, 233, 234, 236, Barnett, D. 231237, 238 Basso, Keith H. 98

art 202–6, 385 Bateson, Gregory 80, 83, 90Aryans 122, 150 bats 252Asherah 438 Baures, Bolivia 282Ashio Copper Mine, Japan 173 beaches, Oceania 257–64Ashoka 354 beauty 5, 169, 190Asia beavers 103, 345Buddhism 351 bees 279

Bennett, John 102–4Neo-Confucianim 169

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Index 459

Berger Inquiry 320–1 botany 220–2boundariesBering Strait 311, 312, 313

Berkes, Fikret xi–xii, xxi global mobilization of environmentalconcepts 19Native Americans 325, 339, 342, 345, 346

TEK and IK 75–92 mapping 33–5Oceania 259Berlin, Brent 53–5

Berque, Augustin 185 Brahman 414–15Brahman1as (Indian texts) 147–8Berry, Thomas 117, 125–6

Berthrong, John xii, xxii, 373–89 Brahmanism 129–30, 132, 152Brazil 23–5, 284, 296Best, Simon 252

Bhagavad Gita (Hindu scripture) 415, 416 breathfengshui 199–200, 202, 204Bhattacharyya, K.C. 155

Bhutan 351 Native Americans 332–3see also qiBible, Judaism 433–41, 442–4, 446–7, 448–50

Bielawski, Ellen xii, xxii, 311–25 Breath of the Compassionate 423Brooks Range, Alaska 312biodiversity

ethnobiology 55 Brosius, J. Peter 3, 12, 22Brouwer, Jan 76, 78ethnoecological knowledge 60–1

global mobilization of environmental Browman, David L. xiii, xxii, 289–308Brown, Cecil 220concepts 23

India 416 Brown, C.H. 56Brown, Joseph Epes 336, 339–40Oceania 248, 251, 252–3, 263–4, 269

Thailand 361 Brush, Stephen B. 3Bryant, R.B. 38traditional ecological knowledge 89

biological knowledge 47–68 Buddha xx, 352–4Four Noble Truths 167sub-Saharan Africa 220–7

biopiracy 68 India 153suffering 365Bird, Isabella 5

birds Thailand 136–41, 140Buddha-nature 168, 358, 362Central Andes 292, 293

Dene 317 Buddhadasa Bhikku (Thai monk) 355, 360,364Oceania 251–2

sub-Saharan Africa 223, 225 Buddhahood 168, 355Buddhism xx, 351–65Bishnumati River, Nepal 25–7

bison 340, 343 China 351, 373, 374, 380–2Confucianism 374, 386–8bitter potatoes 298

Black Elk 335, 339 cosmological patterning 118deep ecologists 89Black Hills 335

Blackfoot (American people) 337 Hı:naya:na 152–3Japan 9, 161, 166, 167–9, 351Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna 363

blood quantum 341–2 Maha:ya:na 152–3, 167, 168, 351, 358naturalism in India 147, 148, 150–1,Bloomfield, Maurice 148

boats, Isle Royale 107 152–4, 157painting 385Bodhi, Bhikkhu 359

bodhi (Buddhism) 353, 361 religious environmentalist paradigm 7Thailand xxi, 129–41, 360–1bodhisatta (Buddhism) 358

Bodi (Ethiopian people) 50 Theravada 152, 351Vajrayana (Tantric) 351bodily knowledge 48

body Buddhist Peace Fellowship 362Buddhist Perception of Nature Project 362Daoism 196–8, 201, 396–8, 404–6

ethnobiological knowledge 57–60, 62 buffalo 337Burch, E. 319India 153

Boerschmann, Ernst 190–1 burial, fengshui 199–200Burma (Myanmar) 351Bolivia 282, 283, 289, 291

bonsai 386 burningAmazonian migrant farmers 24Book of Changes see Y ijing

Book of Psalms 120–1 Australian Aboriginal people 231–6, 238,239–40Bookchin, Murray 79

Booth, Annie L. xii, xx, xxii, 329–47 Central Andes 301–2Mexican forests 31–2Booth Company 106–8

Borneo 21–3, 36, 61 Native Americans 340

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460 Index

bush people, Oceania 259, 260 noble Oriental 5, 6Bushman (San) (African people) 216 Y ijing 123–5butubutu 261–3 ziran 161, 162

see also Confucianism; Daoismcacao 285Chipko movement 415Cahokia (American people) 340Chisso Corporation 176–7Cajete, Gregory 85Christianitycalendar, Judaism 438–9China and fengshui 187–8Callicott, J. Baird 89, 340cosmology and cultivation 116, 118Camargo, J.M.F. de 57, 58, 59Jewish Bible 435Cambodia 351Oceania 268Campos, Marina T. 19–39

city-states, sub-Saharan Africa 212Canada 80–1, 86, 311–25civilizationcanihua (Andean grain) 303, 308Confucianism 378canoes, Pacific islands 254Other 1Cape York, Australia 238, 239Thailand 130–1, 134–5capital, swidden agriculture 38

clans, Australian Aboriginal people 230capitalism, indigenous knowledge andClarke, J. J. 396development 79class system 212Capra, Fritjof 6, 89classificationcapuchin monkeys 279, 285Amazonia 278–80, 281, 286Caribbean 108ethnobiology 51–60caribou 312, 316–17, 321sub-Saharan Africa 220–7Caribou Inuit 312, 314classificatory knowledge 48, 49, 50, 51–60caring for country (Australia) 231clays 307Carriere, Stephanie 60–1climateCartesianism 2, 185, 205Central Andes 290–8, 302–4Carvaka School 150–1, 157Dene and Inuit 322cash cropping, Thailand 134–5, 138, 140human adaptation to 102, 104, 107cassowaries 64Judaism 436–42categoriessub-Saharan Africa 216–20Australian Aboriginal people 230

climate change, Dene and Inuit 322ethnobiology 51–60coasts, Oceania 257–64knowledge 48coconuts 258, 270–1sub-Saharan Africa 215, 220–7cognised knowledge 48cattle 233, 302, 413, 446cognitive domains 53cattle stations 233cognitive prototypes 52caverns, Daoism 402–4cognitive systems 213–16cedars 434cognized environment 250Center for International Forestry Researchcold 63(CIFOR) 21–3Colombia 289Central African Wet Forest 216, 217, 227colonialism, mapping 33–4Central Andes 289–308colonizationceramic forests 283Amazon rainforest 23–5ceremonyOceania 269Numic people 110–11colonos (Amazonian farmers) 23–5role of nature in culture 98colour, soils 218see also rites and ritualscommunication, knowledge 316Chanukah 440communitieschaos theory 118biological knowledge 49Chattopadhyaya, D.P. xiii, xx, xxi, 147–58forests in Thailand 136Cherokee (American people) 332mapping 34–5Chiang Mai, Thailand 129monastic 361Chile, ENSO 296Native American spirituality 334–5Chinasub-Saharan Africa 214Buddhism 351, 373, 374, 380–2

compassion, Buddhism 357–8Confucianism 373–89conceptual universals 62cosmology and cultivation 118, 120, 123–5concern consciousness 379, 382Daoism 6, 373, 393–407Confucianism 162–3, 373–89fengshui 185–206Buddhism 374, 386–8nature and the environment 162–3

Neo-Confucianism 169 cosmological patterning 118

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Index 461

Japan 166, 170–3, 373, 374, 385, 386–7, Thailand 130–3covert categories 48388Coward, Harold xiii, xxii, 411–18noble Oriental 5crabwood tree 278Confucius 170crayfish 237Congo Basin 216, 222creatio ex nihilo 424Conklin, Beth A. 10, 12Creationconscious knowledge 48Australian Aboriginal people 230consciousnessBook of Psalms 120–1Inuit 319Buddhism 353–4Native Americans 331–2, 334cultural landscapes 101naturalism in India 151Hinduism 412conservationIslam 422–3, 424, 426, 428Amazonian migrant farmers 23–5Judaism 434, 436–8, 443–4, 449–50Australian Aboriginal people 237–40Native Americans 336–7Buddhism 129–41, 354, 360–1Neo-Confucianism 169Confucianism 170–1, 376Numic people 109–10diachronic model of human-natureVedas 122–3adaptations 103see also cosmogonyepiphenomenal 9

Creatorglobal mobilization of environmentalBook of Psalms 120–1concepts 19–39Islam 422–3India 354Judaism 441, 444, 449–50indigenous people 22, 23–4Native Americans 337Japan 170–1Numic people 109Judaism 440, 453

creatures, Book of Psalms 120–1mapping 34Cree (American people) 9, 86, 344–5Native Americans 339–46crocodiles 252noble Other 3–4Cronon, William 339–40noble savage myth 8–11crop diseases 59–60Oceania 256, 261, 270crown fires 232, 235, 236reductionism 83cultivation, cosmology 115–26sustainability distinction 9–10cultivators, sub-Saharan Africa 211–12Thailand 129–41, 360–1cultural diversity, traditional ecologicaltraditional ecological knowledge 85–6knowledge 90, 92consumerism, Hinduism 417

cultural embedding 47–51, 103–5Cook, Captain 257cultural landscapes 98–9, 110–11coral atolls 248–9, 251cultural tourism, Australian Aboriginalcoral lagoons 260–4people 239coral reefs 251, 256

cultureCorbin, Henry 423Australian Aboriginal people 238–9correlativity, Daoism 396–8, 402–3, 407biological knowledge 47–68cosmogonydistinction from nature 249–50cosmology 118heritage resources 446–50Daoism 406Japan 175–6Islam 422Native Americans 331Japan 165Oceania 249, 254–5Vedas 122–3role of nature in 91–112see also Creation

Cup’ik (American people) 311, 312cosmologycustomary ownership 260–4Buddhism 130–3, 167–8

Confucianism 379–80, 381–4, 386–7 Dai Zhen 387cultivation 115–26 Daintree Forest, Australia 239Daoism 393–407 Dalai Lama 353, 362, 364definition 118–19 dancingHinduism 411 Australian Aboriginal people 230Inuit 318–19 Hinduism 417Islam 421–2 DaoJapan 167–8 Confucianism 380mapping 33–4 cosmological patterning 118Oceania 267–8 Daoism 393–6

ziran 161qi 191–3

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462 Index

Dao Learning 383 religion and ecology 115Thailand 134–5, 139Daodejing (Daoist text) 161traditional ecological knowledge 80, 90–2Daoism 373, 393–407dew 291body 196–8, 201, 396–8, 404–6Dhamma Walks (Dhammayatra) 139–40Confucianism 281–2, 380, 386–8dharma 118, 351–60, 364, 416cosmology 118, 191–3diachronic model, human adaptation 97–112fengshui 191diamond mining 80, 321–2noble Oriental 6Diaspora Jews 441–2painting 385diet see foodtaiji quan 204dietary laws, Judaism 444–6, 453traditional ecological knowledge 89dipterocarps 61ziran 161directions, China 194–6dark 218displacementDarlington, Susan M. xiii–xiv, xx, xxi,Native Americans 333–4129–41tiger reserves in India 418Darwin, Charles 66distinctive features 52Davis, Richard B. 130diversityDayak (Indonesian people) 21–3, 36Amazonia 277–9, 280, 281–5De Groot, J. J. M. 188–90Australian Aboriginal people 232deathethnoecological knowledge 61Inuit and Dene 313see also biodiversity; cultural diversitysee also killing

divinationDeep Ecology 6, 79, 418Daoism 398–400deforestationfengshui 186, 191Amazonian migrant farmers 23–5sub-Saharan Africa 214–15, 222Buddhism 134–5, 141, 353–4, 360–1

divinityIndia 353–4, 415fengshui 187Japan 170, 171Japan 164–7, 173, 174–5, 176Native Americans 340religion and ecology 116swidden agriculture 36–8

dogs, Pacific islands 252Thailand 134–5, 141, 360–1dolphins 252, 279degradationdomains 53Buddhism 363domesticatesJapan 173Amazonia 281, 282–3Native Americans 340–1ethnoecological knowledge 55–6, 57Oceania 256Pacific islands 252Deloria, Vine 334–5, 339sub-Saharan Africa 224Dene (American people) 311–25Dong Zongshu 379–80Dene Kede 317, 325donkeys 443Derrida, Jacques 39Dove, Michael R. xiv, xxi, xxii–xxiii, 19–39,Descartes, Rene 249–5061deserts

dowry, Hinduism 417Australian Aboriginal people 234dragon, fengshui 201, 203sub-Saharan Africa 211droughtdestiny, Islam 422–3Central Andes 294, 300–1, 302–6destruction, Japan 165ENSO events 296developed nations 19–39Judaism 436–42developmentsub-Saharan Africa 212Buddhism in Thailand 129, 130, 134–5,Tanganyika Groundnut Scheme 219139, 141dry season, Central Andes 297–8forests 27–30, 134–5dry woodland, sub-Saharan Africa 211indigenous knowledge 76–9, 323dualism 2, 82–3Inuit and Dene 321–2, 323Dudgeon, Roy C. xiv, xxi, 75–92Japan 166dugongs 239, 252Kathmandu 25–7Dukes, Edwin Joshua 188local biological knowledge 67–8Durham, Jimmie 332Native Americans 343Durkheim, E. 50traditional ecological knowledge 76, 79–92

development agencies 38, 78 eagles 343development policy Earhart, H. Byron 5

earthindigenous knowledge 77–9

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Index 463

Buddhism 131 Edgerton, Robert B. 10education, Dene 317Central Andes 307–8

Confucianism 172, 377–8, 379, 386 Eitel, Ernest John 187–8Ekken Kaibara 171, 172, 387, 388Daoism 161, 196–8, 394, 396–8, 401–4

fengshui 187–8, 199 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 295,299Hinduism 412

Jainism 151 Central Andes 290, 294–8, 302–5ethnoecological knowledge 61Japan 165, 172, 173

Judaism 438 elders, Dene 317elementsNative Americans 331–2

qi 192 Buddhism 152–3Daoism 396Thailand 131

Y ijing 124–5 fengshui 187, 194India 148, 149, 152–3, 154–5, 158earthworks, Baures, Bolivia 282

East Africa 218–19 Japan 165Native Americans 331East Asia 373–89

East Kalimantan 21–3 Neo-Confucianism 169Numic people 109–10Easter Island (Rapanui) 248–9

echidna 252 Vedas 158elevation 289ecoliberals 79

ecological consciousness 338, 429 Elias, M. 56–7Ellen, Roy xiv–xv, xxi, 47–68ecological crises

Buddhism 365 Ellingson, Ter. 10Eloheh 332India 412–13, 416

see also environmental crises Elul 441embeddedness, Native Americans 333–4ecology

biological knowledge 47–8 emotions, Confucianism 383–4emperor, Japan 165–6, 173, 174–5Buddhism 352, 358–9, 363–5

Confucianism 170, 376, 388 empiricismInuit 315, 319–20environmentalism distinction 79

ethnobiology 57–60 Melanesia 264emptinessethnoecology 60–2

global mobilization of environmental Buddhism 167–8, 169Daoism 394concepts 25

human adaptation 100–1 Neo-Confucianism 170emu 237Jewish dietary laws 444–5

local knowledge of the land 75–92 end of nature 116–17endangered speciesNative Americans 339–46

Oceania 250–5 Australian Aboriginal people 239–40Native Americans 338, 343religion 6–8, 115–26

role in culture 97–8, 100–1 Oceania 251Endeavour 257separation hypothesis 417–18

shallow and deep 79 energyfengshui 202see also traditional ecological knowledge

ecoscapes 99 India 155Japan 163ecosystems

Australian Aboriginal people 232–3 Neo-Confucianism 169qi 191–3Buddhism 167, 351, 361

diachronic model of human-nature enlightenmentBuddha 352–3adaptations 99–100, 101–12

ethnobiological knowledge 60–2 Buddhism 131, 136–41, 168–9, 351, 355,358Inuit and Dene 313

Japan 167 Hinduism 415ENSO see El Nino Southern Oscillationknowledge of 49

Melanesia 248 environmentAmazonia 277–86noble savage myth 4

Thailand 361 Buddhism 351Central Andes 289–308traditional ecological knowledge 87–9

ecotheology, Hinduism 411–18 cognized and operational 250diachronic model of human-natureecotourism, Oceania 269

Ecuador 289 adaptations 101–12

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464 Index

ethnoecology 61 Confucianism 375–6, 379Hinduism 411–12history of term 214religion and cosmology 115, 116, 117, 119Inuit and Dene 313traditional resource managementJapanese views of 161–79systems 89–90Oceania 250–5

see also moralityrole in culture 97–112Ethiopia 50sub-Saharan Africa 211–27ethnicityenvironmental concepts 19–39inter-group rivalry 21–2environmental crisesJudaism 433, 434cosmology and cultivation 117mapping 35Islam 429

‘‘ethno-’’ 265–6Japan 170ethnobiology 47–68, 250Judaeo-Christian worldview 2–3Amazonia 278–80, 281religion and ecology 116Judaism 445see also ecological crises

ethnoecology 57–62, 250, 281environmental ethicsethnographyBuddhism 129–30, 167–8, 357indigenous knowledge 77traditional ecological knowledge 89Inuit and Dene 313–14, 318, 320environmental impact assessment 80–1,ethnoscience 48–9, 265321–2, 323Europe, swidden agriculture 37environmental knowledgeEuropeans, sub-Saharan Africa 211Amazonia 24, 277Eventscape 99global mobilization of environmentalEvidential Research School 387–8concepts 19–39evil, sub-Saharan Africa 225, 226see also traditional environmentalevolutionknowledgebiological classification 56environmental laws, Japan 177cosmology and cultivation 125–6environmental learning 101–4Veda and naturalism in India 155environmental management, Inuit andevolutionism 53–5Dene 313, 320–3exorcism, Thailand 132, 135, 138–9environmental rights, Japan 177, 178exoticization, swidden agriculture 36–8environmentalismexploration, Oceania 257Buddhism 129–41, 352, 362, 363–5extended matter 151ecology distinction 79extinctionethnoecological knowledge 58Australian Aboriginal 237Hinduism 411caused by indigenous peoples 9indigenous 30–8human migration 102, 103, 111Jewish dietary laws 444–5Native Americans 338Other 1–13

sustainability and indigenous peoples 11 Falashas 433environmentalists Al-Fa:ru:qı:, Isma:[ı:l 424–6Buddhist monks in Thailand 132, 133–5, fallows136–41, 359–61 Amazonia 282, 283–4, 285

Daoism 395–6 Central Andes 301global mobilization of environmental Judaism 440, 448concepts 20–5 false adaptations 106

Israel 453 Fang (African people) 217Native Americans 338, 339–46 fasting, Judaism 439religion and ecology 115 fate 399–400, 422–3

epiphenomenal conservation 9 fengshui 118, 124, 185–206, 386epistemology festivals, Judaism 439–42, 448Inuit and Dene 313–16, 318–20 Feuchtwang, Stephen D. R. 198Oceania 245–71 Feyerabend, Paul 316traditional ecological knowledge 79–90 fields of attraction 22

Equatorial Africa 216 fig trees 215, 221equilibrium model 4 Fiji 248, 252, 259, 260, 267–8Erickson, Clark 282 fireErnst, Tom 264 Amazonian migrant farmers 24Eskimos see Inuit Australian Aboriginal people 231–6, 238,ethics 239–40

China 194–6Buddhism 129–30, 167–8, 357

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Index 465

Daoism 396–7 Israel 451Mexico 31–3India 148Native Americans 345–6Mexican forests 31–2Northern Forest, US 27–30Native Americans 340Oceania 248, 251–2, 263see also burning; swidden agricultureThailand 132, 133, 136–41firebreaks 233Form and Configuration School 201, 202–3firestick farming 231–2fossils 384firewood flower ( yareta) 292Four Deva Kings 168fishFour Lords (Thai gods) 132Amazonia 282Four Noble Truths (Buddhism) 351, 352, 355Central Andes 301foxes 292, 294Inuit 312France 37Thailand 138–9Francis Xavier, St. 4–5fisheries, Oceania 256free choice 413–14, 422fishingfreshwater lens 253–4Lake Titicaca 300, 306–7frogs 293Oceania 248, 252–3, 254, 256, 258–9, 260,frost, Central Andes 291–2, 298–301261, 265Fukuzawa, Yukichi 174Scandinavian-Americans andFulani (African people) 217–18adaptation 106–8functionalism, sustainability 3Five Phases (Chinese concept) 384, 396–7fungi, sub-Saharan Africa 220–2Five Planets 187, 201fur, Native Americans 343Five Processes (Chinese concept) 187, 193–6,Furukawa Ichibe 173–4197–8Future Cities World Habitat Day Conferencefloods, Lake Titicaca 305–6(FCWHD) 26–7Flower Garland School of Buddhism 168

fog, Central Andes 293 G/wi Bushmen 8folk classifications 51–60 Gadgil, Madhav 354folk knowledge Galtung, Johan 7biological knowledge 49, 51–60, 64–7 Ganges River 412–13Central Andes 294, 297–8, 302–4 Gaozi 395Western 65–7 gardens

folk natural history, European 226–7 Amazonia 277folk species China 203Amazonia 278–80, 281 Confucianism 386sub-Saharan Africa 220–7 gathering

folklore Australian Aboriginal people 230, 231,human adaptation to 108 238, 239–40Oceania 253 diachronic model of human-nature

food adaptations 103–4Amazonia 280, 281 Native Americans 332, 333, 338Australian Aborinal people 238 Oceania 252–3, 254, 258–9Central Andes 307–8 see also hunter-gatherersethnobiological classification 55 Gauteng, South Africa 213Jewish dietary laws 444–6 Ge Hong 403, 406Oceania 258–9 general-purpose classification 55

forest development 27–30, 134–5 generics 53–4, 54forest islands, Amazonia 283–4 Genesis 434, 436–7, 442, 444, 449forest monks, Thailand 132, 134–5, 140, genocide, Native Americans 334

360–1 geography, Thailand 130–1, 132, 140, 141forests geomancy 118, 124, 186Amazonia 277, 278, 280, 281–5 geophagy 307–8Australian Aboriginal 231–6 al-Ghaza: lı: 428Buddhism 132, 133, 134–5, 136–41, 352, ghosts 131, 133–4, 140, 147354 Gibson Desert, Australia 235

environmentalists and forest-dwellers 20–5 Gikuyu (African people) 221ethnobiological knowledge 63 Gill, Sam 333, 339–40ethnoecology 60–1 global warming, Dene and Inuit 322global mobilization of environmental globalizationconcepts 20–5 environmental concepts 19–39

of local knowledge 68Hinduism 416–17

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466 Index

Oceania 269–70 Gunei (Australian Aboriginal people) 233,236goats 302, 442, 443

Guo Pu 200, 201, 202–3, 205–6GodBook of Psalms 120–1 habitat, Amazonia 278, 280Confucianism 377 Habitat Agenda 26–7heritage resources in Israel 447–8 Hadley cells 295–6Hinduism 411, 412–15 Hadot, Pierre 202India 147, 148, 149, 151 halakhah (Jewish law) 434Islam 421–3, 424–6 Hall, Charles Francis 320Judaism 435–8, 439–42, 443–4 Han Dynasty (China) 287, 374, 377–81, 396,Mbuti 223 398Native American 334 Happynook, Tom Mexsis 338sub-Saharan Africa 214, 225 Hardin, Garrett 103

gods and goddesses harm, Buddhism 356Buddhism 131, 132–3 harmony, fengshui 190Daoism 400 harp seals 343Hinduism 412 Harris, Ian 363–4India 121–3, 148 Harris, Marvin 4Japan 164–6 Harrod, Howard 337, 344Judaism 438 harvest, Judaism 439–42Native Americans 337 Hau’ofa, Epeli 253

Gogo people 219 Hausa (African people) 212Goi Ranju 172 Hawai’i 87–8, 248–9, 260, 267–8Goodman, Ronald 335 Hay, John 200, 203goodness Head, L. 233Native Americans 341–2 Headland, Thomas N. 9Neo-Confucianism 170 healing, Native Americans 332

government health see medicinemapping 34 healthy cities, Kathmandu 26–7swidden agriculture 38 Hearn, Lafcadio 5Thailand 134–5, 139 Hearne, Samuel 312, 320

Graham, A.C. 192, 193–6, 197 heavenGraham, Laura R. 10, 12 Buddhism 131Graham, Mark 361 Confucianism 170, 172, 377, 379, 386Granet, Marcel 198 Daoism 161, 394, 396–401, 404grapes 440–1 fengshui 187–8grassroots movements, Amazonia 24–5 India 149, 151graves, fengshui 188, 189 Islam 421grazing Japan 165, 172, 173Central Andes 301–2 Judaism 437Judaism 442–4 qi 192Great Britain 218–19 Y ijing 124–5Great Spirit 331, 335 Hebrew Bible 434–5Great Wall of China 198–9 Hefner, Philip 125Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity hellSphere 176 Buddhism 131, 168

greed, Buddhism 356 India 149, 151Greeks 162, 192–3, 195, 424, 445 hemerology 398greenhouse effect 177–8 Henley, Thomas 81Greenland 311, 313 henotheism 122Greenpeace 343 heritage, Judaism 434, 446–50, 453grottoes, Daoism 402–4 herring 106–8Groundnut Scheme 218–19 Heschel, Abraham 121Guaja (American people) 281 high elevation 289Guanzi (Daoist text) 192, 198 high forests, Amazonia 282, 283, 285Guaqui, Bolivia 304, 305 highland wet forest 211guardian spirits 131–2, 136–7 hill peoples, Thailand 131, 135, 138Guelke, Jeanne Kay xv, xxii, 433–53 Hı:naya:na Buddhism 152–3Guha, Ramachandra 12, 354, 417–18 Hinduism xxii, 118, 121–3, 411–18Guinea, Republic of 67 hogs 302

Hokule’a (Hawai’ian canoe) 254guinea pigs 292

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Index 467

holism hybridization 20, 25, 30–8, 63hyenas 215, 224–5, 226Australian Aboriginal people 238hypothetical-deductive method 265–6Buddhism 358

Daoism 396–8 I Ching see Y ijingecology 79–80, 83 Ibn ‘Arabı: 423holistic determinism, Islam 422 Ibn Sı:na: 423Holling, C.S. 82 ice, Inuit 319holy days, Judaism 439–42 ice floes, Inuit 312Holy Land 99 Ichikawa, M. 61homeland, Judaism 447, 450–1 idealism, Buddhism 152Honigmann, John 315 identityHopi (American people) 335 Oceania 253Horton, David 231 Other 1hot, ethnobiological knowledge 63 idols, Judaism 437, 448, 449Hottentot (Khoi) (African people) 216 Igloolik people (American people) 314housing rights, Kathmandu 26–7 Ignoble Other 1, 10Howard, Albert 80–1, 91 IK see indigenous knowledgeHowe, K.R. 269 imbalance, Confucianism 378Huainanzi (Daoist text) 192, 193, 196, 396 immanence 116, 425, 427–8Huangdi zhaijing (T he Yellow Emperor’s Siting immortality of the soul 150Classic) 200–1 Immortals, Native Americans 337

Hudson Bay, Canada 312 imperialismHughes, J. Donald 331, 332, 338, 339–40, whaling 11, 12344 see also colonialism

Hultkrantz, Ake 337 impermanence, Buddhism 355, 356human adaptation 97–112 Inca (American people) 289, 290, 302human beings incense 221Confucian 383 India xxDaoism 394, 396–8 cosmology and cultivation 118, 120, 121–3Dene 317 Hinduism 411–18Inuit 318 naturalism 147–58role in nature 97–9 indigenous environmentalism 30–8sub-Saharan Africa 224–5, 226 indigenous knowledge (IK)

human nature Amazonia 277–86Confucianism 376–7, 383–4 biological knowledge 64–7Daoism 395 definition 75–6human rights, indigenous peoples 11–12 hybrid systems of knowledge 30–8humanism, India 151 integration with western science 323–5humanity, Confucianism 169–70, 379, 386 Inuit and Dene 313–16, 321–3Hundred Schools of Thought 375 local knowledge of the land 75–92hunter-gatherers noble Other 3Amazonia 281 Oceania 264–7Australian Aboriginal people 230, 231, indigenous people237, 238, 239–40 autonomy and IK 90–2

ethnobiological classification 55, 56, 281 global mobilization of environmentalNative Americans 333, 336, 337–8, 342–3, concepts 19–39344–5 historical versus modern xx

noble savage myth 1 noble Other 1–13Oceania 256 Western romanticism xix–xxsub-Saharan Africa 211, 212 Indonesia 9, 34, 35, 248see also gathering; hunting Indra (Indian God) 123, 132, 153

hunting Indus Valley 9, 122Australian Aboriginal people 230, 231, industrialization237, 238, 239–40 Japan 173–4

diachronic model of human-nature loss of ethnic culture 213adaptations 103–4 noble Other 1

Native Americans 332, 333, 336, 337–8, sustainability 3342–3, 344–5 industry, pollution 323

Oceania 256 Ingerson, Alice R. 10see also gathering Ingold, Tim 79–80, 82

initiation, Oceania 253Hviding, Edvard xv, xxi–xxii, 245–71

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30


468 Index

insects 223–4, 278 Jo:do (Pure Land) School ofBuddhism 168–9integrated coastal zone management 259

integration, ethnobiological knowledge 63 Johannes, R.E. 57Johnston, Sir Harry 222–3intellectual property 68, 322

intelligence 48 Jones, Rhys 231–2Jordan River 452interaction, Native Americans 332–3

interdependence, Buddhism 355, 356–7 Jubilee 2000 116Judaism 118, 120–1, 433–53intermediates 53, 54

International Network of Engaged Judeao-Christian world view 2Jullien, Francois 200, 202, 203, 205–6Buddhists 362

International Union for the Conservation of Ka’apor (American people)Nature and Natural Resources folk species 279, 280, 281(ICUN) 418 forests 282, 284–5

International Whaling Commission language 278(IWC) 11 Kabilsingh, Chatsumarn 354, 358, 364

Intertropical Convergence Zone Kahn, Miriam 259(ITCZ) 294–7 Kaiho Seiryo: 172

introduced species, Australian Aboriginal Kakadu National Park, Australia 231, 239people 239–40 Kalahari Desert 8

intuition, fengshui 205–6 Kalland, Arne xi, xix–xx, xxi, 1–13Inuit (American people) 311–25 Kamala, Tiyavanich 134Inuit Circumpolar Conference 12, 311 kami (Japanese spiritual forces) 163, 164–6,Inuktitut people (American people) 314 173Inupiat (American people) 11, 311 Kammen, D.M. 61Ipomoea 238 kangaroos 236, 237Iroquois (American people) 337 karma (kamma) 355, 413–15irrigation Buddhism in Thailand 131Bali 109 India 150, 151, 156Central Andes 300 Kaska Dene (American people) 315Israel 440 Kates, Robert W. 84Polynesia 248–9 Kathmandu, Nepal 25–7

Isaacs, Irene 337 Kato: , Hiroyuki 174Ishii, Yoneo 134 Kawagley, Anayaqoq Oscar 318–19Islam 421–9 Kayapo (American people) 279Buddhism in Thailand 139 ethnoecological knowledge 57, 58, 59, 60cosmological patterning 118 forest islands 284, 285Israel 450 Kaza, Stephanie 357, 359, 364–5sub-Saharan Africa 212 Kegon School 168

islands, Oceania 245–71 Kenyah (Borneo people) 21–2Isle Royale, Minnesota 106–8 Kesby, John D. xv, xxi, 211–27Israel 120–1, 433–53 Khoi (Hottentot) (African people) 216ITCZ see Intertropical Convergence Zone ki (Japanese concept) 169Ixtlan, Mexico 31–3 killifish 306

killingJainism 147, 148, 150–2, 413Jamaica 108 Buddhism 357–8

Native Americans 338Japan 161–79Buddhism 9, 161, 166, 167–9, 351 Kimberley, Australia 229–30, 231, 233, 237,

238Confucianism 166, 169–73, 373, 374, 385,386–7, 388 kinship

Australian Aboriginal people 230deforestation 9noble Oriental 4–6, 7–8 Native Americans 336–7, 338–9

Oceania 259, 261–3Jatakas (Buddhism) 354Java 63, 247–8 Kiowa (American people) 332, 335

Kipling, Rudyard 7–8Jerusalem 447, 453Jesuits 373 Kiribati (Oceania) 252

Kitabatake Chikafusa 166Jewish Diaspora 447–8, 450–1Jewish National Fund (JNF) 451 Kleinman, P.J. 38

knowledgeJewish New Year 439Ji Cheng 203 Amazonia 277–86

biological 47–68jinen see shizenJing Hao 203 Confucianism 172

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30


Index 469

Dene and Inuit 313–16, 322 land crabs 108global mobilization of environmental land rightsconcepts 19–39 Australian Aboriginal people 240

hybrid systems of 30–8 Inuit and Dene 320–1local knowledge of the land 75–92 Kathmandu 26–7Oceania 245–71 land tenure, Judaism 448relationship to science 316 landmarks, cultural landscapes 99sub-Saharan Africa 213–16, 217–20, 222–7 landscapestypes xxi, 48–9 Amazonia 277–86variation within a population 55–7 cultural 98–9, 110–11see also indigenous knowledge; traditional Native Americans 86, 331, 335–6ecological knowledge role of nature in culture 97–112

knowledge brokers 76–9 sub-Saharan Africa 215, 216–20Kohen, James L. xv–xvi, xxi, 229–40 Langton, M. 240Kong, Master (Kongzi) 373, 375–6, 377 languageKoran see Qur’a:n Amazonia 277, 278–9, 281, 284–6Korea 373, 374, 386–7, 388 Australian Aboriginal people 230kosher 444–6 ethnobiological classification 51–60Koyukon (American people) 314, 317 Inuit and Dene 313animals 337–8 Islam 424conservation 344–5 Japan 161–3Earth as alive 331 knowledge 48land 343 Oceania 245–9, 264Kraft, Kenneth 357, 358–9, 364 sub-Saharan Africa 213–16, 218, 220–2,Krech, Shepard III 9, 12, 340–1 223–4Kuhn, Thomas S. 82 Laos, Buddhism 351Ku:kai 168 L aozi (Daoist text) 197, 380, 393–5Kuki-Yalanji people (Australian Aboriginal Laperouse, Jean-Francois de Galup de 255

people) 238–9 Lapita peoples 247Kumazawa Banzan 170–1 Latour, Bruno 255!Kung (African people) 57 Lau Lagoon, Malaita 265Kunstadter, Peter 365 lawsKuranko 67 Australian Aboriginal 239Kwaio (Oceanic people) 9 Dene 316–17Kyoto International Conference (1997) 178 Jewish dietary laws 444

Native Americans 338La Nina 296see also environmental lawslaborLeakey, L. S. B. 221ethnobiological classification 56learning, human-nature adaptations 101–4knowledge 316legumes, Central Andes 308swidden agriculture 36–7, 38Leopold, Aldo 79LaChapelle, Doris 395Lescarbot, Marc 2Ladakh 351Lewis, David 257Laden, G.T. 61lexical fields 53LaDuke, Winona 333, 339lexical knowledge 48lagoons, Oceania 251, 253–4, 259–64li (Daoist concept) 118, 383–4, 386–7, 396Laguna (American people) 335Li, Tania M. 21laity, Buddhism 361–3life, Native Americans 331, 332–4, 335Lake Superior 106–8life forms 53, 54, 56Lake Titicaca 298, 300, 304–7light, Daoism 401Lakota (American people) 331, 334, 335lilies 232Lame Deer, John 339Linne, Carl 37–8, 214, 226–7landLinnean classification 53–5Australian Aboriginal people 229–40lions, Israel 443Central Andes 298literacy, sub-Saharan Africa 212Dene 316–18Little Sandy Desert, Australia 238Israel 446–50Liu Ming 405local knowledge 75–92Liu Xin 399Native Americans 329–47, 344livestock, Israel 442–4Oceania 257–64lizards, Oceania 252swidden agriculture 38

land claims, mapping 34–5 llachu 306, 307

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30


470 Index

llamas 301–2, 305 martial arts, fengshui 204–5local knowledge, land 75–92 Martujarra (Australian Aboriginallogging people) 238Mexican forests 31–2 Maruyama, Masao 171Native Americans 345–6 Massim islands 254Oceania 248, 259, 261, 269 materialism 147, 161–2, 335–6

logos 118 Mathews, Andrew Salvador 19–39looking after country (Australia) 238–40 matrix, religion and ecology 116–17L otus Sutra 168 Matses (American people) 280loving-kindness (Buddhism) 357–8 Matsigenka (American people) 280lowland wet forest 211 matter, India 151, 152–3Lu Xiujing 404, 405 Matthiessen, Peter 333–4Lynge, Aqqualuc 12 Mauss, M. 50

maya 415Maasai (African people) 217Maya (American people) 9Macdonald, John 313–14, 323–4Mayu 280McKey, D. 59Mbuti (African people) 8, 61, 222–3McKibben, Bill 116–17medicinal plantsMa:dhyamik School 153, 157ethnobiological knowledge 55, 60, 63, 64Mae Phosop (Thai goddess) 132forest-dwellers 22Mae Thoranee (Thai goddess) 132sub-Saharan Africa 221–2magic

medicineMarovo Lagoon 267Central Andes 307Native Americans 336Daoism 381, 396–8magnetism, fengshui 202diachronic model of human-natureMaha:ya:na Buddhism 150–1, 152–3, 167,adaptations 104168, 351, 358

ethnobiological classification 55, 60, 63, 64Maimonides 445India 158Makah (American people) 11, 338indigenous knowledge 3, 65–6Makushi 49, 56–7Islam 425Malaysia 4Native Americans 332Mambila (African people) 225Numic people 110mammalssub-Saharan Africa 214–15Oceania 252

meditationsub-Saharan Africa 223, 224, 226Buddhism 353, 356, 357, 359–60, 362mana (Oceanic concept) 268Daoism 381, 397–8, 403managementMeiji Restoration (Japan) 162, 166, 173–5adaptive 83–90Melanesia 246, 248Australian Aboriginal people 239animals 252forest co-management 21–2land and sea 259Inuit and Dene 313, 320–3languages 247, 248Judaism 443migration 247Oceania 256, 259–64resource management systems 260see also resource management; risk

Melipona 57, 58, 59managementMeng Tian 198–9Mandate of Heaven (China) 399Mengzi (Master Meng; Mencius) 376–7, 395,mangrove 251, 253399manioc 49, 59, 278, 285

Menominee (American people) 345Man’yo:shu (Japanese text) 163–5Merap 21–2Manzoor, Parvez xvi, xxii, 421–9metal 194–6, 396–7mapping, hybrid knowledge 33–5metaphor 116–17maps, Oceania 255metaphysicsmarchmounts 401–2cosmology 119marine environments, Oceania 258–9, 265sub-Saharan Africa 214–15Maring Tsembaga 4meteorology, Central Andes 290–8, 302–4maritime travel, Oceania 254, 256–7methodology, abduction 83market economy, noble Other 8, 11Mexico 31–3market-liberal approach 77, 78–9Meyer, Ted 139–40Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands 256, 258,microclimates, Central Andes 298260–4, 266–8Micronesia 246, 248, 249marshes, Central Andes 301

marsupials, Oceania 252 middle way 353, 356

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30


Index 471

Midrash (Hebrew text) 435 Daoism 401–3human-nature adaptations 105migrant farmers, Amazon rainforest 23–5

migration Japan 168–9Judaism 449Australian Aboriginal people 236

human adaptation 101–2, 105–6, 111–12 mudyi tree 50Mueller, Max 122Israel 441, 452

Oceania 247–8, 249 Muller, F. Max 148Mumford, Lewis 421military alliances, Pacific islands 254

Milky Way 290 Mundy, B.E. 34Murasaki Shikibu, Lady 167Miller, James xvi, xxii, 393–407

Minakata, Kumagusu 175 Murti, T.R.V. 154mutualism 59–60mind-heart (xin) 383–4

Ming Dynasty (China) 374, 385, 386, 387–8 Myanmar see Burmamythmining 259, 331–2, 335

miracles, Islam 423–4, 425 Amazonia 280Hinduism 412–13Miriwoong (Australian Aboriginal

people) 229–30, 237 Inuit and Dene 314Japan 176Mishnah (Jewish text) 435

missionaries 135, 138, 187–8 Oceania 253religion and ecology 116mist 293

Miura Baien 172 sub-Saharan Africa 216Nadasdy, Paul 91, 92Miyazaki, Hayao 178

moccasins 335–6 Naess, Arne 79Na:ga:rjuna 167moderation, Buddha 353

modernity Nahmanides 445Najita, Tesuo 172ecology 6

India 415–16 Nakae, Cho:min 174Nan River, Thailand 138–9modernization

Japan 173–4, 176–7 Narayanan, Vasudha 416, 417, 418Narita airport, Japan 178–9noble Other 7–8

Momaday, N. Scott 332, 334, 335, 339, 347 Nash, Roderick 6Natadecha-Sponsel, Poranee xvi, xx, xxii, 7,money, noble Other 8

Mongolia, Buddhism 351 351–65nation-building, Japan 175monism, Buddhism 358

monks, Buddhism 129, 132, 133–4, 136–41, national defense, Israel 452–3national parks359–61

monotheism, Book of Psalms 120 Australian Aboriginal people 239environmentalists and indigenousMontaigne, Michel de 2

montane forest, Oceania 251 peoples 23India 418moon 215–16, 293

morality Israel 453Japan 179Buddhism 355, 356, 357–8

Confucianism 170 nationhood, Japan 175Native Americans 329–47cosmology 119, 125–6

Dene 316–17 definition 329–30historical and modern culture xxHinduism 413–15

Inuit 319 noble savage myth 9see also Dene; InuitNative Americans 338

Other 1 native title 240Natura 214traditional resource management

systems 89–90 natural history intelligence 47, 62natural philosophysee also ethics

Morris, Brian 213 development of science 82Islam 424mosaic burning 234, 235

motion 156 natural rights, Japan 174natural sciences 250, 434Mou Zongsan 379

mound forests, Amazonia 283–4 natural selection, Judaism 434naturalismMount Fuki, Japan 163

Mount Meron 453 Confucianism 374, 375, 378–80, 388, 389Daoism 395–6, 399–400mountains

Confucianism 170 fengshui 191

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30


472 Index

India 147–58 Northern Territory, Australia 239Northwest Territories, Canada 80–1Islam 421

Japan 175–6 Ntumu (African people) 60–1Nuaulu (Indonesian people)nature

distinction from culture 249–50 ethnobiological knowledge 51, 52, 56, 62,63–4history of term 214

nature writing, Confucianism 385–6 non-environmentally friendly actions 9symbolism 51Navajo (American people) 101, 334, 335

navigation, Oceania 254, 255, 256–7 nuclear energy 178nuclear testing 269, 270–1Ndembu 50

necessity, Islam 421–2 nuclear weapons 176numerology 187, 398need, Buddhism 356

Needham, Joseph 191, 374 Numic people (American people) 109–11numinous 116–17Neidjie, Bill 229

Nelson, Richard 314, 337–8, 339–40, 343, Nunamiut (American people) 312observation, Melanesia 264345

Neo-Confucianism 169–73, 382–5, 388 Oceania xxi–xxii, 245–71offeringsNeo-Daoism 374, 380

neo-populist approach 77, 78–9 Native Americans 332, 333Thailand 132Nepal 25–7, 63

New Caledonia 247, 248 see also sacrificesOgyu: Sorai 171New Guinea 245, 248

animals 252 oil 320–1, 343Oka, Asajiro: 174concept of nature 250

culture and language 249 okapi 222Olcott, Henry Steel 363empirical attitudes 264

environment 250–1 olive trees, Israel 440Oliver, Douglas H. 247languages 247

New Zealand (Aotearoa) 245, 248–9, 252 omniscient speaker-hearerconvention/fallacy 49Newman, James L. 218

Newton, Isaac 185, 205 Onabasulu 264ontologyNGOs see non-government organizations

Nhat Hanh, Thich 357, 362, 364 Confucianism 172Daoism 380, 396Nicker Bean 108

Nihon shoki 165, 166 Islam 422–3operational environment 250Ninomiya Sontoku 172

nirvana (Buddhism) 153–4, 167, 168, 355 oral traditionAustralian Aboriginal people 230Nishida, Kitaro: 175–6

Nishikawa Joken 172 Buddhism 354indigenous knowledge 65–6, 67, 316nitrogen fixingation 62, 63

no-self 153, 355 Inuit 318, 319orchids 232Noah 449

Noble Eightfold Path (Buddhism) 351, 352, order, cosmology 119organism partonymy 57–60355–6, 363

noble Oriental xxi, 1–2, 4–8, 12 Oriental see noble Orientaloriginsnoble Other 1–13

noble savage xxi, 1–13, 21, 339 Japan 165Vedas 122–3noise pollution 177

non-action, Daoism 394 see also cosmogony; CreationOrlove, Benjamin S. 3, 303non-government organizations (NGOs) 3,

417–18 Orta, Garcia da 66Orthodox Jews 433, 435, 444, 451non-Western, global mobilization of

environmental concepts 18–39 ostriches 215Other 1–13nonviolence

Buddhism 357–8, 359, 362 otherness, Northern Forest (US) 28–9overdifferentiation 51, 278–9Hinduism 411, 413

Jainism 151 owls 225ownershipNorinaga, Motoori 172–3

North America, Inuit and Dene 311–25 Australian Aboriginal people 230, 240intellectual property 68, 322North Korea, Buddhism 351

Northern Forest (US) 27–30 Native Americans 344

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30


Index 473

Oceania 256, 260–4 Plains Indians, hunting 337ozone layer 177–8 planets, fengshui 187

plantingPacific OceanAmazonia 284–5Intertropical Convergence Zone 294–6Judaism 439–40islands 111, 245–71

plantsPage, W. 59Amazonia 278–9, 280–2painting, Daoism 385Australian Aboriginal people 230–1, 232,Paiute (American people) 101233–4, 235–6pale 218

biological knowledge 49Paleolithic 101–2Buddhism 168, 358, 359Palestine 447, 451–2, 453Central Andes 292Pali Canon (Buddhism) 353, 354, 362Confucianism 376–7, 386pangolins 225Dene 317Papua New Guinea 248ethnobiology 51–60, 62–4food symbolism 259human-nature adaptations 102, 103mapping 35Israel 446Maring Tsembaga 4Japan 168symbolism 50Judaism 444, 448–9‘‘Paradise’’, Oceania 268–71Native Americans 345parasitism 59Oceania 247, 251Parkes, Graham xvi, xxi, 185–206sub-Saharan Africa 211, 213, 215, 217,participatory development 77220–2partonymy 57–60

symbolism 50–1Passover 439, 440, 447Pleiades 290, 294, 302–4pastoralismpoetry 163–5, 385Central Andes 300, 301–2polar bears 323–4Judaism 442–4policy see development policysub-Saharan Africa 211, 212politicsPatkar, Medha 417agriculture in Japan 179patrimony, Israel 447Daoism 398–9patterns, cosmology 117–18, 120, 123–6Dene and Inuit 320–1, 322Pecore, Marshall 345ecology 80Pedersen, Poul 6–7indigenous knowledge andPenan 3development 77–9peripatetic pyromania 232

traditional ecological knowledge 80, 90–2Peru 289, 291Polluter Pays Principle 177pests 59–60, 61, 301pollutionpharmacopoeiaDene and Inuit 323Daoism 381Hinduism 411, 412–13sub-Saharan Africa 221–2India 417phii (Thai concept) 131–4, 135, 136–7industry 323Philippines 9Israel 452–3philosophy of science 315–16Japan 165, 166, 173–4, 176–7Phra Sekhiyadhamma 139–41Nepal 25–7Phrakhru Pitak Nanthakhun 136–9, 141Polynesia 246, 248–9phylogentic classification 51extinctions caused by indigenous peoples 9pigs 4, 252, 444, 445–6languages 248pilgrimage 362, 403, 416, 440migration 247Pimentel, A.D. 38navigation and exploration 257Pimm, Stuart 100, 111

polythetic classification 52pine nut trees 111ponds 300–1Pintubi people 235populationpipes, Native Americans 336human-nature adaptations 104Pitjantatjara (Australian AboriginalIndia 411, 417people) 239

pork 444, 445placePorkert, Manfred 200–1fengshui 185–206porpoises 252guardian spirits in Thailand 132Posey, D.A. 57, 58, 59, 78Native Americans 335possums 237role of nature in culture 97–112

plagues, Native Americans 334 potatoes 298, 303, 305, 307, 308

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30


474 Index

power rainforestglobal mobilization of environmental Amazonia 280, 281–5concepts 39 Australian Aboriginal people 232–3

indigenous knowledge 91 Oceania 248, 251–2Numic people 110 raised atolls 251Oceania 268 raised field systems 300–1

practices raised islands 253–4Buddhism 363–4 Ramanuja 415noble Other 8–10, 12 range lands, Judaism 442–4religion and ecology 115 Rangi (African people) 213–16, 218, 221, 226traditional ecological knowledge 90–2 Rapanui (Easter Island) 248–9

praise 121 Rappaport, Roy A. 4, 109, 250prayer 123, 165–6, 439 Rasmussen, Knud 320precipitation see rain Rastafari, adaptation 108preservation, Judaism 446–50 rationality, indigenous knowledge 315primates, sub-Saharan Africa 227 rats 252principle realismConfucianism 383, 386–7 India 152cosmology 119 indigenous knowledge 315–16processes, China 187, 191, 193–6, 197–8 realityprogress Confucianism 383fengshui 187 Hinduism 414–15Japan 174 Inuit 320Project Tiger 418 Islam 425prophets 437, 448–9 rebirthprotected sites, Israel 446–50 Buddhism 131, 355protectionism, Japan 179 Hinduism 413, 413–15prototypes 52 reciprocitypruning 111 Daoism 398Psalms see Book of Psalms Native Americans 332–3, 337–9puava (Oceanic concept) 261–3, 262, 267–8 recursivity of nature, Daoism 407puha (Native American concept) 109–10 reddish 218puna (Andes) 289, 291 reductionism 82–3Punan (Indonesian people) 21–2 reefs, Oceania 251, 253–4, 259–64, 266–7Puno, Peru 304, 305 reflective knowledge 48Purcell, Trevor W. 77, 79, 90, 92 regional landscapes 99Pure Land Buddhism 168–9 reincarnationPyne, S.J. 233, 234 Buddhism 355pythons 224 see also rebirth

Reischauer, Edwin O. 163Qadr (Islamic concept) 422

relationships, Native Americans 333–4,qi (Chinese concept) 191–3

335–6, 339Confucianism 376, 378, 379, 382–7

relativism 315, 315–16cosmological patterning 118religion xx, xxiiDaoism 197–8, 396, 406Amazonia 279–80fengshui 185, 187–8, 189, 199–201, 203–4Australian Aboriginal people 237–8Y ijing 125Bali 109Qing Dynasty 379, 385, 386Confucianism 373–89Quasi-Biennial Oscillation 294ecology 115–26Quechua 57human-nature adaptations 105quinine 63integration of indigenous knowledge andquinoa 303, 305, 308western science 324–5Qur’a:n 421–9

Japan 161–79Native Americans 333–9Rabesca, Jimmy B. 317noble Oriental 5–8Rademacher, Anne 19–39noble Other myth 12–13Rahman, Fazlur 422, 427Numic people 109–10rainOceania 253, 256, 267–8Central Andes 290–8, 301–6religious environmentalist paradigm 6–8India 148Shinto 165–6, 173, 176, 179Judaism 436–42

mountains 105 see also Buddhism; Daoism; Hinduism

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30


Index 475

religious environmentalist paradigm 6–8 Confucianism 386Dene 317Renaissance, noble savage 2fengshui 203–4repentance 439, 441, 443

Romans 162, 214, 445, 450reptiles, Oceania 252romanticism xix–xxresearch, indigenous knowledge 323–4environmentalists 20–5reserves 23, 237–8ethnobiology 67resource managementNative Americans 342ethnobiology 60–1noble Other 2, 4, 10Inuit and Dene 320–3

root crops 260, 300, 303Judiasm 436Rosh Hashanah 439, 441noble savage myth 8–13Round, Philip 361Oceania 256, 259–64Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 2traditional ecological knowledge 80, 81–92Ruether, Rosemary Radford 415–16resource rights 22Ruist philosophy (China) 373–89resource userumbin 4Buddhism 363Rumphius, George 66human-nature adaptations 103–5ruralism, US 28, 29–30Native Americans 340–1Ruthenberg, H. 37Oceania 256Ryan, J. 322resourcesRyan, P.D. 362Australian Aboriginal people 230–1, 237–8Ryo:gen 168Buddhism 356

Confucianism 378 Sabbath 448human-nature adaptations 103–5 Sable Warrior 187Japan 178 sacred groves, Thailand 132

restoration 25–30, 434 sacrednessrevelation, Islam 426, 427–8 adaptive strategies 104revisionism, noble savage 10 Buddhism 130, 132, 362R1 gveda (Indian text) 122–3, 149, 412 Daoism 401–2Rhee, Suk Bae 19–39 Dene and Inuit 323, 324–5Rheede, Hendrik van 66 Japan 164–6, 165–6, 179rhetoric 25–30 Judaism 448ri (Japanese concept) 169 Native Americans 334, 335–6rice 108–9, 124, 132 Oceania 267–8Richards, P. 59, 67 Thailand 130, 132Rigby, Peter 219 sacrifice 121–3rights Hinduism 118Buddhism 362 Judaism 439, 442, 446Oceania 260–4 Native Americans 332see also environmental rights Oceania 253risk, Central Andes 294, 298–302 Vedic naturalism in India 148rites and rituals Y ijing 124Bali 109 see also offeringsBook of Psalms 121 Saddhatissa, Hammalawa 358Buddhism in Thailand 132–3, 135, 136–9 Sahel belt 212Confucianism 378 Saicho: 168cosmology 118, 120, 122–3 Saigusa Hiroto 161–2India 122–3, 150–1 Saigyo: 168Native Americans 332–3, 338 Sakamaki, Shunzo: 163noble Other 4 Sakhalin 255religion and ecology 116 saltwater people, Oceania 259, 260Shinto 165–6 Sa:mkhya (Indian system) 147, 154–5

rivers Samoa 252Hinduism 412–13, 417 samsa:ra (Buddhist principle) 153, 167, 355,Japan 163 413Nepal 25–7 samurai 166, 170–1

road-building 239 San (African people) 216Robinson, Mike 322 Sandawe (African people) 218Robson, James 402 sangha (Buddhism) 352, 359–61rocks Sankara 414–15

Sarawak 3, 22Buddhism 358

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30


476 Index

Sarit Thanarat, Field Marshal 134–5 naturalism in India 153, 154–5, 157Y ijing 124–5Sarva:stiva:dins 152

savages, noble savage myth 1–13 self-cultivationConfucianism 377, 379, 384savannas 211, 212, 283

saxifrage 221–2 cosmology 119Daoism 395Sayer, Andrew 316

Scandinavian-Americans 106–8 Y ijing 124–5self-determination 11, 91–2scent 221

Schipper, Kristofer 196–7, 404–5 self-identity, Other 1Selin, Helaine xischolarly knowledge 64–7

School of Han Learning 387–8 semantic domains 53sentience, Buddhism 358Schrempp, Gregory 119

Schuon, Fritjhof 423–4 separation hypothesis 417–18shallow ecology 79science

biological knowledge 48, 64–8 shamanism 147, 400Shang Dynasty 374, 398Confucianism 172

cosmology 119 Shao Yong 382, 384–5shape-shifting, Amazonia 279–80development of 81–2

ethnobiology 51, 61, 64–8 shariah (Islamic concept) 118sharks, Marovo Lagoon 267fengshui 191

human-nature adaptations 105 Sharp, Henry S. 317–18Shavuot 440–1indigenous knowledge and

development 76–8 sheep 302, 305, 442, 443shellfish 237Islam 424, 427

Israel 453 Shen Hao 201, 205Sherbro people 225–6Judaism 434, 435–6

local knowledge of the land 75–92 shezen 175shi (Chinese concept) 202Pacific Islanders 264–7

relationship to knowledge 316 shifting cultivation see swidden agricultureShijing (Chinese text) 375sub-Saharan Africa 226

sustainability 83–4 Shimazaki, To:son 175Shingon School of Buddhism 168traditional ecological knowledge 80–3

Science of Pacific Islands Peoples 266 Shinto, Japan 165–6, 173, 176, 179Shiva, Vandana 8, 415–16scientific method, Inuit 315

sclerophyll forests 232–3, 235–6 shizen 161–3, 173Sho:eki, Ando: 172Scott, James C. 38

scripture shrines, Buddhism in Thailand 136–7Siberia, Inuit 311cosmology and cultivation 119–25

Hinduism 412–13, 417 Siddhattha Gotama (Buddha) 352–6Sierra Juarez, Mexico 31–3Judaism 434–5

naturalism in India 147–51 Sigaut, F. 37Sillitoe, Paul 76–9, 81sea, Oceania 252–3, 255–64, 267–8

sea ice, Inuit 312 Sinclair, F.L. 62–3Sirono people (American people) 283Sea Shepherd Society 338

seafood, Oceania 252–3, 258–9 Siting Classic (Chinese text) 200–1Sivaraksa, Sulak 360, 362seagrass beds 251, 252

seals 11, 343 Skolimowski, Henryk 356skunks 292seasons

China and Five Processes 194–6 skyDaoism 398–401Confucianism 382–3

Daoism 197–8, 396–7 Dene 317sub-Saharan Africa 225Native Americans 331

sub-Saharan Africa 216 sky-island function 105slash-and-burn agriculture see swiddenY ijing 124

Seattle, Chief 339 agricultureSmith, Daniel Somers 19–39seder bereishit (Hebrew concept) 118

seeds 237 Smith, Eric A. 9smoke 291Sei Sho:nagon 167

self smoking 336snakes 224, 226, 252, 280Buddhism 153

cosmological patterning 118 snows 292, 297–8, 319

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Index 477

social change, religion and ecology 116 spiritual geography, Thailand 140, 141spiritualismSocial Darwinism 5, 174–5

social science, human adaptation 100 Amazonia 279–80Buddha 352–3social systems

knowledge 50 Inuit and Dene 313Japan 163Oceania 249

traditional ecological knowledge 82–3 naturalism in India 147–58role of nature in culture 98socialization, knowledge 48

soil traditional ecological knowledge 80–1spiritualityAmazonia 283

China and Five Processes 194–6 Australian Aboriginal people 238Japan 164–7ethnobiological knowledge 63

Israel 440 Native Americans 333–9, 343Oceania 267–8Oceania 251

Pacific islands 253–4 Sponsel, Leslie E. xvi–xvii, xx, xxii, 7, 10,351–65sub-Saharan Africa 215, 216–20

Solomon Islands 248, 258, 260–4 squatter settlements, Kathmandu 26–7Sri Lanka 63, 351environment 251

fishing 253, 265 Standing Bear 331, 335star apple tree 281Kwaio 9

languages 247 starsancient Jews 438–9resource management 256

watersheds 88 Central Andes 290, 294, 302–4Daoism 398–401Song Dynasty (China) 374, 377, 382–5,

387–8 Inuit and Dene 313–14, 317sub-Saharan Africa 215–16Songkhla Lake, Thailand 139–40

songs State of the World 2000 115Steadman, D.W. 111Australian Aboriginal people 230

Oceania 267–8 stereotyping 3–4, 341–2Steward, Julian 98songscapes 99

So: to: School of Zen Buddhism 169 stewardship 344Stirrat, R.L. 78soul

Dene 317 Stoffle, Richard W. xvii, xxi, 97–112Stone, M. Priscilla 78Jainism 151

Judaism 448 stones, Oceania 267–8storytellingNative Americans 337–8

South Africa 213 Australian Aboriginal people 230, 237sub-Saharan Africa 216, 222, 226South Korea 351

South Pacific Convergence Zone 294, 296 Stott, Philip 130Strang, V. 238Southeast Asia 34, 247, 257

Southern Africa 216 Strathern, Marilyn 250Study of the Way School 382space

Japan 175 Suan Mokkh, Thailand 360sub-Saharan Africa 211–27mapping 33–4

special-purpose classification 55 Subarctic 311, 312–13, 320, 322Subarctic Boreal Forest 311specialist knowledge 49, 65–6, 222

species subsistenceBuddhism in Thailand 138Amazonia 277, 278, 281–2

ethnobiology 51–60 Native Americans 346substantive knowledge 48Oceania 251

sub-Saharan Africa 220–7 succession management 86suffering, Buddhism 167–8, 355, 357, 360–1,specifics 53–4, 54

spiders, Dene 317 365, 381Sufis 423spirit beliefs, Thailand 129–41

spirits Sukkot 439sun, sub-Saharan Africa 215–16Confucianism 171

Dene 317 Sun Dance 333Sunna (Islamic concept) 424–5fengshui 189

Inuit 318–19 sunspot activity 304Su:nyva:dins 153naturalism in India 147

Oceania 267–8 superhumans 214, 225

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478 Index

supernatural Taiyi shengshui 378Buddhism 130–3, 153 Talmud 435, 444human adaptation model 101–2, 105, 111 Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) 434–5Native Americans 331 Tang Dynasty (China) 374, 381–2, 387superstition, fengshui 187 Tanganyika Territory 219Supreme Polarity 382–3, 384 Tanner, Adrian 344–5Supreme Ultimate 379 tantras 148Suresvara 414–15 Tantric Buddhism 152, 351Susanoo (Japanese God) 165 Tao see Daosustainability tapu (Oceanic concept) 268Buddhism in Thailand 138, 140 Tasmania 231, 235distinction from conservation 9–10 taxonomyhuman-nature adaptations 103 Amazonia 278–80Kathmandu 26–7 ethnobiology 51–60market economy 8 sub-Saharan Africa 222–3noble Other 3, 8–11 Tayama, Katai 175religion 117 Taylor, Jim 140science 83–5 Teaiwa, Teresia 253, 270–1traditional ecological knowledge 84–90 technology 50

Suzuki, Daisetz 5–6 experience of nature 117Swahili (African people) 212 Israel 453swamp forest, Oceania 251 modern Native Americans 342swamps 217–18, 451, 452 traditional cultures and modernization 8Swearer, Donald K. 364 TEK see traditional ecological knowledgeSweden 37 Tellico Dam 332swidden agriculture templesAmazonia 24, 277, 281–2, 285 Daoism 402ethnobiological classification 56 Hinduism 416–17, 418exoticization of 36–8 Thailand 361Jamaica 108 Tendai School of Buddhism 168mapping 34, 35 terraces, Central Andes 300Marovo Lagoon 263 Teshigahara, Hiroshi 178Zapotec of Mexico 31–2 Thailand

symbiosis 59 Buddhism xx, xxi, 7, 129–41, 351, 360–1symbolic knowledge 50–1 ethnobiological knowledge 63symbolism Thakur, A.L. 156biological knowledge 50–1 thammachaat (Thai concept) 130–1ethnoecology 60 thanksgiving 121fengshui 186 theewadaa (Thai concept) 131, 132, 134, 137Oceania 259 theism, India 148religion and ecology 116–17 Theravada Buddhism 152, 351soils and colour 218 Thomas, Julia 175sub-Saharan Africa 221, 224–6 Thongchai, Winichakul 34

syncretism Thoreau, Henry David 363Amazonian environmental Three Refuges (Buddhism) 351, 352knowledge 279–80 T ian (Chinese concept) 377, 398–401

Buddhism 130, 351 Tibet, Buddhism 351, 353ethnobiological knowledge 63 tigers 418

Tilley, Christopher 99taboostime, India 151Amazonia 280Tirumala-Tirupati temple, India 416–17, 418extinctions and conservation ofT isha be Av 441resources 111tithing, Judaism 448Native Americans 338title rights, Australian Aboriginal people 240Oceania 256Tiwi people (Australian AboriginalTacitus 2people) 239Tahiti 257

Tl’azt’en nation (American people) 345–6taiga 312Toelken, Barre 339–40taiji (Chinese concept) 379Tohono O’odham people 105taiji quan (Chinese exercise) 204–5Tokugawa period 169, 171–3Taijitu shuo 382–3

Taiwan 351 Tokyo, pollution 177

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Index 479

Tonga 254 tropical forests, environmentalists 20–5truthTongatapu 249Confucianism 387–8topography 105, 268Melanesia 264Torah 435, 444, 449traditional ecological knowledge 81Torres Strait 239, 259Tsing, Anna 20, 22totemismTuan, Yi-Fu 98biological knowledge 50tubers 238, 307Oceania 253, 267Tucker, John A. xvii–xviii, xxi, 161–79totems, Aboriginal people 230, 237, 239Tucker, Mary Evelyn xviii, xx, xxi, 115–26totora reeds 300, 304–6tundra 312Toupal, Rebecca S. xvii, xxi, 97–112Tupaia 257tourismTurnbull, D. 64Australian Aboriginal people 238–9two source theory 386–7cultural 239Tyrtania, Leonardo 31Northern Forest, US 29–30

Oceania 269 Udall, Stewart L. 339toxins, food in Central Andes 307–8 Udda: laka 149trade Ueki, Emori 174Inuit and Dene 312 ultimate sacred postulate 109Oceania 248, 254 Uluru National Park 235, 239sub-Saharan Africa 212–13 under-developed countries

trade winds 295, 296–7 environmental concepts 19–39tradition swidden agriculture 38adaptive strategies 104 underdifferentitation 51, 279Native Americans 329, 334, 342–3, 345–6 unique beginners 53, 54religion and ecology 116 United Nationstraditional ecological knowledge (TEK) Habitat Agenda 26–7definition 76 Israel 451local knowledge of the land 75–92 United States of AmericaNative Americans 340 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Actnoble Other 3, 12 (ANCSA) 1971 320–1resource management 84–90 Judaism 433

traditional knowledge native assimilation 321Australian Aboriginal people 231 Northern Forest 27–30biological 47–68 Numic people and adaptation 109–11local knowledge of the land 75–92 Scandinavian-Americans andmodernity and noble Other 8 adaptation 106–8Oceania 250, 264–7 swidden agriculture 37see also indigenous knowledge; traditional universalism 53–5, 62, 81ecological knowledge universe

tragedy of the commons 103, 256 Buddhism 355tranquility, Daoism 394 China 190trans-Alaska oil pipeline 320–1 cosmology 118–20, 125–6transcendence 116, 415, 425–8 Daoism 394transformation Hinduism 411China 193–6 Judiasm 435–6India 155 Native Americans 333transhumance, Israel 442–3 Neo-Confucianism 169transmigration of the soul 150 Numic people 109–10travel narrative, Confucianism 385–6 Vedas 122–3trees Y ijing 123–5Amazonia 282–5 universism, China 190Buddhism 136–8, 168, 352, 353, 354, 358, Upanis1ads (Indian text) 147–9359–61 urban centers, sub-Saharan Africa 212–13

ethnobiological knowledge 63 urbanizationHinduism 413, 416–17, 418 Hinduism 411Judaism 437, 440 Kathmandu 25–7see also forests knowledge 217tribes, Australian Aboriginal people 230 loss of ethnic culture 213trickster 226, 344 Usas (Indian God) 123

Usher, Peter 323T ripit1aka 152

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480 Index

Utes 331–2 WestBuddhism 363, 365

Vaises1ika naturalism 155–7 environmental concepts 18–39Vajrayana (Tantric) Buddhism 351 fengshui 185–91values, traditional resource management folk knowledge 65–7systems 89–90 Judaism 433

Van der Post, Lauren 314 noble Other 1–13Vanuatu 247, 248 Oceania 270varietals 53–4, 54 view of nature 342Varuna (Indian God) 123, 153 West Africa, knowledge 217–18Vatsyanan, Kapila 412 Western Desert, Australia 238Vedas (Indian texts) 412–13 Western Pacific 251, 252cosmology and cultivation 120, 121–3 Western sciencenaturalism 147–51, 154–5, 157–8 environmental concepts 19–20vegetarianism 362, 413, 444–5 Inuit and Dene 313–16, 318–19, 321–5Vermilion Bird 187 local biological knowledge 64–8Veth, P.M 238 local knowledge of the land 75–92Vietnam 351, 373, 385 Oceania 250, 265–6villages, sub-Saharan Africa 214 wet forest, sub-Saharan Africa 217–18vinaya (Buddhism) 359–61 Wet’sewet’en (American people) 87virtue 124–5, 399 whaling xx, 11, 338, 342volcanic islands 251, 263 wheat, Israel 439, 440–1voyages to the stars 400 whipping the trees 111

White, Lynn 6, 116Wagner, Roy 250White Tiger 186, 187Walker circulation 294–6Whitehead, Alfred North 375wallabies 236Whittaker, Robert J. 111Walsh, F.J. 238Widdowson, Frances 80–1, 91Wamira (Papua New Guinean people) 259wildernessWang Fuzhi 387Native Americans 342Wang Wei 199, 200–1Northern Forest, US 29–30warfare 256, 441separation hypothesis 418Wari 289sub-Saharan Africa 214Warlpiri (Australian Aboriginal people) 118US conservation interventions 28waterwildlife sanctuaries, Buddhism 362Buddhism 138–9windCentral Andes 298, 300–1Central Andes 292, 293, 297, 306–7Confucianism 170, 386Dene 317Daoism 395fengshui 188, 199–200Dene 317

winter, Central Andes 297fengshui 188, 199–200wisdom, Buddhism 356Five Processes 194–6Wishnie, Mark 9India 148witchcraft, sub-Saharan Africa 224–5Judaism 436–9, 443, 452–3womenPacific islands 253–4Australian Aboriginal people 229–30qi 192–3Hinduism and ecology 415–16, 417sub-Saharan Africa 224

wood 194–6, 396–7see also irrigation; rainWorld Wildlife Fund (WWF) 6, 417–18water plants, Central Andes 292, 306, 307worldview 1–6, 115–26water temple irrigation, Bali 109Worsley, Peter 265waterfowl 292wuwei 394watershed 86–8, 321–2wuxing (Chinese concept) 192, 193–6, 376,Watsuji, Tetsuro: 175, 176379, 382–3weather

Central Andes 289–307 xenophobia, Japan 166, 173Dene 317 xing (Chinese concept) 383, 395Judaism 436–42 Xunzi 377–8Oceania 267

weather prediction, Central Andes 302–7 Yamaga Soko: 170Yamagato Banto: 172weaving, Native Americans 336

Wei-Jin Dynasty 374, 380 yams 59–60, 62, 108, 237, 281Yanagita, Kunio 175weltanschauung 118

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Index 481

yang see yin-yang Yuan Dynasty 385Yang Xi 401 Yuanye (Craft of Gardens) 203Yang Yunsong 201 Yukon (American people) 337, 338, 344Yap 254, 260, 267–8 Yupiaq (American people) 318–19yatiris (Andes) 302–4 Yup’ik (American people) 311, 312, 318Yi Yulgok 387

Zaıre 8Y ijing (I Ching; Book of Changes)Zangshu (Burial Book) 199Confucianism 379–80Zapotec 31–3cosmology and cultivation 120, 123–5Zedeno, M. Nieves xviii, xxi, 97–112divination 398Zen Buddhism 6, 169fengshui 187, 201Zhang Daoling 395, 402taiji quan 204Zhang Zai 382, 383, 384, 386yin-yang (Chinese concept)Zhou Dunyi 382–3Confucianism 169, 171, 376, 378, 379,Zhou Dynasty (China) 374, 375, 393, 398382–3, 384Zhou Ziyang 401, 403Daoism 394, 398, 406Zhu Xi 382, 383–4, 385, 386, 386–7fengshui 199Zhuangzi (Daoist text) 161, 191, 380, 394–5Five Processes 193–4Zionism 451qi 192ziran 161–2, 393–4Yoder, Laura J. Meitzner 19–39

Yom Kippur 439, 441 Zou Yan 399

selin4indp 15-07-03 09:58:30


Science Across Cultures

1. H. Selin and S. Xiaochun (eds.): Astronomy Across Cultures. The Historyof Non-Western Astronomy. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6363-9

2. H. Selin and U. D’Ambrosio (eds.): Mathematics Across Cultures. TheHistory of Non-Western Mathematics. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6481-3

3. H. Selin and H. Shapiro (eds.): Medicine Across Cultures. The History ofNon-Western Medicine. 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1166-0

4. H. Selin (ed.):Nature Across Cultures.Views of Nature and the Environmentin Non-Western Cultures. 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1235-7

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS – DORDRECHT /BOSTON /LONDON

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