Inclinometer Class - Engineer

7/29/2019 Inclinometer Class - Engineer

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Inclinometer Basics and Specs


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Landslides

Durham Geo Slope Indicator


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Dams and Foundations



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Road Cuts



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Diaphragm & Sheet Pile Walls



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Embankments



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Tailings Dam



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How Does an Inclinometer Work


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Installed Casing


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Surveying the Casing


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Inclinometer Probe

A- A+

A+

A-

B+B-


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What does the probe

measure ?

Tilt from vertical:


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We need a length

LateralDeviation

or simply Deviation


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From Tilt to Deviation

Deviation =Lsin

L= Length of hypotenuse

= Angle of tilt


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English Readings

English Units


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Sine Function


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English Calibration

English Units

English Reading = 2 x sin x 10000


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Common Practices and Maintenance


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Inclinometer Casing

casing straightness and verticality

casing depth

casing termination (for pulley)

mark the A0 groove with paint or a

notch.

survey new installations three fulltimes.

do not create an artificial initialby

averaging these surveys.


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Inclinometer Probe

Protect the probe from shock Transport the probe in its carrying

case ins ide your vehicle

Power up the probe when you lower

it into the borehole

Do not allow the probe to strike the

bottom of the borehole

Clamp wheels of the probe in yourhand as you remove it from the

casing

Perform regular maintenance


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Inclinometer Cable

avoid over tightening the connectionbetween the probe and cable

perform regular maintenance: O-

rings and moisture

calibrate your control cable

once a year - dimensional

stability and

interchangeability ofcables


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Depth Control and Reading

Use a pulley assembly and aconsistent top reference

Always draw the probe upward to

the reading depth

Use the same probe and cable foreach survey

Wait 10 minutes for the probe to

adjust to the temperature of the

borehole.

Wait for displayed readings to

stabilize


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Inclinometer Probe Inspection

Check pivot pin Check wheel yoke

Check wheel bearings

Lubricate wheel bearings

Check screws and pins on body

Check end connection keyway

Check O-ring on connection

Check connection pins


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Inclinometer Probe Maintenance

Moisture management Lubrication of the wheels

Lubrication of the O-rings

Clean connectors

Proper storage

DO NOT USE SPRAY SOLVENTS


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Inclinometer Cable Inspection

Check cable continuityCheck markings, kinks and coiling

Check connector keys

Check connector pins and inserts

Check O-Rings

Check for breaks in cable jacket


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Inclinometer Cable Maintenance

Wipe off the cable before storage Allow the connectors to dry

Clean cable as necessary (water or liquinox)

Check connector for cleanliness

NO CHLORINATED SOLVENTS (WD-40)

Coil the cable properly

Self-Calibrate


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DataMate Inspection

Check humidity - < 75% Check main battery

Check connectors

Check operations

lock-ups, crashes,

time failure, intermittance

Run Self-Tests


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DataMate Maintenance

Moisture management - 5.5v

Clean connectors

Clean surface to avoid build-up

NO CHLORINATED SOLVENTS (WD-40)

Check on/off switch


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Inclinometer

Casing andInstallation


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Inclinometer Casing


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Casing Diameter

3.34 inch 2.75 inch 1.9 inch

English Units


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Groove Shape


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Groove Spiral

Spiral Specification

< 0.5 of spiral per 10 ft / 3m length of casing.

How to Check

1. Assemble several sections of casing.

2. Align grooves at one end and clamp.

3. Check same pair of grooves at other end.


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Quick Connect Couplings

QC Casing


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Glue & Rivet Couplings

Standard Casing


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Glue & Rivet Couplings

EPIC Casing


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Shear-Wire Couplings

CPI Casing


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Couplings - Summary

Quick Connect QC Rapid assembly

Flush couplings

Glue & Rivet Standard Very strong

Flush couplings

EPIC Very strongCut-and-couple

Shear Wire CPI Rapid assembly

Very strong

Cold weather

Shear-Wire Rapid assembly

Cold weather


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Telescoping Sections

Used when settlement exceeds 2%. Handles 6 inches of settlement.

Length closed: 2.5 ft

Length open: 3 ft.


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Borehole Requirements

Depth

Need 5 to 10 readings in stable ground.

Add extra depth for casing anchor or grout valve.

Diameter

Large enough for tremie pipe, if possible.

Verticality

Keep within 1 degree of vertical in A and B axes.


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Installation Requirements

Install in the Proper Orientation Use a Stable Backfill

Keep Casing Straight

Terminate for Pulley Assembly


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Effect of Orientation Error

cosine (10) = 0.984

c

Ideal 10 Off

10

HA


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Use a Stable Backfill

BestBentonite-Cement Grout

Sometimes Acceptable

Pea Gravel

Not Recommended

Sand


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Recommended Grout Mixes

For Hard Soil Volume Weight

Cement 94 lb bag 1

Water 30 gallons 2.5

Bentonite 20 to 50 lb

For Soft Soil Volume Weight

Cement 94 lb bag 1Water 75 gallons 6.6

Bentonite 35 to 60 lb

Gro ting ith a Tremie Pipe


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Grouting with a Tremie Pipe

Grouting with a Grout Valve


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Grouting with a Grout Valve

1.25" grout pipe

Gasket

One-way valve

Uplift after Grouting


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Uplift after Grouting

Grout: 89 lb/ft

Casing: 62 lb/ft

Depth: 100 ft

Bottom Cap: 0.04 ft

Uplift: 27 x 100 x .04 = 108 lb

Minimize Casing Curvature


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Minimize Casing Curvature

108


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Terminate for Pulley Assembly

1.25"

1"

6 ID Pipe


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Pulley Assembly

Casing Adaptor

Data Validation


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Data Validation

Checksums and Standard Deviation


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Actual: 359

Ideal: 349

Bias: +10

A0 at 1

Actual: -339

Ideal: -349

Bias: +10

A180 at 1

Checksum

=A0 + A180

= 359 + (-339)

= 20Probe Bias

= Checksum / 2

= 20 / 2

= 10




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Causes of bad checksums: bad positioning of the probe

unstable reading

debris in the casing warped or broken casing

telescoping sections

temperature variations



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look for consistency in checksums

use graphical data

scan through a column of checksums

the DataMate provides the standard deviation

(s) of checksums

establish your baseline s

collect subsequent survey data and get new s

look fors with numbers within a range of +/- 5

units

acceptable limits must be established based on

the parameters of the installation



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Checksums and Standard DeviationValidating your Data

check the s and compare

check the zone s

identify the bad reading and correct it by

retaking the data at that depth

Dir Validate Memory

Del Compare Print

MN A=51.337 B=45.674

SD A=4.1781 B=5.7170

25. 20. S.D.

A=4.1781 B=5.7170

DataMate and DMM


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DataMate and DMM

DataMate


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DataMateOn/Off Toggle

Switch

Probe Connector

Socket

Charger Connector

Socket

USB Connector

Socket

Directional Arrow

Keypad

Escape (Menu Up)Button

Enter (Select)

Button

Menu Display

Part Number

Serial Number

Vapor Hole

The switch is a pull-toggleSockets are waterproof only when the

caps or connectors are plugged in

Allows minor moisture to evaporate

DataMate


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Read Surveys

Comm Utilities

DataMate

Main Menu

Select the Read menu by moving

the cursor with the arrow keys and

then hitting Enter

DataMate


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Record Installation

Correct Manual Read

DataMate

Read Menu

Record Inclinometer ReadingsEdit Installation Parameters

Review and Correct Readings

Operate in Manual Mode

DataMate


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DataMate

Main Menu

Select the Surveys menu by

moving the cursor with the arrow

keys and then hitting Enter

Read Surveys

Comm Utilities

DataMate


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Dir Validate Memory

Del Compare Print

DataMate

Surveys Menu

List of surveys

Validate a surveyCheck available memory

Delete a survey

Compare one survey with another

Print a survey to a terminal program

DataMate


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DataMate

Main Menu

Select the Comm menu by moving

the cursor with the arrow keys and

then hitting Enter

Read Surveys

Comm Utilities

DataMate


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Waiting for PC ...

DataMate

Comm Menu

Communications mode for transferring datato and from a computer

DataMate


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DataMate

Main Menu

Select the Utilities menu by

moving the cursor with the arrow

keys and then hitting Enter

Read Surveys

Comm Utilities

DataMate


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Batt Beep Light

Temp Date Contrast

DataMate

Utilities Menu

Check battery voltage and memory

Toggle audible beep on/off

Toggle backlight on/offCheck humidity and temperature

Check and set time/date

Change display contrast

DataMate Installation Setup


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DataMate Installation Setup

Choose Read

Choose Installation

Scroll down to Create

Enter Information as prompted

Enter the edit mode and follow the prompts

The DataMate will exit the edit

mode once finished

Enter any corrections formistakes

DataMate Installation Fields


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DataMate Installation Fields

Site & Installation enter up to a 6 digit alpha-

numeric identifier

A0 dir enter a compass heading for the A0 direction

Operator enter your initials (3 character)

Sensor enter the serial number

Sens Type choose Digitilt or Spiral Units choose English

Ins ConstantDONT CHANGE

Start enter starting depth

Endenter 2 for English Intervalenter 2 for English

Good Field Practices


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Good Field Practices

Use the same equipment for each survey

Use a pulley assembly

Use a consistent reference

Power on before lowering probe

Allow time to adjust for temperature

Always make the probe read while going upward Wait for stabilization

Cup the wheels (dont allow them to snap)

Validate the readings when finished a complete

survey If you miss a reading or the power goes off, use the

correct command to edit or finish the survey

Recording a Survey


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Recording a Survey

Connect the system and power up the probe

Insert the probe with the upper wheel in the A0

direction

Choose Read & Record

Select the installation

Step through the parameters

Wait 10 Minutes

The display will show thestart depth (bottom depth)

Recording a Survey


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Recording a Survey

Begin the survey

50.0 204 48

Depth A0 B0

Raise the Probe and wait for stabilization

Take the reading (Press Enter or the trigger)

Recording a Survey


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Recording a Survey

Notice the survey advanced

48.0 210 55

50.0* 206* 52*



After the survey advances,

pull the probe up again

Recorded readings are

shown by an asterisk *

Recording a Survey


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Recording a Survey

Repeat until you reach the last reading

Continue 0

Done Del

2.0 210 55

4.0* 206* 52*

Choose Continue

Recording a Survey


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Recording a Survey

Notice the Survey changed to the A180 direction

50.0 204 48

Depth A180 B180



Changed to A180 & B180

Recording a Survey


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Recording a Survey

Notice the survey went back to the bottom reading

48.0 210 55

50.0P 206P 52P



After the survey advances,

pull the probe up again

Recorded readings are

shown by P

Recording a Survey


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Recording a Survey

Repeat until you reach the last reading

Continue 0

Done Del

2.0 210 55

4.0P 206P 52P

Choose Done

DMM


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DMM

DMM


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DMM

Go to www.slopeindicator.com

Select Downloads

Select Software

Select DMM for Windows

Download and install

Click Run

Download and Install

www.slopeindicator.com

Downloads

Software

DMM for WindowsDMM for Windows

Scrolldown

DMM


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DMM

Start DMM

Select File

Select Open

Select Project database

Select sample.mdb

Tour of the DMM Software

DMM


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DMM

Viewing InstallationsDatabase Name

These are the

installations

InstallationHeader

Ensure the ProbeConstant is 20000

when you are using

English Units

Survey List

Make sure all Depths

are equal and Full

Sets are all True

DMM


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DMM

Viewing Surveys

Click to expand the surveys

Surveys are listed

By date and timeWhen you select the

Survey, the readings

Appear in the window

DMM


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DMM

Editing Installations

Select a survey

Select Edit/Add

This is where you would

move a survey to another

installation

Shift

Columns to

correct sign

errors

DMM


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DMM

Plotting Data

Select a survey

Select Survey from the menu

Select Compare

Or simply right click on the survey

and select Compare

DMM


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DMM

Plotting DataChoose baseline to beable to compare surveys

Choose the

survey you want

to compare

DMM


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DMM

Open your project database by selecting

the File menu

Select Save As

Select Setup Database

The defaults are set to save in the DMM

folder, but choose your own path

Setup a project database

Open DMM

DMM


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DMM

Connect the DataMate to the port on your

computer

Select File menu

Select Open

Select Setup Database The setup

database must be displayed

Select the Comm menu on the DataMate

When the file is open, choose theDataMate menu in DMM

Select Send Setup

Send the Setup to the DataMate

Waiting for PC ...

DMM


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DMM

Sending a new setup will erase everything stored in the

DataMate

Click No if you did not back up your DataMate

Go back and Retrieve All from your DataMate

Redo the steps to send your new setup

You are ready to go and start the survey.

Send the Setup to the DataMate

DMM


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DMM

Retrieve a recorded survey

Open DMMSelect retrieve new from the DataMate menu

DMM


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Waiting for PC ...

DMM

Comm Menu

Go to the Comm menu on your DataMate

DMM


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DMM

DMM will display the new data in a slightly darker colorTile the windows vertically with the new survey and your

existing database

Click and hold

the survey you

want to copy

Drag and

drop on the

installationyou want to

copy to

DigoPro and Data Analysis


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Open DigiProSelect File then Open the choose

sample.mdb

Select your Installation and createa new survey



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go o a d a a a ys s

Choose your report template



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g y

Notice the selected graph is

highlighted

Clicking on the graph opens

the properties box

Calculating Deviation


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Calculating Deviation

Deviation = L xsin

Reading = 2 x sin x 10000

sin = Reading20000

Deviation = L x Reading

20000

L

English Units

Example: Calculating Deviation


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Example: Calculating Deviation

L= 24 in

Deviation = L x A

20000

= 24 in x 349

20000= 0.4188 in

English Units

Combining A0 & A180 Readings


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Combining A0 & A180 Readings

A0:349 A180:-349 Find theAlgebraic Difference:

= A0 A180

= 349 (-349)

= 698

and divide by 2:

= 698 / 2= 349

English Units

Difference & Probe Bias


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Difference & Probe Bias

A0 at 1

Ideal: 349

A180 at 1

Ideal: -349

Ideal Difference

= 349 (349)

= 698Actual Difference

= 359 (-339)

= (349 +10) (-349 +10)= 698

English Units

Actual: 359

Bias: +10

Actual: -339

Bias: +10

Difference vs Checksums


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Difference vs Checksums

Actual: 359

Ideal: 349

Bias: +10

A0 at 1

Actual: -339

Ideal: -349

Bias: +10

A180 at 1

Difference= A0 A180

= 698

Checksum=A0 + A180

= 359 + (-339)

= 20

English Units

Calculating Displacement


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Calculating Displacement

Displacement = Deviation= Deviation n Deviation 0

= L x Algebraic Difference

40000

English Units

Graphing Inclinometer Data


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Graphing Inclinometer Data

Presentation Graphs

Displacement vs Depth

Displacement vs Time

Diagnostic Graphs

Casing Curvature

Casing Profile

Checksums

Two Types of Displacement Graphs


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o ypes o sp ace e G ap s

Displacement

vs Depth


Displacement

D th


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vs Depth

Incremental

Cumulative

Incremental Cumulative



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Movement at selected zone, plotted against time.

Deviation vs


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Displacement

Deviation:

Position

Displacement:Change in position

Deviation Displacement

Diagnostic

G h


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Graphs

Straightness Plot

Profile Plot

Straightness Profile

Checksum

G h


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Graphs

Checksum Difference Checksum

Presentation Tip


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Keep your graphs simple

and easy to understand.

Graphing Tip


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Choose scales that

reveal appropriateinformation and hide

noise.



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Error Analysis

Accuracy


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English Units

Total Error

0.3 inch per 100 ft.

Random Error

0.05 inch per 100 ft.

Systematic Error 0.25 inch per 100 ft.

Limit of Precision

0.01 inch per reading. 0.05 inch per 100 ft.

Sources of Error


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ProbeBias shift*

Rotation*

Connectors

Wheels

CableDepth control*

Poor storage

Stretching

Shrinking

ReadoutOperation

CasingInclination*

Curvature*

Backfill

Grooves

Couplings

Systematic ErrorsBias Shift Rotation Depth


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Bias Shift Rotation Depth

Bias-Shift Error


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Example 1 Example 2

Bias Shift and Checksums


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Displacement Checksums

Correcting Bias-Shift Error


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Error Corrected

Rotation Error


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Example 1 Example 2

Rotation Error & Cross-Axis Profile


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Displacement A Casing Profile B

Example 1

Rotation Error & Cross-Axis Profile


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Displacement B Casing Profile A

Example 2

Calculating a Correction Factor


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Factor = Displacement Error A

Profile B

Displacement Error A = 35 mm

Profile B = 4226 mm

Factor = 35

4226

=0.0083

Displacement A Profile B

35 4226

Correcting Rotation Error


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Uncorrected Corrected

Depth Error


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Straightness vs

Displacement


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Example 1

Straightness Displacement

Displacement

Straightness vs

Displacement


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Displacement

Example 2


Straightness vs

Displacement


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Displacement

Example 2

Scale changed

Probe Position: High or Low?


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Probe is lower if

Casing was cut off.

Use of pulley halted.

Casing settled.

Cable lengthened.

Probe is higher if

Casing was added.

Use of pulley started.

Cable twisted.

Cable shortened.

Was Probe High or Low?


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Straightness Displacement Straightness Displacement

Low High

Depth Error in J-Shaped Casing


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Low High

Straightness Displacement Straightness Displacement

Depth Correction in DMM


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How do you know how much settlement

occurred and in what zones?

Magnet

Extensometer

SONDEX

Settlement

System



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Magnet D (feet) SettlementT

- D Value for DMM

5 0.23 0.23 - 0.23 0.00

4 0.17 0.23- 0.17 0.06

3 0.11 0.23 - 0.11 0.12

2 0.06 0.23 - 0.06 0.17

1 0.02 0.23 - 0.02 0.21

Take your readings from the settlement system



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Review of Graphs


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Presentation Graphs

Diagnostic Graphs

Incremental Displacement


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Displacement vs depth.

Displacement at each depthplotted independently.

Identifies shear plane clearly.

Free from systematic error.

No direct correspondence to

movement seen at surface.

Cumulative Displacement

Displacement vs depth


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Displacement vs depth

Displacement at each depthis sum of displacements

from depths below.

Corresponds directly to

movement seen at surface.

Subject to accumulated error.

Does not show rate of movement



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Slope of line indicates rate of movement

Fewer intervals minimize accumulation of error.

Casing Straightness


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Incremental deviation

Deviation at each depth

plotted independently

Change in direction indicates

a curve in the casing.

Used to evaluate straightness

of casing.

Used to confirm and correctdepth error.

Casing Straightness

Casing Profile


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Cumulative deviation

Deviation at each depth

is sum of deviations from

from depths below.

Used to evaluate verticalityof casing.

Used to confirm and correct

sensor-rotation error.

Casing Profile

Checksum Graphs


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Checksum plots should be vertical.

Tilted checksum plots indicate

drifting data values.

Plots shifted to left or right is normal

If displacement graph shows

bias shift error, this graph must

show a bias shift.

Review of Systematic ErrorsBias Shift Rotation Depth


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Bias-Shift Error

Straight line segments


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Straight line segments

tilting left or right.

Apparent movement

where none is likely.

Checksum plot will

show shift.

Example 1 Example 2

Rotation Error

Curved segments showing


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Curved segments showing

movement where none is

likely.

Cross-axis profile has

similar (or mirrored) shape.

Displacement A Profile B

Depth Error


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Displacements are

exaggerated. Displacements are

mirrored.

Displacements are offset

vertically.

Graph of straightness

has similar appearance.

Displacement Straightness


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END

Inclinometer Class - Engineer

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Transcript of Inclinometer Class - Engineer