in the Space Food System: Delivery, Microgravity … in the Space Food System: Delivery,...
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Probiotics in the Space Food System:
Delivery, Microgravity Effects, and the Potential Benefit to
Crew Health
Grace Douglas, Ph.D.NASA Human Research Program Advanced Food Technology
January 2015
Grace Douglas, Ph.D.NASA Human Research Program Advanced Food Technology
January 2015
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150001870 2018-06-09T09:22:32+00:00Z
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FOOD SYSTEMDaily environmental influence that is
greatly modifiable
OPTIMUM HUMAN STATE
Influences areEnvironment, stress, mood, and health:Microgravity Sleep shiftTemperatureAir QualityLightExerciseAntibiotics/MedsPathogens
FOOD
EFFECTS: Cardiovascular, bone, muscle, behavioral health and performance, immune response, etc.
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Probiotics Why? Why probiotics?
How? How do we deliver probiotics in spaceflight? How do probiotics respond to microgravity?
What? What is the human response to probiotics in microgravity?
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http://www.livestrong.com/article/355913‐list‐of‐fermented‐milk‐products/
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WHY: Probiotics?
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Stress, Anxiety, Depression (Slack et al. 2009)
Elevated inflammatory cytokines (Crucian et al. 2014)
Reduced immune cell function (Crucian et al. 2008)
HUMAN STATE IN SPACEFLIGHT
Withdrawal, Conflict
Major Psychological Event
Illness
Performance Decrement
NEED FOR NONINVASIVE COUNTERMEASURES
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
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By Nadar.
www.ua.all.biz/en/g818771/
Lactobacilli and health
1907Elie Metchnikoff publishes The Prolongation of Life: Optimistic
Studies.
1915Leo Rettgerproposes L.
acidophilus as a suitable probiotic.
1930Minoru Shirotaisolates L. casei, develops and commercializes
Yakult.
1950+Techniques developed enabling genomic
elucidation of probiotic
mechanisms.
2010Human gut microbiomecatalogued.
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Probiotics are “live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host” (WHO/FAO)
Probiotic‐Associated Benefit Reference
Protection against infection Corr et al. (2007)
Lowered incidence of diarrhea Leyer et al. (2009)
Lowered risk of antibiotic‐associated diarrhea Gao et al. (2010)
Lowered levels of cold and influenza‐like symptoms Leyer et al. (2009)
Inhibition of H. pylori Fujimura et al. (2012)
Prevention of upper respiratory infection Hao et al. (2011)
Return to pre‐antibiotic baseline flora Engelbrektson et al. (2009)
Epithelial barrier function Mennigen and Bruewer (2009)
Increased humoral Immunity via secretion of IgA Viljanen et al. (2005)
Competitive exclusion of pathogens Lee et al. (2003)
Neuroactive compound production Wall et al. (2014)
Reduced psychological distress Messaoudi et al. (2011)
Reduced anxiety Rao et al. (2009)
Modified from O’Flaherty and Klaenhammer, 2010
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Probiotic Mechanisms
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Dinan and Cryan, 2013 Probiotic
Modified from Selle and Klaenhammer, 2013
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HOW: deliver within Food System Constraints
Mars Expedition Scenario: 2.5 year mission Microgravity and reduced gravity No resupply Food may be prepositioned (5 year shelf life) Constrained mass and volume
Within this scenario, probiotics must: Survive Maintain probiotic attributes Provide similar benefits as those recorded
on Earth
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Probiotic Survival
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CAPSULE FOODVS
ROOM TEMPERATURE STORAGE VS
SURVIVAL THROUGH DIGESTIVE TRACTpH 2, pepsin pH 8, pancreatic juiceVS
COLD STORAGE
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Stability of Commercially Available Probiotic
Nonfat Dry Milk as a Delivery Vehicle
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1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.00E+10
0 30 60 120
Capsule + PBS
Capsule + PBS > Intestinal
Capsule + PBS > Gastric
Capsule > Intestinal
Capsule > Gastric
La + Milk
La + Milk > Intestinal
La + Milk > Gastric
Survival (C
FU)
Time (Minutes)
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Storage Temperature
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1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.00E+10Survival (C
FU)
Eight Months of Storage
PBS Milk
T022° 4° ‐80° 22° 4° ‐80°T0
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HOW: Respond to Microgravity
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Rotating-wall vessel (RWV)Synthecon (Houston, TX)
LSMMGOrientation
sedi
men
tatio
nef
fect
orbit path of cell
ControlOrientation
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Microgravity Response
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Effect on survival in simulated GI conditions
Effect on growth
Effect on gene expression
Illumina MiSeq
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Acknowledgments Sarah Castro, Ph.D. Mark Ott, Ph.D. Space Food Systems Laboratory Microbiology Laboratory
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Questions
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Probiotic MechanismsProbiotic bacteria
Naïve T‐cell
AG and co‐stimulatory molecules
TH2IL‐12
homeostasis
IL‐10
TReg
TH1IL‐6
TNF‐α
IFN‐γIL‐2IL‐12
IL‐4IL‐10
Modulate responses
Dendritic cell (DC)
M cell