Incomplete Dominance Co-dominance Multiple Alleles Sex-linked Traits.
Incomplete Dominance and Co-Dominance Taking it a step beyond Mendel 1.
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Transcript of Incomplete Dominance and Co-Dominance Taking it a step beyond Mendel 1.
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Incomplete Dominance and Co-
DominanceTaking it a step beyond Mendel
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Complete DominanceBefore Mendel, the prevailing theory of inheritance was
blending inheritance – that children appear as a combination of their parents
We learned that Mendel disproved this theory. The cross of purple and white only yielded purple or white flowers, no other colours.
Complete dominance occurs when only one allele is expressed, regardless of the presence of another
Is this always the case in nature?
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Blending is Common in Nature!
There are exceptions to the dominance rule
In snapdragons, a homozygous red flower and a homozygous white flower will produce pink flowers!P Generation
F1 Generation
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The genes of snapdragonsThe gene that codes for flower colour is called C
It has two possible alleles, Red – CR , and White – CW
Genotype Phenotype
CRCR RedCRCW PinkCWCW White
Note the style of writing genes! The C represents the Gene, the superscript represents the allele
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The ratio stays the same
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Incomplete DominanceIn the case of snapdragons, neither of the alleles
is dominant. Both red and white pigments are expressed and neither masks each other.
Heterozygote looks like a blend of the homozygotes
Incomplete dominance is a situation where neither allele dominates the other and both exercise an influence on phenotype, resulting in partial expression of BOTH traits.
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CodominanceSometimes two alleles will both be equally
dominant in the offspring
Codominance is the situation where both alleles are expressed fully to produce offspring with a third genotype
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Codominance
Note how we also use superscripts here to show that both genes are equally
dominant!
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Comparing the twoIncomplete Dominance
Resulting offspring looks like a HOMOGENEOUS BLEND of both parents
Neither allele is dominant, both have some influence on the phenotype
Complete Dominance
Resulting offspring looks like a MECHANICAL MIXTURE of both parents
Both alleles are dominant, both are completely expressed, but on different parts of the organism
x x
Incomplete dominance: Co-dominance:
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Blood TypesHuman blood is both a dominant and codominant
trait
Possible Blood Types (Phenotypes):
A, B, AB, O
Possible Alleles:
IA , IB , iEveryone still only inherits two alleles (one from
each parent)
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Human Blood TypesGenotype Phenotype
(Blood Type)
IA IA A
IA i A
IB IB B
IB i B
IA IB AB
ii OCodominance
Dominance
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Human Blood Types
Antigen – a molecule recognized by the immune system
Antibody – fight any foreign material in the body; they link the foreign substances together to create a clump of cells
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Blood DonationWhen you receive a blood
transfusion the concern is that your body’s antigens will attack the foreign red blood cells leading to an immune response
The appropriate donor blood cells will not have a an antigen that can be recognized by an antibody in the recipients blood
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Type O Blood – Universal Donor
Type AB Blood – Universal Recipient
DONATE BLOOD!!!
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You think you got it? Let’s see…
Q: If a woman has blood type AB and a man has blood type A, what possible blood types will their children have?
Hint: There is only one possible genotype for mom but two for dad…
Solution:
Mom’s genotype: IAIB Dad’s genotype: IAi or IAIA
Consider the following crosses: IAIB x IAi and IAIB x IAIA
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Solutions Continued
Cross #1 (homozygous dad): IAIB x IAIA
Cross #2 (heterozygous dad): IAIB x IAi
IA
IB
IA i
IA IA
IA IB
IA i
IB i
All children from these two parents must be type A, type B or type AB
IA
IB
IA IA
IA IA
IA IA
IA IA
IB IB
All children from these two parents must be type A or type AB