INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental Sustainability Index

INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN

=Environmental

Sustainability Index

Diabstraksikan oleh: soemarno, psdl ppsub, desember 2012

Bahan Kajian pada MK. PSDAL

LINGKUNGAN PERAIRAN

KUALITAS AIR

It’s a simple fact - we can’t live without water. People use it every day for drinking, washing and cooking, as

well as for irrigating crops and generating electricity. Water is also essential for maintaining the health of natural systems,

which in turn support us.There are many actions to take to use water wisely at home

and in the garden to help secure water for our future.Sumber: http://www.livinggreener.gov.au/water)

KUALITAS AIR

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality ……………… 28/11/2012

Kualitas air mencerminkan karakteristik kimia, fisika dan biologis air.

It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human

need or purpose.It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards

against which compliance can be assessed. The most common standards used to assess water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human contact and drinking water.

The parameters for water quality are determined by the intended use. Work in the area of water quality tends to be focused on

water that is treated for human consumption, industrial use, or in the environment.

KUALITAS AIR AMBIENT


Environmental water quality, also called ambient water quality, relates to water bodies such as lakes, rivers, and oceans. Water

quality standards for surface waters vary significantly due to different environmental conditions, ecosystems, and intended

human uses.

Toxic substances and high populations of certain micro-organisms can present a health hazard for non-drinking

purposes such as irrigation , swimming , fishing, rafting , boating, and industrial uses. These conditions may also affect

wildlife, which use the water for drinking or as a habitat. Modern water quality laws generally specify protection of fisheries and

recreational use and require, as a minimum, retention of current quality standards.

Parameter kualitas lingkungan air tawar

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters ……………… 28/11/2012

Freshwater environmental quality parameters are the natural and man-made chemical, biological and

microbiological characteristics of rivers, lakes and ground-waters, the ways they are measured and the

ways that they change.

The values or concentrations attributed to such parameters can be used to describe the pollution status

of an environment, its biotic status or to predict the likelihood or otherwise of a particular organisms being

present.

Monitoring of environmental quality parameters is a key activity in managing the environment, restoring polluted environments and anticipating the effects of

man-made changes on the environment.

KONSUMSI MANUSIA


Contaminants that may be in untreated water include microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria; inorganic contaminants such as salts and metals; organic

chemical contaminants from industrial processes and petroleum use; pesticides and herbicides; and radioactive contaminants.

Water quality depends on the local geology and ecosystem, as well as human uses such as sewage dispersion, industrial pollution, use of water bodies as a heat

sink, and overuse (which may lower the level of the water).

In urbanized areas throughout the world, water purification technology is used in municipal water systems to remove contaminants from the source water (surface water or groundwater) before it is distributed to homes, businesses, schools and other users. Water drawn directly from a stream, lake, or aquifer and that has no

treatment will be of uncertain quality.

PENGGUNAAN AIR: DOMESTIK DAN INDUSTRI


Dissolved minerals may affect suitability of water for a range of industrial and domestic purposes.

The most familiar of these is probably the presence of ions of calcium and magnesium which interfere with

the cleaning action of soap, and can form hard sulfate and soft carbonate deposits in water heaters or

boilers.

Hard water may be softened to remove these ions. The softening process often substitutes sodium cations.

Hard water may be preferable to soft water for human consumption, since health problems have been

associated with excess sodium and with calcium and magnesium deficiencies. Softening may sacrifice

nutrition for cleaning effectiveness

Water Quality Indicators

We will now take a look at the water quality indicators.

Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt

ALKALINITY

Alkalinity refers to the water’s ability to neutralize acids.

Alkalinity is produced by minerals such as

limestone.

Limestone is a type of ocean sediment composed of calcium carbonate.


Limestone bedrock areas often have caves and sinkholes, known as Karst.

Water with low alkalinity is

usually acidic.


AmmoniaAmmonia is produced by the decay of

organic matter and animal waste.Ammonia is toxic to most aquatic life,

especially at high pH.

Bacteria readily convert ammonia to nitrate. (a plant nutrient)


Ammonia

Ammonia is a form of

nitrogen and part of the Nitrogen

Cycle.


BACTERIA

Most bacteria are important in nutrient and other organic cycles.

Excess nutrients cause algal blooms.

As algae die and decay, the high bacterial load

rapidly consumes dissolved oxygen.


Certain types of bacteria indicate animal and human waste pollution.

Escherichia coli are coliform bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded organisms.

Most strains are harmless but one E. coli strain can cause severe diarrhea and kidney

damage.


Oksigen Terlarut

Dissolved oxygen is a product of

photosynthesis and diffusion.

The warmer the water, the less oxygen it can hold.


Most organisms need at least 5 or 6 ppm of

oxygen in order to survive.

Even cold water rarely contains more than 15 ppm. Summer is often a time of oxygen stress for

aquatic organisms.


Oksigen Terlarut

Conductivity measures the water’s ability to conduct an electrical current.

Pure water is a poor conductor.


Konduktivitas

The addition of dissolved solids, especially salts, increases the

conductivity of water.

Electrical current is measured using a conductivity meter.


Konduktivitas

Hardness refers to the concentration of calcium and magnesium in water.

Hard water has high concentrations of these elements. Soft water has low

concentrations.

Water hardness often originates from limestone.


Kesadahan

Nitrate is a primary plant nutrient.

Nitrate is water soluble and moves easily from surface to

groundwater.

Excess nitrate causes algal blooms that reduce water quality.


Nitrat

Under normal conditions, the nitrogen cycle keeps the amount of available nitrogen in balance with

the demands.

However, excessive use of fertilizers and nutrient rich sewage release have created a surplus of nitrate.

The result is eutrophication from excess algae and bacteria with reduced dissolved oxygen.


These chemicals are very complex.

Effects on aquatic organisms – Moderately to highly toxic to mammals, molluscs, aquatic insects, amphibians and fish.


Pestisida

pHpH is the measure of the hydrogen ion (H+)

concentration.

The pH scale is zero to 14. Seven is neutral, below seven is acidic, and above seven is basic

(or alkaline).

Most aquatic organisms exist within a pH range of 5.5 to 9.5.


Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form a weak acid called carbonic acid.

pH tolerance for most aquatic life


Phosphate

Phosphate’s concentrations in clean water is generally

low; however, phosphorus is used extensively in fertilizer

and other chemicals.


Phosphate

The primary sources of phosphates to surface water are detergents, fertilizers,

and natural mineral deposits.


Phosphate High levels of phosphate can over stimulate the growth of aquatic

plants and algae.This in turn, will cause high DO

consumption and death to fish and many aquatic organisms.


SalinitySalinity refers to the salt concentration in water, mostly sodium chloride.

Salinity is historically measured in parts per

thousand (ppt) or grams per liter.


Salinity

Saltwater can cause problems when it replaces

fresh groundwater

near the coastal areas.


Sediment

Erosion causes loose soil to

enter the waterways


Sediment

Suspended sediment blocks sunlight to plants and reduces dissolved oxygen.

As sediments settle, they can smother bottom (benthic)

organisms.


TEMPERATURE

Most aquatic organisms live within a temperature range of +32º F (+0º C) to

90º F (32º C).

Temperature can be measured using field thermometers but digital probes

are much more accurate.

Temperature is measured in Fahrenheit and Celsius degrees.


Temperature affects the oxygen-carrying capacity of water.

Rapid temperature change and temperature extremes can stress aquatic organisms.

As the water warms, the amount of dissolved oxygen decreases.

14 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)

12

10

8

6

4____________________________________ Winter Summer


TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)

TDS is the measure of the material dissolved in water.

This measure is related to hardness, salinity and conductivity.

Hard water has more TDS than soft water.


TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS)

TSS is the measure of the sediment suspended in the water.

TSS is related to turbidity.

Water with high TSS usually has high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) as well.


TURBIDITY

Turbidity refers to water clarity.

Sediments suspended in the

water increase turbidity.


A secchi disk is one type of instrument used to measure turbidity.


Senyawa Kimia Toksik

Toxic chemicals usually come from industry and energy

production.

The effects are often not known until years after they have entered

the environment.


Toxic chemicals include heavy metals (lead, mercury), organic compounds

(DDT, PCB), inorganic substances (arsenic) and others.


INDIKATOR AIR MINUM


1. An electrical conductivity meter is used to measure total dissolved solids

2. The following is a list of indicators often measured by situational category:

3. Alkalinity4. WARNA AIR5. pH6. Taste and odor (geosmin, 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB), etc.)7. Dissolved metals and salts (sodium, chloride, potassium,

calcium, manganese, magnesium)8. Microorganisms such as fecal coliform bacteria (Escherichia

coli), Cryptosporidium, and Giardia lamblia9. Dissolved metals and metalloids (lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.)10.Dissolved organics: colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM),

dissolved organic carbon (DOC)11.Radon12.LOGAM – LOGAM BERAT13.Pharmaceuticals14.Hormone analogs.

INDIKATOR AIR


Indikator Fisika1. Suhu Air = Water Temperature2. Specifics Conductance or EC, Electrical

Conductance, Conductivity3. Total suspended solids (TSS)4. Transparency or Turbidity5. Total dissolved solids (TDS)6. Bau air = Odor of Water7. Warna air = Color of water8. Rasa air = Taste of Water

Diunduh dari: ……………… 28/11/2012

Indikator Kimia

1. pH2. Total Hardness, Hard water, TH = Permanent

Hardness + Temporary Hardness3. Dissolved oxygen (DO)4. Nitrat-N5. Orthofosfat6. Chemical oxygen demand (COD)7. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)8. Pestisida9. Logam-logam berat.

INDIKATOR AIR

Diunduh dari: ……………… 28/11/2012

Biological Indicators/ assessment1. Ephemeroptera2. Plecoptera3. Trichoptera4. Escherichia Coli or E.Coli or E.coli5. Coliform

Biological monitoring metrics have been developed in many places, and one widely used measure is the presence and abundance of members of the insect orders

Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT).

EPT indexes will naturally vary from region to region, but generally, within a region, the greater the number of taxa from these orders, the better the water quality. EPA and other organizations in the United States offer guidance on developing a monitoring

program and identifying members of these and other aquatic insect orders.

Individuals interested in monitoring water quality who cannot afford or manage lab scale analysis can also use biological indicators to get a general reading of water quality. One example is the IOWATER volunteer water monitoring program, which

includes a benthic macroinvertebrate indicator key.

INDICATOR OF WATER

WATER QUALITY INDEX

Diunduh dari: http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/watershed/wqi_info.html ……………… 28/11/2012

A water quality index provides a single number (like a grade) that expresses overall water quality at a certain location and time based on several water

quality parameters. The objective of an index is to turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and useable by the public. This

type of index is similar to the index developed for air quality that shows if it’s a red or blue air quality day.

The use of an index to "grade" water quality is a controversial issue among water quality scientists. A single number cannot tell the whole story of water quality; there are many other water quality parameters that are not included

in the index. The index presented here is not specifically aimed at human health or aquatic life regulations. However, a water index based on some very important parameters can provide a simple indicator of water quality. It gives the public a general idea the possible problems with the water in the region.

BAKU MUTU AIR & PELAPORANNYA

Diunduh dari: ……………… 28/11/2012

1. 1. WHO GuidelineWorld Health Organisation (WHO) guideline for Drinking Water Standards.

2. ICMR StandardsICMR Standards for Drinking Water.

3. International standards or ISI Satandards Water quality regulated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is covered in the section of ICS 13.060, ranging from water sampling, drinking water, industrial class water, sewage water, and examination of water for chemical, physical or biological properties. ICS 91.140.60 covers the standards of water supply systems.

KRITERIA KUALITAS AIR

Diunduh dari: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/index.cfm……………… 28/11/2012

Section 304(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act requires us to develop criteria for water quality that accurately reflects the latest

scientific knowledge. These criteria are based solely on data and scientific judgments on pollutant concentrations and

environmental or human health effects.

Section 304(a) also provides guidance to states and tribes in adopting water quality standards. Criteria are developed for the

protection of aquatic life as well as for human health.

KEHIDUPAN AKUATIK


1. Aquatic Life criteria lists chemical concentration goals to protect surface water for aquatic life use.

2. Biological criteria are based on the numbers and kinds of organisms present and describe the biological condition of aquatic communities inhabiting surface waters.

3. Nutrients are substances used by living things that promote growth (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus). We are developing nutrient criteria to prevent over enrichment in surface waters of the U.S.A.

KESEHATAN MANUSIA


1. Human Health includes technical information and guidance on surface water, drinking water and microbials.

2. Microbial (Pathogen) criteria are used to protect the public from exposure to harmful levels of pathogens in ground and surface waters, food sources, and finished drinking water.

3. Recreational Criteria protect people who swim and play in coastal recreational waters from exposure to pathogens. We held an Experts Scientific Workshop to help map our future directions.

INDEKS KUALITAS AIR DAN INDIKATORNYA

Diunduh dari: http://www.unep.org/gemswater/AssessmentsandIndicators/WaterQualityIndexandIndicators/tabid/101094/

Default.aspx……………… 28/11/2012

The integrity of an ecosystem is typically assessed through its ability to provide goods and services on a

continuous basis. Together with the air we breathe, the provision of clean water is arguably the most fundamental service provided by ecosystems. Yet, human activities have fundamentally altered inland water ecosystems and their

catchments. As a consequence species dependant on inland waters are more likely to go extinct, and future extinction rates of freshwater animals could be up to 5

times higher than for terrestrial animals.

Water quality refers to the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of a water body. These

characteristics determine how and for what water can be used and the species and ecosystem process it can

support.

BAKU MUTU AIR MINUM GLOBAL

Diunduh dari: http://www.unep.org/gemswater/AssessmentsandIndicators/WaterQualityIndexandIndicators/tabid/101094/Default.aspx ……………… 28/11/2012

1. Drinking Water Quality Index (DWQI) all parameters regardless of WHO designation

2. Source Water Quality Index (SWQI) health and microbial criteria onlyarsenic, boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, fluoride, lead, manganese, mercury, nitrate, nitrite, faecal coliforms

3. Acceptability Water Quality Index (AWQI) acceptability criteria onlyammonia, chloride, iron, pH, sodium, sulphate, zinc

4. 4X4 Rule: Each parameter that contributes to the index must be measured at least 4 times per year at stations that have measured a minimum of 4 parameters per year.

INDEKS KUALITAS AIR GLOBAL

Diunduh dari: http://www.unep.org/gemswater/AssessmentsandIndicators/WaterQualityIndexandIndicators/tabid/101094/Default.aspx ……………… 28/11/2012

INDEKS KUALITAS AIR

Diunduh dari: http://analegeo.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/5.-IONUS-Oana.pdf ……………… 28/11/2012

In most of the cases, this index represents a numerical expression used in the assessment of the flowing water quality, through the framing of the values in

five classes on the interval going from 1 to 100; a certain quality state, respectively a usage domain correspond to each class (Adriano et al., 2006).

The raw values of each quality parameter must be compared with the standard threshold values that are taken into account for the computation of the index, in the view of the qualitative assessment. In all cases when the index must be

determinate, the computation formula is the following:

WQI – the Water Quality Indexi – the quality parameterqi – the registered valuewi – the rank of implication of the parameter in the computation formula

The values of the Water Quality Index that were thus obtained are distributed on a number of intervals, which render the quality of the respective water and the usage domain (Table no. 1): 10–25 percent - highly polluted; 26–50 percent - polluted; 51–70 percent - reasonable; 71–90 percent - good; 91–100 percent - very good (House and Ellis, 1987).

Peranan WQI

1. WQI numerically summarizes the information from multiple water quality parameters into a single value

2. The single value can be used to compare data from several sites

3. It can be used to look at trends over time on a single site

Diunduh dari: www.islsohio.org/wp.../07/Water-Quality-Index-overview-Oregon.ppt

Parameter untuk WQI

Parameter Units For a Q value of 90

DO % sat. % sat. >82% [>90% unless spawning, then >95%]

pH pH units 6.9 or 7.9 [6.5 to 8.5]

E. coli CFU/100 mL <4 CFU/100 mL [406 CFU/100 mL for grab sample]

Temp °C +2.5°C or -4°C [<17.8 deg. C]

Turbidity NTU 4.0 NTU’s

T Phos mg/L P 0.05 mg/L P [0.1 mg/L P, Tualatin TMDL]

NO3 mg/L N 0.5 mg/L N

BOD5 mg/L 0.8 mg/L


Bagian-bagian dari WQI

1. Q-Value - indication of water quality relative to 100 of one parameter

2. Weighting Factor - sets the relative importance of the parameter to overall water quality


Q Value

• The Q-Value is an indication of how good (or bad) the water quality is relative to one parameter.

• 100 = Very Good• 1 = Very Bad

Q = 0 Q = 100

Q = 25 Q = 75

Q = 50

Very Bad

Very Good

Medium


pH : Q-Graph & Q-TablepH Q-Values

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

pH

Q-V

alue

pH Q-Value• 6.6 81• 6.8 88• 7.0 94• 7.2 98• 7.4 100• 7.6 98• 7.8 94• 8.0 88• 8.2 80• 8.4 72


E.coli : Q-Graph & Q-TableE. coli Q-Values

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 10 100 1000 10000

E. coli (CFU/100 mL)

Q-V

alue

E. coli Q-Value0 1001 992 945 8910 8420 8050 74100 69200 65500 271000 30


Faktor-faktor Pembobot

DO 0.18pH 0.12E. coli 0.17Temp 0.11Turbidity 0.09T Phos 0.11NO3 0.10BOD 0.12Total 1.00

DO

E. coli

pHBOD

Temp

T Phos

NO3

Turbidity


Interpretasi WQI

Kisaran WQI Kualitas Air

90-100 Excellent

70-89 Good

50-69 Medium

25-49 Bad

0-24 Very Bad


Contoh Perhitungan WQI

Parameter Units Result Q-Value Weight Factor

Parameter Index

DO % Sat % 95 98 0.17 17.67

pH pH units 8 88 0.11 10.55

E. coli CFU/100 mL 1750 23 0.16 3.94

Temp deg C 0 100 0.11 11.00

Turbidity NTU 10 79 0.09 7.07

T Phos mg/L P 0.2 50 0.1 5.50

NO3 mg/L N 0.4 91 0.1 9.12

BOD mg/L 6 36 0.11 4.34

Total 1.00 69.2WQI = 69.2

Quality Rating = MEDIUM


Penyesuaian untuk data yang hilang

1. When a parameter is missing, the sum of the weighting factors that have data can be used to adjust the WQI

2. Sum of the Parametric Index Values is divided by the sum of the weighting factors that have data.


Perhitungan dengan parameter yang hilang

Parameter Units Result Q-Value Weight Factor

Parameter Index

DO % Sat % 95 98 0.17 17.67

pH pH units 8 88 0.11 10.55

E. coli CFU/100 mL 1750 23 0.16 3.94

Temp deg C 0 100 0.11 11.00

Turbidity NTU 10 79 0.09 7.07

T Phos mg/L P NM

NO3 mg/L N 0.4 91 0.1 9.12

BOD mg/L 6 36 0.11 4.34

Total 0.89 63.7WQI = 71.6

Quality Rating = GOOD


INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental Sustainability Index

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