In Vitro Degradation of Acacia Villosa By Ruminal Microbes ...

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Jurnal Peternakan dan Lingkungan Vol.09 No.2 ISSN : 0852 - 4092 Akreditasi Nomor : 134/Dikti/Kep/2001 4() IN VITRO DEGRADATION OF ACACIA VILLOSA BY RUMINAL MICROBES OF ADAPTED AND NON-ADAPTED SHEEP TO ACACIA FEEDING Komang G. Wiryawan·, Suryahadt and Anita S. Tjalcradidjaja· Abstrak Akasia berpotensi digunakan sebagai suplemen pakan karena kandungan proteinllya cllkup tinggi (13-32% dari bahan kering), tetapi penggunaannYll dibatasi oleh acianya all tin IItrisi dan toksin. Salah satu pendekatan yang dapat dilakukan lmtuk menglIHlIlgi pengarllh negatif dari antinutrisi dan toksin tersebut adalah dt!ngan menggunakan mikroba rumen dari temak yang secara alami sudah mengkonsums; ukasia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan mikroba rumen dan ternak yang sudah diadaptasi maupun yang belum diadaptasi dengan pakan akasia dalam mendegradasi leguminosa Acacia villosa, Calliandra calothyrsus dan Leltc(lena lellcocephala. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan antara kemampuan mikroba rllmen yang diadaptasi dengan akasia dibandingkan dengan yang tidak diadaptasi dalam mendegradasi ketiga leguminosa tersebut. Akasia dan kaliandra kurang dapat dicerna dibandingkan dengan lamtoro. Hal ini kemungkinan disebabkan adanya perbedaan kandungan antinutrisi (tanin) yang berbeda dian tara ketiga leguminosa tersebut. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa temak yang diadaptasi dengan pakan akasia mempunyai mikroba rumen yang toleran terhadap antinutrisi tanin yang ada pada akasia dan membuka peluang dilakukannya isolasi terhadap mikroba tersebut. Kata kllnci: akasia, adaptasi, antinutrisi, mikroba rumen Introduction Ruminants that naturally adapt to feed Acacia sp. can be used as supplements containing the antinutrients are able to di- to improve ruminant production in Indo- gest those legumes due to its rumen micro- nesia and other tropical areas due to its high organisms have evolved to tolerate the concentration of protein (13-32 % OM toxins. One approach to overcome the ne- basis) (Praptiwi, 1985; Tangendjaja and gative effects of antinutrients is by using Wina, 2000; Norton, 2000). However, its those rumen microbes. This approach was utilization is limited by the presence of anti- evaluated in this experiment to obtain infor- nutritional and toxic compounds such as mations about the ability of rumen micro- tannins, toxic non-protein amino acids (2- bes of the adapted and non-adapted sheep to amino-4-acetytaminobutyric acid-ADAB; acacia feeding to degrade Acacia vi/losa, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid-OABA; and oxaly- Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucael/a leu- lalbizzine), and mimosine (Ahn et al., 1989; cocephala. Evans et al., 1993). Staf Pengajar Fakultas Petemakan Institut Pertanian Bogor

Transcript of In Vitro Degradation of Acacia Villosa By Ruminal Microbes ...

Page 1: In Vitro Degradation of Acacia Villosa By Ruminal Microbes ...

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Jurnal Peternakan dan Lingkungan Vol09 No2 ISSN 0852 - 4092 Akreditasi Nomor 134DiktiKep2001 4()

IN VITRO DEGRADATION OF ACACIA VILLOSA BY RUMINAL MICROBES OF ADAPTED AND NON-ADAPTED SHEEP TO ACACIA FEEDING

Komang G Wiryawanmiddot Suryahadt and Anita S Tjalcradidjajamiddot

Abstrak

Akasia berpotensi digunakan sebagai suplemen pakan karena kandungan proteinllya cllkup tinggi (13-32 dari bahan kering) tetapi penggunaannYll dibatasi oleh acianya alltin IItrisi dan toksin Salah satu pendekatan yang dapat dilakukan lmtuk menglIHlIlgi pengarllh negatif dari antinutrisi dan toksin tersebut adalah dtngan menggunakan mikroba rumen dari temak yang secara alami sudah mengkonsums ukasia Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan mikroba rumen dan ternak yang sudah diadaptasi maupun yang belum diadaptasi dengan pakan akasia dalam mendegradasi leguminosa Acacia villosa Calliandra calothyrsus dan Leltc(lena lellcocephala Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan antara kemampuan mikroba rllmen yang diadaptasi dengan akasia dibandingkan dengan yang tidak diadaptasi dalam mendegradasi ketiga leguminosa tersebut Akasia dan kaliandra kurang dapat dicerna dibandingkan dengan lamtoro Hal ini kemungkinan disebabkan adanya perbedaan kandungan antinutrisi (tanin) yang berbeda dian tara ketiga leguminosa tersebut Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa temak yang diadaptasi dengan pakan akasia mempunyai mikroba rumen yang toleran terhadap antinutrisi tanin yang ada pada akasia dan membuka peluang dilakukannya isolasi terhadap mikroba tersebut

Kata kllnci akasia adaptasi antinutrisi mikroba rumen

Introduction Ruminants that naturally adapt to feed

Acacia sp can be used as supplements containing the antinutrients are able to dishy

to improve ruminant production in Indoshy gest those legumes due to its rumen microshy

nesia and other tropical areas due to its high organisms have evolved to tolerate the

concentration of protein (13-32 OM toxins One approach to overcome the neshy

basis) (Praptiwi 1985 Tangendjaja and gative effects of antinutrients is by using

Wina 2000 Norton 2000) However its those rumen microbes This approach was

utilization is limited by the presence of antishy evaluated in this experiment to obtain inforshy

nutritional and toxic compounds such as mations about the ability of rumen microshy

tannins toxic non-protein amino acids (2- bes of the adapted and non-adapted sheep to

amino-4-acetytaminobutyric acid-ADAB acacia feeding to degrade Acacia vilosa

24-diaminobutyric acid-OABA and oxalyshy Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaela leushy

lalbizzine) and mimosine (Ahn et al 1989 cocephala Evans et al 1993)

Staf Pengajar Fakultas Petemakan Institut Pertanian Bogor

Komang G Wiryawan S

Research Method

In Vitro Digestibility 1 Each legume leave

weight) was incubated dia containing McOou and each type of rum different sheep Rume from the rumen of sh~ cia from Kupang (Ku to acacia feeding fron awi) and non-adapted maga (Oarmaga) The shed with CO2 to maix tion and then incubate dability study the inc ted for 0 3 and 6 h al and VFA production measured respective) sion Conway and stt matter (OM) and orgl gestibilities were det two-stage procedure (1963) for these mea was carried out for 2 x

Statistical Analysis A factorial 3x3

block design with t1 applied in the experiI VFA productions wi fluids and legumes n and II A similar ex

Table I Dry Matte Rumen FIt

t~~middotmiddot o ~____ ~ Legumes

Acacia villosa

Caliandra calothyr

Leucaenaleucocep

Mean plusmn SE

Different superscript me

l

41 40

lYRUMINAL HEEPTO

n karena kandllngan unaannya dibatasi oleh tapal dilakllkan IlIItuk middotsebut adalah dtl1gan I mengkonsumsi (kasia oba rumen dari lernak

pakan akasia dalam Iyrsus dan Lellcaena Ian antara kemalllpuan In yang tidak diadaptasi aliandra kurang dapat bkan adanya perbedaan uminosa tersebllf Dari si dengan pakal akasia 1 yang ada pada akasia rbut

naturally adapt to feed lUtrients are able to dishydue to its rumen microshyvolved to tolerate the ch to overcome the neshyntinutrients is by using bes This approach was periment to obtain inforshyability of rumen microshyInd non-adapted sheep to egrade Acacia illosa

sus and Leucaela leu-

Komang G Wiryawan Suryahadi and Anita S Tjakradidjaja

Research Method also applied in DM and OM digestibility study in which factor I was sources of rushyIn Vitro Digestibility Trial men fluids and factor II was legumes To Each legume leaves (1 g of dry-ground determine the effects of treatment dataweight) was incubated in three types of meshywere analysed with analysis of variancedia containing McDougall solution (12 ml) (Steel and Torrie 1995) and each type of rumen fluid (8 ml) from

different sheep Rumen fluid was obtained middot Results and Discussionfrom the rumen of sheep naturally fed acashy

cia from Kupang (Kupang) sheep adapted Rumen fluid from three different anishyto acacia feeding from Balitnak-Ciawi (Cishy mals differed in their abilities to degrade awi) and non-adapted sheep from IPB-Darshy the legumes but the effects were influenced maga (Darmaga) These mixtures were flushy by species of legumes and the incubation shed with CO2 to maintain anaerobic condishy period The rumen fluid from the sheep nashytion and then incubated at 390 C For degrashy turally eat acacia (Kupang) degraded all the dability study the incubation was conducshy legumes at a similar extent throughout the ted for 0 3 and 6 h ammonia concentration incubation period Acacia was degraded at a and VF A production in supernatants were lower extent than calliandra and leucaena measured respectively using microdiffushy by the rumen fluid of adapted sheep from sion Conway and steam distillation Dry Ciawi and by the rumen liquour of nonshymatter (DM) and organic matter (OM) dishy adapted sheep from Darmaga gestibilities were determined following a The results of in vitro IgtM and OM two-stage procedure of Tilley and Terry digestibilities demonstrated that the rumen (1963) for these measurements incubation fluid of Kupang was more capable (Plt005) was carried out for 2 x 24 h in digesting all legumes than the rumen

fluid of Ciawi and Darmaga (Table I) The Statistical Analysis rumen fluid of sheep from Ciawi and Darshy

A factorial 3x3 randomised complete maga digested the legumes at a similar exshyblock design with three replications was tent Acacia and calliandra were digested at applied in the experiment of ammonia and the same extent but leucaena had the VF A productions with sources of rumen highest DM an9 OM digestibilities (Plt fluids and legumes respectively as factor I 005) and II A similar experimental design was

Table I Dry Matter Digestibility () of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid

- - _- shy

Legumes

Source of Rumen Fluid

Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Meanplusmn SE

Acacia villosa -

Calliandra calothyrsus

Leucaenaleucocephala

4986 plusmn 203

4640 plusmn 461

6164 plusmn 466

1948 plusmn 532

2566 plusmn 381

4374 plusmn 094

2343 plusmn 127

2418 plusmn 279

4496 plusmn260

3090plusmn288b

3208plusmn374b

501lplusmn2738

Mean plusmn SE -

5263 plusmn 377 2963 plusmn 336b 3086 plusmn 222b ~~ v

bifferent superscript means significantly different (Plt005)

Jumal Petemakan dan Lingkungan Vol09 No2 ISSN 0852 - 4092 Akreditasi Nomor 134IDiktiKep2001 42

Table 2 Organic Matter Digestibility () of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid

fmiddotT bullshy lI1 ~ shy Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid

Kupang Ciawi Dannaga Mean plusmn SE Acacia vilosa 4913 plusmn 125 1918 plusmn46S 2620 plusmn 522 3 150 plusmn 371 b

Caliandra calothyrsus 4520 plusmn 432 2421 plusmn 144 2305 plusmn 305 3082 plusmn 294b

Lellcaena leucocephala 6098 plusmn 442 4269 plusmn 112 4398 plusmn 255 4922 plusmn 270middot Mean plusmn SE 5177 plusmn 333 2869 plusmn 240b 3108 plusmn 361b

Different superscript means significantly different (Plt005)

These results indicated that the rumen microbes from the adapted sheep differed in their capability of digesting acacia and the other legumes from the non-adapted sheep However there may also be differences in the degree of resistance to the toxin betshyween the microorganisms from their rumen of naturally eat acacia (Kupang) and those from the rumen of adapted sheep to acacia feeding (Ciawi) causing differences in the legume digestibility (Brooker 2000 Wiryashywan et al 2000) Differences in the microshybial species tolerating legume toxins may also occur as it has been noticed for those resistant to tannin (Brooker et al 2000 McSweeney et al 2000 Plumb et al 2000 Tjakradidjaja et al 2000)

A similarity in acacia and calliandra digestibilities demonstrated that both legushymes contain similar antinutrients such as tannins (Ahn et al 1989) Tannin is also found in leucaena (McNeill et al 2000 Norton 2000) However this study indishycated that the effect on reducing digestibishylity in leucaena was not as great as those in acacia and calliaodra

At 0 hour there was no differences in ammonia concentration amongst the treatshyments and its concentration tended to increshyase when the legumes were incubated with different rumen fluids (Table 3)

At 3 and 6 hours incubation time amshymonia concentration of cultures using Kushypang sheep rumen fluid was quite stable and significantly (PltOOS) lower compared

to the other source of rumen fluid (Table 45) This might be due to the equilibrium between its production and util ization Meanwhile ammonia concentration of Ciashywi and Darmaga sheep tended to accumushylate as incubation progressing

The three legumes contain high protein but the present of tannin greatly reduced the hydrolysis of protein because protein was bound by tannin forming stable complex which is difficult to be attacked by proshytease As a result NH3 concentration was low However in this regard tannin has crucial role in slowly releasing ammonia to ascertain that the rumen microbes are not negatively affected by high concentration of NH3 and keep the NH3 concentration in normal range Acacia villosa has the highest tannin content therefore NH) concentration of culture with acacia substrate was sigshynificantly (PltOOS) lower compared to the other legumes

There was variations in VF A producshytions observed (Table 6 78) VFA concenshytrations fluctuated with the incubation peshyriod Rumen fluid of sheep naturally eat acacia degraded the legumes at the same extent except for acacia Acacia was less fermented at 3 h incubations by the rumen fluids of adapted sheep (Kupang sheep) This is due to high concentration of tannin in acacia compared to calliandra and leushycaena which inhibited protein and carboshyhydrate fermentation by rumen microbes as it was shown by low dry matter and organic

Komang G Wiryawan Sury

Table 3 NH3 Concentr Fluid at 0 ROll

Legumes

Acacia viosa Caliandra calothyrsus Leucaena lellocephala

Mean plusmn SE

Table 4 NH3 Concentr Fluid at 3 ROll

Legumes 1i

Acacia vilosa Caliandra calothyrsus Leucaena leucocephala

Mean plusmn SE

Different superscript means

Table 5 NH1 Concentr Fluid at 6 ROl

Legumes ~

Acacia vilosa Calliandra calothyrsus Leutacna leucocephala

Mean plusmnSE

Different superscript means

matter digestibility In a( contains saponin which of protozoa and cons VFA production (Tange 2000) At 6 hours incuba tannin and saponin to n creasing the VFA conci with acacia substrate ten(

Surprisingly the rul

I

42 43 Komang G Wiryawan Suryahadi and Anita S Tjakradidjaja

ted in Three Different Table 3 NHJ Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 0 Hour

luid maga Mean plusmn SE I plusmn 522 3150 plusmn 371b plusmn 305 3082 plusmn 294b plusmn 255 4922 + 270middot plusmn 361 b

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid

Kupang Ciawi Dannaga Mean plusmn SE Acacia vilosa 473 plusmn 041 788 plusmn 032 808 plusmn 040 690plusmn038 Calliandra calothyrsus 680 plusmn 050 925 plusmn 071 762 plusmn 240 789plusmn120 Leucaena lellcocephala 970 plusmn 060 751 plusmn 154 752 plusmn 128 824plusmn114 Mean plusmn SE 708plusmn050 559plusmnO86 774plusmn136

e of rumen fluid (Table Table 4 NHJ Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen e due to the equilibrium Fluid at 3 Hours luction and utilization Ilia concentration of Ciashyheep tended to accumushylrogressing nes contain high protein annin greatly reduced the ein because protein was forming stable complex to be attacked by proshyNHJ concentration was this regard tannin has

vly releasing ammonia to rumen microbes are not

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid Kupang I Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn SE

Acacia viosa 626 plusmn 085 639 plusmn 015 814 plusmn 093 693plusmn064b

Callialldra calothyrsus 644 plusmn 121 1198 plusmn 143 814 plusmn 093 885plusmn119middot LellC(lella leucocephala 755 plusmn 043 1184 plusmn 089 936 plusmn 285 958plusmn 139

---Mean plusmn SE - - shy

6 75plusmnO~ 1007plusmnO82a 8~5_plusmn1~ -- _--shy

Different superscript means significantly different (PltO05)

Table 5 NHI Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 6 Hours

- by high concentration of e NHJ concentration in ~ia villosa has the highest refore NHJ concentration cacia substrate was sigshy) lower compared to the

nations in VFA producshyI

ble 6 7 8) VF A concenshywith the incubation peshy

~ of sheep naturally eat he legumes at the same acacia Acacia was less

incubations by the rumen sheep (Kupang sheep)

~ concentration of tannin ed to calliandra and leu-I

~ited protein and carbo~

lon by rumen microbes as )w dry matter and organic

I~ r Legumes ~z Source of Rumen Fluid - ~ Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn SE

Acacia vilGSa 623 plusmn 042 918 plusmn 105 612plusmn018 718plusmn055 b

Calliandra calothyrsus 904 plusmn 135 1825 plusmn 146 956 plusmn 052 - 1228plusmn111a Lellcaella leucocephala 577 plusmn 043 1863 plusmn 138 1178 plusmn 162 1206plusmn114 Mean plusmn SE 701plusmnO73c

Different superscript means significantly different (PltO05)

matter digestibility In addition acacia also contains saponin which affect the activity of protozoa and consequently reducing VFA production (Tangendjaja and Wina 2000) At 6 hours incubation as the effect of tannin and saponin to mmen microbes deshycreasing the VFA concentration of culture With acacia substrate tended to increase

Surprisingly the rumen fluid of Darshy

1535plusmn130middot 915plusmn077b

maga sheep (non adapted to acacia feeding) seems to be unaffected by the utilization of all legumes VFA concentration is stable at least for 6 hours incubation This might be due to feeding system applied in Darmaga in which all animals were fed native grass containing combination of grass and shmbs Several shmbs might contain tannin and other antinutrient factors that could stimushy

Jurnal Peternakan dan Lingkungan Vol09 No2 ISSN 0852 - 4092 Akreditasi Nomor 134DiktiKep2001 44

Table 6 VFA Concentration (roM) of Legumes Incubated in Three different rumen fluid at 0 Hour

- -Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid

Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn 5 E Acacia vilosa Caliandra calothyrslIs Leucaena lelicocephala

67 35 plusmn 1473 42 31 plusmn 824 4577 plusmn 674

7081 plusmn 2940 56i3 plusmn 604

6994 plusmn 1187

8549 plusmn2213 middot58 72 plusmn 824 45 77plusmn311

7455plusmn2209 5239plusmn - 51 5383plusmn - 24

Mean plusmn SE 5181 plusmn 990 65 63 plusmn 1577 63 33 plusmn1116

Table 7 VFA Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 3 Hours

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid 1 Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn SE

Acacia vilosa Calianelm calothyrsus Leucaena leucocephala

3972 H 245 6735 plusmn 833 4749 plusmn 086

4922 plusmn 1079 8117 plusmn 1422 63 04 plusmn 1414

8894 plusmn 22 13 65 63 plusmn 525 53 54 plusmn 623

5929 plusmn 1 )12 7139 plusmn 927 5469 plusmn -08

Mean plusmn SE 5152plusmn721 6448 plusmn 1305 6937 plusmn 1120 II

Table 8 VFA Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 6 Hours

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean =SE

Acacia villosa Calliandra calothyrsus Leucaena leucephala

8549 plusmn 1129 5872 plusmn 1051 5008 plusmn 674

7081 plusmn2940 5699 plusmn 150

6994 plusmn 1554

8549 plusmn 2213 6563 plusmn 525 5354 plusmn 311

8060 plusmn 2094 6045 plusmn )75 5785 plusmn 846

Mean plusmn SE 6476 plusmn 951 65 91 plusmn 1548 6822 plusmn 1016

I late the rumen microbial resistance to those isolating the microbes which are resistance anti nutrients to acacia toxin

Conclusion Acknowledgement

The rumen fluid of adapted sheepto The authors would like to thank the Inshyacacia feeding in Indonesia may possess ternational Livestock Research Institute microbes which are able to digest acacia (ILRI) Ethiopia and the Australian Center but the degree of tolerating acacia antinushy for International Agricultural Research trients from the rumen microbes of sheep (ACIAR) Australia for financing this re shynaturally eat acacia differ from those of search through Project NumberAS I 9810 adapted sheep This leads to a possibility of entitled Managing the rumen ecosystem to

Komang G Wiryawan Suryah

improve utilization of thorn

References

Ahn HH B M Roberts( C Gutteridge and I Quality assessment ( se legumes tannin tein degradation A ence and Technolog

Brooker JD 2000 Priorit sion In Tannins i Human Nutrition (J ACIAR Proceedings

Brooker J D L O Donov G Sellick 2000 tannin resistance an in the rumen In ~ stock and Human Brooker ed) ACI No 92 117-122

Evans C S AJ Shah M MLR Arce 19S amino acids in seed species of Acacia 32 123-126

McNeill D M MK Gobius and D B fluence of dietary c on microbial crude I sheep In Tannins Human Nutrition (J ACIAR Proceedings

McSweeney C S B P2 Krause 2000 Rume logy and physiolog goats fed a tannin-c( Tannins in Livest Nutrition (J D Bre AR Proceedings No

Norton B W 2000 The tannins in tropical tion In Tannins i Human Nutrition (J ACIAR Proceedings

45Komang G Wiryawan Suryahadi and Anita S Tjakradidjaja44

n Three different rumen

Fluid rmaga Mean plusmn SE

~ plusmn2213 7455plusmn2~ 09 2 plusmn 824 5239plusmn - 51

7 plusmn 311 5383plusmn -24

3plusmn116

I Three Different Rumen

Fluid irmaga Mean plusmn SE

4 plusmn 2213 5929plusmn 112 3 plusmn 525 7139 plusmn 927

4 plusmn 623 54 69 plusmn -08

7 plusmn 1120

1 Three Different Rumen

rFluid armaga Mean - SE

9plusmn2213 8060plusmn2094 i3 plusmn 525 6045 plusmn 575 i4plusmn311 5785 plusmn 846

2 plusmn 1016

robes which are resistance

nt

would like to thank the Inshystock Research Institute land the Australian Center 1 Agricultural Research lia for financing this reshyProject NumberAS 1 9810 tg the rumen ecosystem to

improve utilization of thornless acacias

References

Ahn HH B M Robertson R Elliott R e Gutteridge and Fe Ford 1989 Quality assessment of tropical browshyse legumes tannin content and proshytein degradation Animal Feed Scishyence and Technology 27 147-156

Brooker JD 2000 Priority setting discusshysion III Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 1-9

Brooker 1 D L ODonovan I Skene and G Sellick 2000 Mechanisms of talmin resistance and detoxification in the rumen In Tannins in Liveshystock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 117-122

Evans e S AJ Shah Mw Adlard and MLR Arce 1993 Non-protein amino acids in seeds of neotropical species of Acacia Phytochemistry 32 123-126

McNeill D M MK Komolong N Gobius and D Barber 2000 Inshyfluence of dietary condensed tanhin on microbial crude protein supply in sheep In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 57-61

McSweeney e S B Palmer and DO Krause 2000 Rumen microbial ecoshylogy and physiology in sheep and goats fed a tannin-containing diet In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIshyAR Proceedings No 92 140-145

Norton B W 2000 The significance of tannins in tropical animal producshytion In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 14-23

Plumb J J LL Blackall and AV Klieve 2000 Rumen bacterial dishyversity with and without mulga (Acacia aneura) tannins In Tanshynins in Livestock and Human Nushytrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 146-150

Praptiwi 1985 Daun acacia sebagai bahan makanan ternak ditinjau dari kadar protein asam amino dan pen gadashyannya Media Peternakan 10 35-46

Steel RGD and JH Torrie 1995 Prinshysip dan Prosedur Statistika Suatu Pendekatan Biometri Edisi-2 Tershyjemahan BSumantri PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama Jakarta

Tangendjaja B and E Wina 2000 Tanshynins and ruminant production in Indonesia In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 40-43

Tilley J M A and RA Terry 1963 A two stage technique for in vitro dishygestion in forage crop Journal of British Grassland Science 18 104shy111

Tjakradidjaja A S JD Brooker and eD K Bottema 2000 Characterisation of tannin-resistant bacteria from the rumen fluid of feral goats and cashymels with restriction analysis of amshyplified 16S [DNA In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceeshydings No 92 151-155

Wiryawan K G B Tangendjaja and Surshyyahadi 2000 Tannin degrading bacteria from Indonesian Ruminants In Tannins in Livestock and Hushyman Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 123-12

Page 2: In Vitro Degradation of Acacia Villosa By Ruminal Microbes ...

l

41 40

lYRUMINAL HEEPTO

n karena kandllngan unaannya dibatasi oleh tapal dilakllkan IlIItuk middotsebut adalah dtl1gan I mengkonsumsi (kasia oba rumen dari lernak

pakan akasia dalam Iyrsus dan Lellcaena Ian antara kemalllpuan In yang tidak diadaptasi aliandra kurang dapat bkan adanya perbedaan uminosa tersebllf Dari si dengan pakal akasia 1 yang ada pada akasia rbut

naturally adapt to feed lUtrients are able to dishydue to its rumen microshyvolved to tolerate the ch to overcome the neshyntinutrients is by using bes This approach was periment to obtain inforshyability of rumen microshyInd non-adapted sheep to egrade Acacia illosa

sus and Leucaela leu-

Komang G Wiryawan Suryahadi and Anita S Tjakradidjaja

Research Method also applied in DM and OM digestibility study in which factor I was sources of rushyIn Vitro Digestibility Trial men fluids and factor II was legumes To Each legume leaves (1 g of dry-ground determine the effects of treatment dataweight) was incubated in three types of meshywere analysed with analysis of variancedia containing McDougall solution (12 ml) (Steel and Torrie 1995) and each type of rumen fluid (8 ml) from

different sheep Rumen fluid was obtained middot Results and Discussionfrom the rumen of sheep naturally fed acashy

cia from Kupang (Kupang) sheep adapted Rumen fluid from three different anishyto acacia feeding from Balitnak-Ciawi (Cishy mals differed in their abilities to degrade awi) and non-adapted sheep from IPB-Darshy the legumes but the effects were influenced maga (Darmaga) These mixtures were flushy by species of legumes and the incubation shed with CO2 to maintain anaerobic condishy period The rumen fluid from the sheep nashytion and then incubated at 390 C For degrashy turally eat acacia (Kupang) degraded all the dability study the incubation was conducshy legumes at a similar extent throughout the ted for 0 3 and 6 h ammonia concentration incubation period Acacia was degraded at a and VF A production in supernatants were lower extent than calliandra and leucaena measured respectively using microdiffushy by the rumen fluid of adapted sheep from sion Conway and steam distillation Dry Ciawi and by the rumen liquour of nonshymatter (DM) and organic matter (OM) dishy adapted sheep from Darmaga gestibilities were determined following a The results of in vitro IgtM and OM two-stage procedure of Tilley and Terry digestibilities demonstrated that the rumen (1963) for these measurements incubation fluid of Kupang was more capable (Plt005) was carried out for 2 x 24 h in digesting all legumes than the rumen

fluid of Ciawi and Darmaga (Table I) The Statistical Analysis rumen fluid of sheep from Ciawi and Darshy

A factorial 3x3 randomised complete maga digested the legumes at a similar exshyblock design with three replications was tent Acacia and calliandra were digested at applied in the experiment of ammonia and the same extent but leucaena had the VF A productions with sources of rumen highest DM an9 OM digestibilities (Plt fluids and legumes respectively as factor I 005) and II A similar experimental design was

Table I Dry Matter Digestibility () of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid

- - _- shy

Legumes

Source of Rumen Fluid

Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Meanplusmn SE

Acacia villosa -

Calliandra calothyrsus

Leucaenaleucocephala

4986 plusmn 203

4640 plusmn 461

6164 plusmn 466

1948 plusmn 532

2566 plusmn 381

4374 plusmn 094

2343 plusmn 127

2418 plusmn 279

4496 plusmn260

3090plusmn288b

3208plusmn374b

501lplusmn2738

Mean plusmn SE -

5263 plusmn 377 2963 plusmn 336b 3086 plusmn 222b ~~ v

bifferent superscript means significantly different (Plt005)

Jumal Petemakan dan Lingkungan Vol09 No2 ISSN 0852 - 4092 Akreditasi Nomor 134IDiktiKep2001 42

Table 2 Organic Matter Digestibility () of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid

fmiddotT bullshy lI1 ~ shy Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid

Kupang Ciawi Dannaga Mean plusmn SE Acacia vilosa 4913 plusmn 125 1918 plusmn46S 2620 plusmn 522 3 150 plusmn 371 b

Caliandra calothyrsus 4520 plusmn 432 2421 plusmn 144 2305 plusmn 305 3082 plusmn 294b

Lellcaena leucocephala 6098 plusmn 442 4269 plusmn 112 4398 plusmn 255 4922 plusmn 270middot Mean plusmn SE 5177 plusmn 333 2869 plusmn 240b 3108 plusmn 361b

Different superscript means significantly different (Plt005)

These results indicated that the rumen microbes from the adapted sheep differed in their capability of digesting acacia and the other legumes from the non-adapted sheep However there may also be differences in the degree of resistance to the toxin betshyween the microorganisms from their rumen of naturally eat acacia (Kupang) and those from the rumen of adapted sheep to acacia feeding (Ciawi) causing differences in the legume digestibility (Brooker 2000 Wiryashywan et al 2000) Differences in the microshybial species tolerating legume toxins may also occur as it has been noticed for those resistant to tannin (Brooker et al 2000 McSweeney et al 2000 Plumb et al 2000 Tjakradidjaja et al 2000)

A similarity in acacia and calliandra digestibilities demonstrated that both legushymes contain similar antinutrients such as tannins (Ahn et al 1989) Tannin is also found in leucaena (McNeill et al 2000 Norton 2000) However this study indishycated that the effect on reducing digestibishylity in leucaena was not as great as those in acacia and calliaodra

At 0 hour there was no differences in ammonia concentration amongst the treatshyments and its concentration tended to increshyase when the legumes were incubated with different rumen fluids (Table 3)

At 3 and 6 hours incubation time amshymonia concentration of cultures using Kushypang sheep rumen fluid was quite stable and significantly (PltOOS) lower compared

to the other source of rumen fluid (Table 45) This might be due to the equilibrium between its production and util ization Meanwhile ammonia concentration of Ciashywi and Darmaga sheep tended to accumushylate as incubation progressing

The three legumes contain high protein but the present of tannin greatly reduced the hydrolysis of protein because protein was bound by tannin forming stable complex which is difficult to be attacked by proshytease As a result NH3 concentration was low However in this regard tannin has crucial role in slowly releasing ammonia to ascertain that the rumen microbes are not negatively affected by high concentration of NH3 and keep the NH3 concentration in normal range Acacia villosa has the highest tannin content therefore NH) concentration of culture with acacia substrate was sigshynificantly (PltOOS) lower compared to the other legumes

There was variations in VF A producshytions observed (Table 6 78) VFA concenshytrations fluctuated with the incubation peshyriod Rumen fluid of sheep naturally eat acacia degraded the legumes at the same extent except for acacia Acacia was less fermented at 3 h incubations by the rumen fluids of adapted sheep (Kupang sheep) This is due to high concentration of tannin in acacia compared to calliandra and leushycaena which inhibited protein and carboshyhydrate fermentation by rumen microbes as it was shown by low dry matter and organic

Komang G Wiryawan Sury

Table 3 NH3 Concentr Fluid at 0 ROll

Legumes

Acacia viosa Caliandra calothyrsus Leucaena lellocephala

Mean plusmn SE

Table 4 NH3 Concentr Fluid at 3 ROll

Legumes 1i

Acacia vilosa Caliandra calothyrsus Leucaena leucocephala

Mean plusmn SE

Different superscript means

Table 5 NH1 Concentr Fluid at 6 ROl

Legumes ~

Acacia vilosa Calliandra calothyrsus Leutacna leucocephala

Mean plusmnSE

Different superscript means

matter digestibility In a( contains saponin which of protozoa and cons VFA production (Tange 2000) At 6 hours incuba tannin and saponin to n creasing the VFA conci with acacia substrate ten(

Surprisingly the rul

I

42 43 Komang G Wiryawan Suryahadi and Anita S Tjakradidjaja

ted in Three Different Table 3 NHJ Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 0 Hour

luid maga Mean plusmn SE I plusmn 522 3150 plusmn 371b plusmn 305 3082 plusmn 294b plusmn 255 4922 + 270middot plusmn 361 b

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid

Kupang Ciawi Dannaga Mean plusmn SE Acacia vilosa 473 plusmn 041 788 plusmn 032 808 plusmn 040 690plusmn038 Calliandra calothyrsus 680 plusmn 050 925 plusmn 071 762 plusmn 240 789plusmn120 Leucaena lellcocephala 970 plusmn 060 751 plusmn 154 752 plusmn 128 824plusmn114 Mean plusmn SE 708plusmn050 559plusmnO86 774plusmn136

e of rumen fluid (Table Table 4 NHJ Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen e due to the equilibrium Fluid at 3 Hours luction and utilization Ilia concentration of Ciashyheep tended to accumushylrogressing nes contain high protein annin greatly reduced the ein because protein was forming stable complex to be attacked by proshyNHJ concentration was this regard tannin has

vly releasing ammonia to rumen microbes are not

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid Kupang I Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn SE

Acacia viosa 626 plusmn 085 639 plusmn 015 814 plusmn 093 693plusmn064b

Callialldra calothyrsus 644 plusmn 121 1198 plusmn 143 814 plusmn 093 885plusmn119middot LellC(lella leucocephala 755 plusmn 043 1184 plusmn 089 936 plusmn 285 958plusmn 139

---Mean plusmn SE - - shy

6 75plusmnO~ 1007plusmnO82a 8~5_plusmn1~ -- _--shy

Different superscript means significantly different (PltO05)

Table 5 NHI Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 6 Hours

- by high concentration of e NHJ concentration in ~ia villosa has the highest refore NHJ concentration cacia substrate was sigshy) lower compared to the

nations in VFA producshyI

ble 6 7 8) VF A concenshywith the incubation peshy

~ of sheep naturally eat he legumes at the same acacia Acacia was less

incubations by the rumen sheep (Kupang sheep)

~ concentration of tannin ed to calliandra and leu-I

~ited protein and carbo~

lon by rumen microbes as )w dry matter and organic

I~ r Legumes ~z Source of Rumen Fluid - ~ Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn SE

Acacia vilGSa 623 plusmn 042 918 plusmn 105 612plusmn018 718plusmn055 b

Calliandra calothyrsus 904 plusmn 135 1825 plusmn 146 956 plusmn 052 - 1228plusmn111a Lellcaella leucocephala 577 plusmn 043 1863 plusmn 138 1178 plusmn 162 1206plusmn114 Mean plusmn SE 701plusmnO73c

Different superscript means significantly different (PltO05)

matter digestibility In addition acacia also contains saponin which affect the activity of protozoa and consequently reducing VFA production (Tangendjaja and Wina 2000) At 6 hours incubation as the effect of tannin and saponin to mmen microbes deshycreasing the VFA concentration of culture With acacia substrate tended to increase

Surprisingly the rumen fluid of Darshy

1535plusmn130middot 915plusmn077b

maga sheep (non adapted to acacia feeding) seems to be unaffected by the utilization of all legumes VFA concentration is stable at least for 6 hours incubation This might be due to feeding system applied in Darmaga in which all animals were fed native grass containing combination of grass and shmbs Several shmbs might contain tannin and other antinutrient factors that could stimushy

Jurnal Peternakan dan Lingkungan Vol09 No2 ISSN 0852 - 4092 Akreditasi Nomor 134DiktiKep2001 44

Table 6 VFA Concentration (roM) of Legumes Incubated in Three different rumen fluid at 0 Hour

- -Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid

Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn 5 E Acacia vilosa Caliandra calothyrslIs Leucaena lelicocephala

67 35 plusmn 1473 42 31 plusmn 824 4577 plusmn 674

7081 plusmn 2940 56i3 plusmn 604

6994 plusmn 1187

8549 plusmn2213 middot58 72 plusmn 824 45 77plusmn311

7455plusmn2209 5239plusmn - 51 5383plusmn - 24

Mean plusmn SE 5181 plusmn 990 65 63 plusmn 1577 63 33 plusmn1116

Table 7 VFA Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 3 Hours

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid 1 Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn SE

Acacia vilosa Calianelm calothyrsus Leucaena leucocephala

3972 H 245 6735 plusmn 833 4749 plusmn 086

4922 plusmn 1079 8117 plusmn 1422 63 04 plusmn 1414

8894 plusmn 22 13 65 63 plusmn 525 53 54 plusmn 623

5929 plusmn 1 )12 7139 plusmn 927 5469 plusmn -08

Mean plusmn SE 5152plusmn721 6448 plusmn 1305 6937 plusmn 1120 II

Table 8 VFA Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 6 Hours

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean =SE

Acacia villosa Calliandra calothyrsus Leucaena leucephala

8549 plusmn 1129 5872 plusmn 1051 5008 plusmn 674

7081 plusmn2940 5699 plusmn 150

6994 plusmn 1554

8549 plusmn 2213 6563 plusmn 525 5354 plusmn 311

8060 plusmn 2094 6045 plusmn )75 5785 plusmn 846

Mean plusmn SE 6476 plusmn 951 65 91 plusmn 1548 6822 plusmn 1016

I late the rumen microbial resistance to those isolating the microbes which are resistance anti nutrients to acacia toxin

Conclusion Acknowledgement

The rumen fluid of adapted sheepto The authors would like to thank the Inshyacacia feeding in Indonesia may possess ternational Livestock Research Institute microbes which are able to digest acacia (ILRI) Ethiopia and the Australian Center but the degree of tolerating acacia antinushy for International Agricultural Research trients from the rumen microbes of sheep (ACIAR) Australia for financing this re shynaturally eat acacia differ from those of search through Project NumberAS I 9810 adapted sheep This leads to a possibility of entitled Managing the rumen ecosystem to

Komang G Wiryawan Suryah

improve utilization of thorn

References

Ahn HH B M Roberts( C Gutteridge and I Quality assessment ( se legumes tannin tein degradation A ence and Technolog

Brooker JD 2000 Priorit sion In Tannins i Human Nutrition (J ACIAR Proceedings

Brooker J D L O Donov G Sellick 2000 tannin resistance an in the rumen In ~ stock and Human Brooker ed) ACI No 92 117-122

Evans C S AJ Shah M MLR Arce 19S amino acids in seed species of Acacia 32 123-126

McNeill D M MK Gobius and D B fluence of dietary c on microbial crude I sheep In Tannins Human Nutrition (J ACIAR Proceedings

McSweeney C S B P2 Krause 2000 Rume logy and physiolog goats fed a tannin-c( Tannins in Livest Nutrition (J D Bre AR Proceedings No

Norton B W 2000 The tannins in tropical tion In Tannins i Human Nutrition (J ACIAR Proceedings

45Komang G Wiryawan Suryahadi and Anita S Tjakradidjaja44

n Three different rumen

Fluid rmaga Mean plusmn SE

~ plusmn2213 7455plusmn2~ 09 2 plusmn 824 5239plusmn - 51

7 plusmn 311 5383plusmn -24

3plusmn116

I Three Different Rumen

Fluid irmaga Mean plusmn SE

4 plusmn 2213 5929plusmn 112 3 plusmn 525 7139 plusmn 927

4 plusmn 623 54 69 plusmn -08

7 plusmn 1120

1 Three Different Rumen

rFluid armaga Mean - SE

9plusmn2213 8060plusmn2094 i3 plusmn 525 6045 plusmn 575 i4plusmn311 5785 plusmn 846

2 plusmn 1016

robes which are resistance

nt

would like to thank the Inshystock Research Institute land the Australian Center 1 Agricultural Research lia for financing this reshyProject NumberAS 1 9810 tg the rumen ecosystem to

improve utilization of thornless acacias

References

Ahn HH B M Robertson R Elliott R e Gutteridge and Fe Ford 1989 Quality assessment of tropical browshyse legumes tannin content and proshytein degradation Animal Feed Scishyence and Technology 27 147-156

Brooker JD 2000 Priority setting discusshysion III Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 1-9

Brooker 1 D L ODonovan I Skene and G Sellick 2000 Mechanisms of talmin resistance and detoxification in the rumen In Tannins in Liveshystock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 117-122

Evans e S AJ Shah Mw Adlard and MLR Arce 1993 Non-protein amino acids in seeds of neotropical species of Acacia Phytochemistry 32 123-126

McNeill D M MK Komolong N Gobius and D Barber 2000 Inshyfluence of dietary condensed tanhin on microbial crude protein supply in sheep In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 57-61

McSweeney e S B Palmer and DO Krause 2000 Rumen microbial ecoshylogy and physiology in sheep and goats fed a tannin-containing diet In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIshyAR Proceedings No 92 140-145

Norton B W 2000 The significance of tannins in tropical animal producshytion In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 14-23

Plumb J J LL Blackall and AV Klieve 2000 Rumen bacterial dishyversity with and without mulga (Acacia aneura) tannins In Tanshynins in Livestock and Human Nushytrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 146-150

Praptiwi 1985 Daun acacia sebagai bahan makanan ternak ditinjau dari kadar protein asam amino dan pen gadashyannya Media Peternakan 10 35-46

Steel RGD and JH Torrie 1995 Prinshysip dan Prosedur Statistika Suatu Pendekatan Biometri Edisi-2 Tershyjemahan BSumantri PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama Jakarta

Tangendjaja B and E Wina 2000 Tanshynins and ruminant production in Indonesia In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 40-43

Tilley J M A and RA Terry 1963 A two stage technique for in vitro dishygestion in forage crop Journal of British Grassland Science 18 104shy111

Tjakradidjaja A S JD Brooker and eD K Bottema 2000 Characterisation of tannin-resistant bacteria from the rumen fluid of feral goats and cashymels with restriction analysis of amshyplified 16S [DNA In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceeshydings No 92 151-155

Wiryawan K G B Tangendjaja and Surshyyahadi 2000 Tannin degrading bacteria from Indonesian Ruminants In Tannins in Livestock and Hushyman Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 123-12

Page 3: In Vitro Degradation of Acacia Villosa By Ruminal Microbes ...

Jumal Petemakan dan Lingkungan Vol09 No2 ISSN 0852 - 4092 Akreditasi Nomor 134IDiktiKep2001 42

Table 2 Organic Matter Digestibility () of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid

fmiddotT bullshy lI1 ~ shy Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid

Kupang Ciawi Dannaga Mean plusmn SE Acacia vilosa 4913 plusmn 125 1918 plusmn46S 2620 plusmn 522 3 150 plusmn 371 b

Caliandra calothyrsus 4520 plusmn 432 2421 plusmn 144 2305 plusmn 305 3082 plusmn 294b

Lellcaena leucocephala 6098 plusmn 442 4269 plusmn 112 4398 plusmn 255 4922 plusmn 270middot Mean plusmn SE 5177 plusmn 333 2869 plusmn 240b 3108 plusmn 361b

Different superscript means significantly different (Plt005)

These results indicated that the rumen microbes from the adapted sheep differed in their capability of digesting acacia and the other legumes from the non-adapted sheep However there may also be differences in the degree of resistance to the toxin betshyween the microorganisms from their rumen of naturally eat acacia (Kupang) and those from the rumen of adapted sheep to acacia feeding (Ciawi) causing differences in the legume digestibility (Brooker 2000 Wiryashywan et al 2000) Differences in the microshybial species tolerating legume toxins may also occur as it has been noticed for those resistant to tannin (Brooker et al 2000 McSweeney et al 2000 Plumb et al 2000 Tjakradidjaja et al 2000)

A similarity in acacia and calliandra digestibilities demonstrated that both legushymes contain similar antinutrients such as tannins (Ahn et al 1989) Tannin is also found in leucaena (McNeill et al 2000 Norton 2000) However this study indishycated that the effect on reducing digestibishylity in leucaena was not as great as those in acacia and calliaodra

At 0 hour there was no differences in ammonia concentration amongst the treatshyments and its concentration tended to increshyase when the legumes were incubated with different rumen fluids (Table 3)

At 3 and 6 hours incubation time amshymonia concentration of cultures using Kushypang sheep rumen fluid was quite stable and significantly (PltOOS) lower compared

to the other source of rumen fluid (Table 45) This might be due to the equilibrium between its production and util ization Meanwhile ammonia concentration of Ciashywi and Darmaga sheep tended to accumushylate as incubation progressing

The three legumes contain high protein but the present of tannin greatly reduced the hydrolysis of protein because protein was bound by tannin forming stable complex which is difficult to be attacked by proshytease As a result NH3 concentration was low However in this regard tannin has crucial role in slowly releasing ammonia to ascertain that the rumen microbes are not negatively affected by high concentration of NH3 and keep the NH3 concentration in normal range Acacia villosa has the highest tannin content therefore NH) concentration of culture with acacia substrate was sigshynificantly (PltOOS) lower compared to the other legumes

There was variations in VF A producshytions observed (Table 6 78) VFA concenshytrations fluctuated with the incubation peshyriod Rumen fluid of sheep naturally eat acacia degraded the legumes at the same extent except for acacia Acacia was less fermented at 3 h incubations by the rumen fluids of adapted sheep (Kupang sheep) This is due to high concentration of tannin in acacia compared to calliandra and leushycaena which inhibited protein and carboshyhydrate fermentation by rumen microbes as it was shown by low dry matter and organic

Komang G Wiryawan Sury

Table 3 NH3 Concentr Fluid at 0 ROll

Legumes

Acacia viosa Caliandra calothyrsus Leucaena lellocephala

Mean plusmn SE

Table 4 NH3 Concentr Fluid at 3 ROll

Legumes 1i

Acacia vilosa Caliandra calothyrsus Leucaena leucocephala

Mean plusmn SE

Different superscript means

Table 5 NH1 Concentr Fluid at 6 ROl

Legumes ~

Acacia vilosa Calliandra calothyrsus Leutacna leucocephala

Mean plusmnSE

Different superscript means

matter digestibility In a( contains saponin which of protozoa and cons VFA production (Tange 2000) At 6 hours incuba tannin and saponin to n creasing the VFA conci with acacia substrate ten(

Surprisingly the rul

I

42 43 Komang G Wiryawan Suryahadi and Anita S Tjakradidjaja

ted in Three Different Table 3 NHJ Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 0 Hour

luid maga Mean plusmn SE I plusmn 522 3150 plusmn 371b plusmn 305 3082 plusmn 294b plusmn 255 4922 + 270middot plusmn 361 b

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid

Kupang Ciawi Dannaga Mean plusmn SE Acacia vilosa 473 plusmn 041 788 plusmn 032 808 plusmn 040 690plusmn038 Calliandra calothyrsus 680 plusmn 050 925 plusmn 071 762 plusmn 240 789plusmn120 Leucaena lellcocephala 970 plusmn 060 751 plusmn 154 752 plusmn 128 824plusmn114 Mean plusmn SE 708plusmn050 559plusmnO86 774plusmn136

e of rumen fluid (Table Table 4 NHJ Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen e due to the equilibrium Fluid at 3 Hours luction and utilization Ilia concentration of Ciashyheep tended to accumushylrogressing nes contain high protein annin greatly reduced the ein because protein was forming stable complex to be attacked by proshyNHJ concentration was this regard tannin has

vly releasing ammonia to rumen microbes are not

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid Kupang I Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn SE

Acacia viosa 626 plusmn 085 639 plusmn 015 814 plusmn 093 693plusmn064b

Callialldra calothyrsus 644 plusmn 121 1198 plusmn 143 814 plusmn 093 885plusmn119middot LellC(lella leucocephala 755 plusmn 043 1184 plusmn 089 936 plusmn 285 958plusmn 139

---Mean plusmn SE - - shy

6 75plusmnO~ 1007plusmnO82a 8~5_plusmn1~ -- _--shy

Different superscript means significantly different (PltO05)

Table 5 NHI Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 6 Hours

- by high concentration of e NHJ concentration in ~ia villosa has the highest refore NHJ concentration cacia substrate was sigshy) lower compared to the

nations in VFA producshyI

ble 6 7 8) VF A concenshywith the incubation peshy

~ of sheep naturally eat he legumes at the same acacia Acacia was less

incubations by the rumen sheep (Kupang sheep)

~ concentration of tannin ed to calliandra and leu-I

~ited protein and carbo~

lon by rumen microbes as )w dry matter and organic

I~ r Legumes ~z Source of Rumen Fluid - ~ Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn SE

Acacia vilGSa 623 plusmn 042 918 plusmn 105 612plusmn018 718plusmn055 b

Calliandra calothyrsus 904 plusmn 135 1825 plusmn 146 956 plusmn 052 - 1228plusmn111a Lellcaella leucocephala 577 plusmn 043 1863 plusmn 138 1178 plusmn 162 1206plusmn114 Mean plusmn SE 701plusmnO73c

Different superscript means significantly different (PltO05)

matter digestibility In addition acacia also contains saponin which affect the activity of protozoa and consequently reducing VFA production (Tangendjaja and Wina 2000) At 6 hours incubation as the effect of tannin and saponin to mmen microbes deshycreasing the VFA concentration of culture With acacia substrate tended to increase

Surprisingly the rumen fluid of Darshy

1535plusmn130middot 915plusmn077b

maga sheep (non adapted to acacia feeding) seems to be unaffected by the utilization of all legumes VFA concentration is stable at least for 6 hours incubation This might be due to feeding system applied in Darmaga in which all animals were fed native grass containing combination of grass and shmbs Several shmbs might contain tannin and other antinutrient factors that could stimushy

Jurnal Peternakan dan Lingkungan Vol09 No2 ISSN 0852 - 4092 Akreditasi Nomor 134DiktiKep2001 44

Table 6 VFA Concentration (roM) of Legumes Incubated in Three different rumen fluid at 0 Hour

- -Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid

Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn 5 E Acacia vilosa Caliandra calothyrslIs Leucaena lelicocephala

67 35 plusmn 1473 42 31 plusmn 824 4577 plusmn 674

7081 plusmn 2940 56i3 plusmn 604

6994 plusmn 1187

8549 plusmn2213 middot58 72 plusmn 824 45 77plusmn311

7455plusmn2209 5239plusmn - 51 5383plusmn - 24

Mean plusmn SE 5181 plusmn 990 65 63 plusmn 1577 63 33 plusmn1116

Table 7 VFA Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 3 Hours

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid 1 Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn SE

Acacia vilosa Calianelm calothyrsus Leucaena leucocephala

3972 H 245 6735 plusmn 833 4749 plusmn 086

4922 plusmn 1079 8117 plusmn 1422 63 04 plusmn 1414

8894 plusmn 22 13 65 63 plusmn 525 53 54 plusmn 623

5929 plusmn 1 )12 7139 plusmn 927 5469 plusmn -08

Mean plusmn SE 5152plusmn721 6448 plusmn 1305 6937 plusmn 1120 II

Table 8 VFA Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 6 Hours

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean =SE

Acacia villosa Calliandra calothyrsus Leucaena leucephala

8549 plusmn 1129 5872 plusmn 1051 5008 plusmn 674

7081 plusmn2940 5699 plusmn 150

6994 plusmn 1554

8549 plusmn 2213 6563 plusmn 525 5354 plusmn 311

8060 plusmn 2094 6045 plusmn )75 5785 plusmn 846

Mean plusmn SE 6476 plusmn 951 65 91 plusmn 1548 6822 plusmn 1016

I late the rumen microbial resistance to those isolating the microbes which are resistance anti nutrients to acacia toxin

Conclusion Acknowledgement

The rumen fluid of adapted sheepto The authors would like to thank the Inshyacacia feeding in Indonesia may possess ternational Livestock Research Institute microbes which are able to digest acacia (ILRI) Ethiopia and the Australian Center but the degree of tolerating acacia antinushy for International Agricultural Research trients from the rumen microbes of sheep (ACIAR) Australia for financing this re shynaturally eat acacia differ from those of search through Project NumberAS I 9810 adapted sheep This leads to a possibility of entitled Managing the rumen ecosystem to

Komang G Wiryawan Suryah

improve utilization of thorn

References

Ahn HH B M Roberts( C Gutteridge and I Quality assessment ( se legumes tannin tein degradation A ence and Technolog

Brooker JD 2000 Priorit sion In Tannins i Human Nutrition (J ACIAR Proceedings

Brooker J D L O Donov G Sellick 2000 tannin resistance an in the rumen In ~ stock and Human Brooker ed) ACI No 92 117-122

Evans C S AJ Shah M MLR Arce 19S amino acids in seed species of Acacia 32 123-126

McNeill D M MK Gobius and D B fluence of dietary c on microbial crude I sheep In Tannins Human Nutrition (J ACIAR Proceedings

McSweeney C S B P2 Krause 2000 Rume logy and physiolog goats fed a tannin-c( Tannins in Livest Nutrition (J D Bre AR Proceedings No

Norton B W 2000 The tannins in tropical tion In Tannins i Human Nutrition (J ACIAR Proceedings

45Komang G Wiryawan Suryahadi and Anita S Tjakradidjaja44

n Three different rumen

Fluid rmaga Mean plusmn SE

~ plusmn2213 7455plusmn2~ 09 2 plusmn 824 5239plusmn - 51

7 plusmn 311 5383plusmn -24

3plusmn116

I Three Different Rumen

Fluid irmaga Mean plusmn SE

4 plusmn 2213 5929plusmn 112 3 plusmn 525 7139 plusmn 927

4 plusmn 623 54 69 plusmn -08

7 plusmn 1120

1 Three Different Rumen

rFluid armaga Mean - SE

9plusmn2213 8060plusmn2094 i3 plusmn 525 6045 plusmn 575 i4plusmn311 5785 plusmn 846

2 plusmn 1016

robes which are resistance

nt

would like to thank the Inshystock Research Institute land the Australian Center 1 Agricultural Research lia for financing this reshyProject NumberAS 1 9810 tg the rumen ecosystem to

improve utilization of thornless acacias

References

Ahn HH B M Robertson R Elliott R e Gutteridge and Fe Ford 1989 Quality assessment of tropical browshyse legumes tannin content and proshytein degradation Animal Feed Scishyence and Technology 27 147-156

Brooker JD 2000 Priority setting discusshysion III Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 1-9

Brooker 1 D L ODonovan I Skene and G Sellick 2000 Mechanisms of talmin resistance and detoxification in the rumen In Tannins in Liveshystock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 117-122

Evans e S AJ Shah Mw Adlard and MLR Arce 1993 Non-protein amino acids in seeds of neotropical species of Acacia Phytochemistry 32 123-126

McNeill D M MK Komolong N Gobius and D Barber 2000 Inshyfluence of dietary condensed tanhin on microbial crude protein supply in sheep In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 57-61

McSweeney e S B Palmer and DO Krause 2000 Rumen microbial ecoshylogy and physiology in sheep and goats fed a tannin-containing diet In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIshyAR Proceedings No 92 140-145

Norton B W 2000 The significance of tannins in tropical animal producshytion In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 14-23

Plumb J J LL Blackall and AV Klieve 2000 Rumen bacterial dishyversity with and without mulga (Acacia aneura) tannins In Tanshynins in Livestock and Human Nushytrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 146-150

Praptiwi 1985 Daun acacia sebagai bahan makanan ternak ditinjau dari kadar protein asam amino dan pen gadashyannya Media Peternakan 10 35-46

Steel RGD and JH Torrie 1995 Prinshysip dan Prosedur Statistika Suatu Pendekatan Biometri Edisi-2 Tershyjemahan BSumantri PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama Jakarta

Tangendjaja B and E Wina 2000 Tanshynins and ruminant production in Indonesia In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 40-43

Tilley J M A and RA Terry 1963 A two stage technique for in vitro dishygestion in forage crop Journal of British Grassland Science 18 104shy111

Tjakradidjaja A S JD Brooker and eD K Bottema 2000 Characterisation of tannin-resistant bacteria from the rumen fluid of feral goats and cashymels with restriction analysis of amshyplified 16S [DNA In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceeshydings No 92 151-155

Wiryawan K G B Tangendjaja and Surshyyahadi 2000 Tannin degrading bacteria from Indonesian Ruminants In Tannins in Livestock and Hushyman Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 123-12

Page 4: In Vitro Degradation of Acacia Villosa By Ruminal Microbes ...

42 43 Komang G Wiryawan Suryahadi and Anita S Tjakradidjaja

ted in Three Different Table 3 NHJ Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 0 Hour

luid maga Mean plusmn SE I plusmn 522 3150 plusmn 371b plusmn 305 3082 plusmn 294b plusmn 255 4922 + 270middot plusmn 361 b

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid

Kupang Ciawi Dannaga Mean plusmn SE Acacia vilosa 473 plusmn 041 788 plusmn 032 808 plusmn 040 690plusmn038 Calliandra calothyrsus 680 plusmn 050 925 plusmn 071 762 plusmn 240 789plusmn120 Leucaena lellcocephala 970 plusmn 060 751 plusmn 154 752 plusmn 128 824plusmn114 Mean plusmn SE 708plusmn050 559plusmnO86 774plusmn136

e of rumen fluid (Table Table 4 NHJ Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen e due to the equilibrium Fluid at 3 Hours luction and utilization Ilia concentration of Ciashyheep tended to accumushylrogressing nes contain high protein annin greatly reduced the ein because protein was forming stable complex to be attacked by proshyNHJ concentration was this regard tannin has

vly releasing ammonia to rumen microbes are not

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid Kupang I Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn SE

Acacia viosa 626 plusmn 085 639 plusmn 015 814 plusmn 093 693plusmn064b

Callialldra calothyrsus 644 plusmn 121 1198 plusmn 143 814 plusmn 093 885plusmn119middot LellC(lella leucocephala 755 plusmn 043 1184 plusmn 089 936 plusmn 285 958plusmn 139

---Mean plusmn SE - - shy

6 75plusmnO~ 1007plusmnO82a 8~5_plusmn1~ -- _--shy

Different superscript means significantly different (PltO05)

Table 5 NHI Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 6 Hours

- by high concentration of e NHJ concentration in ~ia villosa has the highest refore NHJ concentration cacia substrate was sigshy) lower compared to the

nations in VFA producshyI

ble 6 7 8) VF A concenshywith the incubation peshy

~ of sheep naturally eat he legumes at the same acacia Acacia was less

incubations by the rumen sheep (Kupang sheep)

~ concentration of tannin ed to calliandra and leu-I

~ited protein and carbo~

lon by rumen microbes as )w dry matter and organic

I~ r Legumes ~z Source of Rumen Fluid - ~ Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn SE

Acacia vilGSa 623 plusmn 042 918 plusmn 105 612plusmn018 718plusmn055 b

Calliandra calothyrsus 904 plusmn 135 1825 plusmn 146 956 plusmn 052 - 1228plusmn111a Lellcaella leucocephala 577 plusmn 043 1863 plusmn 138 1178 plusmn 162 1206plusmn114 Mean plusmn SE 701plusmnO73c

Different superscript means significantly different (PltO05)

matter digestibility In addition acacia also contains saponin which affect the activity of protozoa and consequently reducing VFA production (Tangendjaja and Wina 2000) At 6 hours incubation as the effect of tannin and saponin to mmen microbes deshycreasing the VFA concentration of culture With acacia substrate tended to increase

Surprisingly the rumen fluid of Darshy

1535plusmn130middot 915plusmn077b

maga sheep (non adapted to acacia feeding) seems to be unaffected by the utilization of all legumes VFA concentration is stable at least for 6 hours incubation This might be due to feeding system applied in Darmaga in which all animals were fed native grass containing combination of grass and shmbs Several shmbs might contain tannin and other antinutrient factors that could stimushy

Jurnal Peternakan dan Lingkungan Vol09 No2 ISSN 0852 - 4092 Akreditasi Nomor 134DiktiKep2001 44

Table 6 VFA Concentration (roM) of Legumes Incubated in Three different rumen fluid at 0 Hour

- -Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid

Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn 5 E Acacia vilosa Caliandra calothyrslIs Leucaena lelicocephala

67 35 plusmn 1473 42 31 plusmn 824 4577 plusmn 674

7081 plusmn 2940 56i3 plusmn 604

6994 plusmn 1187

8549 plusmn2213 middot58 72 plusmn 824 45 77plusmn311

7455plusmn2209 5239plusmn - 51 5383plusmn - 24

Mean plusmn SE 5181 plusmn 990 65 63 plusmn 1577 63 33 plusmn1116

Table 7 VFA Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 3 Hours

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid 1 Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn SE

Acacia vilosa Calianelm calothyrsus Leucaena leucocephala

3972 H 245 6735 plusmn 833 4749 plusmn 086

4922 plusmn 1079 8117 plusmn 1422 63 04 plusmn 1414

8894 plusmn 22 13 65 63 plusmn 525 53 54 plusmn 623

5929 plusmn 1 )12 7139 plusmn 927 5469 plusmn -08

Mean plusmn SE 5152plusmn721 6448 plusmn 1305 6937 plusmn 1120 II

Table 8 VFA Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 6 Hours

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean =SE

Acacia villosa Calliandra calothyrsus Leucaena leucephala

8549 plusmn 1129 5872 plusmn 1051 5008 plusmn 674

7081 plusmn2940 5699 plusmn 150

6994 plusmn 1554

8549 plusmn 2213 6563 plusmn 525 5354 plusmn 311

8060 plusmn 2094 6045 plusmn )75 5785 plusmn 846

Mean plusmn SE 6476 plusmn 951 65 91 plusmn 1548 6822 plusmn 1016

I late the rumen microbial resistance to those isolating the microbes which are resistance anti nutrients to acacia toxin

Conclusion Acknowledgement

The rumen fluid of adapted sheepto The authors would like to thank the Inshyacacia feeding in Indonesia may possess ternational Livestock Research Institute microbes which are able to digest acacia (ILRI) Ethiopia and the Australian Center but the degree of tolerating acacia antinushy for International Agricultural Research trients from the rumen microbes of sheep (ACIAR) Australia for financing this re shynaturally eat acacia differ from those of search through Project NumberAS I 9810 adapted sheep This leads to a possibility of entitled Managing the rumen ecosystem to

Komang G Wiryawan Suryah

improve utilization of thorn

References

Ahn HH B M Roberts( C Gutteridge and I Quality assessment ( se legumes tannin tein degradation A ence and Technolog

Brooker JD 2000 Priorit sion In Tannins i Human Nutrition (J ACIAR Proceedings

Brooker J D L O Donov G Sellick 2000 tannin resistance an in the rumen In ~ stock and Human Brooker ed) ACI No 92 117-122

Evans C S AJ Shah M MLR Arce 19S amino acids in seed species of Acacia 32 123-126

McNeill D M MK Gobius and D B fluence of dietary c on microbial crude I sheep In Tannins Human Nutrition (J ACIAR Proceedings

McSweeney C S B P2 Krause 2000 Rume logy and physiolog goats fed a tannin-c( Tannins in Livest Nutrition (J D Bre AR Proceedings No

Norton B W 2000 The tannins in tropical tion In Tannins i Human Nutrition (J ACIAR Proceedings

45Komang G Wiryawan Suryahadi and Anita S Tjakradidjaja44

n Three different rumen

Fluid rmaga Mean plusmn SE

~ plusmn2213 7455plusmn2~ 09 2 plusmn 824 5239plusmn - 51

7 plusmn 311 5383plusmn -24

3plusmn116

I Three Different Rumen

Fluid irmaga Mean plusmn SE

4 plusmn 2213 5929plusmn 112 3 plusmn 525 7139 plusmn 927

4 plusmn 623 54 69 plusmn -08

7 plusmn 1120

1 Three Different Rumen

rFluid armaga Mean - SE

9plusmn2213 8060plusmn2094 i3 plusmn 525 6045 plusmn 575 i4plusmn311 5785 plusmn 846

2 plusmn 1016

robes which are resistance

nt

would like to thank the Inshystock Research Institute land the Australian Center 1 Agricultural Research lia for financing this reshyProject NumberAS 1 9810 tg the rumen ecosystem to

improve utilization of thornless acacias

References

Ahn HH B M Robertson R Elliott R e Gutteridge and Fe Ford 1989 Quality assessment of tropical browshyse legumes tannin content and proshytein degradation Animal Feed Scishyence and Technology 27 147-156

Brooker JD 2000 Priority setting discusshysion III Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 1-9

Brooker 1 D L ODonovan I Skene and G Sellick 2000 Mechanisms of talmin resistance and detoxification in the rumen In Tannins in Liveshystock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 117-122

Evans e S AJ Shah Mw Adlard and MLR Arce 1993 Non-protein amino acids in seeds of neotropical species of Acacia Phytochemistry 32 123-126

McNeill D M MK Komolong N Gobius and D Barber 2000 Inshyfluence of dietary condensed tanhin on microbial crude protein supply in sheep In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 57-61

McSweeney e S B Palmer and DO Krause 2000 Rumen microbial ecoshylogy and physiology in sheep and goats fed a tannin-containing diet In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIshyAR Proceedings No 92 140-145

Norton B W 2000 The significance of tannins in tropical animal producshytion In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 14-23

Plumb J J LL Blackall and AV Klieve 2000 Rumen bacterial dishyversity with and without mulga (Acacia aneura) tannins In Tanshynins in Livestock and Human Nushytrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 146-150

Praptiwi 1985 Daun acacia sebagai bahan makanan ternak ditinjau dari kadar protein asam amino dan pen gadashyannya Media Peternakan 10 35-46

Steel RGD and JH Torrie 1995 Prinshysip dan Prosedur Statistika Suatu Pendekatan Biometri Edisi-2 Tershyjemahan BSumantri PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama Jakarta

Tangendjaja B and E Wina 2000 Tanshynins and ruminant production in Indonesia In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 40-43

Tilley J M A and RA Terry 1963 A two stage technique for in vitro dishygestion in forage crop Journal of British Grassland Science 18 104shy111

Tjakradidjaja A S JD Brooker and eD K Bottema 2000 Characterisation of tannin-resistant bacteria from the rumen fluid of feral goats and cashymels with restriction analysis of amshyplified 16S [DNA In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceeshydings No 92 151-155

Wiryawan K G B Tangendjaja and Surshyyahadi 2000 Tannin degrading bacteria from Indonesian Ruminants In Tannins in Livestock and Hushyman Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 123-12

Page 5: In Vitro Degradation of Acacia Villosa By Ruminal Microbes ...

Jurnal Peternakan dan Lingkungan Vol09 No2 ISSN 0852 - 4092 Akreditasi Nomor 134DiktiKep2001 44

Table 6 VFA Concentration (roM) of Legumes Incubated in Three different rumen fluid at 0 Hour

- -Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid

Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn 5 E Acacia vilosa Caliandra calothyrslIs Leucaena lelicocephala

67 35 plusmn 1473 42 31 plusmn 824 4577 plusmn 674

7081 plusmn 2940 56i3 plusmn 604

6994 plusmn 1187

8549 plusmn2213 middot58 72 plusmn 824 45 77plusmn311

7455plusmn2209 5239plusmn - 51 5383plusmn - 24

Mean plusmn SE 5181 plusmn 990 65 63 plusmn 1577 63 33 plusmn1116

Table 7 VFA Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 3 Hours

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid 1 Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean plusmn SE

Acacia vilosa Calianelm calothyrsus Leucaena leucocephala

3972 H 245 6735 plusmn 833 4749 plusmn 086

4922 plusmn 1079 8117 plusmn 1422 63 04 plusmn 1414

8894 plusmn 22 13 65 63 plusmn 525 53 54 plusmn 623

5929 plusmn 1 )12 7139 plusmn 927 5469 plusmn -08

Mean plusmn SE 5152plusmn721 6448 plusmn 1305 6937 plusmn 1120 II

Table 8 VFA Concentration (mM) of Legumes Incubated in Three Different Rumen Fluid at 6 Hours

Legumes Source of Rumen Fluid Kupang Ciawi Darmaga Mean =SE

Acacia villosa Calliandra calothyrsus Leucaena leucephala

8549 plusmn 1129 5872 plusmn 1051 5008 plusmn 674

7081 plusmn2940 5699 plusmn 150

6994 plusmn 1554

8549 plusmn 2213 6563 plusmn 525 5354 plusmn 311

8060 plusmn 2094 6045 plusmn )75 5785 plusmn 846

Mean plusmn SE 6476 plusmn 951 65 91 plusmn 1548 6822 plusmn 1016

I late the rumen microbial resistance to those isolating the microbes which are resistance anti nutrients to acacia toxin

Conclusion Acknowledgement

The rumen fluid of adapted sheepto The authors would like to thank the Inshyacacia feeding in Indonesia may possess ternational Livestock Research Institute microbes which are able to digest acacia (ILRI) Ethiopia and the Australian Center but the degree of tolerating acacia antinushy for International Agricultural Research trients from the rumen microbes of sheep (ACIAR) Australia for financing this re shynaturally eat acacia differ from those of search through Project NumberAS I 9810 adapted sheep This leads to a possibility of entitled Managing the rumen ecosystem to

Komang G Wiryawan Suryah

improve utilization of thorn

References

Ahn HH B M Roberts( C Gutteridge and I Quality assessment ( se legumes tannin tein degradation A ence and Technolog

Brooker JD 2000 Priorit sion In Tannins i Human Nutrition (J ACIAR Proceedings

Brooker J D L O Donov G Sellick 2000 tannin resistance an in the rumen In ~ stock and Human Brooker ed) ACI No 92 117-122

Evans C S AJ Shah M MLR Arce 19S amino acids in seed species of Acacia 32 123-126

McNeill D M MK Gobius and D B fluence of dietary c on microbial crude I sheep In Tannins Human Nutrition (J ACIAR Proceedings

McSweeney C S B P2 Krause 2000 Rume logy and physiolog goats fed a tannin-c( Tannins in Livest Nutrition (J D Bre AR Proceedings No

Norton B W 2000 The tannins in tropical tion In Tannins i Human Nutrition (J ACIAR Proceedings

45Komang G Wiryawan Suryahadi and Anita S Tjakradidjaja44

n Three different rumen

Fluid rmaga Mean plusmn SE

~ plusmn2213 7455plusmn2~ 09 2 plusmn 824 5239plusmn - 51

7 plusmn 311 5383plusmn -24

3plusmn116

I Three Different Rumen

Fluid irmaga Mean plusmn SE

4 plusmn 2213 5929plusmn 112 3 plusmn 525 7139 plusmn 927

4 plusmn 623 54 69 plusmn -08

7 plusmn 1120

1 Three Different Rumen

rFluid armaga Mean - SE

9plusmn2213 8060plusmn2094 i3 plusmn 525 6045 plusmn 575 i4plusmn311 5785 plusmn 846

2 plusmn 1016

robes which are resistance

nt

would like to thank the Inshystock Research Institute land the Australian Center 1 Agricultural Research lia for financing this reshyProject NumberAS 1 9810 tg the rumen ecosystem to

improve utilization of thornless acacias

References

Ahn HH B M Robertson R Elliott R e Gutteridge and Fe Ford 1989 Quality assessment of tropical browshyse legumes tannin content and proshytein degradation Animal Feed Scishyence and Technology 27 147-156

Brooker JD 2000 Priority setting discusshysion III Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 1-9

Brooker 1 D L ODonovan I Skene and G Sellick 2000 Mechanisms of talmin resistance and detoxification in the rumen In Tannins in Liveshystock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 117-122

Evans e S AJ Shah Mw Adlard and MLR Arce 1993 Non-protein amino acids in seeds of neotropical species of Acacia Phytochemistry 32 123-126

McNeill D M MK Komolong N Gobius and D Barber 2000 Inshyfluence of dietary condensed tanhin on microbial crude protein supply in sheep In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 57-61

McSweeney e S B Palmer and DO Krause 2000 Rumen microbial ecoshylogy and physiology in sheep and goats fed a tannin-containing diet In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIshyAR Proceedings No 92 140-145

Norton B W 2000 The significance of tannins in tropical animal producshytion In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 14-23

Plumb J J LL Blackall and AV Klieve 2000 Rumen bacterial dishyversity with and without mulga (Acacia aneura) tannins In Tanshynins in Livestock and Human Nushytrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 146-150

Praptiwi 1985 Daun acacia sebagai bahan makanan ternak ditinjau dari kadar protein asam amino dan pen gadashyannya Media Peternakan 10 35-46

Steel RGD and JH Torrie 1995 Prinshysip dan Prosedur Statistika Suatu Pendekatan Biometri Edisi-2 Tershyjemahan BSumantri PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama Jakarta

Tangendjaja B and E Wina 2000 Tanshynins and ruminant production in Indonesia In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 40-43

Tilley J M A and RA Terry 1963 A two stage technique for in vitro dishygestion in forage crop Journal of British Grassland Science 18 104shy111

Tjakradidjaja A S JD Brooker and eD K Bottema 2000 Characterisation of tannin-resistant bacteria from the rumen fluid of feral goats and cashymels with restriction analysis of amshyplified 16S [DNA In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceeshydings No 92 151-155

Wiryawan K G B Tangendjaja and Surshyyahadi 2000 Tannin degrading bacteria from Indonesian Ruminants In Tannins in Livestock and Hushyman Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 123-12

Page 6: In Vitro Degradation of Acacia Villosa By Ruminal Microbes ...

45Komang G Wiryawan Suryahadi and Anita S Tjakradidjaja44

n Three different rumen

Fluid rmaga Mean plusmn SE

~ plusmn2213 7455plusmn2~ 09 2 plusmn 824 5239plusmn - 51

7 plusmn 311 5383plusmn -24

3plusmn116

I Three Different Rumen

Fluid irmaga Mean plusmn SE

4 plusmn 2213 5929plusmn 112 3 plusmn 525 7139 plusmn 927

4 plusmn 623 54 69 plusmn -08

7 plusmn 1120

1 Three Different Rumen

rFluid armaga Mean - SE

9plusmn2213 8060plusmn2094 i3 plusmn 525 6045 plusmn 575 i4plusmn311 5785 plusmn 846

2 plusmn 1016

robes which are resistance

nt

would like to thank the Inshystock Research Institute land the Australian Center 1 Agricultural Research lia for financing this reshyProject NumberAS 1 9810 tg the rumen ecosystem to

improve utilization of thornless acacias

References

Ahn HH B M Robertson R Elliott R e Gutteridge and Fe Ford 1989 Quality assessment of tropical browshyse legumes tannin content and proshytein degradation Animal Feed Scishyence and Technology 27 147-156

Brooker JD 2000 Priority setting discusshysion III Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 1-9

Brooker 1 D L ODonovan I Skene and G Sellick 2000 Mechanisms of talmin resistance and detoxification in the rumen In Tannins in Liveshystock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 117-122

Evans e S AJ Shah Mw Adlard and MLR Arce 1993 Non-protein amino acids in seeds of neotropical species of Acacia Phytochemistry 32 123-126

McNeill D M MK Komolong N Gobius and D Barber 2000 Inshyfluence of dietary condensed tanhin on microbial crude protein supply in sheep In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 57-61

McSweeney e S B Palmer and DO Krause 2000 Rumen microbial ecoshylogy and physiology in sheep and goats fed a tannin-containing diet In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIshyAR Proceedings No 92 140-145

Norton B W 2000 The significance of tannins in tropical animal producshytion In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 14-23

Plumb J J LL Blackall and AV Klieve 2000 Rumen bacterial dishyversity with and without mulga (Acacia aneura) tannins In Tanshynins in Livestock and Human Nushytrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 146-150

Praptiwi 1985 Daun acacia sebagai bahan makanan ternak ditinjau dari kadar protein asam amino dan pen gadashyannya Media Peternakan 10 35-46

Steel RGD and JH Torrie 1995 Prinshysip dan Prosedur Statistika Suatu Pendekatan Biometri Edisi-2 Tershyjemahan BSumantri PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama Jakarta

Tangendjaja B and E Wina 2000 Tanshynins and ruminant production in Indonesia In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (1 D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 40-43

Tilley J M A and RA Terry 1963 A two stage technique for in vitro dishygestion in forage crop Journal of British Grassland Science 18 104shy111

Tjakradidjaja A S JD Brooker and eD K Bottema 2000 Characterisation of tannin-resistant bacteria from the rumen fluid of feral goats and cashymels with restriction analysis of amshyplified 16S [DNA In Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceeshydings No 92 151-155

Wiryawan K G B Tangendjaja and Surshyyahadi 2000 Tannin degrading bacteria from Indonesian Ruminants In Tannins in Livestock and Hushyman Nutrition (J D Brooker ed) ACIAR Proceedings No 92 123-12