Indent

Sp

Insert

I don’t understand ?

1. PrewritingBrainstorming

motivation

2. Writing1st Draft

3.Revising/Responding

Peer editTeacher conference

(clarification, organization)

3. EditingTeacher edit(grammar)

4. Writing2nd Draft

4. PublishingBulletin board

Website

Teacher Time Savers

Revising – Peer editingEditing – don’t grade -- choose a few grammar points to

focus on

t – wrong tense

ww – wrong word

wo – wrong word order

frag. – fragment(not a complete sentence)

run-on – 2 or more sentences in one

tI go to school yesterday. wwI gave him money of bread. woI saw Rebecca lunch before. fragAnd that was it.

run onFoibe went to Windhoek she

saw many things

Intermediate Level Grammar Issues

Ss are trying to write more complicated sentences

Typical errors: fragments and run-onsHow can we help them?Teach them how to:

Use conjunctions and semi colons Identify clauses

MOST PEOPLE, WHEN THEY SAY

“SENTENCE”, ARE ONLY THINKING OF AN

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE.

What is a sentence?

Actually sentences are made up of different kinds and numbers of clauses.

4 Types of Sentences

Sentences

Simple

Compound Complex

Compound-

Complex

“a sentence”

Simple sentence: also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.

A. Some students like to study in the mornings.B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.

Some students like. (FRAGMENT) NOT a complete thought.

Independent vs. Dependent Clauses

What comes to mind when you think of an “independent” person? “dependent”?

An independent clause can stand on its own.

A dependent clause CANNOT stand on its own. It depends on another clause to give it complete meaning.

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction. The conjunctions are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.)

A. Some students like to study in the mornings, and some students like to study in the evenings.

B.  I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.  C.  Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping. 

D.  Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.

COMPOUND SENTENCE

Complex SentenceA complex sentence has an independent clause

joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinating conjunction such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.

3. In order that they are prepared for class, some students study in the mornings.

A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.  B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error. C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.

1. Some students like to study in the mornings.(IC)

2. Some students like to study in the mornings, and some students like to study in the evenings.(IC+IC)

3. In order that they are prepared for class, some students study in the mornings.(DC+IC)

Label the following:1. After the parade, we went to a restaurant. 2. Because of the low level of English of the primary

school teachers, EFL workshops are often given in Spanish.

3. Because the teacher wanted it that way.4. When you take an elevator three floors up, you

are on the fourth floor.5. My favorite course is English.6. I should study Spanish, but I don’t have the time.7. After we won the game.8. Studying a language may seem hard, but it only

takes perseverance.

Students Problems

1. Fragments2. Run-ons3. Comma Splices

1. Fragment- a dependent clause on its own

“When I went shopping.”“Because I was late to class.”“Unless you finish.”

Why are these NOT sentences?What can we do to fix them?

Subordinating Conjunctions after how although if unless as in as much

as   until

as if in order that

when

as long as whenever as much as now that where as soon asprovided

that  wherever as though since while

becauseso that before than even if that even though

   though

2. Comma Splice

Two or more independent clauses are joined with a comma but without a coordination conjunction.

Janet left for work early, she arrived late.I love eating pizza, it makes me fat.I got robbed last week, now I have no phone.What is wrong with these “sentences”?How can we fix them?FANBOYS

A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction. The conjunctions are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.)

A. Some students like to study in the mornings, and some students like to study in the evenings.

B.  I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.  C.  Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping. 

D.  Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.

COMPOUND SENTENCE

Run- ons

Two or more independent clauses are joined together without a coordinating conjunction and without punctuation.

Janet left for work early she arrived late.I love eating pizza it makes me fat.I got robbed last week now I have no phone.What is wrong with these “sentences”?How can we fix them?

Fix the following

A university is a group of colleges many universities have a college of arts and sciences and a college of engineering. Colleges sometimes have other names, two examples of these names are a graduate school and a school of medicine. Universities are usually large.

The size of a school is important to a student some students prefer large schools others prefer small schools which do you prefer each student must answer this important question

Compound - Complex

2 or more independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses

4. After the fight was finished, she told everyone to go home, and everyone left the party.

B. Before I could finish my sentence, they had cut me off , and everyone started yelling at me.

There are several ways… Janet left for work early she arrived late.a) Use a comma plus a coordinating conjunction

(FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) Janet left for work early, but she arrived late.b) Use a period: Janet left for work early. She arrived late.c) Use a semicolon: Janet left for work early; she arrived late.d) Use a semicolon and a transitional word (besides,

consequently, however, moreover, etc) Janet left for work early; however, she arrived

late.e) Change one of the clauses to a subordinate clause by

means of a subordinating conjunction Although Janet left for work early, she arrived

late.