INBU 4200 INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
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Transcript of INBU 4200 INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
INBU 4200 INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Lecture 6
Topic: The Foreign Exchange Market
FX Trading Floor, 1920s
FX Trading Floor, 2004 (London)
China’s Foreign Exchange Office; Shanghai
Source of Data on Foreign Exchange Market The Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
conducts a Central Bank Survey of the foreign exchange markets every three years.
First survey was done in April 1989. The latest (7th) survey was completed in April 2007.
54 central banks and monetary authorities participated in this recent survey, collecting information from approximately market participants (banks, brokers…)
Most of the data in this lecture comes from these BIS surveys. See last two slides for information on the BIS
What is the Foreign Exchange Market? It is an over-the-counter market.
The foreign exchange market has no physical location and foreign exchange deals are transacted over telecommunication systems.
It is the world’s largest financial market, with daily volume estimated at:
1989: $ .590 trillion 1992: $ .820 trillion (+39%) 1995: $1.190 trillion (+45%) 1998: $1.490 trillion (+25%) 2001: $1.200 trillion (-19%) 2004: $1.880 trillion (+57%) 2007: $3.210 trillion (+71%)
FX Volume Increase from 2004 to 2007 As noted on the previous slide, foreign
exchange transactions rose dramatically from 2004 to 2007, increasing 71%.
The reasons for this increase appear to be threefold: Growing role of hedge funds in the market. Trend among institutional investors to hold
internationally diversified portfolios. Increase in technical trading (impact on spot
markets).
Electronic Versus Voice Transactions 60 percent of spot inter-
dealer trading today is done on electronic platforms. The spot dealer-client market is less electronic, at 43 percent (2005 data).
Platforms include: EBS, Reuters, FXConnect, FXAll, Currenex, HotSpot FXi, 360T, eSpeed, and Lava FX.
Where is the Foreign Exchange Market? Geographically, the foreign exchange market
spans the entire globe, however: The major foreign exchange markets as a
percent of 2007 daily turnover (2004) are U.K. (London): 34.1%; $1,094 billion (31.1%) U.S. (New York): 16.6%; $ 533 billion (19.2%) Switzerland: 6.6% (3.3%) Japan (Tokyo): 6.0%; (8.3%) Singapore: 5.8% (5.2%) Hong Kong 4.4% (4.2%) Australia (Sydney): 4.2% (3.4%)
Trading Times for the Market Foreign exchange trades on a 24 hour basis, with major
financial centers open Monday through Friday. Weekday trading begins in Sydney, Australia, Monday
morning (6:00am local time). Which is Sunday 4pm EST in New York; Sunday 8pm in London, and
Monday 5:00am in Japan. Weekday trading ends in New York, Friday afternoon
(5pm EST). Which is Friday 10pm in London, and Saturday 6:00am in Japan.
Globally, foreign exchange trading begins Australia, moves to Asia (Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Singapore), then to the Middle East, on to Europe (Paris and London), and finally to North America (New York). Weekend trades take place in the Middle East (e.g., in Bahrain
with 360 offshore banks; 65 US banks).
24-Hour Global Market:Times represent normal trading hours
Europe:LONDON
7:30am – 4pm
Middle East:Weekends
NEW YORK 5am – early afternoon
Other Asia:TOKYO7am – 7pm
Opens Monday 6 am
Sydney
Closes: Friday 5pm New
York
Where is Bahrain?
London’s Unique Position Due to the geographic positioning of London
in relation to New York and Tokyo, London enjoys a trading day which overlaps with the other two. Thus, London trading in the afternoon
corresponds with New York trading in the morning.
And, London trading in the morning corresponds with Tokyo trading in the late afternoon (5 to 6pm).
However, New York (regular trading times) and Tokyo trading times do NOT overlap. Visit: http://www.eforex-asia.com/time_zones.html
Overlapping of Regions for FX Traders in New York (assuming 8 (or 5) to 5 in NYC) Times refer to EST in New York City
Trading Patterns During the Day Weekday trading activity is heaviest when the major
markets overlap. As noted this would be: London (pm) and New York (am) overlap London (am) and Tokyo (pm) overlap
Thus, nearly two-thirds of New York foreign exchange trading activity occurs during New York morning hours (when London market is open).
Why these trading patterns? Market participants look to the combined liquidity of two
major centers to provide them with the best prices and quickest transactions.
Importance of London
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Measuring FOREX Market Activity: Average Electronic Conversations Per Hour
Greenwich Mean Time
Tokyoopens
Asiaclosing
10 AMIn Tokyo
Afternoonin America
Londonclosing
6 pmIn NY
Americasopen
Europeopening
LunchIn
Tokyo
Market Participants Five broad categories of participants operate
within the foreign exchange market. They are: Commercial Banks and Investment Banks
Major commercial banks (e.g., Citigroup and Deutsche Bank ) and investment banks (e.g., Merrill Lynch and J.P. Morgan) with a global presence.
These banks are market makers. They profit from their bid and ask quotes (spreads). They also trade for their own accounts. See next slide for 2005 top 10 market maker banks.
Business firms involved in cross border commercial transactions and hedging their FX exposures Importers, exporters, multinational firms.
Top 10 FX Market Makers, May 2005 Top 10 Currency Traders, by Rank, Name, and % of
total FX volume
1 Deutsche Bank 17.0% 2 UBS (Swiss) 12.5 3 Citigroup 7.5 4 HSBC (UK) 6.4 5 Barclays (UK) 5.9 6 Merrill Lynch 5.7 7 J.P. Morgan Chase 5.3 8 Goldman Sachs 4.4 9 ABN Amro (Dutch) 4.2 10 Morgan Stanley 3.9
Note: These ten banks accounted for 73% of FX transactions. Source: Wall Street Journal (2/9/06)
Market Participants -- Continued
Traders: Speculators and arbitragers For Example: Hedge Funds:
As speculators, they seek profit from exchange rate changes (selling short, buying long)
As arbitragers, they seek profit from simultaneous differences in exchange rates in different markets
Hedge fund example: http://www.mangroupplc.com/default.cfm
Governments: Central banks and treasuries Seeking to offset market forces
Investment firms Mutual funds, asset managers, non-market maker banks, and
pension funds Note: The bulk of the Forex Market is between a few
hundred large banks that process transactions from large companies and governments around the world.
Types of Foreign Exchange Transactions The Bank for International Settlements records
three types of FX “traditional” transactions: Spot Transactions
Two (business) day purchase or sale of foreign exchange.
Outright Forwards More than two business days’ purchase or sale of
foreign exchange. Swaps
Simultaneous purchase and sale of a given amount of foreign exchange for two different dates.
Foreign Exchange Swap Transactions Defined: The simultaneous purchase and sale of a given
amount of foreign exchange for two different dates. Both purchase and sale are usually conducted with
the same counterpart (i.e., the same global bank) The most common FX swap is a spot against forward
A bank buys FX in the spot market and simultaneously sells the same amount back in the forward market
Since the swap transaction is an offset, the bank incurs NO exchange rate exposure.
A swap transaction is used to provide bank clients with needed foreign exchange for a specified period of time (e.g., a short term loan).
Example of FX Swap Corporate approaches its bank wanting to borrow
10,000,000 euros for 90 days. Bank negotiates in interbank spot market to purchase
10,000,000 euros, which in turn are lent to the corporate. Bank simultaneously sells 10,000,000 euros 90 days
forward (i.e., for delivery in 90 days) in the interbank market. When loan matures, bank will receive the 10,000,000 euros from
the corporate borrower which provides it with the euros to be delivered at that time to complete the forward agreement.
Thus, the lending bank assumes no exchange risk during the 90 day period.
The bank’s return is the interest on the loan, minus any spot/forward spread not in it’s favor.
Transactions by Type of Trade, 2007, % of Total Spot: 33% Outright Forwards: 12%
Up to 7 days: 43% 7 days to up to 1 year: 55% Over 1 year: 2%
FX Swaps: 55% Up to 7 days: 78% 7 days to up to 1 year: 21% Over 1 year: 1%
Transactions by Type of Trade; %
Which Currencies are Traded; 2004 and 2007 Data Average daily turnover as a % share of total 2004 2007
USD 88.7% 86.3% EUR 37.2% 37.0% JPY 20.3% 16.0% GBP 16.8% 15.0% CHF 6.1% 6.8% AUD 5.5% 6.7% CAD 4.2% 4.2%
Note: Total adds to 200% due to double counting of currencies in FX transactions.
Which Currency Pairs are Traded Average daily turnover as a % share of total 2004 2007 USD/EUR 28% 27% USD/JPY 17% 13% USD/GBP 14% 12% USD/AUD 5% 6% USD/CHF 4% 5% USD/CAD 4% 4%
Wholesale (Interbank) and Retail Markets The FX market is a two-tier financial market: Wholesale (Interbank) market
Large transactions (>$10 million) involving 100 to 200 large “market-maker” global banks (>$400 billion) and large non-bank financial institutions (e.g., investment banks).
Represents about 80% of the market. Retail (client) market
Transactions between banks and their retail customers (includes multinational firms, money managers, private speculators).
Represents about 20% of the market.
Bank for International Settlements The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is
an international organization which aims to promote "international monetary and financial cooperation and serve as a bank for central banks."
The BIS was originally established under the Hague agreements in January 1930 to facilitate Germany's payment of reparations following World War I, and to promote cooperation between central banks. It began operating in Basel, Switzerland, on May 17,
1930, and is the world's oldest international financial organization.
Useful BIS Web-sites
BIS main web site: http://www.bis.org/index.htm
BIS central bank web-site: The following BIS web-site has links to most
of the central banks around the world! http://www.bis.org/cbanks.htm