In Japan, Will Hafu Ever Be Considered Whole_ _ the Diplomat

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10/16/13 In Japan, Will Hafu Ever Be Considered Whole? | The Diplomat

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EAST ASIA | ECONOMY | POLITICS | SOCIETY | UNCATEGORIZED

In Japan, Will Hafu Ever Be Considered Whole?

October 3, 20 13 By J.T. Quigley

Image credit:dejalovely (YouTube), Michael Connolly, Hafu movie poster courtesy of Megumi Nishikura

Mixed-race individuals and their families seek acceptance in a

hom ogeneous Japan.

Spain! Spain! the bo ys shouted at her and her brother, day in and day o ut at a summer camp in Chiba

prefecture. The incessant chanting eventually turned into pushing and hitting. One morning, she ev en

discove red that her backpack full of clothes had been left outside in the rain.

It was the worst two weeks of our lives, rec alls Lara Perez Takagi, who was six years old at the time. She

was born in Toky o to a Spanish fathe r and Japanese mother .

When our parents came to pick us up at the station, we cried for the whole day. I remember not ev er

wanting to do any activ ities that inv olved Japanese kids and lost interest in learning the language for a long

time, until I reached maturity and gained my interest in Japan once again.

By the year 205 0, 40 percent of the Japanese population will be age 65 o r older. With Japanese couples

having fewer children than ever before, Japan is facing a population decline of epic pro portions. Howev er,

one demographic c ontinues to grow: Japanese and non-Japanese mixed-race couples. But in one of the

worlds most ho mogeneo usous countries, is Japan ready to accept their offspring?

Birac ial Japanese nationals like Takagi are an increasingly common sight in Japan. The latest statistics from

the Japanese Ministry o f Health, Labor, and Welfare indicate that one out of ev ery 50 babies born in 201 2

had one non-Japanese parent. Additionally, 3.5 pe rcent of all domestic marriages performed last year were

between Japanese and foreigners. To put those numbers into perspec tiv e, the earliest reliable c ensus data

that includes both mixed race births and marriages shows that fewer than one out o f 150 babies born in

1987 were biracial and only 2.1 percent of marriages that ye ar were between Japanese and non-Japanese.

Takagi is one of a growing number o fhafu or half Japanese who hav e grown up between two c ultures.

The term itself, which is deriv ed from the English word half, is div isive in Japan. Hafu is the most

commonly used word for desc ribing people who are of mixed Japanese and non-Japanese ethnicity. The

word is so perv asiv e that even no ntraditional-loo king Japanese may be asked if they are hafu.

Rather than calling someone mixed-race or biracial, some believe that the term hafu insinuates that only

the Japanese side is of any significance. That co uld rev eal v olumes about the national attitude toward

foreigners, or perhaps its just the word that happened to stick in a country where mixed-race celebrities

are increasingly fixtures on telev ision.

No Entry

Olaf Karthaus, a pro fessor in the Faculty of Photonics Science and Techno logy at the Chitose Institute of

Science and Technology, is the father of four hafu children. Far from the hustle and bustle of Tokyo, he

raised them in Japans northern island of Hokkaido, which makes up 20 perc ent of Japans total land mass,yet houses only five pe rc ent o f the population.

In 1 999, Karthaus v isited an onsen (hot spring) with a group of international friends, all married to

Japanese spouses. The onsen had decided to deny entry to foreigners after some negative ex periences with

Russian sailors, hanging signs that read Japanese Only and re fusing entry to all foreigners.
http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2013/09/18/223676287/more-old-people-fewer-workers-nations-look-to-immigrationhttp://thediplomat.com/2013/10/03/in-japan-will-hafu-ever-be-considered-whole/http://thediplomat.com/2013/10/03/in-japan-will-hafu-ever-be-considered-whole/http://thediplomat.com/2013/10/03/in-japan-will-hafu-ever-be-considered-whole/http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2013/09/18/223676287/more-old-people-fewer-workers-nations-look-to-immigrationhttp://thediplomat.com/2013/10/03/in-japan-will-hafu-ever-be-considered-whole/http://thediplomat.com/uncategorizedhttp://thediplomat.com/societyhttp://thediplomat.com/politicshttp://thediplomat.com/economyhttp://thediplomat.com/east-asia


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The Caucasian members of his group were flatly denied ac cess to the bathhouse based o n their foreign

appearance. When management was asked if their children who were bo rn and raised in Japan and full

Japanese citizens would be allowed to bathe, the negative attitude toward any one who appeared to be

non-Japanese became shockingly clear.

Asian-looking kids can come in. But we will have to refuse foreign-looking ones, was the onsens answer.

Negative sentiment had trickled down from a group of rowdy sailors to defenseless toddlers.

Karthaus, along with co-defendants Ken Sutherland and Debito Arudou an equal rights activ ist who was

bo rn in the U.S. but became a naturalized Japanese c itizen sued the o nsen for racial discrimination. The

plaintiffs won, and the onsen was forced to pay them one million y en ($10 ,000 ) each in damages. The case

made international headlines and shed light on issues of race and acc eptance in Japan.

Regardless of Karthaus negative ex perience, he ex presses a deep fondness for Japan and says that none of

his children have been direct v ictims of racism.

My son got called a gaijin (a Japanese term that literally means outsider as opposed to the more formal

gaikokujin, which means foreigner) once , in the third grade. But there was no discrimination otherwise for

my other kids, Karthaus tells The Diplomat. My eldest daughter actually dy ed her hair to lookmore

foreign.

Legal Complexity

Many observ ers see a loo sening of immigration policy as a potential remedy to the birth-rate issue, but

Japan, which along with the Koreas topped the list in a Harvard Institute study of the most racially

homogeneous countries, is largely unwilling to accept an influx of foreigners.

Although the government cannot prev ent media hyperbole, the Justice Ministry could do muc h more with

its crime statistics, which belie the co mmon perception that immigrants are to blame for increases in petty

crime and drug abuse, writesBloomberg .

For those foreigners who have made a home in Japan, the law for any biracial children they hav e is

complex. While children can enjoy the benefits of dual citizenship, the government doesnt allow hafu toretain their dual nationality after age 22. According to the Tokyo Legal Affairs Bureau, this decision is based

on co ncerns ov er what would happen in the event o f international friction or military action between a

dual-citizens other c ountry and Japan.

It's not just a matter of but what if we declare war on y our o ther country which side will you c hoose?

says Arudou, who changed his name from David Aldwinckle after obtaining Japanese citizenship in 2000.

He renounced his U.S. citizenship two years later, in accordance with the strict rules against being a dual

national.

There have been debates on revising to allow dual [citizenship], due to Nobel Prize winners who

naturalized overseas, but they failed because, again, people wo rried about loy alty and hidden foreigners,

Arudou adds.

The denial of dual citizenship bey ond age 22 was actually put in place quite rece ntly, in a 1 984 amendment

to the Japanese Nationality A ct. Japan is ajus sanguinis country , meaning that citizenship is based on

blo od, not location of birth. With an increase in the number of mixed-race couples giv ing birth to children

with dual c itizenship, the government de cided that restric tions were nec essary to prese rv e national

sovereignty.

Dual citizens are asked to begin thinking about which nationality to choose by age 20, as this is the age that

Japan considers to be the beginning of adulthood. At 20, a dual national is considered mature enough to

make an informed decision about which passport to retain.

The government has taken steps to ensure that the rule is understood by hafu, with awareness posters and

leaflets explaining the situation. If a dual citizen fails to cho ose their c itizenship before the deadline, the

Ministry of Justice will send a reminder to dec lare a single nationality after a one mo nth grace period

without a response, their Japanese nationality is revoked. The re is no penalty beyond the lo ss of
http://www.moj.go.jp/ENGLISH/information/tnl-01.htmlhttp://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-25/key-to-japan-s-recovery-hire-more-non-japanese-workers.htmlhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/05/16/a-revealing-map-of-the-worlds-most-and-least-ethnically-diverse-countries/http://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/apb169_0.pdfhttp://www.japanfocus.org/-Arudou-Debito/1743


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citizenship.

What does Japan gain by, in effect, rejecting my children and thousands of other young dual citizens living

in Japan and around the world, at the v ery moment when they co me of age and are at last able to bec ome

productive members of society? A rudou, who is also a columnist for The Japan Times, asked in a 201 0

editorial.

Not surprisingly, the Toky o Legal Affairs Bureau say s that it is not in a position to speculate about the future

of the Nationality Ac t and if an increasing presence of mixed race c ouples and their children would lead the

government to relax the dual nationality laws. Howev er, a spo kesperson acknowledges that the issue is

likely to be raised and that citizens and the gov ernment must hold an open debate about the requirements

for not only becoming a Japanese citizen, but for also retaining dual citizenship.

Why wouldn't a perso n who is raised in Japan not be Japanese? asks Takagi. Japanese are behind when it

comes to being more aware of the people who live in their country ; their educational system hasn't changed

in more than 30 y ears. With globalization more and more present, ev entually there will be a need for

change. The educational system must be adapted for children who grow up between more than one

culture.

Takagi takes the Japanese government to task for refusing to adopt a more internationally minded approach

to dual c itizenship, as seen in other dev eloped c ountries.

There is lack of progress when it comes to adaptation and flexibility in all aspects, she adds. Many

countries and regions in the world admit and respec t dual citizenship, including the U.S., U.K., France,

Canada, and Australia. Most countries do not think that a citizen will lose the nationality of their homeland

even if they succeed in gaining another co untry's nationality.

Documentary

Takagi, along with Japanese-American Megumi Nishikura, co-directed and producedHafu: The Mixed-Race

Experienc e in Japan , a doc umentary that ex plores the trials and tribulations of being mixed rac e in Japan.

It will premiere at Shibuya Uplink Theater on October 5.

Lara Perez Takagi (left) and Megumi Nishikura (right) directing their

documentary film Hafu. (Photo credit: Michael Connolly)

For 87 minutes, I want audiences to walk in the shoes of five hafus and exper ience firsthand what it is like

to be half-Japanese in Japan today, Nishikura say s. Because of the way they look or cultural influences

from other c ountries, hafu often exper ience feeling other-ed in Japanese society . I believe that the

definition of what it means to be Japanese needs to include hafu. Ultimately , I believ e that with changing

demographics, Japan is at a turning point I believ e that a more multiracial and multicultural Japan is a

good thing, but it is up to the Japanese people to embrace this change or not. I do hope peo ple will walk out

of the theater feeling that a positive future awaits Japan.
http://www.debito.org/?p=8019


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Takagi and Nishikura were inspired to make their documentary after a chance encounter with Marcia Yumi

Lise, a sociologist who co-founded The Hafu Project a series of portraits and in-depth interviews that

probe the half-Japanese experience and shed light on what it means to be hafu both inside and outside of

Japan. To date, the project has collected 1 30 portraits and 65 extensive interv iews that explore to pics

ranging from background and upbringing to personal identity and sense o f belonging. Exhibitions for The

Hafu Project hav e taken place around the world and are supported by local Japanese embassies.

In 20 09, my self and Takagi met Lise and [Hafu Projec t photographer] Natalie Maya Willer when they came

to ex pand their project in Japan. In my o wn research, I noticed the lack of in-depth media attention for hafu

and was bothered by the stereotypes of hafu perpetuated by the mass media. So one of our motivations in

making this film was to create awareness of the hafu experience and give us a platform to truly tell our

stories, Nishikura explains.

Unlike Takagis summer camp experience, Nishikura says that her childhood was generally free from

discrimination based on her mixed ro ots.

When I attended Japanese elementary school I was aware that I rec eived e xtra attention from my

classmates for being mixed but I do nt have any painful memories. I do remember that when I enc ountered

children who I did not attend schoo l with, they would stare at me or c all me gaijin.

Speaking of her ex perience with The Hafu Projec t, Lise adds:

As a hafu brought up in Japan and having a foreigner's appearance in the ey es of many pe ople in Japan, I

have experienced on many occ asions differentiation but not discrimination. Being surprised that y ou c an

speak Japanese fluently doesn't count as discrimination, I don't think although being exposed to such

treatment, constant subtle differentiation, on a daily basis can really get you thinking. I think somebody

called it racial fatigue.

Lise also points out that after more than 60 interviews with her hafu subjects, the number who had

exper ienced racial discrimination ov er the co urse of their lives was near zero.

I came across at least five peo ple with cases of bullying at school based on the fact that they were

different, she notes. Does that c onstitute as rac ial discrimination?

The ethnicity o f a hafus non-Japanese parent may play a role in how they are rec eived by locals in Japan.

Deja, a YouTube personality who posts videos in both Japanese and English, has an African American father

and a Japanese mother. As the only Black-Japanese person at her school, Dejas darker skin color instantly

set her apart from her fair-skinned Japanese classmates.

I remember sitting in class one day when the teacher left for a brief moment, and this boy stood on his

chair and said in Japanese Raise your hand if you're not from Japan! Every one loo ked at me, Deja recalls.

I didn't raise my hand.

She co ntinues, Because of my skin color , no one suspects that I was actually bo rn and raised in Japan. I

have been put do wn by strangers on the street. Sometimes I hear c hildren behind me, if Im talking in

Japanese, say ing things like the foreigner spo ke Japanese!

Deja feels that Caucasian-Japanese hafu are more widely accepted by the people of Japan, pointing out that

they can blend in better with their lighter skin. At first glance, I think that Black-Japanese are seen as just

black, she says. She added that younger people are generally more open-minded than middle-aged

Japanese, a statement that may ring true in most parts of the world.

Even Nishikura admits that most people fail to rec ognize her Japanese side.

In my day-to-day ex perience in Japan, on first encounter, I am often treated as a foreigner not able to

speak Japanese and a v isitor to Japan, she observ es. I hav e been stopped by the police on the street andasked if I am Japanese or not. I usually just tell them I am hafu and that seems to end their questioning.

Obv iously, though, they are singling me out of the crowd as I dont look like the av erage Japanese.
http://www.youtube.com/user/dejalovely/videos


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Nishikura adds, When someo ne reco gnizes

and asks if I am hafu I am delighted! Y ou see the part o f me that is Japanese?!

Despite any negativity she has faced in Japan, Deja enjoy s being an ambassador for both of her

backgro unds.

I think that, with being hafu, it makes me happy that some Japanese pe ople see me as a bridge to getting an

Americ an v iewpoint.

It is unclear whether the Japanese government will ever recognize hafu as lifelong dual citizens, but one

thing is certain: Japan, and the people who populate it, is changing. With an increased number o f mixed rac e

babies bo rn each y ear, more and mo re ordinary Japanese will be ex posed to the subtle div ersificatio n of

their homogeneous homeland. Perhaps simply beco ming more v isible will be the first step toward

acceptance of biracial Japanese.

In the end, cho osing to embrace its birac ial citizens or shun them will be a dec ision with profound

implications for Japans uncertain future.

Hafu: The Mixed-Race Experience in Japan will be sho wn at Shibuya Uplink Theater from Octo ber 5 until

Octo ber 18. A post-screening Q&A se ssion with directo r Megumi Nishikura and a person featured from the

film will take place on Octo be r 8. Tickets can be purchased at the Shibuya Uplink bo x office.

J.T. Quigley is assistant editor ofThe Diplomat.

http://thediplomat.com/2013/10/03/in-japan-will-hafu-ever-be-considered-whole/

For inquiries, please contact The Diplomat at [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]://www.uplink.co.jp/movie/2013/12408

In Japan, Will Hafu Ever Be Considered Whole_ _ the Diplomat

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