Index

Index

A-circuit generator, 161, 175ABS, See Antilock brake system.AC, See Alternating current.AC current, 148AC generator, 63, 148, 149, 168

See also Alternator.A-circuit, 161B-circuit, 161complete operation of, 170–171components of, 148, 152–156CS-series, 174current production in, 156–161design differences in, 171–175DN-series, 171field circuits for, 160from magnetic field, 61rectifier in, 217regulators, 161SI series, 173unrectified, 158

AC/DC filter, capacitor as, 47Acceptor atoms, 212Accessory lighting, 279ADC, See Analog to digital converter.Adjustable wrench, 6ADL, See Automatic door lock.AGST, See Above ground storage tank.Air bag module, 349Air bag system, 347–349

components of 350readiness light, 349

Air-conditioning compressor clutch,317–318

Air-conditioning fan, 317–318Air-conditioning systems, 316–322Air-core gauge, 285Alarm module, 335Alternating current (AC), 38, 62Alternator, 63, 148

See also AC generator.Aluminum wiring, 92Amber, 22Ambient light sensor, 266, 267Ambient sensor, 320American Wire Gauge (AWG)

system, 93

361

Ammeter, 149, 168–169shunt, 168

Ampere, 37, 42Ampere, Andre Marie, 30Ampere-turns (At), 59Amplifier, transistor as, 218Analog integrated circuits, 222Anode, 213Antennas, radio, 327Antilock brake system (ABS) warning

lamp, 289–290Anti-nodes, 215Antitheft audio systems, 326Antitheft security system,

DaimlerChrysler, 344Antitheft systems, 341–345Arithmetic/logic unit, See ALU.Armature, 59, 188, 194, 197Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line,

See DSL.Asymmetrical beams, 261At, See Ampere-turns.Atomic structure, 22–25, 39Atomic theory, magnetism and, 55–56Atoms, 22–23Automatic door lock (ADL) system, 335

operation of, 335Automatic synchronization of keyless

entry, 341Automatic temperature control (ATC),

319–320Automatic transmissions/transaxles, 185Automobile horn, 305Automotive bulbs, common, 268–269Automotive generators, 38Available voltage, 240Average fuel economy indicator, 295AWG, See American Wire Gauge.

B-circuit generator, 161, 175Backup lamp circuit, 275–276

bulbs for, 276fuses for, 275switches for, 275

Bakelite, 247Ball-peen hammer, 7

Barrier voltage, 212Base-emitter junction, 218BAT terminal, 173, 174, 175, 176Battery, 27, 30, 38, 230

12-volt, 40carrier, 141charging, 130connectors, 140corrosion of, 143cycling of, 143discharging, 130electrochemical action in, 131–134electrolyte level of, 142function of, 129–130group number of, 138heat shields, 142heavy duty, 137holddowns, 141installations, 138–140life and performance factors,

142–144overcharging of, 143parasitic losses from, 142primary, 130rating methods for, 137–138reserve capacity rating for,

137–138secondary, 130selection of, 136–139size selection, 138state of charge, 130sulfation of, 143temperature extremes to, 143types of, 131undercharging of, 143vibration, 144

Battery cables, 95Battery charging voltage, 136Battery connectors, styles of, 140–141Battery construction, 131–134Battery Council International (BCI),

137Battery electrolyte, 134–135Battery Saver Active message, 334Bay, 238Bayonet base bulbs, 270, 274, 277

ker88839_indx.qxd 1/9/06 11:20 AM Page 361

BCI, See Battery CouncilInternational.

BCM, See Body control module.Bells, 291Bimetallic gauges, 284Bipolar transistors, 218

examples of, 218–219Body control module (BCM), 267,

297–298, 321, 322Bolts, 1Bolt size, 2Bolt-through clamp, 140Bolt-type clamp, 140Bonding straps, to suppress EMI, 68Boron, 210, 211Bosch AC generators (alternators),

175, 178Bosch gear reduction design, 202Bosch relay, 190Bosch starter motors, 188–189, 202Box-end wrench, 6Braided cables, 95Brake horsepower, 30Brand name, 10Bridge rectifier, 217Browne, Sir Thomas, 22Brush end housing, 193Brush-rectified generator, 63Brushes, 153, 155, 161, 194

grounded, 197insulated, 197

Bucking coil, 285Buffer amplifier, 347Bulbs, 274

common automotive, 268–269Bulkhead connectors, 98–99Bulkhead disconnect, 98–99Bullet connectors, 96Bump cap, 13Burn time, 241Bus data link, 101Buzzers, 108, 290–291

CA, See Cranking amps.Cable insulation, 96Cables, 95Cadillac, electronic climate control

system in, 321Cadillac Deville, night vision HUD

on, 301CAN, See Control area network.CAN, See Controller area network.Capacitance, 45–49

calculating total, 47defined, 45

Capacitive coupling, 66Capacitor, 45, 46–47, 164

calculating total, 47classification of, 47

362 Index

discharge of electricity by, 46–47energy storage by, 46fixed-value, 47mounting, 326types of, 47

Cap screws, 1Carrier, battery, 141Case-grounded component, 41Cathode, 213Cathode-ray tube (CRT), 299CCA, See Cold cranking amperes.CCD, See Chrysler Collision

Detection.CD, See Compact disc.Cells, battery, 129CEMF, See Counterelectromotive

force.Center high-mounted stop lamp

(CHMSL), 270–271Central processing unit (CPU), 294Centrifugal force, 23Centrifugal washer pump, 313Ceramic magnets, 311Charge differential, 25, 37Charging battery, 130, 131Charging system,

circuits in, 149components of, 149development of, 148indicators, 287on import vehicles, 178protection, 170

Charging voltage, 148Chemical bonds, 26Chemical reactions, 27Chemical source of electricity, 27–28Chime module, 335Chimes, 108, 291CHMSL, See Center high-mounted

stop lamp.Chrysler,

air horn in, 307electric door locks on, 334fully enclosed direct-drive

motor, 202interior lamps in, 278power seat system, 330servomotor on, 319solenoid-actuated, reduction drive

starter, 202starter motors, 197wiper motor in, 311

Chrysler Collision Detection (CCD)integrated circuit, 102

Chyrsler Corporation, 230, 235Chrysler RWD cars, ammeter in, 287Circuit, 40

basic, 71–72multiplex, 100–103

open, 40parallel, 72–73protection, 40series, 72series-parallel, 79–81

Circuit breaker, automaticallyresetting, 83

Circuit faults,parallel, 82series, 82

Circuit number, 111Circuit protector, 83Circuit types, 160–161CKP, See Crankshaft position

sensor.Clearance markers, 276Clutch-cycling pressure switch, air

conditioning, 317Clutch start switch, 187Coil conductor, 58Coil packs, 239Cold cranking amperes (CCA), 137Color coding, wire, 109–111Combination circuit, 79Combination flasher, 273Combination wrench, 4Commutator, 61, 62, 63, 148, 194,

195, 197assembly, 197end housing, 193

Commutator-rectified generator, 63Compact-disc (CD) player, 325Compact disk, read only memory, See

CD-ROM.Complex harness, 90Component symbols, 112Composite headlamps, 262–263Compound motor, 196Computer-controlled regulation,

167–168Concealed headlamps, 265

mechanisms for, 265Condensers, 45Conductive coupling, 66Conductive material, 41Conductive metals, 36Conductors, 36, 38, 39Connectors, 96–99, 140

bulkhead, 98–99bullet, 96multiple-wire, 97weatherproof, 99

Content theft deterrent (CTD), 339Continental starter motors, 197Control circuit, 105, 184Control devices for electricity, 41Control module, keyless entry, 336Conventional current flow theory,

37, 38


Index 363

Conventional Theory of Current Flow, 25

Copper oxide, 210Copper wire, transmission via, 249Copper wiring, 92Corrosion, battery life and, 143Corvette,

Passive Keyless Entry for, 338vehicle antitheft system on, 343

Counter-voltage, 161Counterelectromotive force (CEMF),

64, 136Courtesy lamps, 278–279

bulbs for, 279switches for, 279

Cranking amps (CA), 137Cranking motor, 108Crest, 2CRT, See Cathode-ray tube.Cruise control switch, 346–347Cruise control system, 29, 345–347Crystal, silicon, 211CS-series AC generator, 174CTD, See Content theft deterrent.Current, 24, 37–38

change in, 44in Ohm’s Law, 42–43in parallel circuit, 79in series circuit, 78self-regulation of, 161

Current-carrying conductor, 57, 108Current-feeding brush, 109Current flow, 37

conventional, 37Current output, maximum, 161Cycles per second, 38Cycling, 131

battery life and, 143Cycling batteries, 137Cylinders, 56

D’Arsonval movement, 284, 287DaimlerChrysler, 175, 176

antitheft security system, 344diagnostic trouble codes (DTC)

on, 168keyless entry systems, 341powertrain control module

(PCM), 167solenoid-actuated starter, 190solid-state regulator, 166

Darlington pair transistors, 221Dash integration module (DIM),

266, 334Data link, 321Daytime running lights (DRL),

267–268DC, See Direct current.DDM, See Driver door module.

Defogger, 328Defroster, 328Delay mode, wiper system, 309Delco,

Remote Keyless Entry (RKE), 338universal theft deterrent (UTD)

system, 341–342, 344vehicle antitheft system (VATS),

343–344Delco-Remy, 245, 249

alternator design applications, 171CS charging system in, 175CS series AC generators, 174CS system, 169MT series, 200permanent-magnet, gear-reduction

(PMGR) starter, 203starter motors, 188

Delcotron generators, 171, 173Delphi,

design applications, 171regulator, 165starter motors, 188universal theft deterrent (UTD)

system, 341–342vehicle antitheft system (VATS),

343–344Delta-connected stator, 158Delta-type stator, 157, 158, 174, 176Depletion region, 212Depressed park position wiper

system, 309Detented, 185Diagnostic trouble codes (DTC), 168Dial indicator, 13DIC, See Driver Information Center.Dielectric material, 46Dies, 9Digital signal path, 321Digital subscriber line, See DSL.DIM, See Dash integration module.Dimmer switch, 259Dimming HUD switch 301Diode, 30, 60, 150–152, 164,

213–215bridge, 156defined, 150, 213forward-biased, 214installation of, 156plate, 156rectification, 150–152small-signal, 215trio, 156, 178types of, 215

Diode-rectified AC generators, 148Diode-rectified alternator, 63DIP, See Dual in-line package.Direct current (DC), 27, 38, 62, 148

pulsating, 62

Direct current generator, 63, 148from magnetic field, 61principles, 61–63

Direct current starter motor, operationof, 194–196

DIS, See Driver information system.Discharged battery, 131Discharging battery, 130, 135Distributor cap, 249–250Distributor rotor, 247–248DN-Series AC generator, 171Donor atoms, 212Doped germanium, 212Doped semiconductor crystals, 215Doped silicon, 212Doping semiconductors, 210, 211Double-contact bulb, 268Double-contact voltage regulator,

162–163Drive end housing, 193Driver door module (DDM),

331, 333Driver Information Center (DIC), 292,

296–297Driver information system (DIS), 292DRL, See Daytime running lights.Dry-cell batteries, 130Dry-charged batteries, 136DTC, See Diagnostic trouble codes.Dual in-line package (DIP), 222

ECC, See Electronic climate control;Electronic comfort control.

ECM, See Engine/electronic controlmodule.

ECM/PCM computers, 233ECU, See Electronic/engine control

unit.Edison, Thomas, 30Edison cell, 132–133EEPROM, See Electronically erasable

PROM.EGR, See Exhaust gas recirculation.Electric current, 24Electric motors, in wiper systems, 307Electric potential, 23–25Electrical charges, 23Electrical circuit,

closed, 38complete, 40–42diagrams, 111

Electrical diagrams, 112–113language of, 111–112

Electrical parts, 103–109Electrical system polarity, 103Electrically adjustable seats, 329–331Electricity, 22, 23, 24

characteristics of, 36–40chemical source of, 27–28

ker88839_indx.qxd 1/9/06 11:20 AM 63

Electricity, (continued)control devices for, 41frictional, 26historical figures in, 30sources of, 25–29static, 26

Electrification, 26Electrochemical action, 130–134

in batteries, 131Electrolyte, 27, 40, 130Electrolyte level, battery, 142Electrolytic capacitors, 47Electromagnet field windings, 312Electromagnet motor fields, 309Electromagnetic field, 66, 222

force, 59relay, 163rules, 56–57

Electromagnetic gauges, 284–285Electromagnetic induction,

60–64, 148defined, 60principles in DC current, 61

Electromagnetic instrument circuits,284–289

Electromagnetic interference (EMI),65–68, 99, 100, 156

ways of reducing, 67ways of transmitting, 66

Electromagnetic interferencesuppression, 68

devices for, 67–68Electromagnetic radiation, 66Electromagnetic regulator, 162–163Electromagnetic voltage

regulator, 162Electromagnetism, 30, 54, 56–68

defined, 56used by horns, 307

Electromagnets, 59Electromechanical regulators, 162Electromotive force (EMF), 36, 42Electromotive potential (EMF), 54Electron, 22, 23

discovery of, 30theory, 37

Electronic climate control (ECC)system, 321

Electronic comfort control (ECC)system, 321–322

Electronic control module (ECM),222, 301, 322

system, 293Electronic cruise control systems, 347Electronic instrument circuits,

292–299Electronic speedometer, 293–295Electronic voltage regulators, 222Electrostatic discharge (ESD), 27, 213

364 Index

Electrostatic field, 26–27, 46Element, battery, 133Elements, 22EMF, See Electromotive potential.EMF, See Electromotive force.EMI, See Electromagnetic

interference.EMM, See Expanded memory

manager.Engine controller, 178, 237Engine coolant temperature gauge,

295–296Entertainment systems, 325–327

diagnostics for, 325Envelope separators, 134ESD, See Electrostatic discharge.ETCC system, 321EVR, See External voltage regulatorExcitation field circuit, 159–160Exciter diodes, 160Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)

timer, 190Exhaust hose, 14, 15Extended-core spark plug, 253External voltage regulator (EVR), 175Externally grounded field AC

generator, 161

F terminal, 173, 174Faraday, Michael, 30, 47Farads, 47FES, See Forced entry alarm system.FET, See Field-effect transistors.Fiber-optic cables, 102Fiber optics, 286Field circuit, 149

excitation of, 159–160Field current, 159, 177

controlling, 161Field diodes, 160Field-effect transistors (FETs), 220Field-suppression diode, 167Field windings, 193, 194, 202Firing line, 229Firing voltage, 241Fitting wrench, 5Fixed-value capacitor, 47Flare nut wrench, 5Flasher units, 273FLD terminals, 176Flux density, 55Flux lines, 55, 56, 58, 64Flywheel-ring gear, 200Fog lamps, 279Forced entry alarm system (FES), 343Ford, 166, 175, 186, 187

antitheft system, 344–345automatic door lock (ADL) system

on, 335

electric door locks on, 334gauges in, 285heater fan in, 317interior lamps in, 278Motorcraft starter motors, 189–190PCM and, 237power seat system, 330starter motors, 197

Ford Motor Company, 230, 250Forward bias, 214Forward-biased diodes, 214Four-lamp circuit, 258, 262Frame,

generator, 153–155starter motor’s, 192

Franklin, Benjamin, 25Free electrons, 212–213Frictional electricity, 26Front-wheel-drive (FWD)

cars, 189Ford, 190

Fuel door release, 340Fuel economy indicator, 295Fuel gauge, 288

IPC display, 296Fuel range, IPC display, 296Fuel warning lamp, 288Full-wave rectification, 152Full-wave rectifier, 217Fusible links, 170

Gallium arsenide, 210Gauge-size numbers, wire, 112Gauges, 284General Motors (GM), 187, 189, 230,

235, 266automatic door lock (ADL) system

on, 335Cadillac Seville, 276cars, ammeter in, 287Delco-Remy solid-state automotive

regulator, 165–166electric door locks on, 334electronically controlled blower

motor, 323–325gauges in, 285heater fan in, 317power seat system, 329–330speedometer, 293starter motors, 197wiper motor in, 311

General regulator operation, 164–165Germanium, 210, 211

doped, 212Gilbert, Sir William, 22, 54Grade, 2Grades of bolts, 2GRD terminal, 173, 176Grid diagram, 114


Index 365

Grids, battery, 132Ground, 40, 41, 72, 99Ground cable, 99Ground paths, 99–100Ground sensor, 286Ground straps,

locations of, 326to suppress EMI, 68

Grounding cables, 99Grounding straps, 99Grounding switch, 286Group number, battery, 138

Half-wave rectification, 151Hall Effect switch, 235Halogen sealed-beam headlamps,

261–262Harnesses, 97

wiring, 90–92Hazard warning lamp circuit, 274–275

flashers for, 274fuses for, 274switches for, 274

Head-up display (HUD), 299–301switches, 301

Headlamp circuit, 258–267Headlamp location, 264Headlamp mounting, 264Headlamp systems, automatic,

265–266Headlamps,

automatic systems, 265–266composite, 262–263concealed, 265halogen sealed-beam, 261–262on-off control for, 266sealed-beam, 261switches for 258–260

Heat range, 252Heat shields, battery, 142Heat sink, 152, 156, 217Heat sink assemblies, 175–176Heated seats, 331–334

components of systems, 331front switch indicators, 333operation of front, 333power for, 332rear operation, 333rear switch indicators, 334temperature regulation of, 332

Heater fan, 316Heating, ventilating, and air

conditioning (HVAC) systems,323–325

class 2 interface, 323control module, 324

Heating systems, 316–322Heavy-duty batteries, 137Helium, 24

Hertz, 38HID, See High-intensity discharge

lamp.High-energy ignition (HEI), 245, 249High frequency transistors, 219High-intensity discharge (HID) lamp,

263–264High-pressure switch, as safety

device, 318High-resistance cables, 96High-speed brush, wiper motor, 311High-tension cables, 95High voltage

need for, 228through induction, 228

Hitachi starters, 190Hold-in winding, 200Holddowns, 141Holes, 210, 211, 212

movement of, 212–213Horn circuits, 305–307Horn relay, 306Horn switch, 306Horsepower, 30, 44Hot battery cable, 99Housing,

generator, 153–155starter motor’s, 192

HUD, See Head-up display.HVAC, See Heating, ventilating, and

air conditioning.Hydraulic jack safety, 14–15Hydrogen, 22, 24Hydrometer, 135Hypalon, 96

I terminal, 175IAR model, 175IC, See Integrated circuit.Igniter assembly, air bag, 350Ignition cables, 95–96Ignition coils, 237–246

coil packs, 240installations, 245–246laminated e-core, 239oil-filled, 237voltage, 240

Ignition switch, 185, 230Ignition system

basic circuits and current, 229–230cables, 250high voltage through induction, 228need for high voltage, 228primary circuit components, 230spark plugs, 250–252

Import vehicle charging systems, 178Incandescent lamp, 30Indexed base, 268Indicator lamps, 169

Indicator warning lamp, 167Indium, 211Induced current, 61Inductive coupling, 66Inductive-discharge ignition system, 229Inertia switches, 104Inertia switching mechanism, 349Inflator module, air bag, 350Inhibitor switch, 190Installation diagrams, 114, 121–122Installation of battery, 138–140Installations, battery, 138–140

components of, 140–142factors influencing location, 138

Instrument panel, 323HVAC, 324panel indicator, 169warning lamps on, 287

Instrument panel cluster (IPC), 293, 322

electronic, 295indicators in, 295

Instrument panel integration module(IPM), 266, 323

Instrument voltage regulator (IVR), 286

Instrumental panel lamp circuits, 277bulbs for, 277rheostats for, 277switches for, 277

Insulated cable, 99Insulated ground cable, 95Insulators, 36, 39, 92, 109Integral alternator/regulator

(IAR), 166Integrated circuit (IC), 222

chip, 222, 294regulator, 163–164

Integrated Starter Alternator (ISA), 48Interference generation and

transmission, 66Interior lamps,

bulbs for, 279circuit, 278–279switches for, 279

Interlock switch, 187Intermittent wipers, SCR, 310Internal circuitry of motor 195–196Internally grounded field AC

generator, 161International Organization for

Standardization, See ISO.Ion, 24

positive, 26IPM, See Instrument panel integration

module.ISA, See Integrated Starter Alternator.ISO relay, 60IVR, See Instrument voltage regulator.


Jewelry, 13, 14JFETs. See Junction FETs.Joule, 30Junction blocks, 97Junction FETs (JFETs), 220

KAM, See Keep alive memory.Keep alive memory (KAM), 239, 323Keyless entry personalization, 340Keyless entry system, 335–341

components of, 339Ford’s, 335, 336, 338GM’s, 335, 338–341

Kirchhoff’sLaw of Current, 75Law of Voltage Drops, 73–74Voltage Law, 42

L terminal, 175Laminated e-core ignition coils, 239Lamp driver, 167Lamp filaments, 258Lap winding, 197Law of induction, 30LCD (liquid crystal display), 298Lead-acid voltage cells, 134Lead burning, 132LED, See Light-emitting diode.Left-hand rule, 56, 58Left rear door module (LRDM),

331–332Lenz’s Law, 61, 64License plate lamp circuit,

269–270bulbs for, 270switch for, 270

Light-emitting diode (LED), 102, 216, 298

Lightning, 25Line wrench, 5Liner, air bag, 350Linear keypad, 336Lines of flux, 55Lines of magnetic force, 55Liquid crystal display, See LCD.Load, 40–41Lock doors, 340Lock nuts, 4Locking-position switch, 104Lodestone, 54Logic circuit, 167Logic module, 167Loop conductor, 58Low-maintenance battery, 131,

133, 142Low-pressure switch, as safety

device, 318Low-speed brush, wiper motor, 311LRDM, See Left rear door module.

366 Index

Magnetic field, 38, 55DC starter motor’s, 194of starter motor, 198, 193

Magnetic field intensity, 55Magnetic flux cylinders, 56Magnetic flux lines, 193, 196

collapsing, 64creating electromotive force

with, 60Magnetic polarity, 103Magnetic repulsion, 58, 194Magnetic saturation, 228Magnetic switch, 184, 185, 186, 188Magnetism, 54–56

atomic theory and, 55–56summary of, 55

Magnetomotive force (mmf), 59Magnets, types of, 54Main harness, 90Main line of circuit, 72–73Maintenance-free battery, 131, 133,

134, 136Malfunction indicator lamp (MIL),

168, 289Manual transmissions/transaxles, 187Marker lamps circuits, 276Matter, 22Measuring tools, 12Mechanical buzzers, 108Menu drive touch-screen, 299Mercury switches, 104Metal-oxide-semiconductor FETs, 220Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field

Effect Transistors (MOSFETs),220–221

Metallic conductor cables, 96Metric bolts, 2Metric wire sizes, 93–94Microfarads, 47Micrometer, 11MIL, See Malfunction indicator lamp.Minimum-reading coil, 285Mitsubishi AC generator, 178Mmf, See Magnetomotive force.Modulation, 222MOSFETs, See Metal-Oxide

Semiconductor Field EffectTransistors.

Motion-detector switches, 104Motor,

compound, 196internal circuitry, 195–196internal circuitry of, 195–196series, 196shunt, 196

Motor principle, 58Motorcraft, 175,

AC generators, 166, 175integral alternator/regulator, 175

movable-pole-shoe starter motorby, 202

starter motors, 189–190Motors, 108–109Mounting plate, air bag, 350Movable-pole-shoe drive, 202, 203Multiple-connector plugs, 97, 98Multiple-pole rotors, rectification

with, 159Multiple-wire connectors, 97Multiplex circuits, 100–103

advantages of, 102–103Multiplex wiring system,

approaches to, 100Multiplexing, 68, 100, 238

See also Multiplex circuits. Multistrand wire, 92–93Mutual induction, 64, 65

N-channel JFETs, 220N-type material, 211, 212, 213, 214N-type MOSFET, 220N-type silicon, 211Natural elements, 22Near-infrared radiation, 216Negative, 25Negative diodes, 156Negative ground, 41Negative ion, 212Negative temperature coefficient

(NTC) resistors, 164Negatively charged atom, 24Neon, 24Neutral safety switch, 103Neutral start switch, 185, 190Neutral voltage, 169Neutrons, 22, 23Night vision camera, 301Night vision head-up display, 301Nippondenso,

AC generators, 175, 178starters, 190

Nissan starters, 190Noise suppression, 326–327No-load oscillation, 240Non-electrolytic capacitors, 47Nongraded bolts, 3Non-metallic cables, 96Non-volatile RAM (NV-RAM), 294NP silicon semiconductor

junction, 216NPN Transistor, 218, 219Nucleus, 22Nuts, 3NV-RAM, See Non-volatile RAM.

Odometer,electromechanical, 294IPC display, 296


Index 367

OEM. See Original equipmentmanufacturers.

Ohm, George Simon, 30, 42Ohm’s Law, 42–44, 73

charge, 44, 45current in, 42–43equation, 43general rules for, 44resistance in, 43–44solving circle for, 43units of, 42–44voltage in, 42

Ohms, 30, 39, 43Oil-filled ignition coils, 237–238Oil pressure gauge, 287Oil pressure warning lamp, 287Oldsmobile, electronic comfort control

(ECC) system in, 321On/off HUD switch, 301One-way clutches, 204Open circuit, 36, 40, 72Open-end wrench, 6Optical data links, 102Optical fibers, 251Optical signal generator, 233Optical spectrum, 216Orbital shell, 23Original equipment manufacturers

(OEM), 171Oscilloscope, 159Output, 237Output circuit, 149Output control relay, 175Overcharging of battery, 143Overrunning clutch, 202, 203–204

P-channel JFETs, 220P terminal, 174P-type material, 211, 212, 213, 214P-type MOSFET, 220P-type silicon, 210Parallel circuit,

calculating total resistance in,78–79

characteristics of, 72current in, 79opens in, 82short to voltage in, 82–83summary of operation, 84voltage drops in, 75

Parallel data transmission, 100–102advantages of, 100–101

Parasitic losses from battery, 142Park switch, 308–309Parking lamp circuit, 269–270

bulbs for, 270switch for, 270

PASS, See Personal automotivesecurity system.

PASS-Key II, 343Passive Keyless Entry (PKE), 338PCM, See Powertrain control module.PDM, See Product description manual.Pedestal grinder, 8Pentavalent, 210, 211Peripheral serial bus, 101Permanent magnet gear-reduction

(PMGR) starter, Motorcraft’s, 190

Permanent magnet (PM) generator. 293Permanent-magnet planetary drive,

202–203Permanent-magnet starter motor, 197Personal automotive security system

(PASS), 341Phase rectification, 158Phillips-head screwdriver, 6Phosphorus, 210, 299Photocell, 265, 266Photodiode, 216Photoelectric cells, 28Photoelectricity, 28Photonic semiconductors, 215–216Photons, 28, 215Picofarads, 47Pictorial diagrams, 121Piezo, 28Piezoelectric sensors, 28Piezoelectricity, 28, 29Pinch weld seam, 16Pinion gear, 197Pitch, 2PKE, See Passive Keyless Entry.Planetary-drive starter motor, 197Planetary gearset, 203Plates, 129

battery, 132Pliers, 7PMGR starter, See Delco-Remy

permanent-magnet, gear-reduction starter.

PN junction, 212, 214, 215, 221diode, 218

PN silicon semiconductor junction, 216Polarity, 54, 61

electrical system, 103magnetic, 103

Pole shoes, 193, 194, 202Polycarbonate plastic headlamps, 262Positive diode, 156Positive-displacement washer

pump, 313Positive engagement starter,

Motorcraft’s, 189Positive ground, 41Positive-ground systems, 103Positive ion, 212Positively charged atom, 24

Potential, 36Potential, electric, See Electric potential.Potentiometers, 277Power, 40, 44–45, 72Power circuit, 106Power door locks, 334Power for heated seats, 332Power Formula, 45Power rectifiers, 215Power seats, 329–331

four-way systems, 329, 330six-way systems, 329, 330, 331two-way systems, 329

Power supply filter, capacitor as, 47Power transistors, 218–219Power windows, 328–329Powertrain control module (PCM),

176, 298, 343processing in, 247

Pressure-operated electric switch,317–318

Pressure switches, 104Priestly, Joseph, 30Primary battery, 130Primary winding, 64Primary wiring, 92Printed circuit (PC) board, 93Printed circuitry, 92, 93PRNDL IPC display, 296PRNDL switch, 187, 189Product description manuals

(PDMs), 121Programmable Read Only Memory

(PROM), 338Programmer controlled temperature,

320–321PROM, See Programmable Read Only

Memory.Proper name, 10Protection circuit, 40Protons, 22, 23Pull-in winding, 200Pulsating DC, 62, 148Pulse, 222Pulse-width modulation (PWM), 167,

222, 267, 343PWM, See Pulse-width modulation.Pyrometer, 28

R terminal, 173Radio antennas, electrically

extended, 327Radiofrequency interference (RFI),

65–66, 96, 285Radios, 325–327

operation of, 325–326service of, 325–326

R-C circuits, See Resistor-capacitorcircuits.


RCDLR, See Remote control doorlock receiver.

Reach, 252Rear compartment lid release, 340Rear housing, 155Rear integration module (RIM),

331, 333Rear-terminal AC generator, 175Rear-wheel-drive (RWD) Ford, 190Rear-window defogger, 328Rear-window defroster, 328Recombinant battery, 131, 134Rectification,

phase, 158with multiple-pole rotors, 159

Rectifier, 217full-wave, 217in AC generator, 217

Rectifier bridge, 173, 217Rectifier circuits, 217Reduction gear starter design,

Nissan’s, 190Toyota’s, 190

Registers, 236Relays, 59–60, 105–106, 188, 218Reluctance, 54–55Remote control door lock receiver

(RCDLR), 339Remote entry system, 335–341Remote Keyless Entry (RKE), 344

Delco, 338Remote Lock Control (RLC)

system, 338Required voltage, 241Reserve capacity rating for batteries,

137–138Resistance, 38–40, 41

in Ohm’s Law, 43–44unwanted, 39wanted, 39

Resistance factors, 39Resistance suppression,

of EMI, 67of RFI, 67

Resistor-capacitor circuits, capacitoras, 47

Resistors, 39–40Resitor-type spark plugs, 253Retainer ring, air bag, 350Reverse bias, 214Reverse-biased diode, 214–215RFI, See Radiofrequency interference.Rheostats, 277Right-hand rule, 56–57Right rear door module (RRDM), 332RIM, See Rear integration module.RKE, See Remote Keyless Entry.RLC, See Remote Lock Control.Rod conductor, 194

368 Index

Rolling code, 340–341Rollover switch, 104ROM, See Read only memory.Rotor, 63, 152–153Rotor field winding, 161Rotor winding, 153, 155, 164RRDM, See Right rear door module.

S terminal, 174SAE, See Society of Automotive

engineers.Safety

glasses, 13, 14stands, 17tips, 11

Safety switch, 185Safing sensors, 349Satellites, 251SBEC. See Single-board engine

control computer.SBI, See Simple buss interface.Schematic diagrams, 114, 121

troubleshooting with, 122, 124SCR, See Silicon-controlled rectifier.Screwdrivers, 6Sealed-beam headlamp, 261Sealed lead-acid (SLA) batteries, 133Sealed rectifier assembly, 175Seat-back releases, 334Secondary battery, 130Secondary winding, 64Seebeck Effect, 28Selenium, 210Self-diagnostic program, 177Self-diagnostics, 293Self-induction, 63–64, 228

defined, 64Semiautomatic temperature control,

320–321Semiconductor crystals,

doped, 215Semiconductor device, 60Semiconductors, 36, 210–213

defined, 210doping, 210

Sensorsair bag, 348interlock between, 348

Serial data line, 321Serial data transmission, 100, 101–102Series circuit,

calculating total resistance in,76–78

characteristics of, 72current in, 78open in, 76–77summary of operation, 84voltage drops in, 73–74

Series motor, 196

Series-parallel circuits, 79–81and Ohm’s Law, 80calculating total resistance in, 80

Servo unit, 346, 347Servomotor, 319Shell, 22, 24

See also Orbital shell. Shielding metal, to suppress RFI, 68Short to ground, 83Shorting contacts, 163Shunt ammeters, 168Shunt motor, 196SI series AC generator, 173Side marker lamps, 276

bulbs for, 276fuses for, 275switches for, 275

Side-terminal AC generator, 175Signals, 222Silicon, 210, 211

chip, 164doped, 212

Silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR),221–222, 310

Silicon oxide insulator, 220Silicone rubber, 96Simple buss interface (SBI), 333Simple harness, 90Sine wave, 159Sine wave voltage, 150Single-board engine control computer

(SBEC), 176Single-contact bulb, 268Single-contact regulator, 162Single-loop generator, 62Single-module engine control

computer (SMEC), 176Single-phase current, 149–150Single-phase voltage, 150Single-strand wire, 92SIR, See Supplemental inflatable

restraint.Size selection, battery, 138SLA, See Sealed lead-acid.Slipring-end housing, 155Sliprings, 153, 155Small-signal diodes, 215Small-signal switching

transistors, 218SMEC. See Single-module engine

control computer.Society of Automotive engineers

(SAE), 137Solar cells, 216Solid-state regulators, 163–168

specific designs for, 165–167Solenoid-actuated direct drive starter,

200–202Solenoid-actuated drive, 203


Index 369

Solenoid-actuated reduction drivestarter, 202

Solenoid-actuated starter, 188DaimlerChrysler’s, 190Motorcraft’s, 189–190Nissan’s, 190Toyota’s, 190

Solenoids, 106–108, 184, 188, 245, 334Solid-state, 27, 213Solid-state chimes, 108Solid-state voltage regulators, 162Solid wires, 92Spade terminals, 96Spark plug cables, 95Spark plugs, 250–252

construction, 252–254firing action, 251–252

Spark voltage, 241Specific gravity, 135Speedometer, 292

electronic, 293–295IPC display, 296

Spike suppressant, capacitor as, 47Split-ring commutator, 61, 62, 109Spotlights, hand-controlled, 279Spring-type clamp, 141STA terminal, 175Stainless steel wiring, 92Star connection, 157Starter, solenoid actuated, 189–190Starter circuit, 184Starter drive, 199Starter motors, 106, 108, 109

and drive types, 198–203Delco-Remy (Delphi), 188frame, 192purpose of, 192

Starter relays, 188Starter solenoid, 106Starting batteries, 136Starting safety switch, 185Starting system,

basic parts of, 184–188circuits, 184specific, 188–191

State of charge, battery’s, 130State-of-charge indicators, 135–136Static electricity, 26Stator, 63, 153Stator core, enclosed, 175Stator types, 157–158Stator voltage, 169Stator winding, 153, 156Steady-state electrical potential, 38Steam engine, 30Steering wheel trim cover, air bag, 350Step-down transformer, 65Step-up transformer, 65Stop lamp circuits, 270–271


Straight conductor, 56Stranded wires, 92, 93Stud, 1Sulfation, battery life and, 143Sun gear, 203Supplemental inflatable restraint

(SIR), 347–349diagnostic monitor assembly

for, 348readiness light, 349sensors, 348

Supplemental restraint systems,347–350

Suppression capacitors, 67Suppression coils, 67Switches, 103

headlamp, 258–260in system diagrams, 114transistor as, 218

Symmetrical beams, 261System diagrams, 113–114

switches in, 114

Tachometer, 288–289IPC display, 296

Taillamp circuit, 269–270bulbs for, 270switch for, 270

Taps, 9Temperature control, 318Temperature extremes, battery life

and, 143Temperature pressure gauge, 287–288Temperature pressure warning lamp,

287–288Temperature sensor signal circuit, 332Temperature switches, 104Terminals, 96–99Theft deterrent systems, 341–345

See also Antitheft systems. Thermistor, 164, 167, 242, 332

disc-type, 320NTC, 291

Thermocouple, 28Thermoelectricity, 28Thomson, J. J., 30Thread pitch gauge, 2Threaded fasteners, 1Three-coil movement, 285Three-phase current, 156–157

defined, 157Thunderbird starter motors, 197Thyristor, 221–222Time-division multiplex, 100Tone generators, 291Tool list, 4

Torque, 194, 196Torque converter clutch slip, 187Torque prevailing nuts, 4Toxic material, 3Toyota

starters, 190Transducer, 346Transformers, 65Transistors, 30, 164, 217–221

as amplifier, 218as switch, 218bipolar, 218–219Darlington pair, 221defined, 217field-effect, 220high-frequency, 219junction FETs, 220Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field

Effect Transistors, 220–221MOSFET, 220–221operation of, 219power, 218–219unijunction, 221

TRIACs, 221Trivalent, 210Trunk latches, 334Tube nut wrench, 5Turn signal lamp circuit, 270–271, 274


Turn signal switch, 272–274Twilight sentinel, 266–267Two-lamp circuit, 258, 262Two-speed wiper system circuit, 307

UJT. See Unijunction transistor.Ultrasonic sound waves, 29–30UNC, 2Undercharging of battery, 143UNF, 2Unijunction transistor (UJT), 221Universal theft deterrent (UTD)

system, 341Unlock doors, 339–340Up/down HUD switch, 301UTD, See Universal theft deterrent.

Vacuum cruise control systems, 347Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD), 299Vacuum storage tank, 347Valence, 24–25Valence ring, 24, 210Valley Forge diagrams, 114Variable-capacitance capacitors, 47VATS, See Vehicle antitheft system.Vehicle antitheft system, 343–344Vehicle information display

parameters, 297


Vehicle speed sensor (VSS) bufferamplifier, 347

Vent-cap battery, 131, 132–133, 134, 142Verneir dial caliper, 13Vibration, battery life and, 144VICS card, See Vehicle information

communication system.Volta, Alessandro, 30Voltage, 23–24, 25, 36

battery charging, 136change in, 44creep, 162drift, 162future trends in, 48in Ohm’s Law, 42regulation, 161–162source, 40ways to increase, 61with magnetic flux lines, 60

Voltage drop, 41–42in parallel circuit, 75in series circuit, 73–74

Voltage drop warning lamp, 286Voltage regulator, 149

double-contact, 162–163Voltage reserve, 244

370 Index

Voltmeter, 149, 169, 296Volts (V), 36VSS, See Vehicle speed sensor, 347

Warning lamp, 169, 284operating principles, 286

Washers, 4Washer pump,

electric, 310windshield, 313

Watt, James, 30Watt’s Law, 30Watts, 30, 44Wave crests, 215Wave nodes, 215Wave valleys, 215Wave winding, 197Weatherproof connectors, 99Wedge-base bulbs, 269, 270, 274Wet-cell batteries, 130Wet-charged batteries, 136Wide-open throttle (WOT) switch, 318Windshield washer, 307–313Windshield washer pumps, 313Windshield wipers, 307–313

Wintergreen oil, 2Wiper motors, 311–312Wiper switch, 309, 310Wire color coding, 109–111Wire connectors, See Connectors.Wire gauge number, 93–94Wire length, 95Wire size, 93–96, 111–112

metric, 94–95Wires, 36Wiring, 90–92

special, 95–96starter motor circuit, 188types of, 92–93

Wiring diagram 112, 114Wiring harness, 36, 90, 100air bag, 349Wiring terminals, See Terminals.WOT, See Wide-open throttle.Wye connection, 157

Y-connected stator, 157–158Y-type stator, 157–158, 173, 178

Zener diodes, 164, 166, 21


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