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Independence movements in Latin America
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Theory of Mercantilism
• A countries wealth & power is measured in the amount of gold & silver they control
• To do this the country must:
– Create a favorable balance of trade– Export more then you import– Create colonies to use as markets to sell
your goods– Restrict colonies from trading with other
nations
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Causes of Latin American Independence movements
1. Latin American colonies were controlled by Spain and Portugal
2. Napoleonic wars in Europe3. Ideologies of the American and
French revolutions based on Enlightenment ideas
4. Nationalism (patriotism) developed in Latin American nations
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Inspiration of American & Inspiration of American & French RevolutionsFrench Revolutions
Declaration of Declaration of Independence, 1776Independence, 1776
Declaration of the Declaration of the Rights of Man & of Rights of Man & of the Citizen, 1789the Citizen, 1789
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EnlightenmentEnlightenment Thinkers Thinkers
John Locke, Voltaire, & Jean Rousseau;
Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine
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Make up of Spanish colonies in Latin America
• Encomenderos – original conquerors who were granted vast estates known as the encomienda system
• Hacienda – self-sufficient farming estate (ex. cattle, sugarcane)
• Indians work the farms, mines, etc until disease and poor treatment wipes out many
• African Slaves imported to replace Indians
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encomienda system
Encomenderos
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Spanish Hacienda
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Latin American Colonial Society
PeninsularesEuropeans born on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal)
Creoles White Europeans born in Latin America
Mestizos (mixed) Native Indian &European ancestryMore in Mexico
Mulattoes (mixed) African & European ancestry More in Brazil
Indians Africans
Peninsulares – high ranking royal officials owned large estates, mines
Creoles – discriminated by peninsulares some enjoyed great wealth
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Role of the Roman Catholic Church
• Native inhabitants converted to Roman Catholic Christianity
• Church could protect or exploit the native Indians
• Jesuit priests became very powerful owning haciendas, mines, and slaves
• Jesuit order eventually disbanded in Spain and Portugal
• Kings seized all Jesuit colonial holdings
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Bartolome de Las Casas
• Advocate for the Indians
• He decried the mistreatment and oppression of the Indians
• Wrote books, letters and petitions to try to stop the mistreatment
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Napoleon on the March in Napoleon on the March in EuropeEurope
Provides a model & a diversion!Provides a model & a diversion!
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Preoccupation of Spain & Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting Portugal in fighting
Napoleonic Wars gave Latin Napoleonic Wars gave Latin American countries the American countries the
opportunity to rebelopportunity to rebel
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Latin American Revolutions!Latin American Revolutions!
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Toussaint-LouvertureToussaint-LouvertureLeads a RevolutionLeads a Revolution
in Haitiin Haiti(1804)(1804)
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Toussaint-Louverture• Mulattoes and blacks under
Toussaint-Louverture, a freed slave, won the only successful slave rebellion anywhere in the world
• Napoleon I sent an army to stop the rebellion and re-establish slavery
• Toussaint-Louverture was captured and died in a French prison
• French could not retake the island
• Haiti becomes the first independent country in Latin America (1804)
Hanging the French
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Mexico and Central America
• Creole priest
• Army of peasants
• Declared an end to slavery
• Spanish army and creoles join against him
• Betrayed by one of his officers, captured and executed
Miguel Hidalgo
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Mexico and Central America
• Mestizo farm worker turned priest
• Favored independence, land reform and the end of slavery
• More successful leader• Upper class Creoles feared
him and remained loyal to Spain
• Captured and shot in 1815
Jose Morelos
Napoleon said, “With three such men as Morelos, I could conquerthe world”
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Mexico & Central America gain independence
• 1821, upper middle class Mexicans stage their own independence movement
• Agustin de Irudbide, a military general, proclaims himself Emperor Agustin I
• 1823, his dictatorial rule ends when he is overthrown
• Mexico becomes a republic• Reps from Guatemala, El
Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica meet to form an independent federal union
Agustin I
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Bolivar & San Martin Fight Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence!for Independence!
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Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.
Studied enlightenment works of Voltaire etc.
Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela.
Exiled twice Wealthy Venezuelan creole
Simon Bolivar – the “brains” & the “liberator”
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Bolivar in the North
• January 1819, Bolivar led his army on a daring march over the Andes into what is now Columbia
• Spanish army caught by surprise and defeated
• Venezuela becomes independent in 1821 and is organized into Grand Columbia
• Bolivar marches south to Ecuador where he meets up with San Martin
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Bolivar’s AccomplishmentBolivar’s Accomplishment
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Jose de San Martin
• Argentinean Creole officer
• Trained in European armies
• Liberated Argentina from Spanish control 1816
• Fought in Chile and Peru against the Spanish
• Met with Bolivar in Guayaquil in 1822. While Bolivar favored democracy, San Martin felt only monarchy could work.
• Turned his army over to Bolivar
• Died in obscurity in Europe
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Simón Bolivar meets José de Simón Bolivar meets José de San MartinSan Martin
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Bolivar Bolivar coming from coming from the North.the North.
Argentinean José de San Argentinean José de San Martín and Chilean Martín and Chilean Bernard O’Higgins cross Bernard O’Higgins cross the Andes Mountains to the Andes Mountains to fight in Chile. After fight in Chile. After several victories Chile is several victories Chile is free.free.
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Bolivar’s FailureBolivar’s Failure
After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America.
He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!
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Brazil
• 1807 - Portuguese royal family flees to Brazil when Napoleon I invades Portugal
• After Napoleon, an 1820 revolt in Portugal causes Dom Joao now King John I to return to Portugal
• 1822 - his son, Dom Pedro, declares Brazil’s independence
• Dom Pedro II ruled until his death in 1889
• Brazil becomes a military dictatorship after his death
Dom Pedro IDom Pedro II
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Independence for some but no unity for Latin Am nations• Portugal lost all their possessions in
Latin America• Spain lost its empire except for Cuba
and Puerto Rico• Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a united
South America:– Many newly independent countries
struggle with civil wars.
• Distances, geographical barriers, regional rivalries prevented unity
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Monroe Doctrine
“The American continents…are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for future colonization by
any European powers.” - James Monroe 1823
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Results of the Independence movements
• International trade expanded which was good for their economies
• Slavery abolished throughout Latin America by 1888
• Conflicts between liberals and conservatives continued
• No orderly rule for establishing governments – Rebellion and election
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Independence Brought Independence Brought More PovertyMore Poverty
The wars frequently disrupted trade.
The wars devastated the cities and the countryside.
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Many Countries were left Many Countries were left in the Control of in the Control of CaudillosCaudillos
– Ambitious mestizo military leaders
– Ruled by personal power
– Posed as reformers with goals to improve the economy and better the lives of the common people.
– Provided stability but not freedom Porfirio Díaz