Index

Activities Activity systems approach, bridging gap ability to engage in, 171–172 coding and classification issues, 264–265 context influencing activity patterns,

day and time of day, 72 environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) ex-

posure, 73 impact on time use in disabled persons, 177 investigation of specific activities, 263 life cycle, 130–131 location of, 71 media usage, 73 Alzheimer’s disease other aspects, 73

between time-space and travel survey approaches, 13–14

Adoption, becoming parents, 163 Adult education, free time aspect, 53 Age, see also Disabilities, life with; Elderly;

264

Time-budget research on elders

Allocation of time: see Life cycle

existing resources for data collection,

interviewing individual, their family and

probes for understanding context of ex-

process of understanding leisure ability,

predictors of quality of life in elderly dis- 252–253abled persons, 176

psychological states, 73 friends, 253 secondary activities, 72 social partners during, 71–72 perience, 254

Activity coding biases in time-budget research on elders, 252–255

116–117 progressive disease, 251–252 in diary surveys, 70 1985 national study location codes, 71

computer file format, 73,76

reviewing patient's charts, 252

activity dimensions of episode, 27-28contextual analysis, 37-40

Study (1986),33–35

Analysis issues Activity data

time diaries for collection, 19–20 derived measures, Canadian Time-Use Activity frequency and duration surveys,

measurement approach, 4 Activity sequence, temporal measure from

time-diary studies, 37 participation, 32–36 Activity settings

descriptive measures, 28_32 episode sampling, 41–42

primary and derived activity measures,

primary measures, 28–29

sequence analysis, 40–41

activities and, Canada 1992,39 contextual analysis, 37–40 hypercodes, 39 integrating concept into sequence ap-

meal preparation, 29

Canadian Time-Use Study (1986), 30–32

proach, 41 subjective dimensions, 28

269

270 Index

Analytical approaches Aotearoa (New Zealand) ( cont.)traditional proverb, 228–229 traditional time, 212–215

data collection, 93–103 direct measurement of subjective as-

discovery and development of new, 266 episode analysis, 96–98 sampling with analytic intent, 93–96

triangulation, 101–103 analyses, 116 Anthropology, interest in time use re-

Aotearoa (New Zealand), see also Maori so-

age of enlightenment in industrial Eng-

asserting first time in declaration of inde-

colonial experience, 215–219 definition in Maori society, 212 development of unique New Zealand

identity, 227–228 early contact between British and Maori,

217–218

pects, 98–100 unemployment rates, 221,223

Bacon, Francis, age of enlightenment, 215Basic, level of abstraction for time-budget

Beeperssearch, 8 collecting time use or activity data, 4

technique for validity of time diaries, 82 ciety Biological and sociocultural perspectives

biological needs impetus for time use,

comparison of Luckmann's and Fraser's

concept of time beyond biological, 192 conversational model for interview, 202–

critical research paradigm, 195,197–198 data collection methods, 200–208 in-depth interviewing for data collection,

ethology approach, 194examples of, 190 field observation for data collection, 201 gene-environmental action model, 194 history of ideas for data collection, 205–

influence of sociocultural forces and val-

integration

land, 215-216 190–1 91

pendence, 218 temporal models, 193

203

influence of Maori and Pakeha cultures, 228 201–203Ka Awatea, the dawning, 227-229likening process of civilization to Te Po,

median total income by occupation, 221,

modem time/space distancing, 217 208occupations of Maori and non-Maori

men and women, 220–221,222 perception of time in Enlightenment age,

216proportion of Maori within New Zea-

land population, 220–221 qualitative time in sociology realm, 226–

227 197 quality and sense of time closer to Maori

condition, 228 sociocultural temporal integra- quantitative nature of studies, 226 time research paradigms, 194-198

night journey, 219

223

ues, 192–194

of nature and nurture, 191 of research approaches, 198-200

qualitative research paradigm, 195,197 quantitative research paradigms, 195–

recognition of biological and

tion, 192

and social order, English colonists,

and time use in contemporary New

promised and lost, treaty of Waitangi,

study example combining time use diary 216–217 and in-depth interview, 203–204

temporary nature of, 190–194Zealand, 220–227 time use providing data on, 189–190

useful information for social, political, 218–219 and health planners, 198–200

Biological factors in activity participation

Birth statistics, Canadian crude birthrate

time usemethodology in "Testing Time" pilot, model, 77/78

226pilot survey (1990), 223–226 (CBR),159–161

Index 271

British: see English colonists

Bureau of Labor Statistics, pilot national

Business administration, interest in time

Computer file formats

activity file, 73, 76 fixed-field format, 75–76

for time-diary data, 73–76 variable field, 73/75

variable fixed versus fixed field, 74

time use study, 6

use research, 8

Camera monitoring of television audiences, Contextual analysis, activities and activity

validity of time diaries, 82

Canada Conversational model, in-depth interview,

settings, 37–40

regular data collection regimen, 7 202–203

time use studies, 6 Cook, Captain James, see also Aotearoa

Canadian crude birthrate (CBR), increase

Canadian General Social Survey (1986) leisure among men and women, 13

subjective measure of happiness, 12

(New Zealand); English colonists in, 159-161 early contact with Maori society, 217–218

Copernicus, legacy of, 215 Critical research paradigm, biological and

sociocultural perspectives, 195, Canadian Pilot Nationwide Survey (1981), 197–198

diary study in Canada, 69 Critical text analysis

Canadian Time-Use Study (1986) history of ideas, 205–208

research methodology, 205 derived measures, 33–35

primary measures, 30–32 Cultural events, free time aspect, 53 Caregivers: see Elderly

Child care Data collection concern in developed countries, 11

mean duration for life-cycle groups by

analytical approach, 93–103

descriptive approach, 92–93

issues with bearing on current and fu-

regular regimens for various countries, 7

example of time-of-day'differences, 72

regarding activities, 72

number in diary design, 23

random versus convenient in diary de-

day of week, 140

Children ture research, 266

economic value concern in developing

life cycle, 130–131

single parenthood, 131 time use, concern in developed coun-

tries, 11

Japanese elderly, 234–236 sign, 23

data, 114–116 Descriptive measures

tion model, 78-80

countries, 11 Day and time of day

Days

Chinese, comparing Korean with, and

Chronic impairment, study using proxy

Chronological factors, in activity participa-

Collection guidelines duration, 36–37

diary frequency, 36

Descartes, age of enlightenment, 215

data analysis issue, 28–37 data collection, 92–93

content, 24–25 participation, 32–36

design, 22–24

respondent population choice, 20– background data, 25

closed versus open interval, 22 sample size, 21 content, 24–25

sampling of respondents, 20–21 design, 22_24

time of year for collection, 21 number of days, 23

time use data, 20–25 open versus coded category, 22

personal versus telephone interview, 23–

Diary, see also Time diaries

21

Comparative or cross-cultural analyses,

time-budget data, 128–129 24

272 Index

Diary ( cont.) Disabilities, life with ( cont.)relevant variables for time use, 173 sample size issue, 179 sampling and data collection, 178–179 study of time use, 170–171 Time Use Questionnaire, 180,182 use of time or activity patterns, 170 validity and reliability of time use dia-

Doers (participants), primary descriptive

random versus convenient days, 23 sample of completed time diary, 56,57 subjective dimensions, 24–25 yesterday versus tomorrow basis, 22–23

family care time, 50–51

free time, 51–54 interrelations between four basic types of

personal care and travel time, 51 uses of, 48-54 Domestic activities work time, 48-50

Diary data, see also Time-diary data

ries, 181

measure, 28–29 time, 50

concern in developed countries, 11 mean duration for life-cycle groups by

Duration (time), data analysis issue, 36–

Diary method: see Time-diary method

Dimensions, data analysis issue, 27–28 Dining out, mean duration for life-cycle

Direct measurement of subjective aspects,

Direct observation model, 78,80

day of week, 139

37groups by day of week, 143

98–100 Ecological factors in activity participation

Economic accounts alternative to time estimates and time di-

data collection method, 178 qualitative method of time use studies, 4

appropriate sampling frame, 179 comparing activities before and after dis-

ability, 174–175 participation model, 78,79 conceptual model of time use by persons

with physical disability, 174 consideration of time use by rehabilita-

tion professionals, 183 elders definition of disability issue, 179 impact nese in Canada, 234–236

care recipients, 238–240

well-being of, 237–238

aries, 62 application of time use research, 9 interest in time use research, 8 mismeasurement of, 11

Disabilities, life with Economic value of children, concern in de- veloping countries, 11

Education, social status factor in activity

Elderly, see also Alzheimer's disease; Ger-

ontology; Leisure-time budget re- search; Time-budget research on

comparing Korean to Japanese and Chi-

daily activity patterns for caregivers and

development of social environments for

effect of institutionalization on activity,

quality of life in disabled persons, 176

at level of caregivers, 174 of demographic variables on time use,

176–178impairment factors, 175 methodological considerations for exam-

procedures for collecting time use data,

reintegration of persons, 169–170

ining time use, 178–183 249–250

180–183 therapeutic recreation increasing social, emotional, and physical abilities

relationship between disability and use of,249–251of time, 173-178 time budget and older persons, 247–

time budgets investigating degree of so-cial integration of aged ethnic mi- norities, 233–234

Electronic trackers, alternative to time esti-mates and time diaries, 62

relationships 248 among time use, health, and well-

between social support and time use,

between time use and outcomes, 176

being, 171–173

175–176

Index 273

Employment status Family life cycle ( cont.)impact on life cycle, 148 leisure based on work status, 13 life cycle, 130–131

global reciprocity, 164–165 involuntarily childless, 162–163 long-term orientation and attachment,

on time and off time phenomena, 165 redefinition by double-income couples,

response to unemployment, 161–162 structural social context for family rela-

support of young-adult children, 162–

work and, balancing time, 158–159

Endeavor, Captain Cook in New Zealand, 156–157217–218

English colonists, see also Aotearoa (New

Zealand); Maori society 160–161 age of enlightenment, 215–216 perception of time, 216 time and social order, 216–217 tions, 157–158

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) expo-

Episode sampling sure during activities, 73 165

analytic approach, 96–98

primary descriptive measure, 28–29

Field observation, data collection method,

Fitness and sports activity, free time aspect,

Fixed field format, computer file formats,

Food preparation, mean duration for life- cycle groups by day of week, 139

Fraser’s temporal model, 192,193 Free time, see also Leisure; Leisure-time

budget research

data analysis issue, 41–42 201

processing and analysis of diary data, 53

73/75–76

26–27

ies,110–111Error sources, age-related, in time use stud-

EthnicityAnglo versus Italian in family support,

expression of attachment relations, 166 Ethnography, qualitative method of time

Ethology, holistic approach combining bio-

164–165

activity scheme for diverse aspects of, 52,

adult education, 53cultural events, 53

fitness and sports activity, 53

use studies, 4,178 53

logical and sociocultural factors, 194 difficulty estimating, 54

national effort, 7 hobbies, 53 Eurostat Time Use Project, renewed multi-

Event reporting home communication, 54 relation to state, 120 tracking activities, 112–113

alternative to time estimates and time di- aries, 62

stopping behavior and affect state at mo-

ment occurring, 121 Future directions tracking activities, 112 applications, 261–264

mass media, 53–54 versus nonfree time, 52/53 organizational activity, 53 social life, 53use of diary data, 51–54

Experience sampling method (ESM)

Frequency, data analysis issue, 36

context influencing activity patterns,

investigation of specific activities, 263 Family care time, use of diary data, 50-51Family leave, federal legislation in U.S.,

Family life cycle overview, 259-261

264

158 methodological issues, 265–267

Anglo versus Italian comparison, 164–

becoming a parent, 159–161 construction of time, 155–156 flexibility, 165–166 of behavior, 263

theoretical issues, 264–265 understanding needs and issues of

understanding psychological dimensions

165subpopulations, 262–263

274 Index

Galileo, legacy of, 215 Gender ties across, 234–236

Immigrant groups, comparing daily activi-

Impairment, chronic, study using proxy

Income, social status factor in activity par- ticipation model, 78,79

Independent source, validity of time dia- ries, 82

In-depth interviewing

impact on time use in disabled persons,

prominent variable in activity participa-177 data, 114–116

tion model, 77, 78

data for life cycle study, 135–136 GSS Time Use Module (1986) diary study

GSS Time Use Module (1992) diary study

General Social Survey (GSS)

in Canada, 69

in Canada, 69-70 and, 203–204

research on elders veys, 66

data collection method, 201–203 study example combining time use diary

Industrialization, evolution of time use sur-

Infertility, involuntarily childless, 162–163 Information technology, application to

time-budget methodology, 231,240 Institutionalized elderly, see also Elderly;

Time-budget research on elders

Gerontology, see also Elderly; Time-budget

interest in time use research, 8 time-budget methodologies for, 236–238

Global reciprocity, family relationships, 164-165

Halifax Metropolitan Survey (1971–1972),

Health search (IATUR), 8

therapeutic recreation, 249–250

diary study in Canada, 69

education interest in time use research, 8 relationships among time use and well-

History, development of time use studies,

History of ideas

International Association for Time Use Re-

Interviewing

being, 171–173 203

5–8 sign, 23–24

in-depth data collection method, 201–

personal versus telephone in diary de-

study example combining time use diary

data collection method, 205–208 providing important issues for consider-

research method to develop theory, 206 study of relationship between people’s

and, 203–204

ation, 207–208 Japan first time-budget study, 5 regular data collection regimen, 7

Japanese, comparing Korean with, and

Judeo-Christian tradition, perception of

occupations and health status, 206-207 Chinese elderly, 234–236

Hobbies, free time aspect, 53 Holistic research, see also Biological and time, 216

sociocultural perspectives

Holland, regular data collection regimen, 7 Home communication, free time aspect, 54 Household production, concern in devel-

Human behavior

importance of, 194,208 Kaizen principles, refinements in time-

Korea, regular data collection regimen, 7 Korean elderly, comparing to Japanese and

budget methodology, 238–240

oping countries, 11

analysis of trade-offs, 128 expectations with days of week, 134–135 speculations into, from time-diary

Chinese in Canada, 234–236

Labor, sexual division of, concern in devel- oped and developing countries, 11

Labor force analysis

method, 58–59 application of time use research, 9–10 measurement approach, 4

Laundry, doing, mean duration for life- Illness, chronic, see also Disabilities, life with reintegration of persons with, 169–170 cycle groups by day of week, 140

Index 275

Leisure Life cycle ( cont.)application of time use research, 12-13mean duration for life-cycle groups by

measurement approach for general stud-

value of time allocation data, 13 work status variable, 13

leisure grouping, 136 life-cycle groups, 136 limitations using single-item demo-

graphic variables, 130 day of week, 143

ies, 4 marital status, 131 mean duration of each activity by day of

presence of children, 131 results of analyses of variance comparing

groupings on selected activity cat- egories for each day of week, 150–

week, 137,139–140,142–144,147 Leisure-time budget research, see also Alz-

heimer's disease; Elderlyage and stage of life cycle as predictors

of time use, 248 application of time-budget methodology, 151

246–247 single parenthood, 131 changes in activity upon leaving or en-

tering stages of life span, 248–249 perspective on reallocation of time across

life span, 249 process of understanding leisure ability

in Alzheimer's patients, 252–255studies investigating effects of aging,

245–246 Location of activities, 71 therapeutic recreation, 249–251 turning points in activity involvement

Life, quality of, application of time use re-

Life cycle

social and functional significance of weekly rhythms, 149–150

weekly distribution of work for pay, 138

workday-weekend dichotomy, 145–146 Liking scores, analysis of activities, 120–121 Living standards, measurement of, concern

in developing countries, 11

Locational or geographical factors, in activ-

Locke, age of enlightenment, 215 Luckmann's temporal model, 192, 193

Mail-back sample data collection in 1985 time-use study, 84–85

Maori society, see also Aotearoa (New Zea-

ity participation model, 78/80 based on age, 247–248

search, 11–12

activity groupings, 136 amounts of discretionary time, 133 asymmetry land)

and asynchronization of daily life,

characterizing time allocation, 133 biological age, 131 combination of four factors, 130–133 conceptualization of life-cycle categories,

132 Io, Supreme god, 212–213 daily life as system of behavioral trade-

offs, 149 data analyses, 137–145

distribution

definition of time, 212

early contact with British, 217–218 Earth mother and Sky father, 213 effects of process of civilization, 219 first time period, the nothingness (Te

146–148

Kore), 212–213

Maori time, 227

period of enlightenment, broad daylight (Te Ao Marama), 213–214

second time period, the darkness (Te Po),213

signing declaration of dependence, 218 time promised and lost in treaty of

types of time, 214–215

impact on life cycle, 148 in late life, influence on social participa-

of discretionary (leisure) time, 142–145 of housework, errands, and child care,

of time to major daily activities, 135 employment status, 131 General Social Survey (GSS) data, 135–

impact of marital and employment sta-

138,141–142Waitangi, 218–219

Marital status 136

tus, 148 tion, 233

276 Index

Marital status ( cont.)life cycle, 130-131role factor in activity participation

young-adult children returning home af-

Multivariate analyses (cont.)social status indicators, 79

technology as factor, 80 model, 79 temporal factors, 79–80

ter divorce, 164 Mutual Broadcasting Corporation (1954),

U.S. study, 67 Mass media, free time aspect, 53–54 Meaning and outcomes Nationality or race, in activity participation

National time use studies, countries, 7 Newton, age of enlightenment, 215 New Zealand: see Aotearoa (New Zealand) Norway, regular data collection regimen, 7 Nursing, interest in time use research, 8 Nutrition, concern in developing countries,

direct measurement of subjective as-

episode analysis, 96-98sampling with analytic intent, 93-96triangulation, 101–1 03

model, 78 pects, 98–100

Media usage during activities, 73 Medical leave, federal legislation in U.S., 158 Medicine, interest in time use research, 8 Men, single versus employed fathers, dis-

tribution of housework, errands, and child care, 141

11

Occupation, social status factor in activity

Occupational therapy, interest in time use participation model, 78/79

research, 8 Microbehavioral approach, diary method, 62 Mondays, transition and readjustment day,

Mothers, working versus stay-at-home145–146 One-day diary approach, 63

On-site verification, alternative to time esti- mates and time diaries, 63

Organizational activity, free time aspect, 53 Outcomes and meaning: see Meaning and

asymmetry between, 146–147 daily life as system of behavioral trade-

distribution of housework, errands, and

understanding needs and issues of, 262 Multinational Time Budget Data Archive at

Multinational Time Use Study

offs, 149

child care, 138,141–142 outcomes

Pakeha culture, see also Aotearoa (New Zealand)

tity, 228 Essex University, 7 influence on unique New Zealand iden-

ambitious, landmark study of time, 66–

importance of sociodemographic charac-

landmark in cross-national survey re-

open-interval approach, 22 data, 51

Parenthood67 Canadian birth statistics, 159-161

teristics, 25 model, 79

search, 6

role factor in activity participation

Participation, data analysis issue, 32–36 Personal care and travel time, use of diary

Personal interview versus telephone in di-Multiple classification analysis (MCA), multivariate analysis technique, 76–77 Personality state

ary design, 23–24

Multivariate analyses birth factors, 77–78 gender variable, 77 larger model, 77–80 locational or geographic factors, 80 multiple classification analysis (MCA)

technique, 76–77 search, 8 nationality or race, 78

role factors, 78/79 search, 8

distinction from trait, 119 positive and negative affects, 119–120

Personality trait, 119 Personal sample, data collection in 1985

time-use study, 85–86 Physical education, interest in time use re-

Political science, interest in time use re-

Index 277

Population, primary descriptive measure,

Positivism, influencing quantitative re-

Principle " the more, the more" of time allo-

Psychology

Saturdays and Sundays, behavioral pat-

Secondary activities during activities, 72 28–29 terns, 145

search approach, 195–197 Sequence analysis

cation, 64

data analysis issue, 40–41 integrating activity setting concept, 41

Sexual activity, specialized survey of, 54–55 Sexual division of labor, concern in devel-

oped and developing countries, 11 Shadow technique

alternative to time estimates and time di-

testing validity of time diaries, 83

concern in developed countries, 11 measurement approach, 4

dimensions of behavior, applications of

interest in time use research, 8 relationship of well-being to time use,

state during activities, 73

time use research, 263

117–122 aries, 62

Shopping behavior Qualitative research paradigm, biological

and sociocultural perspectives, 195,197

Quality of life, see also Psychology; Time- budget research on elders

application of time use research, 11–12 in disabled elderly persons, 176 ideal result of improved methods, 122–123 indicators of quality time, 116–1 17

Quantitative research paradigm, biological

Single parenthood, life cycle, 131 Sleep, mean duration for life-cycle groups

Social, political and health planners, useful by day of week, 142

information by integrating re- search approaches, 198–200

Social change, application of time use re-search, 10–1 1

Social life, free time aspect, 53 Social partners, during activities, 71–72 Social status factors, in activity participa-

Social time

and sociocultural perspectives, 195-197

Quasi-observer, validity of time diaries, 82

Race, in activity participation model, 78 Random-hour technique, alternative to

Readership surveys, measurement ap-

Recreation, interest in time use research, 8 Reliability of time diaries, 81 Respondent summary file, processing and

analysis of diary data, 26 Retired persons, leisure based on work sta-

tus, 13 Role factors in activity participation model,

78,79 use research, 8 Russia (Soviet Union)

tion model, 78,79

expectations for behaviors and attitudes with days of week, 134–135

human behavior along weekly lines, 133– time estimates and time diaries, 63

proach, 4 134 Sociocultural perspectives: see Aotearoa

(New Zealand); Biological and sociocultural perspectives; English colonists; Maori society

Socioeconomic status, impact on time use in disabled persons, 177–178

Sociology/anthropology, interest in time

Soviet Union (Russia) earliest sophisticated time use study, 5 time budget surveys, 6

earliest sophisticated time use study, 5 time budget surveys, 6

Sports activity and fitness, free time aspect,

Statistics Canada, data collection for Can-

Stepfamilies, becoming parents, 163 Stratification analysis, time-budget data,

Sampling, see also Collection guidelines 53analytic intent, 93–96 sampling respondents, 20–21 ada, 6,7 size considerations, 21 size issue for time use research of dis-

abled persons, 179 128

278 Index

Students, leisure based on work status, 13 Time, see also Family life cycle; Time mea-

balancing, work and family, 158–159 changes in becoming a parent, 159–161 measuring how people spend, 59–66 perception and meaning across cultures,

zero-sum property of, 59,84Time allocation, see also Life cycle

persons with disabilities, 170–171 "the more, the more" principle, 64

Time and technology, concern in devel-

Time-budget methodology, see also Geron-

application of information technology,

application of kaizen principles, 238–240 costly and time-consuming, 232 daily activity patterns for caregivers and

for development of social environments for well-being of elderly, 237–238

differentiating between satisfying and

for gerontology, 236–238plethora of data for analysis, 232 reasons for under-utilization of, 232recent studies employing, 233–236recording multiple activities, 232,240–

Subjective data, dimensions in diary con-tent, 24–25

Subordinate, level of abstraction for time-budget analyses, 116

Superordinate, level of abstraction for

time-budget analyses, 116 265Survey Research Center, University of

Maryland (1985) study, see also United States time-use projects

surement

modes of diary collection, 68–69 national 1985 study, 84–86 unlike 1965 and 1975 studies, 68 oped countries, 11

Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, see also United States tologytime-use projects

U.S. study (1965), 67–68 231,240 US. study (1975), 68

Te Ao Marama, broad daylight, period of

Technologyenlightenment, 213-214 care recipients, 238–240

factor in activity participation model, 80 impact of, concern in developing coun-

Te Kore, nothingness, Maoris first time pe-

Telephone coincidental studies, alternative to

Telephone interview

tries, 11 non-satisfying activities, 237

riod, 212–213

time estimates and time diaries, 63

data from persons with disabilities, 180-

versus personal in diary design, 23–24 Telephone sample, data collection in 1985

Television Time-budget research

241181 refinements in, 238–240

surveys at regular specified intervals,

time-budget diaries, 236–237

advantages as social indicator, 128classification toward life cycle study, 129 daily activity classification concerns, 129literature review, 128–129 types of analyses, 128–129

Time-budget research on elders activity analysis by liking scores, 120–121 activity classification (coding) biases,

early research, 107–108 ESM (experience sampling method), 112 ESM for relating behavior and affect, 121

forms for studying time use, 108–109 ideal result of improved methods, 122–123

241time-use study, 85

changes on arrival of, 59 mean duration for life-cycle groups by

Temporal factors in activity participation

Temporal location, definition of, 37 Te Po, darkness, second Maori period of

day of week, 144

model, 79-80

time, 213 Tesserae 116–1 17

activity and state, 121,122

" the more, the more" principle of time allo-

Therapeutic recreation event reporting, 112–113 cation, 64

definition of, 250 leisure-time budget research, 249–250

Index 279

Time-budget research on elders (cont.) Time-diary data ( cont.)omitting population that most needs as-

personality state affect and activities,

potential related sources of error, 110–

psychological well-being versus time

refusal rates for all ages, 11 1 significance of objective event versus sig-

nificance to individual, 118 state affect and activities, 119-122study of chronic impairment using proxy

subject-selection biases, 11 1–113 65 techniques for inclusion of subjective

media usage, 73

preparation and organization for analy-

psychological states during activities, 73

social partners during activities, 71–72

technique of multiple classification anal-

variable fixed versus fixed field file for-

sistance, 112 multivariate analyses, 76–77

119–122 sis, 25–26

111 secondary activities, 72

use, 117–119 yses (MCA), 76–77

mats, 74

activity coding, 70-71avoiding pitfaIls of estimate approach,

basic types of time, 58 example of, 56-57features of, 54–59,64–66 limitations of reporting frame, 54–55 measurement logic of Multinational

Time Budget Study, 64 measuring long-term societal changes,

respondents’ own words, 54 sample of completed time diary, 56,57 speculations about nature of human be-

structure and portrait, 49 Time-diary studies

in Canada, 69–70 industrialization in late 19 century, 66 Multinational Time Use Study, 66–67 previous studies, 66–69 US. studies, 67–69 in Western countries, 67

data analysis issue, 36–37 primary descriptive measure, 28–29

Time-diary method, see also Diary data

data, 114–116

states and linking to accompany-ing activity, 121–122

time diary, 108–109 time diary or yesterday interview by

yesterday interview, 108–109 proxy, 113

Time deepening, 72 55,58 Time diaries

activity data collection, 19–20 collecting time use data, 178–179 comprehensive data collection, 4–5

form for studying time use, 108–109 methodological properties of, 81–83

microbehavioral technique, 83–84 by proxy, 113

reliability of, 81 study example combining in-depth inter-

validity and reliability for persons with

validity of, 81–83

analysis procedures, 71–77 blending of activities, 72 computer file formats, 73–76 data file editing, 25–26 day and time of day, 72 dependence on attendant background 64–66

environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) ex-

example of time-of-day differences, 72 file creation, 26–27 location of activities, 71

havior, 58-59

viewing and, 203–204

disabilities, 181 Time (duration)

Time-diary data, see also Time use data

Time famine, 72 Time measurement

alternatives to time estimates and time

features of time diary and sample diary,

problems with time estimates, 60–62 Time-of-day differences in activity, 72 Time-of-year sampling issue for data col-

Time-points file, processing and analysis of

diaries, 62–64

data, 25

posure, 73 lection, 21

diary data, 26–27

280 Index

Time use Time use research ( cont.)age and stage of life cycle as predictors, 248

relationships among time use, health, and well-being, 171–173

Time-diary data

need to understand human time use,

persons with disabilities, 170–171 problem areas needing to be addressed,

sampling with analytic intent, 93–96

studying meaning and outcomes, 93–103

study of production, progress, and qual-

ity of life, 259

theoretical issues, 264–265

triangulation, 101–1 03

understanding needs and issues of sub-

psychological aspects of, 117–122 259–260

Time use data, see also Analysis issues; 261

analysis issues, 27–42

analytical approach, 93–103

applications of, 8–14

behavioral and subjective indicators, 12

collection guidelines, 20–25

data-file editing and creation, 25–27

descriptive patterns and meaning indica- populations, 262–263

discovery and development of new ana- of behavior, 263

economic accounts, 9 formations, 260 importance of capturing contextual data,

labor force analysis, 9–10 leisure, 12–13

obstacles to accurate responses, 60–62 quality of life, 11–12

social change, 10–11

social indicators, 11–12

travel behavior research, 13–14

women's concerns, 11

tors, 92–93 understanding psychological dimensions

lytical approaches, 266 world societies undergoing radical trans-

Time use studies, see also United States

266 time-use projects

historical development of, 5–8

providing critical information, 8

behavior research application, 13–14

concern in developed countries, 11

measurement approach, 4 use of diary data, 51

Travel studies

Trend analyses, time-budget data, 128

Triangulation, optimizing understanding of Time Use Questionnaire for persons with

Time use research, see also Disabilities, life

activity coding and classification issues,

advances in methodology, 7–8 162 applications of, 261–264 challenge of showing usefulness in guid- 166

context influencing activity patterns, 264

definition of, 3–5

descriptive patterns and indicators of

direct measurement of subjective as-

episode analysis, 96-98 ies, 87-88investigation of specific activities, 263

methodological considerations for per-

methodological issues, 265–267

Multinational Time Use Study, landmark

disabilities, 180,182

with; Future directions Unemployment

264–265

meaning and outcomes, 101-103

response of older workers, 162 responses by middle-aged workers, 161–

social support of family and friends, 165–

United Kingdom, first time use studies, 5-6United States

ing policy, 261

early time use studies, 5

major national studies by Institute of So-meaning, 92–93

pects, 98–100

cial Research (ISR), 6

United States time-use projects comparison of 1965,1975, and 1985 stud-

mail-back sample for 1985 study, 84–85

personal sample for 1985 study, 85–86 1965 study, 86–87 1975 study, 86

1985 study, 84–86

telephone sample for 1985 study, 85

sons with disabilities, 178–183

study, 6

Index 281

Unpaid work, concern in developing coun-

Unwed mothers, young-adult children re-

Urban planning, interest in time use re-

Work, see also Unemploymenttries, 11

turning home, 164 model, 79

search, 8

and family balancing time, 158–159

role factor in activity participation

study of relationship between people’s oc-

cupations and health status, 206–207

Work, unpaid, concern in developing coun-

tries, 11

Work activities, mean duration for life-cyclegroups by day of week, 137,147

Workforce analysis, application of time use

Work time, use of diary data, 48–50

Validity of time diaries, 81–83

Variable field format, computer file for- mats, 73–75

Well-being research, 9–10

and well-being, 171–173 World societies

265

stay-at-home

relationships among time use, health,

use of time budget data measuring,

Women, see also Mothers, working versus

overall use of time, 260

radical transformations in structures and

behaviors, 260

application of time use research, 11

daily life as system of behavioral trade-

understanding needs and issues of, 262-

Yesterday interview

form for studying time use, 108–109

multi-item state rating scale, 122

problems with proxy responses, 114

offs, 149

263 by proxy, 113