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Geelong’s Bird Breakout! 2 Cobb & Co. 3 Charles Kernot 6 Mary Ann Bugg—Bushranger 8 Death Masks 10 The Black Bull Hotel 12

Otway National Park 14

Corio-The Early Days Part 11 16

Origins of Knitting 18 My Generation 20

Russia—Fast Facts 22 Hair Growth 23 Mountain Pygmy Possum 24 Self Harm in Youths 25 Elle Macpherson 26 Recipe—Greek Donuts 28 Word Search— A-Z of Sports 29 Banknotes: Clunies Ross 30 150 Years Ago 31 Then… & Now 32

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One hundred and fifty-four years ago the peacefulness of Geelong’s streets were disrupted by a wild chase that divided the town—those who saw it as an opportunity for a little harmless fun, and a bit of sport, opposed by those who feared for the well-being of the emu and were annoyed at the loss of sereni-ty.

We’ll let the Geelong Advertiser tell you the story:

“Yesterday forenoon, as many idlers on foot or horseback as had nothing better to do, treated themselves to the novel sport of hunting an emu through nearly every street in the town.

The unfortunate bird, it appears, escaped from the yard at the rear of Mr Rice’s Black Bull stables, and went pacing timidly along little Ryrie-street, as if frightened at its unwonted liberty. Instead of capturing it quietly by the neck, and so leading it home, some persons thought proper to give it chase, and – as business was somewhat dull – it is not to be wondered at that there were plenty of other persons ready to join in the sport.

The “quarry” immediately recovered as much of its fleetness as had not been tamed away, and off it went, striding along with head erected to the full height, and with a posse of horsemen,

small boys, and street curs close in the rear. This ridiculous piece of cruelty was kept up for upwards of half an hour – the bird every now and then turning round and gazing about him, as if wondering at the absurd fit which had taken hold of the human creation. Ryrie-street, Moorabool-street, Myers-street, the Market-square, Ryrie-street (again), the Queenscliff road, past the Botanical Gardens, Corio-street, Market-square (again), - were all traversed in this nonsensical chase, and it was not until the poor bird was well nigh run off its legs that the proper mode of capturing him was resorted to, and he was at length returned dead beat into Mr Rice’s possession.”

Geelong Advertiser. Saturday, June 30, 1860 p.2

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Foot traffic quickly scattered from the road as the rumbling sound of horses hooves were heard approaching from the west. Then all held their breath to keep out the choking dust as the vehicle thundered past. The Cobb & Co. coach had arrived in Geelong!

The first attempted coach service between Geelong and Melbourne was in 1839, with a coach being imported from Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) at that time. However, the absence of made roads defeated the project, and the principal means of communication between the two towns continued to be by water. It was not until the opening of the goldfields in 1851 that coaching days really began in Victoria.

By December 1853 an early coach service between Geelong and Ballarat saw two teams running back and forth each day. But it was not long before a group of enterprising Americans invaded the field of Victorian passenger conveyance.

Freeman Cobb was born on October 10, 1830, a native of Massachusetts, USA. Cobb had his early training with the Adam's Express Company of New York, transferring his services later to Wells, Fargo, and Co. He is said to have been sent

to Australia by his employers for the purpose of forming a branch establishment here. But in late 1852, in conjunction with three other young Americans, John Murray Peck, James Swanton and John Lamber, Cobb launched out on his own. Initially they ran a shuttle service on the short, but busy road between Mel-bourne and Port Melbourne. However, the ambitious men soon expanded their business, as the following advertisement in The Argus newspaper (January 30, 1854) reports—

“AMERICAN TELEGRAPH LINE OF COACHES.

Daily communication between Melbourne, Forest Creek (Castlemaine) and Bendigo.

Cobb and Co. beg to announce to the public that they have determined to run a line of well-appointed coaches between the

The Leviathan coach—The largest horse-drawn coach in Australia carried up to 90 passengers between Geelong and Ballarat. Famous

driver “Cabbage Tree Ned” held the reigns to 12 fine grey horses. The coach is pictured here outside the Cobb & Co. office in Malop

Street Geelong, two doors down from the Black Bull Hotel.

Freeman Cobb—Founder of the Cobb & Co. transportation

company.

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above places, starting from the Criterion Hotel, every morning (Sunday excepted), at 6 o'clock, and from Forest Creek, daily, at the same hour. The vehicles intended to run are the new American coaches, recently imported, and acknowledged to be the easiest conveyances in the colony. The first coach will start from the Criterion on Monday, January 30, and every attention will be given to ensure punctuality.”

While the coach service got off to a promising start, it soon got bogged down— in the muddy tracks of wintertime. The light Concord coaches, round-bodied, and handsomely upholstered, were not suitable for early Victoria, and as winter set in the service had to be suspended until spring was well advanced.

The Argus again reported: "Travellers to and from Castlemaine will be glad to find by the advertisement which appears in another column that Messrs. Cobb and Co., who last season won golden opinions from all sorts of people for the punctuality and speed which characterised their mode of conducting their business as proprietors of passenger conveyances between Melbourne and the diggings, have reappeared on the field of action." (October 12, 1854)

Within the next 2 years Freeman Cobb became a wealthy young man, and decided to return to his homeland. He married a year or two after his return to America, and was for a time a State senator, before later drifting back to the express business in Boston. In 1871 he migrated to South Africa, and established a line of coaches from Port Elizabeth to Kimberley. He died at Port Elizabeth on May 24, 1878.

The reputation which the young Americans had gained for punctuality and efficiency was taken advantage of in Geelong. Even when the railway from Melbourne to Geelong was opened in June 1857, Cobb and Co. at once found a ready market, booking passengers through to Ballarat by overland coach.

The business of Cobb & Co. changed hands a number of times in quick succession, and a division of interests (ownership of coach routes) followed. Around 1860 competition on the Geelong to Ballarat route became so keen that the fare was reduced to five shillings! It was on this road that Cobb and Co.'s "Leviathan" coach made its first appearance in January 1860—a huge vehicle, carrying nearly a hundred passengers, and drawn by a team of up to 12 horses. Cobb & Co.’s greatest driver, Ned Divine, became famous for his ability to handle the awesome vehicle. (See box on opposite page)

Eventually the growth of the railway system, which took place in the 1860-70s, along with the advent of the automobile early in the 20th century, contributed to the gradual disintegration of the coaching business. Main routes were

A typical Cobb & Co. coach. This one is on display at Museum Victoria. It was

made in Geelong to carry up to 17 passengers plus mail and luggage.

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‘Cabbage Tree Ned’

Edward Devine was born on August 10, 1833 in Van Diemen's Land, the son of a free migrant who became a farmer at Cove Hill. Edward went to Victoria as a youth and in 1854 got the job of driving coaches on the Geelong-Ballarat Road. After Cobb & Co. acquired this route, Devine soon earned a reputation as their best-known driver.

For a time he drove the 'Leviathan,' the largest coach to appear in Australia, and by 1862 he was earning the very high wage of £17 a week

for his skills. In that year he was assigned to drive the first All-England cricket team to visit Australia, on their tour of Victoria. His spectacular handling of the coach, pulled by twelve magnificent light greys, won him widespread fame. Something of a showman, he even drove the cricketers right on to the oval at a match in Geelong. When the tour ended, the Englishmen presented him with a purse of 300 sovereigns* at a complimentary dinner.

Devine acquired his nickname of 'Cabbage Tree Ned' by wearing a hat made from the fibrous leaves of the cabbage palm. He was unequalled with his shrewd judgment of horses and his calmness in emergencies. On one occasion he was descending Fyansford Hill near Geelong when his horses bolted. Devine kept lashing them to greater speed, preventing the coach from over-running the horses until they could be safely pulled up on the opposite hill.

In 1863 Divine went to New Zealand, where he continued to drive coaches for Cobb & Co. out of Dunedin. He returned to Australia in 1878, and settled in Ballarat, driving a little, among other labouring jobs. He died aged 71 and unmarried on December 18, 1908, and was buried in an obscure corner of the Ballarat cemetery. In February 1937 his remains were moved to a more prominent location in the cemetery with a distinctive headstone supplied by admirers of the greatest coachman in the history of Australia.

abandoned, and country lines shrank to the position of short feeders to the railway. By the First World War, Cobb & Co in Geelong ran services to nearby towns like Ocean Grove and Torquay, but by the early 1920s the office in Malop Street had to close its doors for the final time. The coach service prospered longer in Queensland than anywhere else in Australia, but their last horse-drawn coach service ceased in 1924.

In 1986 the name Cobb & Co. was resurrected by the Bell Street Bus Company for its motorcoach charter business. Since 2001 it has operated services on behalf of Australian Pacific Tours, mainly in the Northern Territory and Queensland.

But nothing sounds quite like the thunder of horses hooves, churning up the dust, to the sound of voices yelling out: “Get out of the way. Here comes the Cobb & Co coach!”

The Cobb & Co Leviathan coach, carrying 89 passengers from Geelong, thunders into Ballarat.

* 1 sovereign = £1 or $2. However, each sovereign contained 7.32g of gold, worth $310 at today’s value.

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Charles Kernot was born on March 23, 1820 in Essex, England, the eldest son of chemist William Kernot and his wife Susannah. The family most likely descended from the Huguenots, members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France that fled to England in the 18th century to escape persecution from the Catholic Church.

Despite the family’s strong religious background, it was religious disputes (he had abandoned the established church for Congregationalism) combined with financial problems that induced him to immigrate to Australia with two children, his wife and her sister. He sailed in the Duke of Wellington and arrived at Melbourne in February 1851.

The family soon moved to Gheringhap Street in Geelong, while Kernot tried his luck in vain at the Ballarat and Mount Alexander diggings, before returning to Geelong. Prior to coming to Australia, Kernot had received training at his father’s chemist shop. Thus, he soon decided to set up his own chemist shop in Moorabool Street, in a store just above another chemist shop run by Mr Pardey. Kernot had also brought a printer's outfit with him from England. So, in addition to selling medications, potions and creams, he was soon advertising his mixed business as a chemist, printer and stationer. He was also one of the first in the area to promote the new technology of photography, as seen in the advertise-ment (in a July 7, 1851 newspaper) below.

Within three short years Kernot had become quite wealthy, and was able to relocate his store to larger premises at the top of Moorabool Street. The business continued to flourish and, as a result, in 1859 he moved his growing family to a new home—Milton House, in the suburb of Newtown. Around the same time he invited his brother William into partnership with him at the shop. Six years later, in 1865 he retired from the chemist business, leaving it for his brother to run.

From the moment Kernot had arrived in Geelong he had taken an active interest in community affairs. He was one of the original directors of the Geelong & Melbourne Railway Company, that saw to the construction of Victoria’s first railway between the two townships, before being taken over by the colonial state govern-ment in 1860. Despite holding on to strong religious

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beliefs, it was during this time that Kernot first showed his displeasure at the power churches held over their parishioners. When the churches voiced their disapproval of trains running on Sunday (claiming it broke the Christian Sabbath), Kernot spoke out against them, influencing the government to grant permission for the trains to run on that first day of the week.

In July 1857 Kernot was the convener of the first meeting of the Geelong Gas Company, later responsible for bringing gas to homes through-out the town. He remained a director of the Victorian Woollen and Cloth Manufacturing Company until his death. He was on the Hospital Committee of Management, the Mechanics Institute Committee, and worked hard for the Flinders State School (now the Matthew Flinders Girls Secondary College).

Kernot entered local politics in 1859 as a councillor and two years later was raised to the position of alderman for Thomson Ward on the Geelong Council. [See box below] He became mayor of Geelong in 1864 but retired from the council in 1866. As the member for Geelong East, Kernot entered the Legislative Assembly (State Government) in March 1868, a position he still had at the time of his death after a long illness on March 26, 1882, survived by his wife Mary, and by five sons and two daughters.

Described as a man of few words but with a strong mind with radical ideas Kernot was highly respected, but not liked by all, especially the churches. However, he remained passionate about Geelong’s progress as a town, and goes down in history as one of the most influential of all Geelong’s citizens.

What is an Alderman?

The title is derived from the Old English, literally meaning "elder man", and was used by the chief nobles presiding over shires in England. In time the term came to denote a high-ranking member of a borough or local council. An alderman may be chosen by the elected councillors themselves, or the public may elect them by popular vote.

Many local government bodies in Australia originally used the term. In early Geelong it appears that there were two "levels" of election. A councillor was elected as a general representative of the Geelong community. However, an alderman was elected to represent one of the four specific Wards established within the Geelong district.

The position of alderman in Geelong was abolished in 1938. Today the community elects a mayor along with Ward councillors.

14 Aphrasia Street, Newtown, was built as the home of Charles Kernot in

1857-58. It is now on the Victorian Heritage Register.

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Mary Ann Bugg (traditional name Yellilong), was one of two notable female bushrangers in mid-19th century Australia.

Mary Ann Bugg was born at the Berrico Station near Gloucester in NSW. Her father, James Bugg, was convicted of stealing meat—two lambs, a wether sheep and two pigs—in July 1825 and was initially sentenced to death. Reprieved to life transportation, he sailed to Australia, reaching Sydney on March 21, 1826. He was assigned work as a shepherd, and eventually reached the position of overseer at Berrico Station.

In 1833, Bugg established a relationship with an Aboriginal woman he called Charlotte, and from this union were born Mary Ann (May 7, 1834) and 7 younger siblings. In addition to giving her beautiful features, Mary's mixed heritage allowed her to gain a diverse set of skills that helped her immensely. From her mother, Mary learnt how to survive in the Australian bush by making shelters and finding food. From her father, Mary gained the opportunity to go to boarding school where she learnt to read, write and carry herself like a refined European lady. Her ability to carry herself like a lady, or live like a bushman, gave Mary the ability to seamlessly slip between worlds.

On June 1, 1848, less than a month after her fourteenth birthday, Mary Ann married a man named Edmund Baker but the relationship ended within a year or two. Mary Ann had 2 children with her second partner John Burrows, which was followed by a relationship with James McNally to whom she bore three more children. McNally was a farmer at Cooyal, north of Mudgee, and it was there in 1860 that Mary Ann met ticket-of-leave convict Frederick Ward, who later became the notorious bushranger Captain Thunderbolt.

Bushranging with Captain Thunderbolt

In October 1861, Ward was arrested for horse theft and imprisoned on Cockatoo Island. Two weeks later Mary Ann gave birth to their first child; a girl named Marina. As soon as Marina was weaned, Mary placed her children in care and moved to Balmain (near Cockatoo Island) where she found employment as a housemaid under the name Louisa Mason. She then swam to Cockatoo Island with a file for Ward to cut through his chains. After swimming to freedom, the couple moved to the Hunter Valley where the couple took up bushranging.

After the Rutherford toll-bar robbery, the first of Captain Thunderbolt’s unlawful hold-ups, Ward collected Mary Ann along with her two youngest daughters,

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Ellen and Marina, and fled to the bush. In February 1864 they travelled through the mountains west of Gloucester during what became known as the Great Flood of 1864, eventually ending up at the Culgoa River, where Ward's brother William was working. There they lived quietly for the remainder of the year. However early in 1865 Ward joined forces with three other miscreants and began to rob hawkers (travelling salesmen) and stations in the north-western plains near Collarenebri. In fact, Ward travelled extensively during his six and a half years as a bushranger, robbing from Newcastle on the mid-NSW coast, as far north as Queensland, and from Narrabri nearly as far west as Bourke.

In 1865, Mary Ann gave birth to another child, seemingly a daughter named Elizabeth Ann Ward, although she later left the child with relations so she could remain on the run with Ward and her two older daughters. She was not only Ward’s lover, but also acted as his scout, visiting towns to find out if any troopers were around. There is no evidence to suggest that she accompanied him during his robberies, although the community at large believed that she did.

Primarily, Mary Ann’s work involved looking after the gang’s bush camps, hamstringing cattle, and foraging for food for Ward and his accomplices. Several reports describe her as looking like a young man wearing knee-length Wellington boots, moleskin trousers, a Crimean shirt, a monkey jacket and a cabbage tree hat—the dress of the flash stockmen of the day (at a time when it was frowned upon for a woman to wear men's clothing). Also, she rode astride (as did a man) and not side-saddle as was customary for women in those days. She was proud of her association with Ward and on several occasions referred to herself as the "Captain's Lady".

Mary Ann's involvement with the outlaw led to her arrest on three occasions. In 1866, she was sentenced to six months in gaol for vagrancy. However, an outcry in Parliament led to the Attorney General examining the case. He found a number of faults with the legal process and Mary Ann was released. Another conviction, in 1867, for being in possession of stolen goods was overturned when a concerned magistrate looked into her case and discovered that a shop assistant could identify her as having purchased some of the goods.

Mary Ann fell pregnant again, but she and Ward separated before their son Frederick Wordsworth Ward was born in August 1868. In the aftermath, Mary Ann returned to live with former lover John Burrows, and had another four children to him. In all, Mary Ann had at least 11 children to 3 different men. When Burrows finally died, Mary Ann was forced to find work as a nurse to support herself, even though she was well into her sixties. She eventually died on April 22, 1905 at Mudgee in NSW.

Frederick Ward (Captain Thunderbolt)

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A death mask is a casting made of a person’s face following death, usually out of wax or plaster.

At times death masks were made simply as mementos of the dead. On other occasions death masks were used for the creation of portraits. In fact, it is sometimes possible to identify portraits that have been painted from death masks, due to the characteristic slight distortions of the features caused by the weight of the plaster during the making of the mold.

In some ancient cultures a death mask was a clay mold or other artifact placed on the face of the deceased before burial. The best known of these are the masks used by Egyptians as part of the mummification process. The most important process of the funeral ceremony in ancient Egypt was the mummification of the body, which, after prayers and consecration, was put into a sarcophagus enameled and decorated with gold and gems. A special element of the rite was a sculpted mask, put on the face of the deceased. This mask was believed to strengthen the spirit of the mummy and guard the soul from evil spirits on its way to the afterworld. Made of gold and gems, the mask conveys the highly stylized features of the ancient ruler. Such masks were not, however, made from casts of the features; rather, the mummification process itself preserved the features of the deceased.

An example of Egyptian death masks is the well-known mask of Tutankhamun.

Down through history masks of deceased persons were part of tradition in many other countries. The lifelike character of Roman portrait sculptures has been attributed to the earlier Roman use of wax to preserve the features of deceased family members. The wax masks were subsequently reproduced in more durable stone.

In the tenth century in some European countries, it was common for death masks to be used as part of the effigy of the deceased, displayed at state funerals. In the late middle Ages, a shift took place from sculpted masks to true death masks, made of wax or plaster.

The elaborate death mask of Egyptian Pharaoh,

Tutankhamen.

American gangster, John Dillinger, shot dead in July 1934 with his death mask. The exit wound made by the police bullet that killed him can be seen below the right eye.

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These masks were not interred with the deceased. Instead, they were used in funeral ceremonies and were later kept in libraries, museums and universities. Death masks were taken not only of deceased royalty and nobility (e.g. Henry VIII of England, and the Sforza family of Milan, Italy), but also of eminent persons—poets, philosophers, composers, such as John Keats, Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt and Ludwig van Beethoven. As in ancient Rome, death masks were often subsequently used in making marble sculpture portraits, busts or engravings of the deceased.

Oliver Cromwell’s death mask is preserved at Warwick Castle. Another notable death mask is that of Napoleon Bonaparte, taken on the island of Saint Helena and displayed at London’s British Museum.

In Russia, the death mask tradition dates back to the times of Peter the Great, whose mask was taken by Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli. Also well-known are the death masks of Nicholas I, and Alexander I. When taken from a living subject such a cast is called a life mask. In early spring of 1860 and shortly before his death in April 1865, two life masks were created of President Abraham Lincoln.

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries death masks were also used to permanently record the features of unknown corpses for the purpose of identification. (This function was later replaced by photography.) In the cases of people whose faces were damaged by their death, it was common to take casts of their hands. An example of this was Thomas D'Arcy McGee, the Canadian statesman whose face was shattered by the bullet which assassinated him in 1868. Photography and video have replaced the need for death masks today.

Plaster is molded around the face during the process of making a death mask.

One mask, known as L'Inconnue de la Seine, recorded the face of an unidentified young woman who, around the age of sixteen, according to one man's story, had been found drowned in the Seine River at Paris, France around the late 1880s. A morgue worker made a cast of her face, saying "Her beauty was breathtaking, and showed few signs of distress at the time of passing. So bewitching that I knew beauty as such must be preserved." The cast was also compared to Mona Lisa, and other famous paintings and sculptures. In the following years, copies of the mask became a fashionable fixture in Parisian Bohemian society. The face of Resusci Anne, the world’s first CPR training mannequin, introduced in 1960, was modeled after L'Inconnue de la Seine.

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“Are we there yet?” the children whined as the Cobb & Co coach rattled along the well-worn country road. “Look for the black bull on top of the building. When you see it we will have arrived,” replied their exasperated mother. The children strained their eyes forward, peering among the clouds of dust kicked up by the horses hooves toward the longed-for end of their journey.

How many times this conversation was repeated in the early days of Geelong we will never know. But the black bull on top of the hotel at 22 Malop Street, two doors up from the Cobb and Co. terminal, is noted in many a traveller’s journal as the sight they first remember upon arriving at the town.

In March 1848 Scotsman Alexander McLarty built the Black Bull Inn at the western edge of the town, near Gheringhap Street and the swamp beyond (now Johnstone Park). In those first few years business was brisk, and it proved to be a convenient location for town meetings planning the new town hall around the corner. In addition, a year later the Geelong Advertiser office was set up directly across the road in Malop Street, and so the Black Bull featured in many news stories of the day.

Unfortunately, criminal activity was quite common in the town at the time, with theft, assault, and fraud being regularly reported in and around the Black Bull Inn. To make matters worse, Mr McLarty himself became a victim of robbery and assault. On the evening of June 8, 1849, Mr McLarty was set upon by 7 ruffians as he walked down the jetty to catch the steamer to Melbourne. They stole £40 in his pocket book and escaped into the black of night after a short scuffle.

The stress of the job of inn-keeper eventually took its toll, and in October 1851 Mr John Dutch took over the Black Bull Inn and ran it for the next 4 years. Business remained brisk, but with the discovery of gold at Ballarat his business exploded. Soon, a coach service was set up, running a twice-daily service from near the Black Bull to Ballarat. Before the end of the decade this service was taken over by Cobb & Co who expanded coach services throughout western Victoria. The Black Bull even served as a booking office for the coach line after the main Cobb & Co office (located two doors down) closed its doors for the evening.

In October 1855 the Black Bull Inn was purchased by Joseph Rice and his wife Sarah. After migrating to Australia and arriving in Melbourne on August 7, 1849,

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Joseph served as a steward on the Port Phillip Bay Steamers "Vesta," and "Lady Bird." He was the Licensee of Golden Fleece Inn at Moorabool Creek* before taking over the Black Bull Inn in Malop Street, Geelong.

One of Joseph’s first decisions was to upgrade the premises. Engaging Bernard McNally, the original “inn” was converted into a larger 3-storey premises, with the bottom storey in the basement. In those days the kitchen was located in the basement of hotels, and Joseph installed a unique, small food service lift to transfer food and drinks more quickly to customers in the dining room on the ground floor. He also changed the name to the Black Bull ‘Hotel’ to reflect the enlarged establishment.^ It appears that the large stuffed bull was mounted on top of the front façade at the same time, an eye-catching sight for anyone entering the town.

Advertising his new venture, the Ballarat Star stated (Oct 31, 1857 p.4): “[Joseph Rice] has spared no expense to render his new hotel one of the most advantageous for the country visitors to be found in this thriving city, having now at disposal abundance of rooms. The sitting rooms are furnished according to the best and most improved models, are spacious, and have ceilings 13 feet high. The bedrooms are equally lofty, well ventilated, and inhale the purest atmosphere, being on the second and third storey. . . The back premises of the inn are replete with every accommodation, and a stable with 12 stalls has been lately erected. Preparations are also on foot for arranging refreshment rooms in the wine cellars for ice drinks during the ensuing summer months, and every attention has been paid to the culinary department, so as to render it efficient, and second to no other house in town.”

A few years later, in 1860, the Black Bull Hotel was one of the first buildings in Geelong to have gas lighting installed, with the frontage being “gaily illuminated,” and the sign of the house lit up every night. Of course, the most notable feature of the hotel was the black bull on the front parapet. The stuffed animal deteriorated over time, and in August 1876, it had to have a new skin put on it along with other running repairs. It continued to identify the hotel for a many decades, but Joseph Rice’s days were numbered. He died in early 1879, 6 weeks after selling off the hotel.

Ownership of he Black Bull then passed through the hands of a variety of owners. At the turn of the century, the name was changed to the Orient Hotel, and was soon described as “the worst conducted [hotel] in Geelong.” A sad end to a famous Geelong landmark. “Can you see the Black Bull yet?”

* Moorabool Creek: Now called Millbrook, located halfway between Ballan and Ballarat on the old Melbourne to Ballarat road. ^ The Black Bull Hotel is not the same as the Black Bull Tapas Bar & Restaurant, located at 48 Moorabool Street, Geelong today.

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GREAT OTWAY NATIONAL PARK Have you ever travelled down to the Great Otway National Park? Here are some of the delightful spots to visit around the park and famous Great Ocean Road—

Cape Otway Lighthouse: The government reserved the tip of Cape Otway as the site for a lighthouse. Access to the site was difficult, but was eventually reached over-land and construction of the Cape Otway Lightstation began in 1846 from stone quarried at the Parker River. While it was the second lighthouse built on the mainland, it remains the oldest surviving lighthouse on the Australian mainland.

The light was first lit in 1848 using a first order Fresnel lens. It was decommis-sioned 145 years later in January 1994. It has been now been replaced by a low powered solar light in front of the original tower whose focal plane is at 73m above sea level. Its light characteristic is three white flashes every 18 seconds.

Melba Gully:

Melba Gully is known as the “Jewel of the Otways” due to the glow worms that are found there. It’s a good idea to take a torch to find your way along the tracks after dark, but avoid shining the light directly at the glow worms as they are shy creatures and if disturbed will switch off their light and retreat into a crack.

The worms are not actually worms, rather they are the larvae of fly-like insects called fungus gnats. The larvae produce sticky threads, and the glow emitted from their abdomen attracts insects who are then trapped in the threads.

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Maits Rest:

Maits Rest was named after former forestry patrol office Maitland Bryant who would stop and rest his horse there. A wooden boardwalk has been built over the tree-fern gullies and moss-covered roots of ancient rainforest trees, protecting

the delicate ecosystem while providing visitors with unique views of the forest. Some trees are over 300 years old and if you’re walking the path at dusk you may see some of the local inhabitants, including swamp wallabies, koalas, ring-tailed possums and grey kangaroos.

The Otway Fly:

The tree top walk is the longest and tallest elevated walk of its kind in the world, at 600m long and 30m above ground level. A 45m high lookout is ascended via a spiral stairway through the under-story to emerge amongst the crowns of the giants of the forest, whilst the springboard cantilever bounces precariously high above Youngs Creek. Moss and fungi abound in the valley below.

Triplet Falls:

Triplet Falls is one of the iconic visitor sites in the Great Otway National Park and it has recently been reopened to visitors after a $2 million dollar redevelopment. This beautiful waterfall, set amongst tall mountain ash, blackwoods, myrtle beech and towering ferns, now has a new 2km loop walk with raised boardwalks and viewing platforms. This takes visitors into previously unexplored parts of this ancient forest and provides new and unique views into the lower cascades and the majestic main falls.

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PART 11—The First train Arrives!

By 1850, European settlers had survived the first 15 years of intense labour required to establish themselves in the Corio area. Government sales of land, and the allocation of land deeds, provided legitimacy to their original land claims. An era of incredible prosperity was about to erupt, with the discovery of gold at Ballarat in 1851. Huge crowds of fortune seekers were soon to arrive at Port Phillip Bay, and many were content to settle as farmers, after their lust for gold had worn off.

Large landholders around Corio suddenly saw the opportunity for easy income. First, they leased sections of their land to eager arrivals, who were keen to get good pasture for their farming endeavours. However, it was soon realised that the land-owner who sub-divided his land and sold it off, could quickly become very rich indeed! And a major event then occurred to provide the landholders with the perfect selling point: the Geelong to Melbourne railway.*

While talk of a railway between Geelong and Melbourne had started before 1850, it was in 1852 that a company was formed by private investors to start work on the project. In September that year the company appointed engineer, Edward Snell^ to survey the course the railway would take. He notes in his diary:

“Started off for a walk to Melbourne, to examine the country and report on its fitness for a railway. Walked over a flat country the whole day crossing Cowie’s Creek and the Duck Ponds River (Hovell’s Creek at Lara) and reaching Station

Geelong Railway Station—as envisioned by Edward Snell in 1854. Only part of the station was built according to his plans. Even St Paul’s Church of England (arrowed), under construction at the time, did not end up with the spire as originally planned,

but a square bell tower was added in 1865 instead.

* For further details of the construction of the Geelong—Melbourne railway see the December 2012 edition of Jillong Pocket.

^ A future edition of the Jillong Pocket will detail the amazing life of Edward Snell.

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Peak about sunset. Put up at a Public House on the Little River, the “Travellers’ Rest” rather tired and hungry had a jolly good supper and a good bed.”

The following day he continued on to Melbourne, but was back 2 months later, using the Travellers’ Rest as a base as he surveyed the route of the line from Little River to Duck Ponds (Lara).

Construction on the line commenced on September 20, 1853, and the railway company paid the government for 100 prisoners (at 5 shillings per prisoner per day) to carry out the heavy labour. The prisoners were kept on a prison ship which initially anchored off Cowies Creek at North Geelong. By November 1, 1856 the line had been completed from Geelong to Duck Ponds (Lara) and a

twice-daily train service began.

The trains themselves were made in England, and their construction allowed for the class distinction of the times. First class compartments provided cushioned seats, brass fittings and silk curtains. Second class was plain, but comforta-ble enough, although situated over the wheels. Third class was very exposed to the elements: “indeed it is feared that those who may be unfortunate enough to have to travel in them on an Australian dusty hot wind day will wish them rather more confined,” wrote one unfortunate traveller.

Nevertheless, landholders from Corio to Little River were elated! Instead of taking a full day to go to town for shopping or business, they could now take the train down to Geelong in the morning, and catch the afternoon train back home. Even the movement of livestock and farm produce, freighted to the port, was much more convenient by train.

Suddenly land prices in the area escalated. Land auctioneer, J. B. Hutton advertised lots on the river as suitable for country residences for persons having business in Geelong or Melbourne, due to their proximity to the railway line. To emphasize the point he invited interested buyers to take the

train to the land sales, and even provided lunch for them.

Soon a number of smaller sub-divided settlements appeared alongside the railway line, surrounded by the broad acre farmers. Next month the story continues . . .

(story with help from Ian Wynd’s book So Fine a Country)

The planned route of the Geelong—Melbourne railway line, as drawn by Edward Snell. The section between Geelong and Little River is

shown in this detail. (1852)

The prison hulk Sacremento, was tied up at Cowies Creek, and housed the 100 prisoners who built the Geelong—Lara

section of the railway line. Living conditions on-board

were atrocious!

18

Compared to other home crafts, knitting is a relatively recent invention. Very few garments from ancient times have survived, leaving only a small trail of remnants for researchers to examine. So how did knitting become the craft we know and love so much today?

The very first pieces of anything resembling knitting were socks, found in Egyptian tombs dating back to around the 3rd century C.E., when Egypt was part of the Roman Empire. Technically the socks were not knitted—using two sticks to pull loops through other loops. Rather, it more closely resembled what we call ‘knotting’ today. From knotting, it is assumed, eventually came knitting. In fact, the word ‘knit', which entered the English language in the 1400s, can be traced to the Old English word ‘cnyttan', which meant ‘knot'.

Knitting Proper Knitting as we know it dates back to 11th century Egypt, where cotton or silk, not wool, were the staple materials for yarn. Egyptian socks in white and indigo were knitted in intricate detail, with Arabic blessings knitted into them. From the Middle East knitting then crossed into Europe. During the 13th century Muslims employed by the Spanish royal family knitted gloves and cushion covers.

The gauges used by these early knitters made for incredibly fine and painstaking work. For example, silk stockings might be knitted with 25 gauge needles at 32 rows per inch! Knitting with such fine gauges made for very expensive garments, which only the wealthy could afford. In 1566 King Eric of Sweden imported 27 pairs of knitted silk stockings from Spain, and each cost the same as his valet's annual salary! Needles at this time were often made from exotic materials like walrus tusk or ivory.

Gradually, ordinary working people began to learn how to knit inexpensively for themselves using their own sheep’s wool, and soon cottage industries sprang up. Surprisingly, in Renaissance Europe, men knitted as well as women. In fact, only men were allowed to join knitting craft guilds. Sailors would knit on long sea voyages and many shepherds enjoyed the past-time while tending their flocks. While men were avid knitters, in Britain's fishing villages, it was women who famously made ‘ganseys' or Guernseys for their husbands, as well as intricate shawls for babies and lingerie for their bridal trousseaux.

The First Knitting Machine In 1589, a Nottinghamshire clergyman named William Lee became so frustrated at his beloved's attention being more on her knitting than him that he invented a knitting machine to do the work for her. Called a ‘stocking frame,' Queen

Knitting Origi

ns of

19

Elizabeth I refused to grant Lee a patent for his invention, concerned that work would be taken away from the hand-knitting industry. but over the next few centuries the stocking frame became a staple of the industrial revolution.

Victorian Knitting As knitting became industrialised in Victorian England, home knitting was turned into a refined art for women. Lace and beaded knitting were displayed as a well-bred lady's accomplishments. Girls were expected to learn to knit and complete a set number of rows every day. Knitting was commonly carried by women to social events, where it continued unabated among the babble of gossip. Even Queen Victoria herself was an accomplished knitter.

It was in the 19th century that knitting ‘pins' - the long, bobble-ended type we use today for flat knitting - were first invented, and the English needle sizes from 1 to 26 were introduced (The higher the number, the thinner the needle). Victorian Age knitters often specified a size 20, 1mm needle for lacework.

Patterns were very different from those we rely on today. Often authors didn't explain the size of needle that was needed, but would simply write ‘use regular needles.' The concept of gauges or tension squares was not noted, illustrations were few and far between, and patterns were often very vague and full of mistakes. Most girls honed their skills as taught to them orally from mother to daughter, or tutor to pupil.

Knitting for Victory During the First and Second World Wars, knitting garments for soldiers was considered every British civilian's duty. Everyone from a very young Queen Elizabeth II, to lowly Boy Scouts knitted—from jumpers and socks, to shooting gloves, balaclavas and even sleeping bags. Patterns evoked both Blitz spirit and tragedy, with names like ‘Ready for Anything' and ‘For Jack - "Somewhere" - Out at Sea'. However, after WW2 knitting went into decline as more and more women entered the workforce, and established careers for themselves.

Now and Tomorrow In the last decade or so, knitting has returned to fashion as women start to long for a bit more ‘work-life balance'. Rather than seen as a vital craft to keep the family warm, it is now viewed as a relaxing, luxurious hobby. Many modern women - including entertainment stars Sarah Jessica Parker and Julia Roberts - have rediscovered knitting. What about you?

From just the two basic stitches, knit and purl, new stitches and techniques are continuing to evolve. Who knows what knitting will be like in the future?

20

My Mum used to cut raw chicken, chop eggs and spread butter on bread on the same cutting board with the same knife and no bleach. But we didn't seem to get food poisoning.

Our school sandwiches were wrapped in wax paper, and then placed in a brown paper bag; not like today’s processed food in fancy plastic wrapping with expiry dates that are then placed in ice-pack coolers. But I can't remember ever getting e.Coli.

Almost all of us would have rather gone swimming in the lake or at the beach instead of a pristine chlorinated pool. There were no beach closures then.

I thought that I was supposed to accomplish something positive, or do something to help some-one else before I was allowed to feel proud of myself.

We all took PE at school - and risked permanent injury with a pair of Dunlop canvas runners instead of having cross-training athletic shoes with air cushion soles and built in light reflectors that cost as much as a small car. I can't recall any injuries, but they must have happened because they tell us how much safer we are now.

We got the cane for doing something wrong at school. They used to call it discipline and it hurt, yet we all grew up to accept the rules, and to honour and respect those older than us.

We had 50 kids in our class and we all learned to read and write, do maths, and spell almost all the words needed to write a grammatically correct letter without the need for a spell-checker.

21

I just can't recall how bored we were before computers came around - Play Station, Nintendo, X-box – along with 270 digital TV cable stations. We weren't!!

Oh yeah, and where was the EpiPen for when I got that bee sting, and antibiotics and sterilisation kits for when I fell over? I could have been killed!

We played "King of the Hill" on a pile of gravel left on a vacant building site near our house. When we got hurt, Mum pulled out the 25c bottle of iodine, swabbed our wounds, and then we got our backsides spanked.

Now it's a trip to the Hospital Emergency room, followed by a 10-day dose of antibiotics. Then mum calls the lawyer to sue the contractor for leaving a horribly vicious pile of gravel where it posed a threat to our modern-day unsuspecting ‘innocent’ children.

To top it off, not a single person I knew had ever been told that they were from a dysfunctional family. How could we possibly have coped without knowing that?

We never needed to get into group therapy and/or anger management classes. We didn't even notice that the entire country wasn't taking Diazepam or Prozac! How did we ever survive?

But we did – so greetings to all of you who shared this era with me. And to all of you who didn’t, I’M SORRY FOR WHAT YOU MISSED. I WOULDN'T TRADE IT FOR ANYTHING!

22

The official name for Russia is the Russian Federation. Russia is a federal presidential

republic. Executive power is split between the President and the Prime Minister.

Russia shares borders with 16 other countries, including China, Ukraine, North Korea

and Norway.

In terms of land area, Russia is the largest country in the world.

Russia operates across 9 time zones.

Russia is estimated to have a population of around 146 million, making it the 9th

most populated country in the world. There are 9 million more women than men.

While Russian is the only official language of the country, there are 35 other

languages used in regional areas and over 100 others spoken by minority groups.

The capital and largest city is Moscow (11.5 million). Other major cities are Saint

Petersburg (4.8 million), Novosibirsk (1.4 million) and Yekaterinburg (1.3 million).

Russians drive on the right-hand side of the road.

The currency used in Russia is the Ruble. One Australian dollar buys about 35 Rubles.

Russia has a wide range of natural resources and is one of the world’s largest

producers of oil.

The world’s first satellite, named Sputnik, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.

The official residence of the Russian president is the Kremlin in Moscow. The name

Kremlin means ‘fortress.’

Russia is one of 5 permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, along

with the United States of America, the United Kingdom, China and France.

Russia has over 40 national parks and 100 wildlife reserves.

Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater lake in the world. It reaches 1642m (5,387ft) in

depth and contains around 20% of the world’s unfrozen fresh water.

Mount Elbrus is the highest mountain in Russia (and Europe), it reaches a

height of 5642 metres (18,510 feet).

Russia’s Volga River is the longest in Europe,

with a length of around 3690kms.

Russia has the world’s largest area of

forests.

Each year the average Russian consumes

about 18 litres of alcohol. Sadly this produces over 500,000 alcohol-related deaths every year.

23

HAIR GROWTH

No, not the musical, but the sort that grows on our bodies. Have you ever

wondered why arm or leg hair doesn’t keep growing like the hair on our heads?

Well, to put it simply each hair on the body grows from its own individual hair follicle. Inside that follicle, new hair cells form at the hair shaft’s root. As cells form, they push older cells out of the follicle. When the old cells are pushed out, the cells die. We see those dead cells as hair on the shower base or floor.

A hair follicle will produce new cells for a specific period of time depending on where on the body it is located. This period is called the growth phase. Hair has a growth phase or Anagen phase. Genetics determine how long that phase is but also hormones/extreme stress can have a bearing.

Then we have the Catagen phase. When triggered the outer part of the hair root is cut off from a nutrient supply (blood) as well as cells that produce new hair, so hair stops growing.

Then the Telogen phase begins which is a rest phase (when it stops growing temporarily), then will restart the growth phase again.

When a hair follicle starts its rest phase, the hair shaft will break. The existing hair falls out and is replaced by a new hair. Therefore, the length of time the hair is able to spend in a growing phase controls the maximum length of that hair.

Cells that make the hairs on arms are programmed so they will stop growing every couple of months. The hair on your arms, therefore stays short. The hair follicles on your head, however, are programmed to let hair grow for years. So, head hair can grow very long. The hair on your head grows about 15cms per year on average, or just over 1cm per month. Each head hair grows for about 2 to 6 years then stops and enters the telogen phase, during which it is gradually shed. On average, you lose about 50 to 100 hairs per day. Often, the growth cycle of the follicle starts over and a new hair begins to grow after one is shed.

So, now we can understand why, when we cut our hair, it will regrow to maximum length again.

24

New populations of one of Australia’s most endangered marsupials, the mountain pygmy-possum have been discovered in Kosciusko National Park.

Previously scientists thought the tiny creatures, weighing about 45g, only lived in four isolated populations, covering a total area of just 5 km2, in southern NSW and the north-eastern Victorian Alps. But two pygmy possums were discovered by Australian Museum scientists conducting a routine fauna survey in December 2010—in a surprising location.

The marsupials were found 30km north of the other populations, between 1,200m and 1240m above sea level. This new find opens up the possibility of discovering other small populations. The mountain pygmy possum is still in danger of becoming extinct within a generation though. (Actually, the mountain pygmy-possum was thought to be extinct until 1966, when one was spotted running around a ski lodge kitchen at Mount Hotham).

As the only marsupial known to hibernate under the snow, mountain pygmy possums are now under threat from climate change. Periods of short snow cover and early snow melt, as well as thinning snow cover, all disturb their hibernation. The little marsupials are also threatened by feral cats, foxes, urban development and shrinking supplies of Bogong moths, one of their major food sources.

Fossils found across Australia suggest that mountain pygmy possum relatives were once numerous and had a great geographic distribution. They are now restricted to what is called a “tiny remnant population that could blink out anytime, unless we try to do something about it.

Mountain Pygmy Possum

The whole population of the

Mountain Pygmy Possum

species could be fewer than

1000 individuals

25

Research focusing on young people suggests that 10% of 15-16 year olds have self-harmed, usually by cutting them-selves, and that girls are far more likely to self-harm than boys. It seems that these individuals harm themselves “as a way of coping with emotional pain or in response to emotional

numbness.” Many young people also report having friends who self-harm.

“When I’d get upset, I’d cut. It was my way of crying. I’d be happier after.”

“I haven’t done it now for about two weeks. That’s a long time for me. I don’t think I will ever totally stop.”

Is self-harm a suicide attempt?

Self-harm can be about trying to stay alive—a coping mechanism for survival, and to escape from emotional pain. Sometimes self-injury is a side effect of another condition, such as depression, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or an eating disorder. The majority of people who self-harm are not suicidal, but a small minority will intentionally attempt suicide. Some suicides resulting from self-harming behaviour may be accidental, occurring when someone has hurt themselves more than they intended to.

What help can I get?

The important thing is to find ways to start talking to someone you trust. Whom should you approach? It would be good to select someone older than you who shows wisdom, maturity, and compassion. The idea of sharing your secret with someone may seem frightening. But if you feel that you cannot bear a face-to-face discussion, try communicating in a letter or over the telephone.

How can I help someone who self-harms?

Since the sufferer may be in desperate need of a confidant, you can provide a listening ear. Granted, your first impulse may be to panic and demand that the cutting stop immediately. But this approach will likely alienate the sufferer. Besides, more is needed than telling the person to stop. It will take insight to help the self-injurer learn new ways to cope with problems over time.

If you are a youth, do not presume that you can help a self-injurer on your own. Remember, there may be an underlying problem or disorder in need of treatment. Also, self-injury can be life-threatening—even when the injurer has no suicidal intent. It would be wise, then, to urge the cutter to bring the matter to the attention of a mature, caring adult.

Those who self-harm may see no end to their pain. But be assured, with support the sad feelings will eventually go away, and life can be wonderful!

26

Known by her nickname, “The Body,” Australian beauty Elle Macpherson has been one of the world’s top supermodels for the last 30 years.

Macpherson was born Eleanor Nancy Gow on March 29, 1964 in Killara, a northern suburb of Sydney in NSW. She was the daughter of sound engineer Peter Gow, and his wife, Frances. Elle's parents divorced when she was 10 years old. Her mother later remarried, and a clerical mistake in registering at her new school saw her surname changed from Gow to Macpherson (her stepfather's surname).

Elle attended Killara High School, completing her Higher School Certificate in 1981. She then enrolled to study law at Sydney University. However, within a year her Australian modeling career began at age 18, with a television commercial for Tab soft drink, bringing her immediate modelling success.

By 1986, Time magazine had already put her on their cover, but she had also appeared on the covers of Cosmopolitan, Elle, GQ, Harper's Bazaar and Vogue. She cemented her high profile through frequent appearances in Elle, where she appeared in every issue for six straight years. She acquired more international exposure through Sports Illustrated magazine's annual Swimsuit Issue. (She appeared

on the cover a record five times: 1986, 1987, 1988, 1994, and 2006.) In the 1980s, together with Linda Evangelista, Naomi Campbell, and Cindy Crawford, Elle became part of a new generation of ‘supermodels.’ In 1989 she was given the nickname Elle "The Body" Macpherson by Time Magazine.

Her popularity had reached such a level that the Australian government offered her a position on its tourist commission as an unofficial ambassador. Besides English, she speaks fluent French and is conversational in Italian and Spanish.

In addition to her natural beauty, Elle has also proven to have a mind for business. In 1994, she formed her own company, Elle Macpherson Inc. She then went on to produce her own popular series of calendars, using the success as a springboard to create the "Your Personal Best – The Body" series of workout videos.

She later diversified her business portfolio, and in 1990 launched her lingerie collection 'Elle Macpherson Intimates.’ Intimates met with remarkable success, becoming the single best-selling lingerie line in both Great Britain and Australia. Elle took a leading role in the development and management of her company,

Elle in her early teens, while still at school in Sydney.

27

serving as Chief Marketing Officer and later, Creative Director. In January 2010, Macpherson expanded the line, launching Obsidian as a sub-brand. While nursing her second child, she spearheaded the development of a signature maternity bra line. Intimates appeared as a featured brand on America's Next Top Model, and last year, the brand celebrated 10 years of being stocked at Selfridges.

Macpherson has also created her own line of beauty products: "Elle Macpherson – The Body". The line was carried by Australian sun care brand Invisible Zinc. In March 2008, she signed a three-year deal with Revlon Cosmetics, which named her a Global Brand Ambassador.

Macpherson made her film debut playing an artist's model in the 1994 Sirens, which starred Hugh Grant, Sam Neill, and Tara FitzGerald. After Sirens, she followed with a two-year series of acting roles, appearing in films such as Alice, as well as Batman & Robin alongside George Clooney, The Edge with Anthony Hopkins, and The Mirror Has Two Faces with Barbra Streisand. In 1996 Elle hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live.

In 1999, Macpherson appeared in five episodes of the American TV series Friends. She starred in the movie Jane Eyre with William Hurt, and has also appeared alongside Ben Stiller and Sarah Jessica Parker in If Lucy Fell. Macpherson then played agent Claudia Foster in the drama series, The Beautiful Life.

While acting has never been her forte’, producing and hosting TV shows related to the fashion industry has been much more to her liking. In July 2010, Elle became the new host of Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model. She also serves as executive producer on the show. Elle also hosts and executive produces NBC's reality competition series Fashion Star. Its first season was sold to 75 countries.

Elle Macpherson has also found time for a number of philanthropic projects. She is a European Ambassador for RED, an initiative that raises money for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and to help eradicate AIDS for women and children in Africa. She is also an ambassador for UNICEF. In Australia, she is an ambassador for the Smile Foundation, which helps the families of children with rare diseases.

Elle married photographer Gilles Bensimon in 1986 but they divorced three years later. She then had two sons to financier Arpad Busson, but they separated in July 2005. She then moved in with American billionaire Jeffrey Soffer in early 2009, and the two later married in July 2013.

With a personal wealth estimated at $45 million, ‘The Body’ still looks great in a swimsuit at 50, and continues to promote Australia’s great outdoors to overseas visitors.

It was Elle’s modelling as a beach beauty that shot her to

worldwide stardom.

28

GREEK DONUTS WITH HONEY SYRUP

Loukoumades (deep-fried pastries) have always been a popular sweet treat in Greece.

Ingredients 250g plain flour 1/4 teaspoon salt 3 teaspoons dried yeast 250ml warm water vegetable oil cinnamon Syrup 1 teacup sugar 1/2 teacup honey 1/2 teacup water

Preparation

Sift the flour into a large mixing bowl, add the salt and mix the dried yeast into the flour. Using lukewarm water (if its too hot it will kill the yeast), slowly add to the flour, mixing in with an electric mixer until all the water has been added and the mixture is smooth and slightly frothy. Don't take too long doing this. Cover with a clean tea towel and leave it in a warm place for about one hour or until it has doubled in size and it looks frothy.

When the doughnut batter is about ready, first make the syrup by adding all the ingredients into a small saucepan, bring to the boil and simmer for about 5 minutes or until lightly thickened. Keep warm to serve hot with the donuts.

To deep fry the donuts you can use a deep-fryer or a deep saucepan. Fill with oil and heat to very hot but not smoking. Take a teaspoon, dipping it in water first to prevent the mixture sticking, take a teaspoon of mixture and drop it in the hot oil. Cook about 6 - 8 donut puffs at a time, depending on the size of your fryer. The loukoumades will puff up and rise to the top of the oil very quickly. Turn them over and as they turn golden colour, take them out with a slotted spoon and place on some absorbent paper to remove any excess oil. Repeat with the rest of the dough or as many as is needed.

Serve about 4 or 5 of the hot loukoumades on a small plate, drizzle the honey syrup over them and then sprinkle a light dusting of cinnamon over the top.

29

N A V T I A N N I P N G L D D G N I K I H

D T P I N P M U J G N O L N S D P J L O C

I B A S E B A L L I N W L P Y L U G O W G

T C V E D E R I V C E I O S O D P I N O O

F S L S K G N I N I A R T G O D A N E E G

E R W R C W D S G T T A N A N E T B A L L

N O N X A I O H N F B I Y E K C O H Q N H

C W W I N O T N I M D A B L R S L G U L I

I I L S O S L S D R Y O L O P R E T A W G

N N G H E P H R A O U A B L W N G C T N H

G G G I I I F O E N D G C O A L N N I I J

N N N N N I B E L L M O B O X B I L C L U

I I I G G W Y I R L C Y A Y E I T N S G M

M L I K O T A R E S A Y G H I S N O G N P

M C K N A T E S E C B B C I E I U G O I Y

I Y S R E Y S K H H D I Y R A T H L L F F

W C R E T O A T C U C A W E O A A W F R I

S N E C R I I K O I G R R C L T H R C U G

N S T C I N G S T T R I A T H L O N A S N

O E A O G N I L I A S C L O S T O M T K I

I L W S I N N E T W J I T E L S G V I T T

AQUATICS

ARCHERY

BADMINTON

BASEBALL

BOWLING

BOXING

CANOEING

CHEERLEADING

CRICKET

CYCLING

DARTS

DIVING

DOG TRAINING

FENCING

FOOTBALL

GOLF

GYMNASTICS

HIGH JUMP

HIKING

HOCKEY

HUNTING

ICE SKATING

JUDO

KARATE

KAYAKING

LONG JUMP

LACROSSE

MOTORCYCLE

NETBALL

PAINT BALL

ROWING

RUGBY

SAILING

SNOW BOARDING

SOCCER

SPORT FISHING

SWIMMING

SURFING

TAEKWONDO

TENNIS

TRIATHLON

VOLLEYBALL

WATER POLO

WATER SKIING

WEIGHTS

WRESTLING

YACHTING

YOGA

Word Search— A-Z OF SPORTS

30

On the $50 banknote is:

William Ian Clunies Ross

Sir William Ian Clunies Ross, veterinary scientist and administrator, was born on February 22, 1899 at Bathurst, New South Wales, fourth and youngest son of teacher William John Clunies Ross and his wife Hannah.

In 1903 the family moved to inner Sydney, and four years later to the outer suburb of Ashfield where Ian developed a keen interest in the plentiful local fauna. Sadly, his father's death in 1914 left the family in reduced circumstances. Then, his elder brothers, Rob, Allan and Egerton joined the Australian army. In October 1918 news arrived that Egerton had died from pneumonic influenza and that Rob had been killed in action. It appears that Hannah exercised her legal right to prevent Ian from enlisting.

In 1917 Clunies Ross enrolled in agricultural science at the University of Sydney, but in 1918 switched to veterinary science. By his own account he was a moderate scholar who was pleased to complete the course with second-class honours.

Clunies Ross spent 1921 as a temporary lecturer in veterinary anatomy at the university before being appointed a Walter and Eliza Hall research fellow. In England he studied parasites at Cambridge, and at the London School of Tropical Medicine. It marked a crucial phase of his life. For the next fifteen years the subject of parasitology was to enable him to build a national reputation as one of Australia’s best applied scientists.

In 1926, the new Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (C.S.I.R.) decided to give its highest priority to research into the health of animals, particularly sheep. Clunies Ross was then appointed C.S.I.R. parasitologist. An outstanding leader, when the C.S.I.R. underwent reorganization, including the change in name to the C.S.I.R.O. in 1949, Clunies Ross was appointed its chairman.

Towards the end of his career Clunies Ross was showered with honours - three of which depicted the three main phases of Clunies Ross’s life—as scientist, administrator and public figure. He was knighted for his services to the Australian community in 1954.

Sir Ian died of heart disease on June 20, 1959 in Melbourne and was buried in Box Hill cemetery.

Clunies Ross played a personal role in the success of myxomatosis, the virus released by Australian scientists to control the spread of the rabbit plague. When members of the public expressed safety concerns, Clunies Ross injected himself with the virus to demonstrate that it was harmless to humans.

31

Geelong– 150 years ago this month

“THE WEATHER AND THE CROPS.—The hot weather of

Saturday and Sunday last played considerable havoc with

many young vineyards. Where the planting took place late in

the season the young shoots had only just appeared, and the

heat has in many instances burned them completely off. Unless

there speedily comes some rain, vine planting will this year be

a failure.

The wheat crop in the Bellarine district is in more promising

condition than in most other places around Geelong. The oat

crop may be regarded, however, as a failure. In no instance does

this cereal appear to have entirely escaped the blight. A

field of one hundred acres, situated between Drysdale and

Portarlington, and which, a fortnight ago, looked in splendid

condition, is now

rapidly succumbing to

the blight, and but a

small portion, it seems

probable, will be

saved.”

(The Star—Ballarat

Saturday, November 26,

1864 p.3 )

About this brochure: This brochure has been produced as a community service by participants in the Work For The Dole scheme at Workskil- Corio branch office. This is part of a Job Services Australia initiative. All comments and views expressed in this publication are the opinions of the participants in the scheme and not necessarily the views of Workskil or Job Services Australia.

If you have any comments about information contained in this brochure, or suggestions for future issues please contact us: Workskil WFTD Unit 1001 Corio Shopping Centre. Bacchus Marsh Rd. Corio 3214 Ph: (03) 5245 3000 Email: ssharp@workskil.com.au

32

The Black Bull Hotel—22 Malop Street, Geelong The smaller ‘Black Bull Inn’ originally occupied the site until Mr Bernard McNally arrived in 1850 from Ireland, demolished the inn, and constructed the larger Black Bull Hotel. The famous black bull mounted on top of the front façade became a well-known Geelong landmark, especially with the National Bank next door, followed by the Geelong terminal for Cobb & Co. coaches. Today, there is no sign of the bull, the hotel, nor the horse-drawn coaches. A modern office block with an employment agency and optometrist as residents occupy the site. See inside this issue of the Jillong Pocket for further details of the Black Bull Hotel.

Source: State Library of Victoria

c.1890