Incomplete Dominance Neither allele is dominant over the other Heterozygous offspring have a...
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Incomplete Dominance
Neither allele is dominant over the otherHeterozygous offspring have a phenotype that is somewhere between the two.
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Incomplete Dominance
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Incomplete Dominance
Homozygous red parent: RRcrossed with
Homozygous white parent: WW
RR x WW yields heterozygous offspring
RW that are pink
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Incomplete Dominance
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Codominance
Both alleles contribute to the phenotype
Heterozygous offspring express both alleles
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Codominance
X
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Codominance: A black chicken crossed with a white chicken results in a speckled chicken
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CODOMINANCE: ABO BLOOD TYPES
Blood type depends on the presence or absence of certain carbohydrates on the surface of red blood cells
3 alleles are possible: IA
IB
i
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ABO BLOOD TYPES
IA and IB are codominant to each other when they are paired.
i allele is recessive to both IA and IB
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ABO Blood Groups
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ABO Blood Groups
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ABO Blood Types
Blood typing is actually far more complicated than “A”, “B”, and “O”
ABO are the MAJOR antigens There are also MINOR antigens
Rh factor: “+” or “-”
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ABO Blood Types
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ABO Blood Types
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ABO Blood Types
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ABO Blood Types
Why is it important to get the right blood type when getting a transfusion? Transfusion Reactions
Immune system (antibodies) will attack cells that have an antigen that the body doesn’t recognize as “self”
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Transfusion Reaction
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Multiple Alleles
More than 2 possible alleles exist in a population
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Multiple Alleles Coat color in rabbits: there are at least 4
different alleles C = full color (dominant to all other
alleles) c (ch) = chinchilla c (h) = himalayan c = albino (recessive to all other alleles)
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Full color rabbit
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Chinchilla rabbit: partial defect in pigmentation
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Himalayan rabbit: color in only certain parts of body
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Albino rabbit: no color; recessive to all other alleles
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Polygenic Traits
Traits that are produced by the interaction of more than one different genes
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Polygenic Inheritance
For example: coat color in Labrador retrievers is a result of interaction of 2 different genes.
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Polygenic Inheritance
Example: comb shape in chickens is a result of interaction between 2 different genes.
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X-Linked Inheritance
Early 1900’s Thomas Morgan’s fruit fly studies
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X-Linked Inheritance
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X-Linked Inheritance More than 300 human traits are X-
linked. Most common X-linked recessive
disorders: Hemophilia Red-green colorblindness Duchenne muscular dystrophy Adrenoleukodystrophy (seen in the
movie Lorenzo’s Oil)
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BARR BODIES
Barr body is found only in females It is a darkly staining area in the
nucleus of a cell that represents an inactivated X chromosome
One X chromosome is randomly inactivated
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Barr Body
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Barr Body
Do you see the Barr body?
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Barr Body: X inactivation
Calico cat Generally all females Have one X chromosome coding for for
gold color, and one X chromosome coding for black color
Color pattern shows how one X chromosome in each cell is randomly inactivated
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Calico Cat
There have been instances of male Calico cats found How could this happen?
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Male Calico cat?
HINT: Male calico cats are sterile
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Male Calico cat?
Answer: Male Calico cats have XXY chromosome configuration A Klinefelter’s cat? Yup, it happens.