INDCs on Adaptation

Why? How? What?

d_pullani@yahoo.com

Presentation on 8 July 2015 at TWG workshop

Mbabane, Swaziland

Deepa Pullanikkatil (PhD)CANGO

Sharing from workshop in Copenhagen19-22 May 2015

Climate Change Impacts

On almost all sectors

Examples – Agriculture Forests Water

Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture

Direct impacts from temperature/precipitation. changes, plus:

• Increased variability in weather• Extreme conditions (e.g., heat waves, hail storms,

wind storms)Indirect impacts:• Changing crop-weed competition dynamics• Range changes of pests & pathogens

• Less-cold winters allow increase in pests• Decreased biodiversity in natural ecosystems

(Patterson et al. 1999,FAO 2003, IPCC 2008, 2014)

Solutions - Adaptation for Agriculture

Crop management adjustment

• Crop diversification • Use of improved crop varieties 

Livestock management adjustment 

• Support to traditional breeding through development of pastoral facilities and securement capacities in grazing areas

• Increase productivity of livestock by improving genetic potential and development of agriculture/livestock integration

• Support to village poultry farming

*Data collection using ' the latest Non-Annex I national communications'. UNFCC website

Irrigation optimization, water management

• Drip irrigation• Efficient sprinklers• Reuse of wastewater, water

harvesting technologies

Capacity building initiatives

• Farming technologies• Strengthening agricultural data

collection • Expanding micro credit • Small business training facilities

Development of early warning systems for extreme climate events 

• Development of early warning systems for flooding and development of flood maps and areas prone to drought or livestock disease

Impacts of climate change on forest

• Vulnerable to water availability (drought and waterlogging)

• Changes to species composition esp. Increase in invasive species, pests and pathogens

• Changes in ecosystem services e.g. Decrease in pollinators

• Fires and pests plus warming

Forests for Adaptation / Adaptation for forests

Forests have a good place in mitigation, but still relatively 'new' in adaptation

"Forests for adaptation“ - a safety net and buffer in times of shock to reduce vulnerability, medicinal plants, mushrooms, wood

"Adaptation for forests“- climate change drives changes in forest - flooding, drought, wildfire, insects Fire monitoring Afforestation Corridors for migration of species Removal of invasive alien species

Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) "the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall

adaptation strategy to help people and communities adapt."

• healthy ecosystems are more resilient,

• so keep the forest goods and services functioning (and they can keep supporting the people and reduce vulnerability)

• multiple social, economic, environmental and cultural benefits:

1. disaster risk reduction (flash floods)

2. livelihood sustenance and food security

3. biodiversity conservation

4. carbon sequestration

5. sustainable water management

Water

Impacts on: Water quantity Water availability

(precipitation frequency, intensity and run-off)

Examples of water-related impacts

Water supply : Costs, quality and quantity, drainage…

Ecosyste services: Reduced services (provisioning, regulating, supporting, cultural (e.g. tourism))

Energy production: Hydropower,Costs, planning and supply challenges

Human health: Contamination, disease (cholera, malaria)…

Fishing: Resource depletion, quality reduction, species inbalance (potential)

Main adaptation responses for water

Increasing water use efficiency -drip irrigation Reducing pollution Integrated planning and practices within and

between sectors – IWRM Modelling of water and climate scenarios Recycle, reuse and reduce across uses Supply augumentation in the form of rainwater

harvesting and alternative supply sources Changes in agricultural land use practice, including

crops and irrigation practices

Looked at how climate change will affect sectorsAgricultureForestsWater

Next Why should we adapt?Why include adaptation into INDC?

Why should we adapt?

Our contribution to GHG is minimal, but we face the impacts of CC

We do need to urgently adapt!

Why?

Lima Call for Climate Action "invites all Parties to

consider communicating their undertakings in

adaptation planning or consider including an

adaptation component in their INDCs” (1/CP.20,

para 12).

Raise the profile of adaptation planning, action, and needs at the national and international level

Articulates a long-term vision of nationally appropriate climate resilient development

Gain international recognition for existing national actions and investments on adaptation

Move from planning to action by outlining goals, objectives, targets, activities, and a timeline

Specify needs for support (information, capacity, technology and financial) for completion and implementation of the national adaptation plan and/or activities

Note: Based on UNDP/WRI guide

Why Adaptation in INDCs?

• Left open to countries to consider adaptationOptional

• Either inclusion in INDC or communicating undertakings in adaptation planning.

• No specification of format or 'instruments'Flexible• What will the function of adaptation INDCs

within the UNFCCC be? • Will they undergo review?• Will they inform the Adaptation Committee

and/or UNFCCC decisions?• What is their role vis á vis funding bodies?

Unknown

Adaptation components - framework conditions

Countries have to interpret the function of their INDC on adaptation in accordance with national priorities and aspirations for Paris outcome

Process for developing adaptation components of INDCs: Organisation, procedures, key actors, stakeholder

engagement, timeline, etc. Country specific and informed by: National priorities, key vulnerabilities, risks, impacts, and

needs Status of NAP and other adaptation planning, strategies

and action processes Resources available: time, money, expertise/human

resources, and existing information on climate change and adaptation

How?

Possible information on adaptation for INDCs as outlined by UNDP and WRI (table 7.1):

What (does it look like)

Adaptation ContributionAdaptation goals/Targets for each key sector 

*Provide adaptation goals for key sectors or national adaptation targets and timeframe

National finance allocation to address adaptation 

*Provide internal finance allocation for addressing adaptation goals

External finance/investment needs 

*Present external financial/investment support needed for addressing adaptation goals

Technology needs 

*Present components of support for external technology and R&D needs to meet adaptation goals

Capacity building needs 

*Present details of external support needed for other components capacity building to meet adaptation goals

Approach to monitor and report progress towards INDC-adaptation goals 

*Present mechanisms for monitoring and evaluation, indicators, prioritization processes and institutional arrangements for achieving INDC adaptation goals

The 'what' - examples of sources of information

National Communications to the UNFCCC; NAPs; TNA and TAP reports; reports by national, multinational and civil society organizations; IPCC Fifth Assessment Report; academic research; national, sub-national or local assessments and studies; international databases such as insurance industry databases.

National planning documents; national policies, regulations, or procedural guidelines; national or sectoral databases of projects and programs

The 'what' - considering inclusion of targets or goals

Outcome-based Goals/targets

OR

Process based targets

OR

Needs based targets

OR

A combination

The 'what' - considering inclusion of targets or goals

Outcome-based Goals/targets: Linked to the ultimate objective of the Convention and national priorities.

May be qualitative or quantitative.

Examples could include: All communities increase their climate-resilience. Reduce the population living in areas identified as high risk to climate

hazards by X% by year Y with greater reductions in informal settlements.

Identify areas at high risk to climate hazards and increase infrastructure spending by X% by year Y.

The 'what' - considering inclusion of targets or goals…

Process-based Goals/targets: Process-based goals: focus on enhancing adaptation planning, strengthening governance, building adaptive capacity, and mainstreaming climate risk management into broader development activities.

Examples could include: The country has a NAP or equivalent process in place by year Y. Selected national government agencies incorporate climate risk

screening into their standard procedures by Year Y. Adaptation activities identified by the NAP process are fully resourced

and under implementation by year Y.

The 'what' - considering inclusion of targets or goals…

Needs-based Goals/targets: focus on obtaining or accessing sufficient resources (information, capacity, technology and finance) to fully support identified adaptation needs.

Examples could include: A fully functional hydrometeorological reporting service, meeting

WMO standards, is established by year Y, and all citizens have timely access to hydrometeorological information by year Z

A climate-related university training program is in place by year X, and Y students have graduated by year Z.

Full funding is obtained for the cost of the first five years of the NAP process.

The 'what' - considering inclusion of targets or goals…

Combination goals/targets: a combination of outcome-, process- and need-based goals.

Examples – China, Morocco, Mexico

Example- China

China is accelerating the implementation of the National Strategy for Climate Adaptation,

Strengthen overall resilience, with a sectoral focus on water resources, urban planning, public health, and disaster reduction and management.

Improve its capacity to respond to extreme climatic events

Example- China

To optimize the allocation of water resources, To build watersaving society -recycled water,

desalinated sea water and rain and flood water; To enhance resistance to marine disasters and

management of coastal zones and to improve the resilience of coastal areas against climatic disasters;

To track, monitor and assess the impact of climate change on biodiversity;

To strengthen the construction of forestry infrastructure;

Example - China

To take full consideration of climate change in the planning, engineering and construction of the distribution of productive forces, infrastructures and major projects;

To improve the emergency response mechanism for extreme weather and climatic events; and

To strengthen the development of disaster reduction and relief management system.

Example - Morocco

The goals for 2020: Substitution of waterwithdrawal

(85 million m3 /year) fromoverexploited aquifers by withdrawals from surface water;

Increase the current area under drip irrigation from 154,000 ha

at present to 555,000 ha; Reconstitution of forests on

200,000 ha.

Example - Morocco

The goals for2030: Desalination of 285 million m3/year of drinking

water supply to several cities andcentres; Reuse 325 million m3/year of treated

wastewater; Construction of 38 new dams and developmentof

an inventory and the treatment of all sites vulnerable to flooding;

Connection to the sewerage system and wastewater treatment to reach 100 % ofurban areas;

Example - Morocco

Massive conversion of surface andsprinkler irrigation to drip

irrigation over an area of 920,000 ha, resulting in watersavings of 2.4 billion m3/year;

Conversion of nearly one millionhectares of grain crops to

fruit plantations that are likely toprotect agricultural areas from allformsof erosion, especially water

erosion; Treatment to prevent erosion of

1.5 million ha over aperiod of 20 years (75,000ha/year), in 22 prioritywatersheds.

Example - Mexico

Adaptation goals Reduce by at least 50% the number of

municipalities in the category of “most vulnerable” (160 municipalities)

Achieve 0% deforestation rate by the year 2030 Establish early warning systems and risk

management at all three levels of government

Other countries – not include, some referred to their national communications, Gabon focuses on coastal erosion

Conclusion

The benefits of including adaptation into INDC include: Shows our commitment to adapting to change; Provides impetus to strengthening Swaziland’s

institutional and technical capacity for adaptation; Communicating Swaziland’s resource needs for

adaptation; Provides targets and timelines for actions.

Thank you

Acknowledgement : Materials from INDC training in Copenhagen, UNEP/DTU