In the beginning…….. Diabetic patients were losing limbs, long stays in hospital, no hope of...
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Transcript of In the beginning…….. Diabetic patients were losing limbs, long stays in hospital, no hope of...
In the beginning…….. Diabetic patients were losing
limbs, long stays in hospital, no hope of healing chronic ulcers inevitable amputation.
No light at the end of the tunnel, only destruction, dismay and death.
…But a new era was emerging….
Historical Events• Launch of Sky TV
• Unleaded Petrol was at 38p per litre
• Inauguration of the 1st President Bush
• Order of the garter opened to women
• Terry Waite was kidnapped in Beirut
• First ever Rugby World Cup kicks off
Reduce Amputations by 50%
‘ Where are we – where do we want to be, and how can
we get there’?
Scotchcast Boot
Patients
Podiatrist
District Nurses
G.P’s
Specialist Care
Wards
Practice Nurses
The Greater Team
100 boots in Blackburn – 1988
Showed average healing rates of 8 weeks in neuropathic ulceration
BUT How do we prevent the first ulcer? How do we keep them healed?
Historical Data 1988/1989Precipitating Factors of Ulcers
Kings
(n=210)
Blackburn
(n=100)
Shoes 85% 74%
Accident 9% 14%
Thermal 2% 3%
Pressure 4% 9%
LOW RISK Protective sensation intact
(10g pressure)
Optimise diabetes and blood pressure control (<139/80)
Foot education/Low risk leaflet
Podiatry only for problems
MODERATE RISK • Loss of protective sensation
• No deformity
• No callus
• No previous ulcer
• Foot education/Moderate risk leaflet
• Consider Consultant opinion
• Optimise diabetes and blood pressure control (<139/80)
• Footwear advice and assessment
Regular Podiatry (12 weekly)
HIGH RISK• Loss of protective sensation• Deformity and/or callus present• No previous ulcer
• Optimise diabetes and blood pressure control (<139/80)• Foot education/High risk leaflet• Consultant opinion• Specialist prescribed Footwear/Shoe review
Regular Podiatry (4 – 12 weekly)
Very High Risk• Ulcer present or
• Previous ulcer
• Loss of protective sensation (10 g pressure)
• Foot education leaflets/ very high risk leaflet
• Consultant opinion
• Specialist prescribed footwear / shoe review
• Optimise diabetes & blood pressure control (<130/80)
Regular podiatry and review (1-4 weekly)
Arterial Disease• Abnormal flow• +/- History of claudication
telephone: 07793 119344• If you suspect acute vascular insufficiency
• Optimise diabetes & blood pressure control (>139/80)• Prescribe aspirin/statin• ‘Stop smoking and keep walking’• Foot education/leaflet • Consider consultant opinion• Specialist prescribed footwear / shoe review
Regular Podiatry especially nail care (1-12 weekly)
Referral Pathways For The Diabetic Foot
Referral for Diabetic Footwear
Referral for Non-urgent Problems
Referral for Urgent Problems
Urgent Patient
Same Day Referral
Ring :-Diabetes Hot Foot lineBlackburn 07866684362Burnley 07875011972
Condition becomes urgent refer via RED Pathway
Continue treatment until Outpatient Appointment
Non Urgent Patient
Referral letter, or fax (01254 736311)Dr G.R. Jones, Diabetes unit, RBH
New patient
Existing patient
Letter of Referral to Dr G.R. Jones, Diabetes unit, RBH
Prescribed footwear
OrthoticsRBH01254 294040BGH01282 804602
OrthoticsRBH 01254 294040BGH 01282 804602
N.I.C.E Guidelines recommend:-
Annual inspection and examination
Aggressive intervention to reduce morbidity
Primary and secondary care should work together to identify a package of care for at risk feet
N.I.C.E.
‘foot ulceration and lower limb amputation can be reduced if people who have sensory neuropathy affecting their feet are identified and offered regular podiatry and protective footwear if required’
Do Shoes and Orthoses work?
To look at the precipitating factors responsible for new DFU compared to previous studies.
Are shoes still a major factor or have things changed?
“Change is inevitable – except from a vending machine!”Robert C. Gallagher
Precipitating Factors of Referred Ulcers
Kings
1988
(n=210)
Blackburn 1988
(n=100)
Blackburn
2004
(n=72)
Shoes 85% 74% 47.2%
Accident 9% 14% 12.5%
Thermal 2% 3% 4.2%
Pressure 4% 9% 15.3%
OutcomesDiabetic population and Ulcer Frequency
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
DiabeticPopulation
Ulcer Frequency
1988
Aetiology of Foot Ulcers in Diabetic Foot Clinic
55
33.3
12
36.1
0102030405060708090
Perc
enta
ge o
f Pat
ients
1988/89 1994/95 1996/97 2003/04
neuropathic
100 boots in Blackburn – 1988
Showed average healing rates of 8 weeks in neuropathic ulceration
BUT How do we prevent the first ulcer? How do we keep them healed?
Custom made insoles
Stock footwear
Modular footwear
Diabetic specification
Bespoke footwear
Continuous follow-up
2-3 servicable pairs of shoes Long term care (>2yrs) Weaning process Long term healing
“A neuropathic patient is a footwear patient for life” (Ulbrect J 15/05/08)
(Orthotic & Podiatric)(Orthotic & Podiatric)
Footwear Follow-up Footwear Follow-up StudyStudy
100 consecutive patients 100 consecutive patients recalled after 2 yearsrecalled after 2 years
Then followed up for a further 7 Then followed up for a further 7 yearsyears
IntactIntact 70%70% 70%70% 24%24%
Cracked Cracked skin/callusskin/callus
30%30% 23%23% 14%14%
UlcerationUlceration 00 3%3% 22%22%
AmputationAmputation 00 1 Major1 Major
3 Minor3 Minor
7 Major7 Major
5 Minor5 Minor
2 Years 5years 10Years
ResultsResults
Conclusion from footwear Conclusion from footwear follow-up studyfollow-up study
Prescribed footwear is effective when worn, inspection is a vital part of follow up although this is written into guide lines it is not usually adhered to.
The importance of footwear review The importance of footwear review needs more emphasis at all levels of needs more emphasis at all levels of carecare
That’s ok but is it cost effective?
£
• I am asked (told) to provide footwear for I am asked (told) to provide footwear for diabetic patients.diabetic patients.
• 20% of my working week is dedicated to 20% of my working week is dedicated to working within the East Lancashire Diabetic working within the East Lancashire Diabetic Foot Team.Foot Team.
• I am expected to provide orthosis that I am expected to provide orthosis that will will preventprevent high risk feet from ulcerating & high risk feet from ulcerating & healed ulcerated feet from re-ulcerating.healed ulcerated feet from re-ulcerating.
• Ensure patients have TWO serviceable Ensure patients have TWO serviceable pairs of footwear.pairs of footwear.
G H Nuttall P/O G H Nuttall P/O BSc(hons) MBAPOBSc(hons) MBAPO
Am I of value in treating feet ?Am I of value in treating feet ?(or am I just an expensive (or am I just an expensive
accessory?)accessory?)
• Effective?Effective?• Efficient?Efficient?• Contribution? Contribution? • Cost effective?Cost effective?
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Number of ulcers prevented
Mo
ney
sav
ed (
£000
's)
Healed ulcer £5,000
Total orthotic cost £48,142
30 39 66 88
Cost saving of £392,000
Cost saving of £282,000
Cost saving of £147,000
Cost saving of £102,000
Cost Savings by OrthoticsCost Savings by Orthotics
Allied Health Professions input to the Diabetes pathway
• The cost on the NHS to heal one ulcer is £3k to £7.5k. Should this progress to amputation the cost is estimated to escalate to £65k. This is much more than the cost of preventative orthoses.
• For every £1 spent in orthotics the NHS saves £4.
Hutton and Hurry 2009, Orthotic Service in the NHS:
Improving Service Provision. York Health Economics
Ulceration/Hot FootREFER patients to a multidisciplinary foot
care team within24 hours if any of the following occur:
• new ulceration (wound)• new swelling• new discolouration (redder, bluer,
paler, blacker, over part or all of foot). (NICE Guideline – Type 2 diabetes: prevention
and management of foot problems)
REFER non-healing wounds from 0 – 4 weeks duration
Treatment of Ulceration
Pressure relief (preferably non removable)
Medical management (CVS, oedema, diabetes, infection)
Debridement and dressings
And…….. a team
Pressure Relieving Devices
DARCO walker DH shoe
Half shoe
Aircast Walker
Padding & strapping
Podo-med
Nothing works like casting
Modified TCC
Bi-valved cast
Cast Variations
Focused Rigidity Cast
Heel ulceration
Innovations from Diabetic foot Service
• Scotchcast Boot
• Bespoke casting
• Screening Programme
• Effective and efficient orthotic service
• Hot foot line
• House shoe
• Charcot data and register
HOME? NOT SO SWEET HOME
Lomax G McLaughlin C Jones G R Kenwright C Blackburn Royal Infirmary
HOME? NOT SO SWEET HOME“THE GREATESTNUMBER OF STEPS PER DAYARE TAKEN INTHE PATIENTS OWN HOME.”
David Armstrong et al. (American Podiatric Medicine 2001)
HOME? NOT SO SWEET HOMEPRESCRIBED INSOLES AND FOOTWEAR CAN PREVENT FOOT PATHOLOGY
(TOVEY F.I. 1987)
HOME? NOT SO SWEET HOME
Footwear is most effective when worn for a minimum of 60% of the day. (Chanteleau, E. Haage, P.)
Most effective when worn for 100% of the ambulatory time.
HOME? NOT SO SWEET HOME
AIM OF STUDY
To assess what proportion of patients who had been prescribed Diabetic footwear were wearing at home.
HOME? NOT SO SWEET HOME
How could we do this study?
• Ask patients at clinics?• A telephone survey?• Send patient questionnaires?• Knock on patient doors and ask and look?• Data collection by Community Podiatrists visiting
patients homes on Domiciliary visits. “The sneak approach”
HOME? NOT SO SWEET HOMERESULTS
Question No shoes Own shoes Own slippers
Prescribed
shoes
1. What is patient wearing on entry to house?
19% 8% 52% 21%
2. What does patient apply after treatment?
15% 8% 56% 21%
HOME? NOT SO SWEET HOME
CONCLUSION
• 75% of patients visited do not wear prescribed shoes at home.
• All health care professionals need to be aware of this.
“ HOME SAFE HOME”
Charcot Foot
Care of People with Charcot Osteoarthropathy (NICE 01/04)
“People with suspected or diagnosed Charcot osteoarthropathy should be referred immediately to a specialist multidisciplinary foot care team for immobilisation of the affected joint(s) and for long-term management of offloading to prevent ulceration.”
Definition ?
No definitive “test”
Xrays & scans – open to interpretation
Diagnosis is primarily clinical & subjective
Identification of Charcot Arthropathy
Unified district wide diabetic foot service
Centralised referral point
Validated district diabetes register
Charcot Data (1996-2006)
Incidence and Prevalence
Patient Characteristics
Diagnostic Presentation
Treatment and Outcomes (including the effect of an audit
and community education event in 2001)
Presenting Site Of Charcot Arthropathy
Forefoot 4(9%)
Ankle 9(20%)
Midfoot 32(71%)
1st.
2nd.
3rd.
Presentation Charcot
10 (35%) delayed diagnosis on presentation
7 (24%) developed C.N.A on ipsilateral limb
3 (10%) developed C.N.A on contralateral limb.
9 (31%) diagnosed correctly
Local Charcot “Programme”(2001)
Why Delays in diagnosis/ Late Presentations
How Education event in community for all HCPs
What Road show – staff meetings, lunch hours, training events
Presentation25,
56%
12,41%
16,35%13,
45%
4,9%
4,14%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2001 2006
No.
of C
.N.A
.s
Acute (<2 weeks) (p<0.05)Sub-acute(<3 months (p>0.05)Chronic(>3 months)
Treatment of Charcot Arthropathy
Mean time in casts
2001, 33.6 weeks (8 - 56) 2006, 20.5 weeks (range 8 - 30) (p<0.001)
Mean time from active to quiescence 2001, 42 weeks (8 -70) 2006, 26.3 weeks (range 8 – 40)
(p<0.001)
39 (87%) 4 (9%) 2 (4%)
Outcomesn=45
No. of
C.N.A
Surgery -
exostectomies and minor
amputations
Below Knee
AmputationDeaths
Healed/
Stable
Feet31 0 0 7
Feet with
Ulcers 14 5+4 4 2
Mortality/Morbidity Charcot v Matched Controls
7,20%4,
11%
12,34%9,
26%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Patients with C.N.A Control Group
No
. o
f P
atie
nts
Total (n=35)
Amputations
Deaths
(p>0.05)
Summary
Charcot Arthropathy IS uncommon (1:500 people with diabetes)
Diagnosis is often initially delayed, but community education and awareness significantly reduces this
Poor diabetic control appears to be a prerequisite for CNA
Conclusion
Earlier recognition and treatment of C.N.A. translates into significantly faster healing & 3/12`s less time in casts!
(Charcot “Road shows” work!)
Our local surgical practice is conservative & reserved for feet with recurrent or non healing ulcers only
Outcome for both limb and life is NOT adversely affected.
Larger patient numbers are needed to be studied to ratify these findings and this will demand collaborative working e.g. CDUK
Grant from DUKThe Charcot register
• National data base
• Lead and managed from ELHT
The Charcot Register
Scotland 6
North East 4
North West 10
Yorkshire & Humberside 4
West Midlands 3
East Midlands 6
Northern Ireland 1
Republic of Ireland 2
Wales 4
East Anglia 5
South West 10
South East 16
Major lower limb Amputations
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
PCT
Rat
es p
er 1
000
Series1
Minor Lower Limb Amputation
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
PCT
Rat
es p
er 1
000
Series1
Finally
Latest Benchmarking Data from the SHA
• Lowest non-elective admission rates• Shortest length of stay• Effective and efficient service
Diabetic Foot Service
Then & now
1988
• People working in isolated pockets
• Foot clinic inaugurated
• MDT formed
• Inadequate referral pathways
• High amputation rates
• Long in patient stays
• Huge NHS costs
NOW
• Foot clinic 23 years old
• Effective implemented pathways
• Well established clinics
• Good interagency and interprofessional relationships
• Low amputation rates
• Reduced in patient stay
• Cost efficient
Thank you