Incineration (energy recovery through II.pdf · Air Plasma Gasification is not combustion ... Air...
Transcript of Incineration (energy recovery through II.pdf · Air Plasma Gasification is not combustion ... Air...
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Incineration (energy recovery through complete oxidation)
Mass Burn
Refuse Derived Fuel
Pyrolysis
Gasification
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• Technology proven in 1989 at General Motors, Defiance Ohio
• Waste to Energy in 2001 at Hitachi Metals Eco-Valley, Utashinai, Japan
• WPC gasifier vessel 15 feet in diameter and over 50 feet tall
• Up to six (6) WPC plasma torches per gasifier
• Multiple feedstock capability
• Re-usable inert vitreous slag by-product (road construction, insulation)
• Syngas clean up using off the shelf proven commercial equipment
WPC Plasma Gasification
Reactor Cross Section
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Partial oxidation process using air, pure oxygen, oxygen enriched air, hydrogen, or steam
Produces electricity, fules (methane, hydrogen, ethanol, synthetic diesel), and chemical products
Temperature > 750 oC
More flexible than incineration, more technologically complex than incineration or pyrolysis.
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Product yields (dry feed basis) for pyrolysis of wood.
A.V.Bridgwater
Mode Conditions Liquid Char Gas
Fast pyrolysisModerate temperature,
short residence time 75% 12% 13%
Slow PyrolysisLow temperature, very
long residence time30% 35% 35%
GasificationHigh temperature, long
residence time. 5% 10% 85%
The Syngas is mainly H2 and CO
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Variety of Feedstocks Flexible Process Variety of Energy Products
Feed Handling
Air/Oxygen
Steam
Gas Clean-up
Slag
Aggregate
Syngas
Steam
Electric Power
GasifierBoiler
Gas Turbine
Optional Syngas Uses
Application: Power Generation
MSW
Coal
Biomass
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Thermoselect
(http://www.thermoselect.com/index.cfm)
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What is Gasification?
• Process that converts carbon-containing materials (MSW, biomass, coal, etc.) into a synthesis gas
• Syngas = carbon monoxide and hydrogen
• Syngas is a “cleaner” fuel than the original solid feedstock, resulting in cleaner emissions (reduced NOx, SO2)
What is Plasma?
• Man-made Plasma is created by passing electricity through a gas (air) causing a change in the state of the gas and a significant temperature increase often exceeding 10,000oF.
• Atoms of ionized gas have lost one or more electrons and have become positive charged
• Sun and lightning are natural plasma
• Superheated gas where positive and negative charges are separated (ionized)
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Heating Technique using electrical arc Used for combustion, pyrolysis,
gasification, metals processing Originally developed by SKF Steel in
Sweden for reducing gas foriron manufacturing
Temperatures (> 1400oC) sufficient to slag ash
Plasma power consumption 200-400 kWh/ton
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Plasma
Torch
System
Plasma
(5,540o)
Electricity
Air
Plasma Gasification is not combustion
Plasma Gasification converts solid fuel or
organic waste into a clean gaseous fuel
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Refuse receipt/storage
Refuse feeding
Grate system
Air supply
Furnace
Boiler
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WasteFlue Gas
Energy Loss (Radiation)
Mass Loss (unburned
C in Ash)
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Particulates
Acid Gases
NOx
CO
Organic Hazardous Air Pollutants
Metal Hazardous Air Pollutants
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Solid Condensable
Causes Too low of a comb T (incomplete comb) Insufficient oxygen or overabundant EA (too high T) Insufficient mixing or residence time Too much turbulence, entrainment of particulates
Control Cyclones - not effective for removal of small particulates Electrostatic precipitator Fabric Filters (baghouses)
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From Cl, S, N, Fl in refuse (in plastics, textiles, rubber, yd waste, paper)
Uncontrolled incineration - 18-20% HCl with pH 2
Control
Acid gas scrubber (SO2, HCl, HFl) usually ahead of ESP or baghouse Wet scrubber
Spray dryer
Dry scrubber injectors
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Source removal to avoid fuel NOx production
T < 815 C to avoid thermal NOx
selective catalytic reaction via injection of
ammonia
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Remove certain waste components
Good Combustion Practices
Emission Control Devices
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Electrostatic Precipitator
Baghouses
Acid Gas Scrubbers
Wet scrubber
Dry scrubber
Chemicals added in slurry to neutralize acids
Activated Carbon
Selective Non-catalytic Reduction
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Bottom Ash – recovered from combustion chamber
Heat Recovery Ash – collected in the heat recovery system (boiler, economizer, superheater)
Fly Ash – Particulate matter removed prior to sorbents
Air Pollution Control Residues – usually combined with fly ash
Combined Ash – most US facilities combine all ashes
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Construction fill
Road construction
Landfill daily cover
Cement block production
Treatment of acid mine drainage
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• Plasma Arc Gasification
• Conventional Gasification
- Fixed/Fluidized Bed Technologies
• Pyrolysis & Gasification
- Thermoselect Technology
• Pyrolysis
- Mitsui R21 Technology
• Incineration
- Mass Burn Technology
Process (1)
816
685
685
571
544
Net Electricity to Grid
(kWh/ton MSW) (2)
-
20%
20%
40%
50%
Plasma Advantage
Reference: EFW Technology Overview, The Regional Municipality
of Halton, Submitted by Genivar, URS, Ramboll, Jacques
Whitford & Deloitte, Ontario, Canada, May 30, 2007
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Emissions can be made cleaner than natural gas
emissions from domestic household gas stoves.