In nonfiction, hen a writer suddenly drops from the dignified or important in thought or expression...
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Transcript of In nonfiction, hen a writer suddenly drops from the dignified or important in thought or expression...
In nonfiction, hen a writer suddenly drops from the dignified or important in thought or expression to the commonplace or trivial.
Often used for humorous effect. In fiction, the author deliberately subdues the action at an expected
highpoint to manipulate the reader’s emotions. Example:"As he hesitated over the after-dinner drink, she intervened to say,
'Oh, let's have sherry rather than brandy by all means. When I sip sherry, it seems to me that I am transported from the everyday scenes by which I may, at that moment, be surrounded. The flavor, the aroma, bring to mind irresistibly--for what reason I know not--a kind of faerie bit of nature: a hilly field bathed in soft sunshine, a clump of trees in the middle distance, a small brook curving across the scene, nearly at my feet. This, together with the fancied drowsy sound of insects and distant lowing of cattle, brings to my mind a kind of warmth, peace, and serenity, a sort of dovetailing of the world into a beautiful entirety. Brandy, on the other hand, makes me burp."
(Isaac Asimov, Isaac Asimov's Treasury of Humor. Houghton Mifflin, 1971) - See more at: http://fos.iloveindia.com/anticlimax-examples.html#sthash.QmlVCzZp.dpuf
Anticlimax
A viewpoint opposite of the one expressed in the thesis.In argumentative writing the thesis must be debatable.
If no antithesis exists, the thesis is not arguable. Example:“It was the best of times, it was the worst of
times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.” – Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities
Antithesis
Rhetorical mode of cause and effect in which a writer uses a sequence of events to show how one causes another.
Example: Children’s basic biological functioning is determined by the kind of early care they receive.(Initial Factor) Children who don’t get proper early care have difficulties with emotional regulation, sleep and wake patterns, etc. (Mediating Factor) When these essential developmental stages are disrupted, it affects psychosocial functioning, interpersonal relationships, and competence later in life. (Final Consequence)
Causal Chain
Ideas and events are arranged by the time sequence of their occurrence.
Used usually in narrative and process essays.
Chronological / Temporal Order
An element of the Toulmin logic that establishes the thesis of the essay.
Synonymous to the “Conclusion” in a traditional argument.
Claim
A strategy that moves from general premise (Major premise) to a specific conclusion.
Opposite of Inductive reasoning.
Deductive Reasoning
A strategy (usually weak) in which an author provides a remark or series of remarks that stray from the main point.
Digression
Employs a quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work to suggest the work’s theme.
Behind every great fortune there is a crime.” This is a quotation from Balzac given in The Godfather, a famous novel by Mario Puzo. The epigraph given in this novel presents the true picture of a gangster who earns a lot of wealth and wields much control over the lives of others. The Godfather is a true reflection of what its epigraph suggests.
Epigraph
The ethical appeal to capitalize off the speaker’s credibility and evoke a moral response; excess can lead to patronizing the reader and sermonizing/
Ethos
Rhetorical strategy employing facts and opinions used to support a statement position or idea. Facts include examples, reasons, statistics, or other details. Opinions include conclusions of experts or the writer’s personal experiences.
Evidence
Writer develops the meaning of a term over the course of a paragraph, essay, or book length work.
Extended Definition
A strategy in which actions return to an earlier time in a narrative.
Used to make something in the present clearer.
Flashback
Narrator speaks from his/her own perspective, as a character in the narrative, and using pronouns associated with I.
First Person allows a closer connection between narrator and audience.
First Person POV
Strategy of reasoning that ensures that the conclusion is never certain, only probable
Inductive Leap
A strategy that moves from specific evidence to a general conclusion based on this evidence.
Opposite of deductive.Used chiefly in science and history
Inductive Reasoning
When a writer places elements, characters, scenes, or objects side by side for the purpose of comparison and contrast
Juxtaposition
Presents a detached, factual picture in a plain, direct manner
Pure objectivity is impossible
Objective Description
Ideas are presented according to their relative complexity; usually from most complex to least
Order of Complexity
Strategies are presented according to their relative significance; usually from most meaningful to least.
Order of Importance
Writer uses a term that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense, but upon closer inspection contains an acceptable and often profound meaning
Used for emphasis or to attract attentionExamples: Your enemy’s friend is your enemy.I am nobody.“What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young.” –
George Bernard ShawWise foolTruth is honey which is bitter.“I can resist anything but temptation.” Oscar Wilde
Paradox
Strategy in which a writer first makes apoint about one subject and follows it with a comparable point about another subject
Point-by-Point Comparison
A strategy of deductive reasoning that is a statement of fact; can be divided in MAJOR and MINOR
Premise
A strategy in which writer uses exacts words from a source enclosed in quotation marks
Should be used to present a particularly memorable statement or to avoid a paraphrase that would change original meaning
Quotation
Strategy in which a writer uses to counter an opposing argument by revealing its weaknesses
Looks for:Fallacies or logical flawsInadequate evidenceirrelevance
Refutation
Argument advocated by psychologist Carl Rogers, who rejected the adversarial approach of most arguments
Finds areas of agreement to reduce conflict
Rogerian Argument
Narrator speaks to the reader’s own perspective using the pronouns associated with you
Second Person POV
Ideas are presented according to their location
Left to right, front to back, near to far, etc.
Spatial Order
Writer attempts to produce an unembellished flow of thoughts in the human minds with its feelings, judgments, associations, and memories.
Stream of Consciousness
Writer first discusses one subject in full and follows it with a comparable discussion of the entirety of another subject
Subject-by-Subject Comparison
Strategy that contains value judgments or language that in involved
Focuses on author's reaction to eventConveys not just a factual account of details
but also their signficance
Subjective Description
Narrator speaks from the perspective of another
Associated with he, she, itOmniscient – has godlike knowledge and can
present thoughts of all charactersLimited – presents thoughts of one character
Third Person POV
A strategy in which words or expression link ideas in writing
Words such as however, therefore, then, etc. can be transitions
Can also be phrases, sentences, paragraphs or longer passages
Transitions