INCREASING SUSTAINABILITY AND EMPOWERING WOMEN …...increasing sustainability and empowering women...
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INCREASING SUSTAINABILITY AND EMPOWERING WOMEN BY MAKING HANDMADE PAPER RIMA ASKIN SPRING 2018 DEMONSTRATION OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE PRATT INSTITUTE – SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT OF GRADUATE CENTER FOR PLANNING AND THE ENVIRONMENT JAIME STEIN IRA STERN
Transcript of INCREASING SUSTAINABILITY AND EMPOWERING WOMEN …...increasing sustainability and empowering women...
INCREASING SUSTAINABILITY AND EMPOWERING WOMEN BY MAKING
HANDMADE PAPER
RIMA ASKIN
SPRING 2018 DEMONSTRATION OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCEPRATT INSTITUTE – SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF GRADUATE CENTER FOR PLANNING AND THE ENVIRONMENT
JAIME STEINIRA STERN
VISION WITHOUT ACTION IS A DAYDREAM
ACTION WITHOUT VISION IS A NIGHTMARE
- JAPANESE PROVERB
ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................................................4
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1. 1. Description of the Problem........................................................................................................6 1. 2. Client Information......................................................................................................................7 1. 3. Client’s Neighborhood...............................................................................................................8 1. 4. The Project of Making Handmade Paper.................................................................................10 1. 4. 1. Research question..............................................................................................10 1. 4. 2. General goal and the objectives.........................................................................10 1. 4. 3. Working with the clients......................................................................................10 1. 4. 4. Building community partnership........................................................................11 1. 5. About Turkey ............................................................................................................................................11 1. 5. 1. Waste Management............................................................................................11 1. 5. 2.Sustainable Development Goals..........................................................................14 1. 5. 3. Women Workforce Participation..........................................................................16 1. 5. 4. NGOs in Turkey....................................................................................................18 1. 5. 5. Silivri Municipality................................................................................................20
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASE STUDIES 2. 1. Recycling Packaging Waste....................................................................................................23 2. 1.1. Paper Making Pollution.........................................................................................25 2. 2. The importance of handmade paper.......................................................................................27 2. 2. 1. Making handmade paper....................................................................................28 Case study 2. 2. 2. Handmade paper- sustainable model................................................................30 Case studies 2. 2. 3. Handmade paper in Turkey..................................................................................32 2. 2. 4. Handmade paper in Art.......................................................................................34 Case study 2. 3. Building “Community Partnership”..........................................................................................36 2. 3. 1. Lessons from Geese............................................................................................37 2. 3. 2. The Barriers to Coalition Success.......................................................................38 2. 3. 3. Community Outreach Techniques .....................................................................39
CHAPTER III: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 3. 1. Stakeholder Map and Inventory...............................................................................................41 3. 2. Community Outreach Plan......................................................................................................45 3. 3. Time Frame..............................................................................................................................47
CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 4. 1. SWOT Analysis.........................................................................................................................48 4. 2. Recommendartions..................................................................................................................49
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................50
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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ABSTRACT LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Paper-based packaging consumption increased, and its’ waste has negative impact on the en-vironment. Although recycling them has many benefits, paper production and transport sys-tem for recycling cause pollution. Making handmade paper, that is free from chemicals is en-vironmentally friendly. It also creates jobs especially for women in some countries such as India. Creating jobs for women and pulling attention to recycling are important in Turkey. This proj-ect aims to offer women living in the neighborhood of Ekol Ofset in “Yenimahalle”, (a neighbor-hood in Silivri, Istanbul) to make handmade paper from Ekol’s paper packaging waste to re-duce employment problems of the women and to have positive impact on the environment.
First Chapter is introduction. It describes the problem, the client and this proj-ect’s objectives. It analysis waste management, women employment rates and NGOs in Turkey and in Silivri Municipality to understand if it is suitable to build com-munity partnership for making handmade paper and products in “Yenimahalle”.
Second Chapter includes literature review and case studies. It analysis benefits of re-cycling, paper making pollution, handmade paper in general in Turkey and in Istan-bul-Silivri. This chapter also analysis the importance of community partnership, the barriers to coalition success and community out-reach plan. Case studies show hand-made paper can be used for uplifting the socio-economic condition of the families.
Third Chapter describes the project and it tries to build coalition through stake-holder analysis and engagement. First, the stakeholders are identified, then their in-terests are explored. Identifying stake holders help to develop community out-reach strategies. The barriers to coalition success and the six R’s are kept in mind.
Fourth Chapter includes findings and recommendations. There is very little information and ex-perience about handmade paper in Turkey. There are a few handmade paper workshops. Re-search on NGOs shows people voluntarily gather to protect the environment, to protect the women’s rights and women enjoy involving in social activities such as doing handcrafts and sell-ing them to increase their income. Offering to make handmade paper and products to wom-en living in Yenimahalle neighborhood seems beneficial and “fun” for them. Finally, improving community outreach and advanced market research on handmade paper are recommended.
AFPAI: Alangan Farmers and Producers Association Inc.
CDHP: Community Development through the production of Handmade Paper.
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
ESMEK: Eskişehir Municipality Arts and Vocational Training Courses (Eskişehir Belediyesi Sanat ve Meslek Edindirme Kursları)
Silivri KAGIDER: Silivri The Women Entrepreneurs Association (Silivri Kadın Girişimciler Derneği)
KEDV: The foundation for the support of women’s work (Kadin Emegini Degerlendirme Vakfi)
NGO: Non-Government Organization
SDGs: Sustainable Development Goals
TEMA: Turkey Combating Soil Erosion - Reforestation and the Protection of Natural Habitats Foundation (Türkiye Erozyonla Mücadele Ağaçlandırma ve Doğal Varlıkları Koruma Vakfı)
UNDP: The United Nations Development Program
WWC: Women and Children Centers
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CHAPTER I:INTRODUCTION
Food packaging is part of human history and the development of food packaging has evolved as man’s lifestyle has changed. The Industri-al Revolution brought the development of new manufacturing processes and new materials. Today, paper-based packaging is an essential component of modern life. On the other hand, the increasing amount of paper-based pack-aging waste is an environmental problem. For example, cardboard consumption increased by 250% in the last 50 years and this has led to the intensive exploitation of forests. It is estimated that about 25% of the cut trees all over the plan-et are used to produce paper and cardboard.1
All over the planet, it was estimated that a ton of recycled cardboard can save 3200 liters of water, 380 kWh electric energy, 22 trees old-er than 20 years, and avoids the release in the atmosphere of almost 850 grams of car-bon dioxide.2 On the other hand, there are de-bates on the costs and benefits of recycling. Some people think costs of recycling is more than its benefits. For example, according to D. Ettehadieh, recycling facilities damage the environment by generating waste and endan-
1 Comăniță, E. Diana, et al., “Application of Cost-Benefit Analysis for an Eco-Product Manufactured from Production Waste”. International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, vol.101, 2017, pp. 91-98. 2 Comăniță, E. Diana, et al., “Application of Cost-Benefit Analysis for an Eco-Product Manufactured from Production Waste”. International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, vol.101, 2017, pp. 91-98. 3 Ettehadieh D.. “Cost-Benefit Analysis of Recycling in the United States: Is Recycling Worth It?”. 2011. http://www.english.umd.edu/interpolations/2601. Accessed in 7 October 20174 “Women in Statistics”. Turkish Statistical Institute, 2017, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr5 World Bank Report, https://www.researchgate.net/
ger human health by emitting toxic pollutants.3
In some countries such as India, Nepal and Phil-ippines, making handmade paper, that is free from chemicals, can be a part of solution to solve the environmental related problems. Making handmade paper also creates jobs especially for women and increase the income of the families.
In Turkey, creating jobs for women and pulling attention to recycling are important, because ac-cording to the Turkish Statistical Institute, in 2015 the employment rate was 65.1 % for males and 28 % for females.4 World Bank Report shows that more women should be employed in Turkey and be motivated to work and new strategies should be found to improve Turkish women’s situation.5
In addition to employment problems of wom-en, strengthening waste management has a vital importance in Turkey. Rapid urbanization and population growth increased the pressure of human activities on environment. Wastes produced due to increasing trend of con-sumption have reached to threatening levels.
1.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM
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1.2. CLIENT INFORMATION
Ekol Ofset founded in 1978, prints and fabri-cates food packaging boxes. It is in Yeni Ma-halle (neighborhood), Silivri (district), Istan-bul, Turkey. The amount of waste generated in 2016 was 4,867,540 kg. They produce haz-ardous waste such as paint or varnish remov-er wastes and, non-hazardous waste such as packaging waste. Expenditures related to re-cycling, disposal, collection and relocation of waste was 111.245 Turkish Lira (27,066USD)and their scrap revenue was 2.095.734,55 Turk-ish Lira. (509,910.949 USD). The cost of recy-cling does not affect their business model. 6 Ekol Ofset is sensitive about environmental pro-
6 Personal communication with Ekol Ofset, December 2017.7 Personal communication with Ekol Ofset, December 2017.8 Ekol Ofset www.ekolofset.com.tr
tection, because they see it as part of their social responsibility. Ekol Ofset is working to reduce nat-ural resource consumption. A reduction of 60% in the consumption of natural gas is achieved by using hot water generated by the cooling of the compressors; the amount of water consumed is saved by 85% by using pressurized washing gun, the roof design allows to benefit from solar energy. Organic wastes such as food waste from cafeteria activities are used as food for animals. The vegetable waste oils are sent to the licensed firms concerned. For recycling, Ekol Ofset sends paper waste to “Lider Kağıtçılık” licensed by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization.7
Exterior, Interior and package example of Ekol Ofset.8
CLIENT 1EKOL OFSET
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Silivri KAGIDER is a nonprofit and non-governmental organization. They support women en-trepreneurs and strengthen women’s position within Silivri. It founded in 2010 and it has no con-nection with “Women Entrepreneurs Association of Turkey (KAGİDER, established in 2002).Examples of their activities: They issue statements such as “International Struggle and Soli-darity Day-Violence Against Women”. They make meetings on subjects such as “Role of Wom-en in Sustainable Development Targets”. They supported “Spinal Cord Injury Association of Tur-key’s Plastic Cover Campaign”. They planted seedlings in the area allocated to them by the Silivri Municipality with the cooperation of Tema Foundation Silivri branch. (The TEMA Foun-dation is for combating soil erosion, for reforestation and the protection of natural habitats)
“Lider Kağıtçılık” receives paper waste from his customers and transports to the pa-per mills; he contributes 7000 tons recycling per month. The distance between “Lid-er Kağıtçılık” and Ekol Ofset is approximately 45 km. “Lider’s” vehicle takes waste from “Ekol Ofset” 35 times a month on average; no transportation fees are paid by Ekol Ofset.
1.3. CLIENTS’ NEIGHBORHOOD
CLIENT 2SILIVRI KAGIDER
The general population of “Yenimahalle” neigh-borhood in Silivri district is about 32000 (40% female, 60% male). Most of them are middle in-come families. They are usually factory workers.
Silivri district surface is 855.19 Km2, it has nat-ural harbor and it is close to Istanbul metropole. According to JLL’s Cities Research output, in general income of Silivri district is below the av-erage of Istanbul districts.9 We can say that the life styles of families living in Silivri are not very different from the general Turkish families. Ac-cording to family structure survey, 2016 results; it was observed that while females did continuous housework like cooking, dishwashing, laundering, cleaning the house and ironing, males did works which had definite beginning and ending like re-pairing, painting the house, paying the bills.10
9 Middle Income Group: Security to Potential Risks in Residential Market”, 2017, http://www.jll.com.tr/turkey/en-gb/news/148/middle-income-group-security-to-poten-tial-risks-in-residential-market10 Women in Statistics”. Turkish Statistical Institute, 2017, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr
ISTANBUL
ANKARA
SILIVRI
YENIMAHALLE
Yeni Mahalle, Silivri11
Demographic Data, Silivri (2012)12
Income Of Istanbul Districtrs13 `
11 Yenimahalle-Silivri, 2018, Photograph taken by Aşkın Rima12 Demographic Data, Silivri 2012, http://ugeo.urbistat.com13 Income of Istanbul districts.2017. http://www.jll.com.tr/turkey
INHABITANTS (N.)
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA SILIVRI (2012)
150,183
41,900
54.5
45.5
0.0
33.1
+0.00
FAMILIES (N.)
MALES (%)
FEMALES (%)
FOREIGNERS (%)
AVERAGE AGE (YEARS)
AVERAGE ANNUAL VARIATION (0/0)
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
BESI
KTAS
SARI
YER
BAKI
RKO
YKA
DIKO
YAD
ALAR
SISL
IBE
YKO
ZAT
ASEH
IRBE
YOG
LUU
SKU
DAR
MAL
TEPE
FATI
HBA
SAKS
EHIR
ZEYT
INBU
RNU
UM
RAN
IYE
KAG
ITH
ANE
BAYR
AMPA
SAKA
RTAL
EYU
PSI
LEC
EKM
EKO
YBA
HC
ELIE
VLER
GU
NG
ORE
NTU
ZLA
KUC
UKC
EKM
ECE
BAG
CIL
ARBU
YUKC
EKM
ECE
ESEN
LER
SULT
ANBE
YLI
GAZ
IOSM
ANPA
SAPE
NDI
KSU
LTAN
GAZ
IAV
CIL
ARBE
YLIK
DUZU
CAT
ALC
A
ARN
AVU
TKO
YES
ENYU
RT
SILI
VRI
INCOME LEVEL OF ISTANBUL DISTRICTS
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1. 4. 4. BuildingCommunity Partnership
For this project, different groups need to work together. Because, the latest women unemploy-ment figures show that the women’s jobless rate is high; income of families in Yenimahalle Silivri is below the average; there is a need to pull at-tention to the importance of recycling.
To create community partnership, we need to know the background of the community and the problems. Therefore, for this project, Silivri Municipality’s activities and NGOs are analyzed to understand how community respond and in-volve them. This will help to show way for offer-ing women residents to make handmade paper. This project tries to build coalition through stake-holder engagement. After identifying stakehold-ers, their interests will be explored. Identifying stakeholders also helps to develop community outreach strategies. This project will follow the steps below:
• Create a team from the women living in “Yeni-mahalle” (Local residents). Start with this small group of volunteers who want to do something about their community.
• Use stakeholder analysis to build an under-standing of the project and the individual needs.
• Create collaborative work between women of Yenimahalle, non-profits-clients and municipality
• Find ways to involve people face-to-face
• Provide communication plans
• Design a training period for making handmade paper
15 “Data Collection Survey on Solid Waste Management in Turkey -Final Report”. 2015 http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12247094.pdf Accessed 11 March 2018.
• Establish ongoing dialog
• Keep in mind Gillian Kaye’s “The 6 R’s and Thomas Wolff’s “Barriers”
Turkey, official name “Republic of Turkey”, is lo-cated between Asia and Europe. “Ankara” is the capital. Turkey has a border with Georgia, Ar-menia, Azerbaijan, and Iran in the east, Iraq and Syria in the south, and Greece and Bulgaria in the west. It is surrounded by Mediterranean Sea in the south, Aegean Sea in the east, and Black Sea in the north. It stretches 1,500 km from east to west, 550 km from south to north, and the area is 783,562.38 square kilometers (302,535 square miles); population is about 80 million. Is-tanbul, the largest city in Turkey, is built on land in the Bosporus seaway.
1.5.1. Waste Management
The amount of wastes in the urban areas of Tur-key continue to increase due to rapid econom-ic and population growth. Turkey has stipulated regulations on waste treatment based on the Environmental Law No: 2872 stipulated in 1983 and laws in line with the European Union Waste Framework Directive stipulated after 2007. Mu-nicipalities have become the responsible organi-zation to conduct waste management from col-lection to disposal based on the “Metropolitan Municipality Law” and “Municipality Law” (p. 14).15
Law on Environment No. 2872: This law stipu-lates basic principles related to various environ-mental activities. For example, Article 8 prohibits discharge and storing of all sorts of waste and residue directly or indirectly into the receiving
1.4. THE PROJECT OF MAKING HANDMADE PAPER
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Paper Packaging Waste. 14
14 Paper Packaging Waste, 2018. Photograph taken by Aşkın Rima
1. 4. 1. Research Question
Research question of this study is “How can we create a system with this project’s client where both the client and the women living in the neigh-borhood of the client can benefit and achieve a sustainable community by recycling client’s pa-per residue?”
1. 4. 2. General Goal
This project aims to offer women living in the neighborhood of the client to make handmade paper from the client’s paper packaging waste to reduce employment problems of the women, to involve women in social activities and to have positive impact on the environment.
Objectives of the Project: Offering women liv-ing in “Yenimahalle-Silivri” in making handmade paper; establishing handmade paper facility: increasing sustainability by pulling attention to recycling, helping to solve women’s employ-ment problems and adding social activities such as sharing and exhibiting handmade products, meetings.
1. 4. 3. Working with the clients
As this project’s first client Ekol Ofset sees en-vironmental protection as part of their social re-sponsibility, they want to do something for the environment in their neighborhood. Therefore, they are interested in this project. This project’s second client Silivri KAGIDER aims to strengthen women’s position within Silivri and they have the capacity to create jobs for the women. There-fore, they accept to take part in this project. For this project, they can also help for “coalition building”.
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1.5. ABOUT TURKEY
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environment or engaging in similar activities. Municipal Law No. 5393: Article 14 and 15 state that municipalities are responsible for waste col-lection, transportation, separation, recycling, disposal, and storage. Law on Metropolitan Mu-nicipality No. 5216 Article 7 of this law states that metropolitan municipalities are in charge of development and implementation of their Solid Waste Management Plans which do not include waste collection and transportation to transfer station (p. 3, 8).
EU Directive on the Control of Packing Wastes
“As a result of the necessity of harmonization of EU’s acquis with legal acquis within the context of Turkey’s member state status, Directive on the Control of Packing Wastes was adapted as Regulation on Packing and Control of Packing Waste on 2004 and published on the National Gazette on 30 July 2004. The directive entered into force on January 1, 2004. Parallel to the amendments made to the UN Directive, the Di-rective has taken its current form by undergoing changes first on 2007 and then on 2011, taking the necessities of the sector into account”.
Directive determines the technical and adminis-trative standards regarding production of pack-ing that possess certain qualities, prevention of formation of packing wastes, reutilization of the amount of dismissible packing waste, reduction of packing wastes by recycling, separate collec-tion at the source, carrying and decomposition.Businesses are liable to inform the kind and amount of packing they put on market through Packing Information. System and ensure that these packing are collected for recycle and re-utilization. Moreover, it is the responsibility of the businesses to absorb the expenses of recycling 16 Control Of Packing Wastes In Turkey And The General Framework Of ...www.mondaq.com/turkey/.../Waste.../Con-trol+Of+Packing+.17 Turkish paper-board market. http://www.paperindustryworld.com/markettrends-pulp-paper-sector-not-dead-yet/18 Turkish paper-board market. http://www.paperindustryworld.com/markettrends-pulp-paper-sector-not-dead-yet/
and reutilization.Furthermore, technically waste administration is substantially left to municipalities though market launchers are responsible from the financial ad-ministration of packing wastes. 16
TURKISH PAPER AND BOARD MARKET
Turkish paper-board market17
In Turkey, the overall consumption of paper and board products has been rising significantly since 2005, when it was 3,8 million tons rough-ly. In 2014, the figure was as high as 5,8 million tons and corrugating materials gained the larg-est market share (41%) followed by printing and writing paper (21%) and carton board (17%). The segments of tissue, newsprint, wrapping paper and craft paper only managed to achieve 8%, 7%, 4% and 2% share respectively.18
The amount of waste generated by Ekol Ofset in 2016 was about 5000 tons. Ekol Ofset’s packag-ing wastes are paper and cardboard packaging and plastic packaging.
Waste Indicators19
According to Turkish National Legislation, It is aimed that %60 of marketed products packag-ing waste are obliged to collect and recover to 2020.20 The Municipal Waste Statistics Survey shows, municipalities collected 31.584 million tons of waste in 2016. As mentioned before, Ekol Ofset’s monthly paper waste output is in the range of 350-400 tons. Ekol Ofset is in Is-tanbul where waste collected per capita per day was 1,30 kg in 2016. This is above the average amount of 1. 17 kg.
Out of the 31.584 million tons of waste collect-ed, 61.2% was transferred to controlled landfill sites, 28.8% to municipal dumping sites, 9.8% to waste recovery facilities and 0.2% was dis-posed of by other methods such as burning in an open area, burying, and dumping into river/onto land.21
Ekol Ofset Ekol Ofset sends paper waste to re-covery facilities by the help of “Lider Kağıtçılık” licensed by the Ministry of Environment and Ur-banization.22 19 Municipal Waste Indicators, 2012-2016. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=2487620 Öztürk, Mustafa. “Waste Management in Turkey, Sustainable Resource Management” 2014, http://www.stoffstrom.org.21 Municipal Waste Indicators, 2012-2016. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=2487622 Personal communication with Ekol Ofset, December 201723 Transporting waste from Ekol Ofset to Lider .www.ekolofset.com.tr24 Facilities, 2014, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=16177.
Transporting waste from Ekol Ofset to Lider Kagitcilik 23
“Lider Kağıtçılık” receives paper waste from his customers such as Ekol Ofset and transports to the paper mills; he contributes 7000 tons recy-cling per month. The distance between “Lider Kağıtçılık” and Ekol Ofset is approximately 45 km. “Lider’s” vehicle takes waste from “Ekol Of-set” 35 times a month on average; no transpor-tation fees are paid by Ekol Ofset.
Official data shows that the number of licensed facilities has increased from 2012 to 2016.
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MUNICIPAL WASTE INDICATORS 2012 2014 2016
Total number of municipalities
Number of municipalities receiving waste services
Rate of population served by municipal waste services in total population (%)
Rate of population served by municipal waste services in municipal population (%)
Amount of municipal waste collected (thousand tonnes)
Average amount of municipal waste per capita (kg/capita-day)
Disposal/recovery methods and amount of waste (thousand tonnes) Delivery to municipal dumping sites Delivery to controlled landfill sites Burning in an open area Dumping into/onto lake/river/land Burrying/using as filling material Delivery to recovery facilities
Figures in table may not add up to totals due to rounding
2.950
2.894
83,4
99.0
25.845
1,12
9.77115.484
105135156193
1.396
1.391
91,2
97,7
28.011
1,08
9.93617.807
43267
164
1.397
1.390
92,5
98,6
31.584
1,17
9.09519.338
10427
3.092
image source: Turkish paper-board market. http://www.paperindustryworld.com/markettrends-pulp-paper-sector-not-dead-yet/
million
Turkey P&BConsumptionreaches to 5,8million tons
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According to survey results, it is determined that a total of 672 facilities, 83 of which were waste disposal facilities and 589 of which were recov-ery facilities were in operation in 2012. In 2012, amount of waste recovered in recovery facilities was 10 million tons.25
Facilities26
Amount of waste recovered in recovery facilities was 33 million tons in 2016. On the other hand, further developments are re-quired to solve problems such as disposing sol-id waste to the sea.
1. 5. 2. Sustainable Development Goals
Conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas and marine resources is one of the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). Goal 14 is about life below water.
SDGs27 25 Facilities, 2014, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=16177.26 Facilities, 2014, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=16177.27 SDGs, https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030.html28 “Background on the goals”, http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/background.html29 SDGs, http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html30 SDGs , 2015, http://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/en/home/gender-equality.html
The SDGs were born at the United Nations Con-ference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro in 2012. The SDGs replace the Millenni-um Development Goals (MDGs), which started a global effort in 2000 to tackle the indignity of poverty.28 The Sustainable Development Goals are a universal call to action. The SDGs came into effect in January 2016, and they will con-tinue to guide the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) policy and funding un-til 2030.29 Each goal has specific targets to be achieved over the next 15 years. For the goals to be reached, everyone needs to do their part: governments, the private sector, civil society and people.
UNDP’s project-based support to the Turkish Government particularly aims at increasing the competitive strength of disadvantaged regions including Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia. Such strength is attained by providing technical support in selected sectors such as organic ag-riculture, tourism and renewable energies.
Goal 5 of the SDGs is about “gender equality”. All 17 SDGs are connected to UNDP. Turkey is determinedly working for gender equality and women’s empowerment. UNDP Turkey CO team collectively developed UNDP Turkey Gender Equality Strategy for the period of 2017-2020.30 Gender equality is an essential part of human rights, which is one of the main pillars of the United Nations (UN) System, in addition to hu-man security and sustainable development.
In line with the SDG’s, UNDP in Turkey works for, gender equality and women’s empowerment prioritizing gender equality within all its interven-tions. This commitment has been well reflected
within UNDP Turkey’s key documents. The UN Development Cooperation Strategy (UNDCS) 2016-2020 has two dedicated Outcomes focus-ing on gender equality and women’s empower-ment:
i-Outcome 3.1. “Improved legislation, policies, implementation and accountability mechanisms to enable equal and effective so-cial, economic and political participation of women and girls by 2020.”
ii-Outcome 3.2. “Improved legislation, policies, implementation and accountability mechanisms (on prevention and protection) to promote gender equality and reduce all forms of Sexual and Gender Based Violence by 2020”.31
The Water Framework Directive (WFD1) is the most comprehensive instrument of EU water pol-icy. Its main objective is to protect and enhance freshwater resources with the aim of achieving good status of EU waters by 2015. The main tools to implement the Directive are the River Basin Management Plans (RBMP) and the Pro-grammes of Measures which are made in 6 year cycles. The Commission is currently assessing the second River Basin Management Plans and the first Flood Risk Management Plans (FRMP), covering the period 2009-2015 and will publish its implementation report in the first semester of 2018.32
Bucharest Convention
The Black Sea is one of several seas in a seri-ous state of decline because of coastal develop-ment, overfishing and pollution from agriculture.
The Black Sea countries, Bulgaria, Georgia, 31 UNDP Turkey, http://www.tr.undp.org/content/turkey/en/home/ourwork/gender-equality2.html32 WFD 1, ec.europa.eu/info/law/better.../090166e5b5df31e7_en33 The International Black Sea Action Day, 2018, http://epl.org.ua/en/events/mizhnarodnyj-den-chornogo-morya-2018-10-31/34 The Black Sea, Done by Askin, Rima35 The commission of the Black Sea in Istanbul, http://www.blacksea-commission.org/BSDay2017gallery.asp
Romania, the Russian Federation, Turkey and Ukraine, signed “Bucharest Convention” on 21 April 1992 and “Black Sea Strategic Action Plan” on 31 October 1996. They aim to protect the Black Sea against pollution. Every year since 1996, October 31 has been celebrated as the International Black Sea Action Day by the Black Sea countries.33 The Black Sea Commission is the regional body designed to implement the Bucharest Convention.
The Black Sea34
The commission of the Black Sea in Istanbul35
The 33rd Regular Meeting of the Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution took place in Istanbul -Turkey in 2017.
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Clean Rivers and Clean Sea Project36
Clean Rivers and Clean Sea Project funded by European Union addresses a common problem-pol-lution of Black Sea and rivers. This project uses the NGOs partnership as the main instrument. Participants in the project are six non-governmental organizations from Romania, Mol-dova, Bulgaria, Georgia and Turkey. Participants from Turkey are “The Society of Natural and Wildlife Conservation” (in Samsun, Turkey) and “The Specialized Administration of the province of Rize”.37
1. .5. 3. Women Workforce Participation
Following the World Development Report 2013, “jobs” are broadly defined to include various forms of wage and non-wage work, formal and informal. Trends suggest that women’s labor force participation “for ages 15–64” worldwide over the last two decades declined from 57 to 55 percent globally (p. 1, 2)38 Social norms affect women’s work by dictating the way they spend their time and undervaluing their potential. Housework, child-rearing, and elderly care are often considered primarily women’s re-sponsibility. Further, nearly four in 10 people globally (close to one-half in developing countries) agree that, when jobs are scarce, men should have more right to jobs than women (p. 2)39
36 Clean Rivers and Clean Sea Project, http://www.cceg.ro/clean-rivers-clean-sea/en/37 “Clean Rivers — Clean Sea” 2007-2013. http://www.riversea.bsnn.org/38 Gender at Work, A Companıon to the World Development Reports on Jobs, 2013. http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Gender/GenderAtWork_web.pdf39 Gender at Work, A Companıon to the World Development Reports on Jobs, 2013. http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Gender/GenderAtWork_web.pdf
LAbor force participation rate, 2008-201240
World Bank report, Gender at Work, emphasizes the need for multidimensional assessments of gender equality in the world of work. The graph illustrates 10 largest developing countries represent one-third of the world’s population. In all countries given, women are less likely to be in the labor force. In Tur-key, gender wage gaps appear to be relatively small, but there are large disparities in participation and employment in wage jobs.41
Woman StatisticsIn Turkey, according to women statics, female employment rate was less than half of male’s employ-ment rate. According to the household labor force survey results; in Turkey the employment rate of population aged 15 and over was 46.3%, this rate was 65.1% for males and 28% for females in 2016. When labor force participation rate by education status was investigated, it was seen that the higher education status of females, females participated more to labor force42 40 Labor force participation rate. 2008-2012. http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/participation-opportunity-wom-ens-work-what-data-tell-us41 Labor force participation rate. 2008-2012. http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/participation-opportunity-wom-ens-work-what-data-tell-us42 women statistics. 2016. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=27594
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Women Statistics 43
This project of making handmade paper is im-portant because it will help women living in Yeni-mahalle Silivri to participate in labor force and it will help to create jobs.
1. 5. 4. NGOs in Turkey
Many Turkish NGOs are active in environmental issues and dealing with women’s issues Most of them are dedicated to a particular purpose. Ex-amples of NGOs:
TEMA Foundation
Founders of TEMA: Hayrettin Karaca and A. N. Gökyiğit44
TEMA Foundation is Turkey’s largest and lead-ing NGO, serving with over 500,000 volunteers. TEMA has representatives in 80 provinces, 272 district volunteer organizers and young groups in 112 universities. TEMA founded in 1992 by Hayrettin Karaca and A. Nihat Gökyiğit, aims
43 women statistics. 2016. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=2759444 Founders of TEMA: Karaca and Gökyiğit. http://tema.org.tr/web_14966-2_2/neuralnetwork.aspx?type=2145 TEMA Foundation. http://tema.org.tr/web_14966-46 TEMA Foundation. http://tema.org.tr/web_14966-47 Mavioğlu, Orhan Y. et al., “Environmental law and practice in Turkey”: https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/
combatting soil erosion, reforestation and the protection of natural habitats. The Foundation has many rural development projects. For exam-ple, “81 Provinces 81 Forests” project aims to increase forest assets, to bring children in con-tact with soil and to strengthen their love of for-ests.45 TEMA also has advocacy efforts towards eliminating activities that threaten Turkey’s nat-ural assets.46
Volunteers of TEMA shows, people give impor-tance to the environment and they support envi-ronmentally friendly projects.
TURMEPA
Turkish Marine Environment Protection Asso-ciation which aims to prevent Turkish seas and coasts from pollution
TURCEK
Turkish Institution of Environment Protection and Greening founded to establish the National Environment Protecting Confederation, support new local entrepreneurs and to sustainable use of natural areas.
There are also some international NGOs which are active in Turkey, for example Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) have offices in Istanbul. Environmental NGOs and other pres-sure groups usually act through the courts47
Turkey has a rapid expansion of NGOs dealing with women’s issues over the last decade such as “the Women and Democracy Association (KADEM)”; “Women’s Solidarity Foundation” (KADAV); Foundation for the Support of Wom-en’s Work (KEDV) .Female NGOs engage in ac-
tivities such as gender inequality; unequal rep-resentation and they want to improve the quality of life and economic situation of women. Some NGOs such as KEDV choose to work with poor women, some NGOs such as KAGIDER of Tur-key work with women entrepreneurs.
Women’s Handicraft48
Kadin Emegini Degerlendirme Vakfi “KEDV” (translated as “the foundation for the support of women’s work”) in Turkey, is a nonprofit organi-zation founded in the 1980s. KEDV grew out of the 1980s feminist movement in Turkey, when, for the first time, several new groups emerged that were independent of political parties or la-bor unions. The 1980s in Turkey was also a peri-od of structural adjustment policies under a mil-itary regime, during which income polarization reached unprecedented levels, and more wom-en entered the labor force under increasingly in-secure and marginal conditions, without benefits or support services.
According to Ayşe Yönder, KEDV was unique among the feminist groups in its choice to work with poor women in settlement-based centers on their social, economic, and community de-velopment concerns.49 When this project begins, KEDV can also support women’s handmade pa-per products.
The Women Entrepreneurs Association of Turkey 48 Women’s handcraft. http://www.kedv.org.tr/0649 Yönder, Ayşe et. al., “ Women’s Participation in Disaster Relief and Recovery”. 2005. http://disasterwatch.net/brief/seeds-2005final.pdf50 Yönder, Ayşe, Marnie Tamaki. ” Turkey Women and Children Centers”, Our Apaces-Grassroots Women Formalize Their Lead-ership, Access to Essential Services. Huairou Commission, USA. 2010. pp.39-49.51 Game groups in WWC. http://www.kedv.org.tr/oyun-odalari-oyun-gruplari/?lang=en
(KAGIDER) is a non-governmental organization aimed at strengthening women entrepreneurs. Their goal is to strengthen women economical-ly, socially and politically. KAGIDER has made its mission to support women entrepreneurship because it believes that women entrepreneurs have a strong impact on reversing the trends of gender inequality and women’s econom-ic exclusion. This project’s second client Silivri KAGIDER’s mission is like KAGIDER Turkey but works only in Silivri.
In Turkey, “Women and Children Centers (WCC)” are community centers that are owned and run by grassroots women. The first WCC was opened in 1987 in a working-class neighborhood in Istanbul. The WCC concept was developed by KEDV to support grassroots women devel-op their leadership, and to create opportunities for them take on public roles in improving their communities.50
Game groups in WWC.51
The centers offer affordable childcare and edu-cation for young children on flexible schedule, a much-needed service for working mothers in poor neighborhoods. According to Ayşe Yönder,
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childcare services also provide a socially legiti-mate reason for women to come out of the isola-tion of their homes, meet other women, and par-ticipate in a range of capacity building programs offered through the center.52
According to Yönder and Tamaki, with some technical support and greater participation in de-cision-making, grassroots women can strength-en their contributions to the society. Women have always found ways to get together to share their work, exchange information, support each other, manage the social and economic relations in their communities and shape their environ-ments.53 For example, “Women’s Environment, Culture, and Enterprise Cooperative” (Ìlk Adim Kadin Çevre Kultur ve Ìsletme Kooperatifi) was formally established in 2004 by a small group of grassroots women in Nurtepe, Kagithane, one of the lowest income subdistricts of Istanbul. The mission of this cooperative is to empower wom-en, to enable them to stand on their own feet. Examples of the group’s primary activities are: “early childcare and education for children ages 3–6”; “capacity-building activities such as finan-cial literacy, computer training, women’s rights, and domestic violence”; “community building and local governance”; “livelihood support and income generation (savings groups, second hand store, recycling program)”.
Ìlk Adim Cooperative54
52 Yönder, Ayşe, Marnie Tamaki. ” Turkey Women and Children Centers”, Our Apaces-Grassroots Women Formalize Their Lead-ership, Access to Essential Services. Huairou Commission, USA. 2010. pp.39-49.53 Yönder, Ayşe. M. Tamaki. Our Spaces. “Introduction” Huairou Comission, USA, 2010, pp.1-6.54 Ìlk Adim .https://ro-ro.facebook.com/ilkadimkadin1/55 Yönder, Ayşe. Our Spaces. “Women and Children Centers and KEDV” Huairou Comission, USA, 2010, pp.39-49.
On average, 150 women use “Ìlk Adim- Wom-en’s Environment, Culture, and Enterprise Co-operative” annually. (In Turkish “İlk Adım” means “first step”). Since the local municipality provid-ed the building, the cooperative does not have to pay for rent or utilities (water, electricity) or for the physical maintenance of the building, such as painting or small repairs. KEDV pro-vided the furnishings and appliances through its second-hand store. The cooperative covers its own programmatic expenses such as the wages of the licensed teachers and the kitch-en expenses of the childcare center. These fees are supplemented by income from the group’s second-hand store; the rest of the activities are conducted on a volunteer basis by cooperative members. Nine women share the responsibili-ty of running the activities at the center. All are grassroots women, between the ages 25–50, who live in the neighborhood. The cooperative holds monthly executive board meetings. Mem-bers of the cooperative meet every two weeks. Both of these meetings are open to everyone in the community.55
“Ilk Adım” is a good example that shows the power of grassroots women and shows way of working women with the municipality.
1.5.5. Silivri Municipality
Silivri Municipality is in Silivri district of Istanbul along the Sea of Marmara in Turkey, and it has been engaged in many projects and activities. Silivri Municipality Cultural Center and Neigh-borhood Houses bring the people living in Silivri together for many activities.
The support of Silivri Municipality is important for this project because it encourages people to in-crease their income by using their potential, skills
and gives importance to recycling. This project’s stakeholders and Silivri Municipality can work together, because this project’s objectives and some of the Silivri Municipality’s objectives are similar. For example, the Silivri Municipality Cul-tural Center can be interested in making hand-made paper because it provides free courses on culture and art for adult and children.
Silivri Municipality Cultural Center56
The free courses are for adults; Turkish Folk Music Choir, Argentine Tango, Salsa, Jewelry Design, Rhythm, Piano, Ud, Law, Soap, Ebru, Violin, Baglama, Guitar, Clarinet, Theater and Painting. Turkish Art Music Choir (ages 7-15), Painting (ages 4-14), Theater (ages 12-15), Cre-ative Drama (6-7), Pilates- Step- Aerobics- Zum-ba, Wood Engraving, Stained Glass Mosaic, 11-15), Ceramics (7-15), Ballet (4-15), Children Choir (7-15), Violin (8-15), Piano (8-15), Baglama (9-15), Guitar (10- 15), and Pilates-Gymnastics (5-14).57
Neighborhood Houses contribute to the family budgets and social life of Silivri women by im-proving their handicrafts. The other examples of training activities are “first aid”, “firefighting”, “human rights”, “psychological counseling” and 56 Silivri Municipality Cultural Center https://www.silivri.bel.tr/haber/kultur_merkezi_yeni_donem_kayitlari_basladi/386557 Silivri Municipality. https://www.silivri.bel.tr/haber/kultur_merkezi_yeni_donem_kayitlari_basladi/386558 Silivri Municipality .http://www.sha.com.tr/gundem/mahalle-evinden-kadinlar-gunu-surprizi-h3656.html 59 Women with mayor Özcan Işıklar, in front of the Neighborhood House, 2012. http://www.sha.com.tr/gundem/mahalle-evin-den-kadinlar-gunu-surprizi-h3656.html 60 Women’s exhibition https://www.silivri.bel.tr/haber/silivride_kadinlar_gunune_ozel_kutlamalar/393661 Recycled material clothes.https://www.silivri.bel.tr/haber/silivride_kadinlar_gunune_ozel_kutlamalar/3936
“health issue”.58 Women with mayor Özcan Işıklar, in front of the Neighborhood House.59
Women’s Exhibition60
Silivri Municipality Cultural Center and Neigh-borhood House trainees exhibit their handmade products such as necklaces etc. and sell. For example, they had a mixed exhibition on March 8, World Labor Day for Women in 2018.
Recycled material clothes61
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In this exhibition, the Marmara University Fashion Design Department exhibited “recycled material design clothes” prepared by university students to create awareness in recycling. Silivri Mayor gave a speech at the opening of the exhibition and said, “We are showing the most beautiful example of living together, owing to all the values of the republic.”62
Recycling containers in Silivri63
Training on waste at school64
Silivri Municipality has set recycling containers to many places throughout the district for the regu-lar collection of wastes. Primary and secondary schools, which are located in Silivri have training on packaging waste and recycling in class.In general, the growth of the world economy, industrial production and merchandise trade are the main 62 Silivri Municipality. https://www.silivri.bel.tr/haber/silivride_kadinlar_gunune_ozel_kutlamalar/393663 Recycling containers in Silivri .https://www.silivri.bel.tr/haber/geri_donusume_destek_verin/369864 Training on waste at school .https://www.silivri.bel.tr/haber/geri_donusume_destek_verin/3698
demand drivers for containerboards and corrugated board packaging
2.1. RECYCLING PACKAGING WASTE
Packaging in Paper Market65
Containerboard is one of the fastest expanding segments of the global paper industry and it accounts already for nearly 40 per cent of the global paper and board market and over 30 per cent that of Eu-rope. When combined with carton boards and sack Kraft packaging is already half of the global paper and board market as shown above.66 As consumption increase, paper packaging waste increase. Recycling is the preferred method for waste disposal, as shown in the waste management hierarchy.67
Solid Waste Management Hierarchy68
65 Packaging in paper market. http://www.paperindustryworld.com/what-is-the-role-of-fibre-based-packaging/66 Packaging in paper market. http://www.paperindustryworld.com/what-is-the-role-of-fibre-based-packaging67 WPI Students. Increasing Paper and Cardboard Collection for Recycling in Denmark. 2015. https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-proj-ect/Available/E-project-050115-164437 68 WPI Students. Increasing Paper and Cardboard Collection for Recycling in Denmark. 2015. https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-proj-ect/Available/E-project-050115-164437
CHAPTER II:LITERATURE
REVIEWS & CASE STUDIES
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Almost any kind of paper can be recycled, in-cluding newspapers, cardboard, packaging, stationery, direct mail, magazines, catalogues, greeting cards and wrapping paper but it is im-portant that these papers are kept separate from other waste.
Recycling is not a new technology. It has be-come a commercial proposition since Matthias Koops established the Neckinger mill, in 1826. In the late 1980’s and early 1990’s, recycling is-sues have emerged stronger than before due to the higher cost of landfills in developed coun-tries and an evolution in human awareness.69
Environmental Benefits Obtained by Recycling of 1 Tons of Pa-per Waste. 70
• If we make 1-ton virgin paper, we use 24 trees, 9671 kwh energy, 86.508 litre water. On the other hand, if we recycle1 ton paper, we save 24 trees, 6448 kwh energy, 1603-ton greenhouse gases release, 44043 ton water and 0.5 ton solid waste.
69 Cabalova, Iveta, et al., “The Effects of Paper Recycling and its Environmental Impact”. Environmental Management in Prac-tice, chapter 17, open access 2011, DOI: 10.5772/23110. 70 Environmental Benefits Obtained by Recycling of 1 Tons of Paper Waste (Kinsella 2012) https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/contribution-to-sustainability-and-the-national-economy-through-recycling-waste-paper-from-istanbuls-hotels-in-turkey/71 Comăniță, E. Diana, et al., “Application of Cost-Benefit Analysis for an Eco-Product Manufactured from Production Waste”. International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, vol.101, 2017, pp. 91-98.72 Earth Talk. “Is Recycling Worth It?”. Scientific American. November 5, 2015. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-re-cycling-worth-it/. Accessed October 2017.73 Covec. Final Report, Recycling: Cost-Benefit Analysis. 2007. https: //www.mfe.govt.nz /sites/default/files/recycling-cost-ben-efit-analysis-apr07.pdf. Accessed October 2017.74 Covec. Final Report, Recycling: Cost-Benefit Analysis. 2007. https: //www.mfe.govt.nz /sites/default/files/recycling-cost-ben-efit-analysis-apr07.pdf. Accessed October 2017.75 The 2016 REI Report. https://www.epa.gov/smm/recycling-economic-information-rei-report
• The study of E. Diana Comăniță et. al. showed nearly similar results as shown above. According to their study, all over the planet, it was estimated that a ton of recycled cardboard can save 3200 liters of water, 380 kWh electric energy, 22 trees older than 20 years, and avoids the release in the atmosphere of almost 850 grams of carbon dioxide.71
• In the USA, recycling and composting prevented the release of approximately 186 mil-lion metric tons of carbon dioxide in 2013, ac-cording to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, comparable to taking over 39 million cars off the road for a year.72 The costs of land-fill are saved when the materials are recycled. Recycling produces less carbon emissions and protects trees as a natural resource. The Danish Ministry of the Environment estimates that ap-proximately 1500 kg of carbon dioxide is saved per ton of recycled cardboard produced.73
• Protection of the environment is not the only factor that encourages collection and re-cycling of paper. Recycling paper also offers an economic incentive for paper mills, paper trad-ers, municipalities. 74
• Recycling and reuse activities in the Unit-ed States accounted for 757,000 jobs, $36.6 bil-lion in wages and $6.7 billion in tax revenues. This equates to 1.57 jobs for every 1,000 tons of materials recycled.75
• The study of S. Ferreira et al., showed, recycling is less costly for the environment than the other disposal operations in Portugal, Bel-gium and Italy.76
2. 1. 1. Paper Making Pollution
Although recycling paper waste has many ben-efits, it also has impacts on the environment. Pulp and paper production ranks among the most resource-intensive and highly polluting of all manufacturing industries; papermaking is a very chemically intensive process.
Flowchart77
Paper production typically involves the following steps:
1. Wood preparation (Producing and acquir-ing fiber (for example, from trees, used paper or agricultural residues)2. Pulping3. Bleaching4. Chemical recovery5. Paper making (Converting the paper into products such as boxes, office paper or paper towels).
76 Ferreira, S. et al., “The Costs and Benefits of Packaging Waste Management Systems in Europe: The Perspective of Local Authorities”. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management., 60 (5), 2016, pp. 773-791.77 Flowchart. .http://www.cliquesolar.com/PaperSolution.aspx, Accessed 6 March 2018.78 Paper pulp. http://www.galaxysivtek.com/industries/paper-pulp/79 Pulp types. http://www.pulppapermill.com/what-is-bleaching-of-pulp/
Paper Pulp78
“Pulping” is the process of making pulp. Paper is made from the cellulose fibres that are present in hardwood and softwood trees. Whether using wood or recovered paper, the first step is to dis-solve the material into pulp. There are different methods for pulping such as chemical or me-chanical pulping. Examples of raw materials for pulping are bamboo, cotton stalk, waste paper, waste carton box, wood chips, virgin wood
Pulp Types79
The objective of pulp bleaching is to produce white pulp for manufacturing white paper. Bleaching is the treatment of cellulosic fiber with chemicals to increase brightness and to improve absorption capacity. The principal pulp bleach-
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ing agents are chlorine, chlorine dioxide, hypo-chlorite, peroxide, chlorite, oxygen and ozone.
The environmental impact of pulp and paper manufacture results mainly from wood pulping and pulp bleaching processes. The pollutants are sulfur compounds and nitrogen oxides. They are emitted to the air. By bleaching chlorinated and organic compounds and nutrients are dis-charged to the wastewaters. Wastewaters are discharged at a rate of 20–100 cubic meters per ton of product, and these are high in biochemi-cal oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended sol-ids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen and phosphorus.80
Pollutants from paper making81
The pulp and paper industry’s impacts on the-menvironment are damage to forests, pollution of air and water and emissions of greenhouse gases. These impacts occur at all phases of the paper lifecycle.
80 Gavrilescu Dan. et. al., “Environmental Impact of Pulp and Paper Mills”, 2012. https://www.researchgate .net/publica-tion/281761323_Environmental_impact_of_pulp_and_paper_mills81 P. Meenalokshini, “Pollutants from paper making”. https://www.slideshare.net/PMeenalokshini/bioconversion-of-pa-per-and-tannery-effluents82 Hierarchy tree, https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Hierarchy-tree-for-environmental-impact-assessment-of-paper-mak-ing-industry_fig4_273225901. Accessed 6 march 2018.83 Kinsella, Susan et. al., The State of The Paper Industry, 2007. http://www.greenpressinitiative.org/ documents/ StateOfPaper-Ind.pdf 84 Kinsella, Susan et. al., The State of The Paper Industry, 2007. http://www.greenpressinitiative.org/ documents/ StateOfPaper-Ind.pdf85 Truck for transporting packaging waste. http://cevre.besiktas.bel.tr/Menu/SubContent/ambalaj-atiklari
``Hierarchy tree for environmental impact assessment of pa-per-making industry.82
Paper’s impact on the environment continues even after it has been thrown away. In the land-fill, paper decomposes and produces methane, a greenhouse gas with 23 times the heat-trap-ping power of carbon dioxide. According to the EPA, the decomposition of paper is among the most significant sources of landfill methane.83 Transportation throughout the recycling system also has environmental impacts. Transportation consumes energy and results in greenhouse gas emissions (p.3, 4).84
Truck for transporting packaging waste85
Recycling is a costly method of waste man-agement as it forces recycling centers to add specialized trucks and additional employees to collect, transport, and separate recyclable materials. Therefore, there are debates on the costs and benefits of recycling. According to D. Ettehadieh recycling trucks are constantly on the road and these additional trucks not only pollute the atmosphere but also, they increase noise pollution. He thinks recycling facilities damage the environment by generating waste and endanger human health by emitting toxic pollutants. He says, instead of spending a large sum of money on recycling programs, we should use this money for higher priority programs such as healthcare, education, and cost-effective en-vironmental initiatives. 86
2. 2. THE IMPORTANCE OF HANDMADE PAPER
The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans used a different kind of paper called `papyrus’. Today’s handmade paper dates to 105 A.D, with its origin in China, in the Imperial Chinese court called Cai Lun (Tshai Lun or T’sai Lun), during the Han Dynasty. Then, it spread to the Islamic world in the 8th century. From the Islamic World, papermaking was diffused further to Europe.87
Handmade paper making in India begin in 3rd Century B.C. This paper making has been a traditional art which has been passed through generation by craftsmen known as `Kagzis’. The name being derived from the world `Kagaz’ meaning paper. The handmade paper industry 86 Ettehadieh D.. “Cost-Benefit Analysis of Recycling in the United States: Is Recycling Worth It?”. 2011. http://www.english.umd.edu/interpolations/2601. Accessed in 7 October 201787 The migration of paper making technology. http://www.absolutechinatours.com/china-travel/paper-making-China-ancient-in-ventions.html88 National Institude of Rural Development & Panchyatı Raj. Ministry of Rural Development -India. A Detailed Project Report On Handmade Paper Manufacturing & Conversion Unit. 2016. http://www.nird.org.in/nird docs/rtpprojectreport 060917 .pdf. Accessed January 2018.89 An artisan in Rajasthan, India http://wholesale.matrboomie.com/artisans/Handmade-Paper-Making/90 Handmade paper gift bags http://wholesale.matrboomie.com/artisans/Handmade-Paper-Making/91 Handmade paper making. http://wholesale.matrboomie.com/artisans/Handmade-Paper-Making/
in India offers considerable potential to meet the increasing demand for paper products in an environmentally way. In India handmade paper industry produces paper such as drawing paper for artists, document paper, dark colored card sheets, exclusive greetings, varieties of decora-tive wraps, carry bags, water mark paper certif-icates, filter papers and pads besides other cul-tural grades like covers, duplicating paper and tissue paper. Different varieties of handmade paper can be used for interior decoration, cor-porate gifts, and office purpose.88
An artisan in Rajasthan, India89 Handmade paper gift bags90
In India, 100% recycled cotton paper is made by artisans. Some artisans belong to a minority group called Kagzis, who are part of a long tradi-tion of handmade paper-making. First, discard-ed cotton scraps are collected from the textile industry. Cotton is broken down into fibers using a traditional wheel press and then soaked over-night. Next, the pulp is strained, pressed into pages and hung to dry. After ironing, crisp pear goes either into journals or into the hands of ar-tisans for screen-printing, embroidery or patch-work. The entire process is tree-free, non-toxic, and conserves and filters water for reuse in irri-gation.91
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Examples of raw materials used in handmade paper making are wheat straw, cotton, jute, rags, fibers, grasses, waste paper etc. Hand-made paper production and enterprise help to generate employment for the local population especially for women and they contribute to the development of the countries.92 The countries like Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines have already emerged as “handmade paper giants”. According to the report of the Ministry of Ru-ral Development-India, there has been growth in the export market for Indian handmade paper and its products especially in developed coun-tries like the USA, Europe, Australia etc.93
2. 2. 1. Making Handmade Paper
Making handmade paper is one of the oldest methods of making paper. Generally, it was made by sifting pulp on to a screen and letting each individual sheet of paper dry.
Paper Making94
According to Golamari S. Reddy, in the process
92 De Dios Don Reich. Rolly D. C. Mullato. “Handmade_Paper_Production_With_The_Use_of _Forest_and_Agricultural_Waste_de_dios_Mulato”. 2013. http://www.academia.edu/3304693593 National Institude of Rural Development & Panchyatı Raj. Ministry of Rural Development -India. A Detailed Project Report On Handmade Paper Manufacturing & Conversion Unit. 2016. http://www.nird.org.in/nird docs/rtpprojectreport 060917 .pdf. Accessed January 2018.94 Paper making. http://slideplayer.com/slide/6443838/95 Reddy, S. Golamari. “Eco-Friendly Production of Paper Products”. 2015. International Journal of Chemical Concepts ISSN:2395-4256 www.chemconsai.com Vol.01, No.02, pp 72-80, 201596 Handmade paper project.https://issuu.com/ecte/docs/crm_methodology_book_all97 Collect.Recycle. Manufacture Project 2014-1-LT01-KA204-000508-948037649, Co-funded by the European Commis-sion.2014.
of making paper in India, very few chemicals namely Sodium Hydroxide, Starch, Rosin alum are used. So, it causes very little amounts of pollution and it leads India to an eco-friendly so-ciety.95
Handmade paper project96
The European Commission funded “Collect Re-cycle Manufacture Project” in 2014; this project introduced participants handmade paper mak-ing techniques including– papier mache. (French – papier mâché – chewed paper). It is thought that it appeared in ancient China. It is a flexible material consisting of wet paper pieces or pulp, bound with an adhesive and other additional materials (starch, gypsum, sand, etc.). This ma-terial is used for creating various object such as decorative pieces, sculptures etc.97
According to “Collect Recycle Manufacture Proj-ect”, handmade paper mass making technique is not difficult. Depending on the material prepa-ration and processing type, items from hand-made paper mass can be produced from: liquid paper mass; hard paper mass; ripped pieces.98
1. Liquid paper mass: To prepare liquid paper mass, we need paper, glue, and electric food mixer, a bowl for mixing and a little bit of water. For this mass we can use magazines, office pa-per, notebooks, newspapers and other types of used paper such as toilet paper or paper towel. After paper is ripped into pieces and left for some time to soak in water, it can be mashed with the electric mixer. Depending on the type of paper, mass can be boiled for 0,5-1,5 hour until paper fibre will start to fall apart. Such paper mass is especially suitable for making handmade paper. It can be casted into unique paper sheets and reliefs (bas-reliefs, medals, toys, etc.).99
2. Hard paper mass: After mashed paper mass is drained out, we have to poor in some ad-hesive (ex. 1/3 of white glue for the all paper mass amount) to prepare a substance suitable for shaping. Now we can also add some saw-dust, sand, linseed oil, gypsum powder, cement, crushed egg shells, chalk, glue, lighteners, etc. If the mass is prepared properly, it resembles modelling or simple clay and can be used to form various object. It can be used to produce dimensional objects. If we are making a sculp-ture, we can make a supportive carcass from wire, cardboard, packages, plastic bottles, bal-loons and other materials.
98 Collect.Recycle. Manufacture Project 99 Collect.Recycle. Manufacture Project 2014-1-LT01-KA204-000508-948037649, Co-funded by the European Commis-sion.2014.100 Collect.Recycle.Manufacture Project 2014-101 papier mache necklace. http://www.womansweekly.com/craft/how-to-make-papier-mache-jewellery-from-an-egg-box-24848/102 papier mache cactus. https://liagriffith.com/diy-papier-mache-cactus/
3. Ripped pieces of used paper (sheet papier mache):When producing items from ripped pieces of used paper, paper has to be ripped into pieces or strips by hands, otherwise, pieces cut with scissors will not adhere to each other properly. Hand ripped pieces adhere better and they can be of any size, shape or color. The best choice is to at least two different types of paper pieces (ex. Wrapping paper and newspapers); the result will be more even and firmer. Prepared pieces of used paper are soaked in a bowl with adhesive (ex. white glue diluted with water) until it softens and absorbs enough water. Then, the pieces are glued onto a chosen form. 100
Papier mache necklace101 Papier Mache Cacuts102
Case Study
The basic process of making handmade paper has changed little in 2000 years. On the other hand, industries around the world are looking for alternative technologies that consume fewer resources and have a less impact on the envi-ronment. For example, Kummarappa National Handmade Paper Institute developed hand-
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made paper from the bienzymatic pulping of the shredded currency waste of Reserve Bank of India. Through enzymatic route of recycling, a great saving of the resources such as water and energy is possible and the use of chemicals like NaOH are eliminated. Because enzymes are readily biodegradable and usually lead to re-duced or no toxicity when they reach the envi-ronment.103
Enzymes are proteins produced by all living or-ganisms; they act as a catalyst for numerous biochemical reactions. The use of enzymes to produce goods for human consumption dates back at least 20 00 years, when microorganisms were used in processes such as leavening bread and saccharification of rice in koji production. The mechanism of the enzymes was unknown until 1877, when Moritz Traube proposed that “protein-like materials catalyze fermentation and other chemical reactions. The word ‘zymase’ was coined to describe this cell-free extract.
Enzymes are highly specific and they usually act under milder reaction conditions than traditional chemicals. Furthermore, they readily biodegrad-able and usually lead to reduced or no toxicity when they reach the environment after use in industrial production. According to the authors, these properties allow manufacturers to pro-duce the same or sometimes even better-quality products with less raw material, chemical, water and energy consumption.
2. 2. 2. Handmade Paper - Sustainable Model
Handmade paper production and enterprise help to generate employment for the local popu-103 Jegannathan, K. Raman, Per Henning Nielsen. “Environmental assessment of enzyme use in industrial production – a litera-ture review”. Journal of Cleaner Production. Volume 42, March 2013, pp. 228-240. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095965261200594X104 De Dios Don Reich. Rolly D. C. Mullato. “Handmade_Paper_Production_With_The_Use_of _Forest_and_Agricultural_Waste_de_dios_Mulato”. 2013. http://www.academia.edu/33046935.105 Alangan House, photograph, 2008, http://mangyan.org/galleries/images/86106 De Dios Don Reich. Rolly D. C. Mullato. “Handmade_Paper_Production_With_The_Use_of _Forest_and_Agricultural_Waste_de_dios_Mulato”. 2013 http://www.academia.edu/33046935. Accessed February 4, 2018.
lation especially for women and they contribute to the development of the countries.104
Case Study
Alangan House105
In 2013, Don Reich S. De Dios; and Rolly DC Mulatto prepared a handmade paper production “action plan and project” for Alangan Farmers and Producers Association Inc. (AFPAI) located at Alangan, Limay. The aim of the project is to develop, establish and introduce handmade pa-per production for uplifting the socio-economic condition of rural communities. According to the authors this project can create jobs, increase the income of the family and be a family activity in-volving women and adult children.106
According to the authors, the mobilization of lo-cal communities as “partners “in forest devel-opment strategies is an effective strategy. The
authors prepared Rural Development Action Plan and Project (RDAPP) that will try to explore alternative livelihood model. Specific objectives of this project include: conducting market study and analysis for handmade paper both local and foreign; training members of AFPAI in the production and marketing of handmade paper; coming up with a recommendation to sustain the handmade paper production as livelihood project.
This project is limited to the members of AFPAI. Stakeholders involved in this project are the Re-gional Community Based Forest Managment Office; the Department of Trade and Industry, AFPAI, buyers of the handmade paper, the Art Association of the Philippines institution. The project plans to establish a handmade paper facility that will recycle agricultural and forest wastes and it will serve as an alternative liveli-hood to the community.
Case Study
Making paper from lokta barks107
In Nepal, handmade paper is made from the fi-bers of “lokta” which grows on Nepal’s Hima-layan forests. Lokta-based handmade craft 107 Kafle Bishal Making paper from lokta barks, 2013, Photograph, Location http://kaflebishal.blogspot.com108 Biggs, Stephen, Don Messerschmidt. “Social Responsibility in the Growing Handmade Paper Industry of Nepal”. World De-velopment Vol. 33, No. 11, Elsevier Ltd., 2005, pp. 1821-1843.
paper products offer economic sustainability due to their high-quality market potential. The study of Biggs and Messerschmidt argues that the handmade paper industry in Nepal is sus-tainable from different perspectives. These are social responsibility perspective and natural re-sources and economic perspectives. UNICEF helped to introduce Nepalese handmade paper to the world through the CDHP project. (Com-munity Development Through the Production of Handmade Paper Project).108
According to Stephen and Messerschmidt, their paper/study is new, and asks questions such as “what has happened in the industry in recent years?”; “what the long-term prospects of the industry are?”; “what the answers to these ques-tions are when viewed from the perspectives of resource sustainability, social responsible insti-tutions, and economic sustainability?”. The pa-per also discusses the role of the community de-velopment through the production of handmade paper project (CDHP project). The CDHP project objectives were to provide community develop-ment in rural areas and reduce poverty through employment opportunities.
Today, “Get Paper Industries” (GPI), the largest company and the biggest exporter, uses almost entirely recycled paper. The industry provides employment to 4,155 families, or about 21,000 persons, with women making up 80% of those employed. In rural areas, there are private micro enterprise lokta producing units as well as com-munity-based units. However, most of the paper manufacturing companies are private enterpris-es (including nongovernmental organizations— NGOs). This points out, there is a high degree of socially responsible business practice.
According to the authors, the most interesting
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features of their study were the depth and diver-sity of socially responsible behavior in the hand-made paper industry. This socially responsible behavior comes from five sources described be-low:
(1) Traditional commitments to community de-velopment. There is a long history in Nepal of a commitment to socially responsible and volun-tary community development.
(2) Fair trade codes of conduct. There are fair trade codes of conduct. In Nepal, these tradi-tions go back a long way. Currently, the largest handmade paper company, GPI, is a member of organizations that are monitored under the cer-tifying codes. Many of the major NGOs market handmade craft products, including paper prod-ucts. They are members of FTGN, which has its own monitoring procedures.
(3) The CSR has social responsibility focus largely on the rights of children, the banning of child labor, and ensuring that children of poor families in their employment have access to ed-ucation and medical attention.
(4) Business service organization, HANDPASS was founded in 1996 and comprises members from handmade paper manufacturers and ex-porters. HANDPASS represents a good example of an effective, influential, and socially responsi-ble Nepalese ‘‘civil society’’ organization.
(5) The fifth feature of socially responsible be-havior concerns the government laws and reg-ulations that effect handmade paper activities. In the case of the handmade paper industry, the legal system is helping to create better levels of social behavior.
In conclusion, the authors argue that there is a broad range of different types of socially respon-109 Oğuzhan Tuğrul workshop. http://www.kagithane.istanbul/
sible institutional behavior in Nepal’s handmade paper industry. There is an international demand for handmade products produced under socially responsible conditions. There are Nepalese so-cial entrepreneurs who encourage this type of behavior, which leads to continued growth of the industry.
2. 2. 3. Handmade Paper in Turkey
Kağıthane Municipality (Istanbul)
In Istanbul there is only one handmade pa-per workshop established by Oğuzhan Tuğrul (1955- 2014). In 1974 Oğuzhan Tuğrul worked on glass in an antique window restoration proj-ect in Canada. After returning to Turkey, he taught western stained-glass techniques. He advanced the technique on flash-glass and ap-plied it to his glass work, etching calligraphy. In 1999 he started paper making by hands. He taught how to make papers at various work-shops in Turkey and abroad.
Oğuzhan Tuğrul workshop109
He opened the “workshop Kağıthane”, by the help of Kagıthane Municipality in 2012. (Kağıthane is one of the 39 districts in Istan-bul). After the death of Oğuzhan Tuğrul, his wife Aynur Tuğrul continues to make handmade pa-
per in the workshop. This workshop is unique and non-profit in which 100% cotton fabric is converted into paper. They can produce 100 or 150 sheets of paper from a pair of jeans. Stu-dents also visit the workshop and learn to make handmade paper.
Pre school students, making paper110
Eskişehir Municipality
Eskisehir111
Eskişehir is a city in west-central Turkey situat-ed at elevation 794 meters above sea level and has a population of 514,869. Eskisehir Metro-politan Municipality gives art training courses to women including upcycling waste paper into baskets, jewelry, wall decorations etc. The 110 Pre school students, making paper , Photograph, 2016. http://hamidiyeanaokulu.meb.111 Map, Done by Askin, Rima112 ESMEK. http://esmek.eskisehir.bel.tr/sayfalar.php?sayfalar_id=2113 Esmek, Paper Relief Exhibition.http://esmek.eskisehir.bel.tr/114 ESMEK Paper relief course. 2017. http://www.eskisehirgundem.com/?sec=1&newscatid=6&newsid=123998
art courses of the municipality are called “ES-MEK”. Its’ target groups are children, women, men, young people, unemployed, those who want to work and want to progress in their pro-fession, those who want to gain a new hobby, art and skills.112
ESMEK, Paper Relief Exhibition113
ESMEK Paper relief course114
In the upcycling paper courses, women socialize and provide the recycling of the paper by devel-oping and producing handicrafts. In 2017, the women took courses every Monday and they stated that they had a lot of fun in the paper course. Also, Metropolitan authorities provided them the opportunity to exhibit and sell the pa-
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per products they produced.115
Sukurusu-handmade paper course116
Eskişehir- Tepebasi Municipality has a practice center unit called “Sukurusu” which works on creating environmental consciousness. Its’ tar-get group is especially children. The unit is work-ing on collecting waste paper and converting it into handmade products and introducing an old craft.
2. 2. 4. Handmade Paper in Art
Recycling: Washi Tales 117
115 Eskişehir Municipality.http://www.eskisehir.bel.tr/icerik_dvm.php?icerik_id=3410&cat_icerik=1&menu_id=24116 Sukurusu-handmade paper course https://www.sondakika.com/haber/haber-sukurusu-uygulama-merkezi-cocuklara-geri-do-nusumu-6110941/117 Recycling: Washi Tales. Photograph location, http://www.washitales.com/project.html#118 Recycling: Washi Tales. Photograph location http://www.washitales.com/project.html#119 Recycling: Washi Tales. http://www.washitales.com/project.html#
Recycling: Washi Tales118
We can see recycling and handmade paper in artworks. For example, Japanese paper artist, Kyoko Ibe has performances called “Recycling: Washi Tales”. This performance is an exhibit and play, featuring traditional Japanese music and theatre forms, on the history of papermak-ing in Japan. (“Washi” means “handmade pa-per” in Japan).
Washi Tales includes four tales in which paper-maker serves as narrator and guide as she cre-ates something new from what she learns of the old. On the stage handmade paper making and handmade paper products can be seen. “Washi Tales explores the aesthetic and spiritual value of recycling. It carries contemporary environ-mental concerns into the realm of history and imagination”.119
The exhibition “The Art of Handmade Paper” in the Sonoma Valley Museum of Art (2012) in Cal-ifornia featured some of the best examples of handmade paper. The exhibition included se-lections from North American and Asian artists.
S. Barbara Song Sparrow120 Lake Splittail121
The artist Deborah Baldizar makes paper sculp-tures as shown below.
Baldizar Deborah, Paper sculptures122
In Turkey, sculptures prefer to work with materi-als such as clay, wood, stone, metal etc.; there are only a few artists working with handmade paper such as Esma Paçal Turam. In 1994, she did her doctoral dissertation on paper art. After that, she established the paper workshop at the university. But then she left the school and start-ed working at her workshop.
In Istanbul-Turkey, Deniz Akman and Türker Akman are designing paper sculptures, instal-lations and window displays under their brand 120 S. Barbara Song Sparrow ,”Exhibition: The Art of Handmade paper. 2012, location Sonoma Valley Museum of Art, Media Gallery. 121 Lake Splittail, Exhibition: The Art of Handmade paper, 2012, location Sonoma Valley Museum of Art, Media Gallery.122 Baldizar Deborah. Paper sculpture. 2006-2016, location http://www.deborahbaldizar.com/123 Papier Atelier, 2016. http://www.oapartamento.com/pt/blog/project/papier-atelierartists-in-residence-workshop/124 Esma Paçal Turam , Paper sculpture. http://www.galleryapel.com 125 Akman, Paper figüre, 2016. http://www.oapartamento.com/pt/blog/project/papier-atelierartists-in-residence-workshop/126 Özlem Altınbilek, “paper figures” .http://alsancaksanategitimi.com/egitmenler/ozlem-altinbilek/
called Papier Atelier. The philosophy behind their works is based on hand crafting and slow living as they prefer to work with the naivest materi-al; “paper”.123 Özlem Altınbilek is another artist who works with handmade paper.
Esma Paçal Turam , Paper figures124
Akmans’ Paper figure 125
Özlem Altınbilek’s “paper figures” 126
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Case Study
The handmade paper production “action plan and project” prepared by Don Reich S. De Dios and Rolly DC Mulatto, plans to establish a handmade paper facility that will recycle agricultural and forest wastes. After the training on handmade paper, members of AFPAI will be able to produce variety of handmade paper. The paper will be offered to the potential buyers such as the Art Association of the Philippines and the Society of Philippine Sculptors.127
Philippine Indigenous Art128 The Baguio Arts Guild129
Filipino visual artists buy handmade paper, because most of them are in the “Indigenous Art Move-ment” in which the artists use indigenous materials, mostly organic materials for making artworks. For example, they use handmade paper as an alternative for the classic use of canvas. Handmade paper is also used in making sculptures, art installation and other conceptual works.
Filipino Visual artists who are active in the Indigenous Art Movement are Jun Yee of UPLB, the Baguio Arts Guild (BAG) artists led by the late Santi Bose (1949-2002), Benedicto “BenCab” Cabrera, Leonida Dumsang, Virgilio “Pandy” Aviado, and the Pampanga Arts Guild (PAG) artists namely Edille Paras, Gelo Espiritu, Conderlos Lingat, Jesus “Jigz” Cayanan and Angelo “Long” Melo (D.R.de Dios,2013). 130
2. 3. BUILDING “COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIP”
Community coalitions and partnerships are vehicles for engaging multiple sectors of a community to work together to achieve a common goal. Members can represent constituencies, factions, or organi-zations within the community. According to Frances D. Butterfoss, a coalition is group of diverse orga-nizations and constituencies working together toward a common goal; with a comprehensive action plan, a coalition can engage people, ideas, and resources across sectors (p.5). Tom Wolff gives several 127 De Dios Don Reich. Rolly D. C. Mullato. “Handmade_Paper_Production_With_The_Use_of _Forest_and_Agricultural_Waste_de_dios_Mulato”. 2013 http://www.academia.edu/33046935. Accessed February 4, 2018128 Philippine Indigenous Art, 2011, slide location https://www.slideshare.net/babaylan1111/philippine-indigenous-art129 The Baguio Arts Guild. 2010, Photograph, location http://www.jloscrib.com/2010/08/botanical-garden.html130 De Dios Don Reich. Rolly D. C. Mullato. “Handmade_Paper_Production_With_The_Use_of _Forest_and_Agricultural_Waste_de_dios_Mulato”. 2013 http://www.academia.edu/33046935. Accessed February 4, 2018.
definitions of coalitions as follows:
• CheriBrowndefinesacoalitionas“anor-ganization of diverse interest groups that com-bine their humanandmaterial resources toef-fectaspecificchangethemembersareunabletobringaboutindependently.”
• RonLaBontesuggeststhatcoalitionsare“groupsofgroupswithsharedgoalsandsomeawarenessthat‘unitedwestand,anddividedwefall.‘”
• Feigherty and Rogers differentiate threetypes of coalitions based on their member-ship- grassroots, professional, and communitybased.131
Coalitions aremade up of “stakeholders” fromthroughoutthecommunitywhocometogethertoaddressaparticular issueorbeginacollabora-tiveefforttoimprovethequalityoflife.Stakehold-ersarethosewhomaybeaffectedbyorhaveaneffectonaneffort(p.64)132
Building coalition helps to engage in collectiveactionthatbuildspower,toshareideasandstrat-egies, to share responsibility and, to improvecommunication in the community.According toFrancess Dunn Butterfoss coalitions work be-cause theyprovide fourmainbenefits to thosecommunitiesthatchoosetobuildthem.
• Strength in numbers. A main advantage of working in partnership is having the support, encouragement, and sheer numbers behind your effort.
• Strength in relationships. Coalition build-131 Wolff,Tom.“CoalitionBuilding:IsthisReallyEmpowerment?”.FromTheGroundUp,AWorkbookonCoalitionBuildingandCommunityDevelopment.Ed.GillianKaye,TomWolff.AHEC/CommunityPartnersInc,2002,pp.13-28132 Wolff Tom. “Building the Coalition”. Developing Community Capacity/ Module 1. The W. K. Kellog Foundation. pp. 55-97.133 Butterfoss, D. Frances. Ignite! Getting Your Community Coalition “Fired Up” for Change.2013. AuthorHouse, Bloomington.134 Butterfoss, D. Frances. Ignite! Getting Your Community Coalition “Fired Up” for Change.2013. AuthorHouse, Bloomington.135 Geese photograph, 2016, http://www.ksfy.com
ing is all about relation building
• Strength in diversity. A strong coalition represents the breadth of the community in all its unique diversity.
• Strength in resources. Individuals and organizations bring tangible resources that will sustain your coalition and its efforts (p. 8). 133
According to Frances D.Butterfoss, “sustainabil-ity” is not just about funding. “It’s about build-ing the momentum to maintain community-wide change by maximizing your community’s assets and resources. It is about ensuring that positive policies and practices become ingrained in the culture of your community and its organizations. It’s about engaging key stakeholders to nurture long term community support for your coalition’s supports” (p. 101).134
2. 3. 1. Lessons from Geese
Geese135
According to Gillian Kaye, human organizations may have a great deal to learn from geese in at-tempting to travel to their own goals. Following are examples of how geese work together suc-
PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS ARTS
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cessfully to travel great distances.136
• Fact 1: As each goose flaps its wings, it creates an “uplift” for the birds that follow. By fly-ing in formation, the whole flock adds 71 percent greater flying range than if each bird flew alone, Lesson: People who share a common goal di-rection and sense of community can get where they are going quicker and easier because they are traveling on the trust of one another.
• Fact 2: When a goose falls out of forma-tion it suddenly feels the drag and resistance of flying alone. It quickly moves back into forma-tion to take ad- vantage of the lifting power of the bird immediately in front to it. Lesson: If we have as much sense as a goose, we stay in for-mation with those headed where we want to go. We are willing to accept their help and give our help to others.
• Fact 3: When the lead goose tires, it ro-tates back into the formation and another goose flies to the point position. Lesson: It pays to take turns doing the hard tasks and sharing leader- ship. As with geese, people are depen-dent on each other’s skills, capabilities, unique gifts, talents, and resources.
• Fact 4: The geese flying in formation honk to encourage those in front to keep up their speed. Lesson: We need to make sure our honking is encouraging. In groups where there is encouragement the production is greater. The power of encouragement (to stand by one’s heart or core values and encourage the heart and core of others) is the quality of honking we seek.
136 Kaye, Gillian. “Grassroots Organizations: Building Capacity”. Developing Community Capacity, Module 1. The W. K. Kellog Foundation. pp. 107-138.137 Kaye, Gillian. “Grassroots Organizations: Building Capacity”. Developing Community Capacity, Module 1. The W. K. Kellog Foundation. pp. 107-138.138 Wolff, Tom.. “Barriers To Coalition Building and Strategies To Overcome Them”. From The Ground Up, A Workbook on Coali-tion Building and Community Development. Ed. Gillian Kaye, Tom Wolff. AHEC/ Community Partners Inc, 2002, pp. 40-50
• Fact 5: When a goose gets sick or is shot, two geese drop out of formation and follow it down to help or protect it. They stay with it until it dies or can fly again. Then they start out with another formation or catch up with the flock. Lesson: If we are as loyal as geese we will stand by each other in times as well as when we are strong.137
2. 3. 2. The Barriers to Coalition Succes
We need to keep in mind that there may be chal-lenges to collaboration. Thomas Wolff explains some barriers to coalition success and some strategies that a coalition might develop to counteract them. Barriers are: turf and compe-tition, bad history, failure to act, dominance by professionals, lack of a common vision, failure to provide and create leadership, poor links to the community.138
Turf and competition: competition among co-alition members is a major barrier to success. To overcome, we need to pay attention to the self-interest of all the parties.
Bad history: Most communities have had un-successful attempts at building cooperation and forming coalitions. Therefore, they do not want to involve a new coalition. To overcome this bar-rier, the first strategy is to learn the community’s history and determine how they succeeded or failed.
Failure to act: Sometimes coalitions have end-less, long-term planning meetings that prevents from actions. This discourages the involvement of people. Therefore, according to Wolff, the co-alition must also produce actions and results in
its first weeks and months of existence
Lack of a common vision: According to Wolff, there may be disagreement about goals in coali-tions. There are a variety of reasons for this. The most obvious strategy is to develop a common vision before organizing the coalition.
Dominance by professionals: Although key pro-fessionals are often important members of coa-litions and can be especially helpful assets, they can also become barriers when they dominate the process.
Failure to provide and create leadership: Coa-litions have two leadership missions. One is to provide competent leadership for the coalition itself. The other is to create new leadership in all sectors of the community. Therefore, coalitions must foster the development of leaders from their own members and seek out new individ-uals to take leadership roles in the community.
Poor links to the community: Most of the co-alitions have little success in establishing solid links to the community. Ordinary citizens quick-ly understand that this is a world of which they are not a part, and they may not return. To over-come, we need to serve as equal partners.139
2. 3. 3. Community Outreach Techniques
Coalitions need to make outreach plans to in-crease awareness about the project and gain support. Working with NGOs can provide bene-fits for coalitions. According to Gillian Kaye there are two outreach techniques that work: 1. Meet face to face with as many community leaders as you can to hear their opinions and
139 Wolff, Tom. “Barriers To Coalition Building and Strategies To Overcome Them”. From The Ground Up, A Workbook on Coali-tion Building and Community Development. Ed. Gillian Kaye, Tom Wolff. AHEC/ Community Partners Inc, 2002, pp. 40-50140 Kaye, Gillian. “Grassroots Organizations: Building Capacity”. Developing Community Capacity/ Module 1. The W. K. Kellog Foundation, pp.107-138.
insights before you invite them to participate in the coalition. Not only will they enlighten you about community issues and perspectives, but they’ll tell you about other leaders they know and spread the word that your coalition is worth implemented. investigating. 2. Identify those to whom you may not have access but who should be involved. Spread the word to their constituency and disseminate your coalition’s information. This may take time with volunteer and informal leaders as you build trusting relationships. Many of these leaders may never have been asked to participate in a coalition and may distrust professionals. Go slowly and promise only what you can deliver.140
Public and house meetings : According to Gil-lian Kaye, town meetings are an excellent way to reach out to the organized community. At such meetings you can praise and acknowledge lead-ers, get input from community members, and discuss strategies and ideas. More- over, your coalition will get publicity and exposure (p.127).
Door to door: Going door to door is a time-hon-ored community-outreach strategy. It takes time and bodies, which your coalition may not have, but it can produce great results.
Street outreach: If you have decided to reach out to some of the developing sectors of the community you will have to go where they are. According to Gillian Kaye, this may mean pass-ing out fliers at factory gates, going to the lo-cal basketball court, or hanging out on a certain street corner; however, street outreach like this is generally effective only when someone cred-ible from the community joins you or does it on their own (p. 127).
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Meet Face to Face141
Tabling: Because getting out into the community is really the best way to introduce yourself and your coalition, consider setting up tables in front of busy supermarkets, shops, tram stations, or anywhere else that people pass by.
Attending community meetings: According to Gillian Kaye, attending community meetings both as an observer and participant sends a signal that you care about what people are saying and doing. When you interview community leaders, always ask when their next meetings are, and whether you can observe or talk about the coalition (p. 128).142
“Community outreach plan” includes “community assessment”. According to Kaye and Chavis “Doing assessments means setting up meetings and planning sessions to be facilitated by community mem-bers”.(p. 155).143
Stages of a Community Assessment
• Organizing the core planning group is the first step. Because it will be responsible for imple-menting the process. The group members can be leaders you know or representatives from the com-munity. Second step is scheduling meetings and issuing invitations. You may ask community leaders and organizations to host community planning meetings via personal contact with the planning group member or through letters and phone calls. The planning group members will also decide on meeting sites, who to invite, and the type of meeting to organize.
• Facilitating and assisting at community meetings. Each meeting should follow an identical for-mat and agenda. Meeting data should be collected. Community meetings are intended to involve and gain advice from participants. Planning group members should assemble and catalog this information for inclusion in reports that will be presented to the community for feedback (p. 157,158).144 141 Meet face to face. http://www.aib.edu.au/blog/communication/face-to-face-communication-in-the-digital-age/142 Kaye, Gillian. “Grassroots Organizations: Building Capacity”. Developing Community Capacity/ Module 1. The W. K. Kellog Foundation, pp.107-138.143 Kaye, Gillian. David M. Chavis, “Community Assessment”. Developing Community Capacity/ Module 1. The W. K. Kellog Foundation, pp.153-185.
3. 1. STAKEHOLDER MAP AND INVENTORY
To build community partnership through stakeholder engagement, the first step is identifying the stakeholders, then trying to explore and understand their interests. A stakeholder inventory includes stakeholders’ motivating self-interests, their role on this project, how could they block the project and strategies to overcome the barriers. Identifying stakeholders also helps to develop community outreach strategies. Stakeholders of this project are: local women residents, their families (husbands, children etc.,), Ekol Ofset, Silivri KAGIDER, local authority and Silivri Municipality.
Stakeholder map and inventory, helps to explain why people participate in this coalition; how to keep people in this coalition, and how can we engage the self-interests of stakeholders in mutual interest and mutual goal.
CHAPTER III:DESCRIPTION OF
THE PROJECT
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STAKEHOLDERS LOCAL WOMEN
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATIONAND ADOPTION
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATIONAND ADOPTION
USING THEIR POTENTIAL
INCREASING INCOME
JOINING SOCIAL ACTIVITY
LACK OF INFORMATION
UNSUITABLE SCHEDULE OF MEETINGS AND COURSES
COMMUNICATION AND CORRESPONDANCE
SCHEDULE PLANNING SUITABLE TO THEM
COMMUNICATION
IMPROVE PLANNING
COMMUNICATION
PRODUCE ACTIONS
COMMUNICATION
CORRESPONDANCE
COSTS ARE MORE THAN BENEFITS
PROFIT
ADVERTISEMENT
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
RELATIONSHIP
LACK OF COMMON VISION
FAILURE TO ACT
LACK OF INFORMATION
UNSUITABLE SCHEDULE OF MEETINGS
LACK OF INFORMATIONLACK OF INFORMATION
LACK OF COMMON VISION
SETTING APPOINTMENT COMMUNICATION
GOOD RELATIONS AT HOME
INCREASE INCOME
COLLABORATIVE WORK
SUPPORT WOMEN’S WORK
INFORMATION
ASSISTANCE
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
DUTY
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
DUTY
IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN SILIVRI
PLACE FOR MAKING PAPER
ASSISTANCE
SOURCE OF MATERIAL
FUNDING
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
EKOL OFSETSILIVRI
KAGIDERFAMILIES OF THE WOMEN
LOCAL AUTHORITY
SILIVRIMUNICIPALITY
THEIR INTERESTS
STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME
WHAT DO I WANT FROM THEM?
WHY THEY CANBLOCK THE PROJECT?
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Women local residents: As the aim of this proj-ect is to offer women residents a work oth-er than housework; women will affect and will be affected by this project more than the oth-er stakeholders. Women living in “Yenimahal-le- Silivri” would want to involve in this project because of different reasons. Some women may want to explore and to use their potential; some women may want to increase their income and some of them may want to join in a community activity. Not sharing information and ideas with them and preparing schedules for meetings and courses unsuitable to them can block this proj-ect. Therefore, we need to communicate, share information and ask their opinion before prepar-ing a schedule.
Ekol Ofset: They will provide funds and material for this project. They have high impact on this project. They involve to this project, because they want to do something for their community and for the environment. (Social responsibility). In addition, as Ekol Ofset is a business, this proj-ect can be a good advertising for them. If they see costs of this project more than its benefits, they may not continue to be in the project. There-fore, communication and planning are needed.
Silivri KAGIDER: They will help for project im-plementation and adoption. As they want to strengthen women’s position, more members of KAGIDER can collaborate when they under-stand the goal of this project. Also, they give importance to the relations in the community, because they prepare meetings, seminars etc. if this project fails to create a common vision and fails to act, KAGIDER may not want to be in this project. Therefore, communication and produc-ing actions are needed.
Families of the women: Husbands, children etc. can be affected from this project. The change in
the life style of house wives will have effect on their families. Some of the family members may oppose, some of them may want to collaborate. If they cannot get enough information about this project and if they face problems at home be-cause of this project, they may block the proj-ect. For example, course and making handmade paper hours may not be suitable for the family; because of this project husbands may need to help housework. Therefore, we need to commu-nicate, share information and ask their opinion before preparing a schedule.
Local authority: He will help to find place to es-tablish the handmade paper workshop. Local authority can give information about the neigh-borhood, can help to introduce this project. If local authority cannot get enough information about the project, he/she may not provide as-sistance. Face to face communication can be a good solution through the project process.Silivri Municipality: They will help to find place to establish the handmade paper workshop; to introduce the project. Silivri Municipality wants to increase the quality of life in Silivri district and they organize many social activities and free courses (as explained in the introduction section). If the municipality cannot get enough information about the project, and if we cannot build common vision, they may not help. Face to face communication, sharing information and giving brochures about the project to them can overcome barriers.
The Barriers
In this project four barriers can be seen;
1) Failure to act: To overcome, the coalition must produce actions;
2) Lack of a common vision: To overcome, a common vision before organizing the coalition is needed;
3) Failure to provide and create leadership: To overcome, the coalition must foster the develop-ment of leaders from the members;
4)Poor links to the community: To overcome, seeing everybody as equal partner is needed.145
3. 2. COMMUNITY OUTREACH PLAN
Meeting at Silivri KAGIDER146
This project’s core planning group includes two women volunteers from the neighborhood, one founder of Silivri KAGIDER, one member of Silivri KAGIDER, one representative from Ekol Ofset.
At the meeting at Silivri KAGIDER, they decided to do the followings:
• Preparing brochures and posters about the project is decided. This material will be pub-lished by Ekol Ofset.
• A webpage will be prepared, and its’ ad-dress will be put on the brochures and posters145 Wolff, Tom. “Barriers To Coalition Building and Strategies To Overcome Them”. From The Ground Up, A Workbook on Coali-tion Building and Community Development. Ed. Gillian Kaye, Tom Wolff. AHEC/ Community Partners Inc, 2002, pp. 40-50146 Meeting at Silivri KAGIDER, 2016. http://www.silivrihurhaber.com/kagider-de-genel-kurul-50962.html
• An appointment will be set, and some brochures and posters will be given to the mayor of Silivri Municipality. After explaining the goal of the project, the mayor will be asked to provide a place for handmade paper workshop (If he pro-vides the workshop with low rent, rent will be paid by Ekol Ofset and Silivri KAGIDER).
• The brochures will be distributed door to door in the neighborhood including the local authority by the members of the core planning group and Ekol Ofset workers. They will also distribute by “street outreach” technique in the neighborhood; they will hang them on the walls of schools, street corners, Silivri cultural center and “Silivri neighborhood houses”.
• Silivri KAGIDER members in the core planning group will distribute brochures and posters to the other KAGIDER members.
• The planning group members will decide on a wider meeting at Silivri KAGIDER. They will also decide who to invite by phone and by face to face communication. For to outreach, “meet-ing face to face” technique is preferred. Because face-to-face contact breaks down barriers and works better.
• After meetings, meeting data will be col-lected; advice from participants will be gained. At these meetings in KAGIDER, members can be recognized and praised, information and ideas about the project can be shared.
• The self-interests of stakeholders will be engaged in mutual interest and mutual goal.
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This community-outreach plan keeps in mind that trust is key for all types of relations and the “Six R’s” which are recognition, respect, role, relation-ship, reward and results. According to Gillian Kaye, these reasons explain why people participate in a coalition. In the book From The Ground Up, A Workbook on Coalition Building and Community Development, she explains them as follows:147
“Recognition. People want to be recognized for their leadership to serve the members of their communities and organizations. We all want to be recognized, initially by the members of our own group and then by members of other groups, for our personal contribution to efforts to build a bet-ter quality of life. TIP: Recognition can be given through awards and dinners, highlighting contribu-tions and praising and naming at public events” (p. 100).
“Respect. Everyone wants respect. By joining in community activities, we seek the respect of our peers. People often find their values, culture, or traditions are not respected in the workplace or community. People seek recognition and respect for themselves and their values by joining com-munity organizations and coalitions. TIPS: Don’t schedule all of your planning meetings during reg-ular working hours--this may exclude many grass-roots leaders who hold other jobs. Meet in the eve-nings and provide dinner and child care, or at least meet late enough so that those attending can take the time to provide dinner and child care for their families. Translate materials and meeting agendas into languages other than English, if necessary, and provide translators at meetings” (p. 100, 101).
“Role. We all need to feel needed. It is a cliché, but it’s true. We want to belong to a group which gives us a prominent role and where our unique contri-bution can be appreciated. Not everyone search-147 Kaye, Gillian. “Involving and Mobilizing the Grassroots.” From The Ground Up, A Workbook on Coalition Building and Com-munity Development. Ed. Gillian Kaye, Tom Wolff. AHEC/ Community Partners Inc, 2002, pp. 99-122.148 Kaye, Gillian. “Involving and Mobilizing the Grassroots.” From The Ground Up, A Workbook on Coalition Building and Com-munity Development. Ed. Gillian Kaye, Tom Wolff. AHEC/ Community Partners Inc, 2002, pp. 99-122.
es for the same role. Groups must find a role for everyone if they expect to maintain membership. TIP: Grassroots leaders and members have had the experience of being “tokens” on coalitions. Create roles with real power and substance” (p. 101).
“Relationship. Organizations are organized net-works of relationships. It is often a personal invi-tation which convinces us to join an organization. People join organizations for personal reasons, to make new friends, and to broaden a base of support and/or influence. Organizations draw us into a wider context of community relationships, which encourage accountability, mutual support, and responsibility. TIP: Provide real opportunities for networking with other institutions and leaders” (p. 101).
“Reward. Organizations and coalitions attract new members and maintain old members when the rewards of membership outweigh the costs. Of course, not everyone is looking for the same kind of rewards. Identify the public and private rewards which respond to the self-interests of members in order to sustain their role in the coalition. TIP: Schedule social time and interaction into the agen-da of the coalition where families can participate. Make sure there is an ongoing way to share re-sources and information, including funding oppor-tunities and access to people in power” (p. 101).
“Results. Nothing works like results! An organi-zation which cannot “deliver the goods” will not continue to attract people and resources. TIP: To many grassroots leaders and residents, visi-ble projects and activities that directly impact on conditions and issues in their communities are the results they are looking for in return for their partic-ipation” (p. 101, 102).148
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October 2018
November 2018
December 2018
January 2019
February 2019
March 2019
April 2019
May 2019
A:MEETINGSATKAGIDERO:TODISCUSSTHEPROJECTANDTOSHAREINFORMATION
A:PREPARINGPOSTERSANDBROCHURESO:TOINTRODUCETHEPROJECT
A:MEETINGWITHSILIVIRIMUNICIPALITYO:ESTABLISHINGHANDMADEPAPERWORKSHOP
A=ACTIVITYO=OBJECTIVES
A:PREPARINGWEBPAGEO:INTRODUCTIONOFTHEPROJECT,SHARINGINFO
A:ESTABLISHINGHANDMADEPAPERWORKSHOPO:TEACHINGHOWTOMAKEHMPAPER
A:TRAININGONHANDMADEPAPERPRODUCTIONO:TEACHINGHOWTOMAKEHMPAPER
A:STREETOUTREACHTECHNIQUEO:INTRODUCINGTHEPROJECTTOTHECOMMUNITY
3. 3. TIME FRAME
48 49
CHAPTER IV:CONCLUSION &
RECOMMENDATIONS
The statistics show the consumption of pa-per-based packaging and its waste increased in Turkey and waste management became an important part of life. Converting them into handmade paper seems more environmentally friendly than the other methods of making paper, because it needs less chemicals and less ener-gy such as water and electricity. On the other hand, there is very little information and experi-ence about making handmade paper in Turkey. Internet research shows only two paper making workshops in the two cities of Turkey support-ed by the Istanbul and Eskişehir municipalities. Moreover, there are a few artists who make art-works from handmade paper. But research on
NGOs in Turkey, shows people voluntarily gather to protect the environment and to improve the women’s position.
The research shows, Silivri municipality has many activities to improve life and to improve women’s position in Silivri. It provides many free courses such as art, dance, handcraft etc. Women enjoy involving in these kinds of social activities and doing handcrafts together; they also exhibit and sell their handmade products to increase their income. This shows, offering to make handmade paper to women living in Yeni-mahalle neighborhood in Silivri district seems beneficial and “fun” for them.
• Advanced market research on handmade paper is recommended
• Improving Community Outreach plan is recommended
To inform the community, “tabling” technique is recommended. In front of schools and other NGOs, tables can be set up. Besides creating a webpage, creating a logo for handmade products is recom-mended.
• Improving coalition building is recommended.
Add KEDV as stakeholder and set up meetings with them. Continue face to face relations; Come to-gether at meetings at KAGIDER; share information and ideas and increase stakeholder awareness. Conducting periodic surveys on the community satisfaction is recommended.Think the 6 R’s, how to overcome barriers and how to improve stakeholder inventory continuously.
• Curriculum development is recommended.
This curriculum will include community’s needs and lesson plans. Provide training on handmade paper production and training on different kinds of hand paper products such as decorative objects. Creat-ing new opportunities, such as inviting artists who work with handmade paper is recommended.
SWOT Analysis
Recommendations
Handmade paper is environmentally friendly; this project introduces making handmade paper and a collaborative process; it works with non-profits to improve the lives of wom-en in the neighborhood.
Handmade paper production by hand is slow; handmade paper has high price;in general, there is lack of experience in making handmade paper
The project can expand; different products can be made from handmade paper; selling handmade paper products increases income.
There may be lack of marketing handmade paper
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