BMT AbstractsInternational Maritime TechnologyVolume 70 Number 12 December 2015

Abstract Numbers 2015122751 – 2015123000

ISSN 2051-7793

BMT ABSTRACTS

Volume 70, Number 12, December 2015 Abstracts 2015122751-2015123000

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Abstracts 2015122751-2015123000 Volume 70 – No 12 – December 2015

CONTENTS

Page No.

1. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

1.1 Ship/structure description 1029 1.2 Design 1031 1.3 Shipbuilding technology/constructional techniques 1039

2. OPERATION

2.1 Power sources and fuels 1040 2.2 Equipment and installations 1045 2.3 Maintenance, repair and conversion 1046 2.4 Cargoes and cargo handling 1047 2.5 Ports and waterways 1048 2.6 Coastal/offshore engineering and marine renewable energy 1051 2.7 Safety at sea 1059 2.8 Environmental protection 1063 2.9 General operation 1064

3. FLUID MECHANICS

3.1 General hydrodynamics, hydraulics and oceanography 1072 3.2 Resistance and propulsive performance 1074 3.3 Motion, seakeeping and manoeuvring 1087 3.4 Fluid structure interaction 1100 3.5 Aerodynamics and wind engineering 1106 3.6 Fundamental fluid mechanics 1106

4. STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

4.1 Structural response 1106 4.2 Properties of materials 1111 4.3 Corrosion and fouling 1116

5. NAVAL VESSELS AND DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY 1117

6. MISCELLANEOUS 1124

AUTHOR INDEX A-1

SHIP AND STRUCTURE INDEX S-1

KEYWORD INDEX K-1

ABSTRACTS 1029

1.1 SHIP/STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION

2015122751

Flexible new breed raises handysize bar. The Motor Ship, v 96 n 1128, July/August 2015, p 40 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.motorship.com/ Tinsley, D. English

The 38,762dwt geared handysize carrier TRUE LOVE has provided the Green Dolphin concept with its seagoing debut. Developed by Shanghai Merchant Ship Design & Research Institute (SDARI), and with early technical input from DNV GL and Wärtsilä, the Green Dolphin 38 class is essentially a ‘standard’ product, intended for serial production, the design can be tailored to suit individual operating needs. This propensity for customisation is expressed in TRUE LOVE, which is an ICE-IC ice-class version.

Bulk carriers Vessel descriptions

2015122752

Crowley con-ro makes the rules. The Naval Architect, July/August 2015, p 59 [3 p, 3 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/tna.html Nichita, C., Nabergoj, T., Sonechko, D. English

The fourth Wärtsilä Ship Design (WSD) container ship project differs to the other three in that it is a container ro-ro. The first vessel of this design is under construction in the US at the Vision Technology Halter Marine shipyard in Pascagoula, Mississippi for Crowlay Maritime. The WSD84 2,400 TEU dual fuel con-ro will be the first LNG-powered container vessel to operate in the US when it enters service in May 2017. A general arrangement drawing of the WSD 84 2400 is included in this article.

Containerships Ro/ro ships Vessel descriptions

2015122753

TOKITAE: Olympic class ferry for US. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 100 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

This article describes TOKITAE, the first in the series of three Olympic Classed vessels for owner Washington State Ferries that was constructed at Vigor Industrial. The ferry is capable of accommodating 144 cars over two decks, along with and 1,500 passengers and 14 crew. A general arrangement drawing is given.

Ferries Vessel descriptions

2015122754

UASC TABUK: 9,000TEU eco container ship. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 102 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

UASC TABUK is the first in the series of four 9,000TEU container ships for Greek owner International Maritime Enterprises that was built by Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries, Korea. One of the main features of this vessel is that it has a wide beam. In addition the vessel has a decreased air draught of 59.35m in order to pass under the Bayonne Bridge between New York and Bayonne, New Jersey, which the owner specifically requested. UASC TABUK complies with the latest EEDI standards for emissions and has also been given the ENVIRO notation from the classification society ABS. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article.

Containerships Vessel descriptions

1030 ABSTRACTS

2015122755

VELIKIY NOVGOROD: Sovcomflot’s eco LNG carrier. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 104 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

This article, which includes a general arrangement drawing, describes the 170,200m3 LNG carrier VELIKIY NOVGOROD. The vessel was built by STX Offshore & Shipbuilding, Korea for SCF Sovcomflot. VELIKIY NOVGOROD and its sister ships will be able to operate all year round from all LNG terminals and it the first of four modern LNG carriers. A general arrangement drawing is given. See also abstract number 2014112502.

LNG carriers Vessel descriptions

2015122756

WAASMUNSTER: 38,000m3 class LPG/NH3 carrier. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 106 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

WAASMUNSTER is a newly developed design of a 38,000m3 LPG carrier for Exmar Shipping. The vessel is the first in a series of four ships for the Belgian based owner, which was delivered from Hyundai Mipo Dockyard, Korea in April 2014. The cargo space if divided into three cargo holds to accommodate three independent cargo tanks built as type 2G prismatic shape with a centre longitudinal bulkhead and four pairs of water ballast tanks. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article.

LPG carriers Vessel descriptions

2015122757

WEDELLSBORG: Italian-built ro-ro for Nordan’s fleet renewal. Significant Ships of 2014. Published by RINA, London, UK, 2015. ISBN 978-1-909024-31-1. CD-ROM. P 108 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/sigships.html No author given English

The 11,469dwt ro-ro cargo vessel WEDELLSBORG was built by Cantieri Navali Visentini, Italy for Danish owner Nordana. WEDELLSBORG has a length overall of 178.80m, breadth of 26.50m and a moulded depth of 17.60m. The vessel is a standard ro-ro design but features a more optimised cargo space and cargo lane layout. WEDELLSBORG design and energy efficient engine have added to the vessel’s overall efficiency, which is expected to have a fuel consumption of 30tonnes/24hrs at design speed. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article. See also abstract numbers 2014112503 and 2015051004.

Cargo ships Ro/ro ships Vessel descriptions

2015122758

Nigerian OSV able to mix it up with the best. International Tug & OSV, v 20 n 4, July/August 2015, p 32 [1 p, 2 fig] https://www.tugandosv.com/ Wraight, C. English

Marine services company Awaritse Nigeria Ltd has taken delivery of the Transmix offshore service vessel PRINCE JOB I, designed and built at the Netherlands’ De Hoop shipyard. The vessel will operate in the Chevron oil fields offshore Nigeria. PRINCE JOB I is 68.45m long and 15.77m wide, resulting in a deadweight of 2,300 tons. The lines of the hull have been optimised, enhancing the form for fuel efficient operations. The overall result is a transit speed of 11.7 knots, a reduction in fuel consumption and excellent DP capabilities.

Offshore service vessels Vessel descriptions

ABSTRACTS 1031

1.2 DESIGN

2015122759

Why bigger is better in CFD. The Naval Architect, July/August 2015, p 26 [2 p, 4 ref, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/tna.html Bertram, V. English

A revolution in computational fluid dynamics is expected with the growth in computing power driving science. This article explores how the developments will affect ship design.

Computational fluid dynamics Ship design

2015122760

A co-evolutionary improved multi-ant colony optimisation for ship multiple and branch pipe route design. Ocean Engineering, v 102, 1 July 2015, pp 63-70 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001031 Jiang, W-Y., Lin, Y., Et al English

This paper presents a co-evolutionary improved multi-ant colony optimisation (CIMACO) algorithm for ship multi and branch pipe route design. The purpose of CIMACO algorithm is to design appropriate pipe routes to connect the starting points and ending points in the layout space under various kinds of constraints. The ant colony optimisation (ACO) algorithm is improved according to the characteristics of ship pipe routing which is used to solve the single pipe routing problem. Based on the improved ACO algorithm, the multi ant colony optimisation (MACO) algorithm with co-evolution mechanism is used to solve the multi and branch pipe routing problem. In this paper, the pheromone direction information and pheromone extension process are developed in the proposed algorithm to improve the calculation performance. Compared with conventional method, CIMACO algorithm is better at avoiding the problem of local optimum and accelerating the convergence rate. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

Design Optimisation Pipes

2015122761

Survival of the fittest. The Naval Architect, July/August 2015, p 28 [4 p, 3 ref, 5 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/tna.html Hawkes, J. English

Super-computers are about to change the virtual world in which computational fluid dynamics exists. This article looks at next-generation computing, discusses how CFD can survive and thrive and describes the changes that will revolutionise vessel design.

Computational fluid dynamics Ship design

2015122762

Steel or composite car deck structure - a comparison analysis of weight, strength and cost. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 73 [12 p, 18 ref, 8 tab, 11 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Ringsberg, J.W. English

This paper presents a study on the performance of car deck structures made of steel and composite materials for a PCTC vessel. The panels’ performance was compared against criteria such as weight and strength. The strength-weight ratio of the steel car deck panels was optimised by means of FE and parametric sensitivity analysis. For the composite car deck structures, systems engineering methods were used to develop concepts for the joining of and lashing in a predetermined car deck section. Conceptual designs were optimised and evaluated by means of FE analyses with respect to stakeholder defined criteria e.g. strength and the maximum allowed deflection during loading. The evaluation resulted in a composite car deck design composed of a glass fibre reinforced plastic sandwich with balsa core material. For lashing of cars, metal inserts in prefabricated holes were proposed. Finally, a weight and cost estimation performed for four car deck designs is presented.

Car carriers Composite materials Design criteria Ship decks Steel

1032 ABSTRACTS

2015122763

Wave drift forces estimation for the preliminary design of dynamic positioning systems. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 13. http://ichd-home.com/ Viviani, M., Panzalis, G., Et al English

In this work, a simplified methodology able to provide a sufficiently accurate assessment of wave drift forces is presented, with the aim of providing a procedure which may be applied in the preliminary stages of the design, when the technical data of the ship (such as the hull forms) are not yet available, and only main hull parameters are present. In particular, the 3D panel seakeeping program PRECAL, developed at Cooperative Research Ships (CRS) is utilised. At first, its capabilities are verified comparing numerical results with literature data, showing the code reliability. Then, a series of simplified ellipsoidal hull forms have been analysed and compared with more complex hull forms in order to identify a criterion of equivalence, which may be used when a detailed description of the hull form is not available. Results show that the proposed simplified methodology is reliable and enough accurate to allow a proper sizing of the propulsion and manoeuvring systems of a ship with dynamic positioning requirements in the preliminary stage of the design.

Drift forces Dynamic positioning Ship design

2015122764

A practical system for hydrodynamic optimisation of ship hull form using parametric modification function considering operational condition. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 32. http://ichd-home.com/ Pak, K.R., Kim, H.J., Et al English

This paper presents a practical system for hydrodynamic optimisation of ship hull forms using parametric modification function considering operational condition of ship. The parametric modification function is based on the classical naval

architect’s approach where the original ship geometry can be easily deformed by direct selection of well-known design parameters. These parameters are varied systematically one by one, maintaining all the other parameters constant. In order to reduce computational cost, this study suggests the optimisation design process using two different fidelity solvers; low fidelity solver based on potential solve and high fidelity solver based on the RANS solve which is the computational evaluation system (SoLuTion). Hundreds of shapes can thus be explored efficiently, which provides a clear insight in trends and leads to a more effective hull form improvement procedure. This system for hull form optimisation is now being used frequently at SAMSUNG in ship design process. For the purposes of illustration, the presented hydrodynamic optimisation system is used to determine the optimum fore-hull form of a container ship by minimizing the resistance considering the operational condition.

Optimisation Hull form

2015122765

A new concept of a very high speed craft: design issues. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Gironi, C. English

This paper presents the preliminary analyses devoted to the development of a new fast-craft concept, different from typical offshore craft, able to reach a very high speed despite its main dimensions and displacement. In particular, the analysis is focused on “deep V hull shapes” of overall length of about 40 m and a range of operative speeds up to 60 kn. Many issues can be found during the design phase for a new concept boat. Moreover to classical design problems, well studied in naval architecture, new issues and peculiarities arise for these types of very high speed craft. One of these new relevant problems is related to the evaluation of the calm water resistance curve, for which the availability of data and reliable methodologies should be deeply investigated due to the extreme conditions analysed. The correct drag prediction is a key point, for instance, for the evaluation of the onboard installed power, necessary to gain the maximum speed required and, in turn, for

ABSTRACTS 1033

the evaluation of the total boat weight (being the main engine one of the most significant contributor) on the light of its strong influence on the boat trim and consequently on the drag. Similar considerations have to be carried out for the seakeeping performances, in particular for what regards the vertical motions and the evaluation of the Motion Sickness Index. In these extreme conditions, actually, very high vertical accelerations have to be expected and consequently strict operative sea states limitations have to be imposed.

High speed vessels Ship design

2015122766

OVERDRILL and PROXIMA: innovative ultra-deep water drillship designs. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Ambrosio, L., Scherl, G. English

Fincantieri Offshore business unit has recently completed two innovative projects of UDW Drillship: “Overdrill” and “Proxima”for a maximum drilling depth of 50.000 ft and 12.000ft of water depth. The two projects are characterized by increased operational drilling loads and free areas of the open decks while limiting the size of the vessel. The targets have been achieved due to the integration of the drilling equipment into the hull and to the co-design shared with the drill vendors and with other technological partners. The final result of this approach has been to significantly lower the total centre of gravity and to increase the variable deck load. The multidisciplinary optimisation process followed during the concept design stages has led to very efficient final results in terms of reduced operational downtimes and improved safety onboard as well. Because of the characteristics obtained (e.g. higher stability, large operational spaces, increased variable deck load, improved seakeeping) the vessels may also be easily further upgraded in relation to possible future evolutions of drilling systems which may imply the installation of larger size/weights equipment.

Drillships Ship design

2015122767

Hydrodynamic ship design optimisation considering uncertainty. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Campana, E.F., Diez, M. English

In a traditional design optimisation process, the variables and the parameters are usually considered as deterministic inputs. The resulting deterministic optimum has a high probability of violating the design constraints, due to the inherent geometrical, operational and modelling/numerical uncertainties involved in the simulation-based design process. This paper highlights a few recent contributions in the field of optimisation under uncertainty with application to ship hydrodynamic design, assuming that objective functions and constraints are evaluated via high fidelity (i.e. computationally expensive) solvers. The development of advanced, efficient tools for uncertainty quantification and design optimisation of ships operating in a real scenario are described. This requires a significant reformulation of both optimisation problem and solution methods compared to deterministic approaches. To afford the cost of the stochastic optimisation process, a number of new techniques have had to be developed and/or implemented: (i) metamodels for the high-fidelity solvers and associated uncertainty quantification of stochastic simulation outputs, (ii) variable-fidelity approaches coupled with trust region methods, (iii) new global optimisation derivative-free algorithms, (iv) principal component analysis algorithms - such as Proper Orthogonal Decompositions (POD) or Karhunen-Loève expansion (KLE) - to identify reduced dimensionality representations of large-scale design spaces, truncating basis functions with small significance to the solution. Examples of real ship hydrodynamic design optimisation cases are given, reporting results mostly collected through a series of projects funded by the Office of Naval Research (US Navy).

Optimisation Ship design Ship hydrodynamics Uncertainty

1034 ABSTRACTS

2015122768

Prediction tool for preliminary design assessment of manoeuvring characteristics of a twin screw displacement yacht. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Tonelli, R., Valentina, E.D., Quadvlieg, F. English

During the conventional spiral process the manoeuvring characteristics of displacement motor yachts are assessed only on a late stage, if ever assessed. MARIN has developed a tool for a quick numerical assessment of the manoeuvring characteristics that are selected in the early design phase. The effects of variations in rudder area, rudder position, rudder rate of turn and transverse metacentric height are investigated in a structured method. The software behind the scene is the well-known software SURSIM, which is used to determine the manoeuvring performance (e.g. the yaw checking and course changing abilities, the turning ability, the directional stability) and to generate valuable trends. The application of a larger rudder or its re-positioning can be therefore included during a hull form optimisation process, assisting the designer and looking already at the resulting manoeuvring performance. The verification with reference criteria and the comparison of the behaviour of the ship under investigation with other ships are additional achievable applications of the manoeuvring tool presented in this paper.

Manoeuvring Motor yachts Ship design

2015122769

Multipurpose air cushion platform. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Odetti, A., Mastrangeli, M English

This paper describes the hovercraft MACP (Multipurpose Air Cushion Platform) arising from the 7thFP project named Hoverspill, this project deals

with the innovative design of a hovercraft for high speed oil spill emergency interventions. The vehicle developed is an air-cushion platform characterized by compact size and wide cargo space. The peculiarity of the system is the modularity allowing the possibility of installing and testing different systems and different equipment. This made it adaptable for research and development and for working purposes, respectively. Research and development innovative solutions could be installed and tested in an easy way but also different equipment for oil spill emergency, bathymetric surveys, search and rescue could be installed for the different missions. The hovercraft is divided into two areas. The stern is occupied by a modular propulsion system constituted by the main engine, the main propeller, the lift system and the control surfaces system. The remaining portion of the structure forms a loading platform on which it is possible to install all the necessary equipment for several kinds of studies or works. The air cushion is contained by a system of skirts of the finger skirt type". This study presents all the innovations introduced in the Hoverspill project and the systems installed onboard. A short description of the transmission system is presented together with different systems of control surfaces studied to improve the performances of hovercrafts during turning. Furthermore, the SoftHull™ is presented which is an innovative composite structure constituted by a main frame protected by an elastic skin. Finally the paper describes the needs leading to the adoption of this idea, the test results and the applicability to hovercrafts and boats operating in shallow waters.

Air cushion vehicles Hovercraft Ship design

ABSTRACTS 1035

2015122770

Reduction of the underwater radiated noise by ships: New shipbuilding challenge. The vessels RAMÓN MARGALEF and ÁNGELES ALVARIÑO as technological references of how to build silent vessels. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part II STS 02 [11 p, 15 ref, 15 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_17685.pdf Beltrán Palomo, P., Salinas Mulloor, R., Moreno Rodríguez, A.M. English

The abatement of the noise radiated by all kinds of vessels, especially underwater radiated noise, because of its impact on marine life, has become one of the most difficult challenges that the shipbuilding industry has ever faced. Hence the industry attempts to find new solutions in order to comply with the new directives and requirements that have been introduced. This topic, already studied and solved by the navies because of their strategic requirements, is now in the limelight and all the different aspects are being studied and discussed. In this new trend, the appearance of some class notations with “different limits”, assertions such as that the “propeller” is the major noise source and the absence of consensus among the biological community about what the limits should be, makes it difficult to define the technological steps that should be followed. In this confusing scenario this paper is an example of how the Spanish shipbuilding industry is moving ahead to reduce the impact of new ships. The dynamic and acoustic design of the FRV RAMÓN MARGALEF and ÁNGELES ALVARIÑO, for the Oceanographic Spanish Institute and the experimental results obtained, in full compliance with ICES Nº209 Underwater Radiated Noise requirements, makes them reference vessels for the construction of “Silent Vessels”.

Noise reduction Research vessels Ship design Underwater acoustics

2015122771

Economic and environmental evaluation of a new vessel design for the U.S. short-distance waterway shipping. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part III STS 20 [10 p, 29 ref, 4 tab, 1 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_18471.pdf Liu, Q. English

This paper examines a new vessel design targeted at inland waterway shipping and short distance coastal shipping in the United States. The economic improvement and air pollution emission reductions of this ship are estimated and compared with existing container-on-barge service in the container feeder market of the Port of Virginia. This study shows that innovative ship design and proper market targeting together could improve the current short-distance waterway transportation service in the U.S. and benefit regional transportation users and logistic planners, and hopefully could help further the goal of America’s Marine Highway initiatives and solve the current difficulties in land-based transportation modes in the U.S.

Coastal vessels Economic analysis Inland waterways vessels Ship design

2015122772

CONTiOPT – holistic optimisation of a high efficiency and low emission containership. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part VIII STS 62 [10 p, 20 ref, 7 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_19495.pdf Köpke, M., Papanikolaou, A., Et al English

The paper outlines a multi-objective optimisation approach to the design of an innovative container vessel of enhanced efficiency and low environmental footprint. The presented ship design refers to a very competitive feeder container vessel calling at many

1036 ABSTRACTS

ports. The multi-objective optimisation objectives are the minimization of the Required Freight Rate (RFR), next to ship’s Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), and of carried water ballast (zero ballast ship), the maximization of the container capacity, as well as of the ratio of carried containers on and below deck and of port efficiency. Other optimisation aspects are ship's structural weight, stability and trim, as well as resistance in calm water and in waves.

Containerships Efficiency Energy conservation Optimisation Ship design

2015122773

Reverse engineering techniques for trawler hull 3D modelling and energy efficiency evaluation. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Buglioni, G., Martelli, M., Tassetti, A.N. English

A large number of fishing vessels are not so efficient due to outdated technologies but the European Commission restrictions prevent new construction. So the major opportunities for reducing fuel consumption are chiefly related to retrofitting existing vessels. Improving the fishing vessel’s efficiency at acceptable levels calls for technical interventions, these are hard to plan without the basic information regarding the hull and the machinery installed onboard. In fact, in most of cases, the construction plan, propeller drawings, engine performance maps, etc., are not available to the designer. This prevents hydrodynamic and propulsion optimisation. In this context, a reverse engineering procedure is needed, to first measure and then to reconstruct the shape, dimension and semantic information of the ship hull, rudder and propeller. The photogrammetric technique is employed to obtain dense and accurate 3D models of free form vessel surfaces from digital images in an accurate, flexible and economical way. At the same time, a manual measurement campaign is

developed and carried out to scale and validate the photogrammetric model dealing with critical issues such as poor light/visibility and obstructed space around the object. Eventually, both imaged-based and direct measurement methodologies for 3D reverse ship hull modelling are proposed and critically compared to evaluate and choose the most appropriate and cost-effective re-engineering method for the studied shipbuilding ashore application.

Efficiency Fuel conservation Hull form Trawlers

2015122774

A new displacement monohull design for high performance, lower fuel consumption and increased habitability. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 De Giacomo, M. English

The paper describes the hydrodynamic characteristics of a new type of displacement hull called Top.Glider, which overcomes the critical speed of the typical displacement monohull. Simulation results using a 3-dimensional CFD viscous tool are compared with towing tank data and a full scale test model of 14.5 m. The scalability of the new design is analysed for a range of ship lengths, and compared with reference displacement and planing hulls. The aim of the study is to show the advantages of the new design in various applications (pleasure yachts, offshore supply vessels, warships, fast ferries), emphasizing: higher top-speed, lower fuel consumption, shorter time in production process, compact & easy ship propulsion, reduction of wave making and increase of onboard space.

Displacement hulls Monohulls Ship design

ABSTRACTS 1037

2015122775

Features of data management in PLM customised for ship design adopting engineering to order strategy. International Journal of Product Lifecycle Management, v 7 n 4, 2014, pp 292-317 http://www.inderscience.com/info/inarticle.php?artid=66818 Lee, J.H., Lee, J. English

An appropriate PLM system should be implemented with consideration of the design and manufacturing features of the industry. Data management of PLM system for ship design is discussed to reflect the characteristics of product design as well as the manufacturing strategy adopted by shipbuilding. Assuming shipbuilding industries adopt an ETO strategy significantly different from ATO, requirements for the functional applications, product structures, and architectures of shipbuilding PLM are discussed in order to appropriately implement the PLM for shipbuilding industry. This paper suggests the functional applications and architecture of PLM for ship design process after the features of PLM for both the automotive and shipbuilding industry are compared. Thereafter, PLM architecture that considers the differences between ATO and ETO industries is discussed by the perspective view of data management in beginning of life.

Data management Life (durability) Product models Ship design

2015122776

Dependable oriented design of complex integrated power systems on ships. ESARS 2015, International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles; 3-5 March 2015; Aachen, Germany. Published by IEEE; ISBN 9781479973996. [6 p] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7101473&punumber%3D7091733%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7101413%29%26pageNumber%3D3 Chiandone, M., Da Rin, A., Et al English

The increasing complexity of ship's Integrated Power Systems (IPSs) led to the need of a review of conventional design process. Moreover, several stakeholders influence ship design, each of them aiming to protect its own interests, in particular when

responsibility of accidents has to be defined. Dependability could be the tool to modify conventional design, transforming it into a dependability oriented design, as to properly manage the inherent system's complexity avoiding future liabilities. In addition to that, dependability could become a new index recognized by all the involved subjects, capable of establishing design quality. This paper addresses motivations to include dependability into internal processes for all the stakeholders involved in ship design process, as well as the motivations to demonstrate internal dependability levels to others subjects. Subsequently, a notional dependability oriented design process, tailored on IPS design, is presented, together with a discussion on the influence of every stakeholder on design steps. This with the aim of explaining dependability impact on design and to demonstrate how modifying conventional process important advantages could be achieved.

Integrated systems Ship design Ship power plants

2015122777

Estimation methods for the steel weight of inland tank ships. Ship Technology Research, v 62 n 2, June 2015, pp 63-71 http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/0937725515Z.00000000011 Hekkenberg, R.G., Hopman, J.J. English

In this paper, two methods to estimate the steel weight of inland coated tank ships during the earliest design stages are presented: the first is a set of simple functions that are valid for ships with common dimensions and length-to-beam ratios of European inland ships. The second is a single more elaborate function that covers a larger range of dimensions and length-to-beam ratios. Both methods are based on the calculated weights of a large series of computer-generated ship designs. To calculate these weights, a computer program was developed that generates ship structures on the basis of Lloyds Register's rules for inland ships and estimates the steel weight of those

1038 ABSTRACTS

ship structures. The approach to generate the ship structures as well as a validation of their scantlings and steel weight are also discussed.

Inland waterways vessels Ship design Weight calculation

2015122778

Application of multi objective genetic algorithm in ship hull optimisation. Ocean Systems Engineering, v 5 n 2, June 2015, p 91 [17 p, 26 ref, 2 tab, 16 fig] http://www.techno-press.org/?page=container&journal=ose&volume=5&num=2# Guha, A., Falzarano, J. English

Ship hull optimisation is categorized as a bound, multi variable, multi objective problem with nonlinear constraints. In such analysis, where the objective function representing the performance of the ship generally requires computationally involved hydrodynamic interaction evaluation methods, the objective functions are not smooth. Hence, the evolutionary techniques to attain the optimum hull forms are considered as the most practical strategy. In this study, a parametric ship hull form represented by B-Spline curves is optimised for multiple performance criteria using Genetic Algorithm. The methodology applied to automate the hull form generation, selection of optimisation solvers and hydrodynamic parameter calculation for objective function and constraint definition are discussed.

Genetic algorithms Hull form Optimisation

2015122779

Hull-form optimisation of a container ship based on bell-shaped modification function. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v 7 n 3, September 2015, p 478 [12 p, 11 ref, 3 tab, 16 fig] http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijnaoe.2015.7.issue-3/ijnaoe-2015-0034/ijnaoe-2015-0034.xml?format=INT Choi, H.J. English

In this study, a hydrodynamic hull-form optimisation algorithm for a container ship is presented in terms of

the minimum wave-making resistance. Bell-shaped modification functions were developed to modify the original hull-form and a sequential quadratic programming algorithm was used as an optimiser. The wave-making resistance as an objective function was obtained by the Rankine source panel method in which non-linear free surface conditions and the trim and sinkage of the ship were fully taken into account. Numerical computation was performed to investigate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed hull-form modification algorithm for the container carrier. The computational results were validated by comparing them with the experimental data.

Containerships Hull form Optimisation

2015122780

Structural topology design of container ship based on knowledge-based engineering and level set method. China Ocean Engineering, v 29 n 4, June 2015, pp 551-564 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13344-015-0038-7 Cui, J-j., Wang, D-y., Shi, Q-q. English

Knowledge-Based Engineering (KBE) is introduced into the ship structural design in this paper. From the implementation of KBE, the design solutions for both Rules Design Method (RDM) and Interpolation Design Method (IDM) are generated. The corresponding Finite Element (FE) models are generated. Topological design of the longitudinal structures is studied where the Gaussian Process (GP) is employed to build the surrogate model for FE analysis. Multi-objective optimisation methods inspired by Pareto Front are used to reduce the design tank weight and outer surface area simultaneously. Additionally, an enhanced Level Set Method (LSM) which employs implicit algorithm is applied to the topological design of typical bracket plate which is used extensively in ship structures. Two different sets of boundary conditions are considered. The proposed methods show satisfactory efficiency and accuracy.

Computer-aided ship design Containerships Design process

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1.3 SHIPBUILDING TECHNOLOGY/CONSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES

2015122781

Comparing four metaheuristics for solving a constraint satisfaction problem for ship outfitting scheduling. International Journal of Production Research, v 53 n 19, 2015, pp 5792-5796 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207543.2014.998786?journalCode=tprs20#.VcITsk3JCUk Rose, C.D., Coenen, J.M.G. English

This study compares the performance of four different metaheuristics for solving a constraint satisfaction scheduling problem of the outfitting process of shipbuilding. The ship outfitting process is often unorganised and chaotic due to the complex interactions between the stakeholders and the overall lack of sufficiently detailed planning. The examined methods are genetic algorithms (GA), simulated annealing (SA), genetic simulated annealing (GSA) and discrete particle swarm optimisation (PSO). Each of these methods relies on a list scheduling heuristic to transform the solution space into feasible schedules. Although the SA had the best performance for a medium-sized superstructure section, the GSA created the best schedules for engine room double-bottom sections, the most complex sections in terms of outfitting. The GA provided the best scalability in terms of computational time while only marginally sacrificing solution quality. The solution quality of the PSO was very poor in comparison with the other methods. All methods generated schedules with sufficiently high resource utilisation, approximately 95%. The findings from this work will be incorporated into a larger project with the aim of creating a tool which can automatically generate an outfitting planning for a vessel.

Heuristic methods Outfitting Scheduling Shipbuilding

2015122782

Application of unconventional technologies, materials and business models for an improved life cycle performance of ships. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part VII STS 05 [10 p, 3 ref, 11 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_18129.pdf Molter, L., Bergström, M., Et al English

European ships yards can only compete with low cost competition from Asia by focusing on building specialised vessels with a high level of innovation. Thus, the EU-funded research project “ThroughLife - Development and proof of new approaches for through-life asset management based on next generation of materials and production technology” has developed a number of innovative solutions for ships such as a self-healing coating for ballast water tanks, various composite applications, and a sensor based condition monitoring system for an optimised vessel maintenance management. In addition, the project has developed new business models based on existing business models from the automobile and the aerospace industries aiming to overcome implementation barriers of innovation and improving the cooperation between various stakeholders. In this regard, innovative technologies and new business models complement each other to achieve an overall improved life cycle performance of a vessel. Promising prototype tests have been carried to prove the real-life performance of the developed solutions.

Coatings Composite materials Life (durability) Shipbuilding

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2015122783

The adaptive ship – How smart materials and structures can improve vessels’ performance under varying operational conditions. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part VIII STS 62 [10 p, 4 ref, 9 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_17443.pdf Roland, F., Krause, M. English

The main idea of the collaborative project ADAM4EVE is to explore the potentials of adaptive and smart materials and structures in ships and pave the way for industrial application. These materials and structures will allow ships to react more flexibly to the changing operational and environmental conditions and thus to provide a more efficient and environmentally friendly operation while at least maintaining the current safety level. Moreover, the use of smart and intelligent materials will allow offering new functionalities, making ships more attractive to operators and passengers.

Hull form Life (durability) Materials Outfitting

2015122784

Shipyard layout design using systematic layout planning and simulation modelling. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Matulja, T., Hadjina, M., Fafendjel, N. English

The authors propose a synergy of Systematic layout planning (SLP) and Simulation modelling (SM) as tools for shipyard layout design aiming towards an optimal material flow. At present, most shipyard layout designs are based on the conventional methodology initiating with benchmarking. Such approach can be misleading. For more reliable and efficient results, the authors suggest a novel approach, using a combination of mentioned two methods. Firstly, Systematic layout planning is used for

generating larger number of suboptimal shipyard layout design alternatives. Then, these alternatives are analysed through an objective decision making tool to reach an optimal layout design alternative. Further, such optimal alternative is tested and evaluated by Simulation modelling. Finally, the presented methodology is confirmed on a case study as a viable approach for an efficient and reliable shipyard layout design. It features both the simplicity of the design process and the objectivity of the multiple-criteria decision making and evaluation process.

Layout Planning Shipyards

2.1 POWER SOURCES AND FUELS

2015122785

Thermodynamic simulation for the investigation of marine Diesel engines. Ocean Engineering, v 102, 1 July 2015, pp 117-128 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815000797 Murphy, A.J., Norman, A.J., Et al English

Emissions in the shipping industry are a major environmental concern and IMO regulations are increasingly stringent. Existing methods to assess marine exhaust gas emissions require large and specialised input data-sets. There is therefore a requirement for a methodology which can resolve the dilemma of estimating time-varying gas properties with sufficient accuracy to, for example, predict NOX emissions, whilst also being applicable across the variety of engine types and operational modes that prevail in the marine context, for which there is often sparse input data. In this paper, the influence upon thermal efficiency and the prediction of gas temperature time-histories of differing levels of sophistication in modelled gas properties and composition models is therefore evaluated, as is the effect of modelling engine losses. Using the results of this study, a coupled dynamic-thermodynamic engine simulation in the time-domain is developed, capable of modelling engine performance across the full range of operational conditions (speed and load), including part-load and transient conditions. The simulation is

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validated against the Otto cycle and through simulations of experimental engine data, the model is shown to successfully predict actual engine performance across a range of engine load conditions.

Diesel engines Emissions Exhaust gases Simulation Thermal efficiency

2015122786

LNG as fuel for ships: the reasons of a choice. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Fasano, E. English

The consciousness on environmental issues, stricter emission requirements and the variation of fuel prices are pushing owners to consider alternatives to conventional fuel oil. In Northern Europe, where air emission regulations are already effective, a large amount of gas fuelled ships have been delivered over the last decade and at the same time, some ships have also been refitted, considering that Marpol regulations applying for both new and existing ships. Taking into account the expected enlargement of emission control areas, the social pressure for environmental preservation and the perspective of a large amount of methane availability, a broad review on main green energy source is presented and the reasons for LNG choice are discussed. An investigation of the current main IMO draft regulations is carried out, considering also that actual gas fuelled ships have been designed and delivered taking into account rules and guidelines of the main Classification Societies, IGC code and on the basis of deregulation. Finally, case studies are presented showing results obtained for both ferry and passenger ships, using respectively pure gas and dual fuel engine types. Particular attention is addressed to LNG tank location, being one of the major impact design factor concerning safety, range and ship stability.

Alternative fuels Liquefied natural gas

2015122787

Marine fuel quality value & challenges for 2015 and beyond. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Crutchley, I. English

The purchase of marine fuels is often dictated by price, and it is seldom that quality is considered in establishing the true value of a fuel. Understanding the influence of quality on value is key to making sound bunker purchases. Fuel additives have been used for many years by vessel operators in order to increase the value of fuel, whilst mitigating fuel quality risks. From 2015 there has been a change in distillate vs. residual fuel demand due to the ECA legislation dictating a lower maximum sulphur content of 0.1%. The higher distillate fuel consumption will inevitably suppress residual fuel quality, and therefore value. Refineries will adapt deeper conversion procedures to meet the extra demand of the market, resulting in a further deterioration of the ignition, combustion and stability properties of the provided residual fuel. The 2015 ECA legislation further challenges fuel stability since future fuel changeover will be between middle distillate and residual fuels and at a slower change over rate maximizing the incompatibility risk. Distillate fuel can represent its own risks, since increased consumption requires additional storage space onboard, along with longer storage times. This means risks of inadequate lubricity, stability and cold flow properties must be considered. The market has also seen the emergence of several hybrid “ECA Compliant” fuels, which do not meet current ISO8217 specifications. This paper demonstrates the true value of fuel quality versus cost, and how fuel additives are a reliable and cost effective solution focused directly on solving the above for mentioned fuel quality and operational challenges of today and tomorrow, whilst increasing value. A summary of new ECA Compliant fuels, their properties and their advantages/disadvantages versus conventional fuels is also considered.

Fuel costs Fuel oil quality

1042 ABSTRACTS

2015122788

Simplified method for the assessment of ship electric power systems operation cost reduction from energy storage and renewable energy sources integration. IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, v 5 n 2, June 2015, pp 61-69 http://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/iet-est.2013.0011 Tsekouras, G.J., Kanellos, F.D., Prousalidis, J. English

The extensive electrification of ship power systems has become a very appealing option for the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly ships. Renewable energy sources and energy storage systems will have a key role in such systems as they can lead to fuel consumption reduction and increase of ship efficiency. In this study, analytic formulas are obtained for the estimation of system marginal cost of a ship power system equipped with photovoltaics and energy storage system and its operation is analysed from the economical point of view. The major advantage of the proposed method is that the obtained formulas require almost zero computational capacity although they provide a qualitative view of the problem not easily attainable by other conventional methods. Hence, it could be a convenient tool for the technical–economical study of such systems. In this context, it could be exploited for the assessment of a large number of ship power system operation scenarios during ship design phase.

Alternative energy sources Operating costs Ship power plants

2015122789

New green-ship challenges faced by the all-electric platform. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part VIII STS 62 [10 p, 5 ref, 13 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_19709.pdf Prousalidis, J., Kaiktsis, L., Et al English

The modern ship constitutes a complex power-train comprising different types of equipment, main and auxiliary. Recently, the extensively electrified ship,

with most of the systems onboard (including propulsion) being electrically connected according to the concept of All Electric Ship (AES), has been appreciated as the most interesting “green” solution. In this environmentally friendly design concept, the thermal engines are coupled to electric generators, and used only for the production of electric energy. To this end, this paper focuses on a brief but succinct overview of the results of research projects regarding several AES innovations, in which the authors have been cooperating.

Electric propulsion Power supplies

2015122790

Comparison of waste heat recovery systems for the retrofitting of a cruise ferry. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Benvenuto, G., Campora, U., Et al English

In recent years, the uncertainty about the prices of marine fuels and the growing attention of the international community to environmental issues (including carbon dioxide emission reduction) have promoted the research of more and more efficient methods of energy conversion on board ships. During research activities carried out in collaboration with leading industries, the authors have developed simulation models for the recovery of the thermal energy released from diesel engines, proposing different waste heat recovery (WHR) plant configurations. This previous experience has been applied, in this paper, to an existing cruise ferry, whose propulsion system consists of two controllable pitch propellers, each moved by a couple of four stroke diesel engines through a reduction gear. Starting from the available data on the current board systems, a proposal of refitting is presented, based on a comparison of six different WHR plant solutions, able to recover part of the waste heat contained in the exhaust gases coming from both main engines and diesel generators. The considered WHR plant layouts, optimised in relation to the particular requirements of the ship, make use of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) with single or dual pressure level. The produced steam can be used, depending on the selected layout, to meet the on board steam needs and/or to contribute to the production of electric

ABSTRACTS 1043

energy, in this last case allowing to reduce the use of the diesel generators. The comparison of the proposed WHR plant configurations, between them and with the originally adopted very simple one, is carried out taking into account not only the amount of thermal energy recovered and the consequent fuel saving, but also some other important aspects such as the sizes and weights of the WHR plant components and the related problems of installation on board.

Ferries Heat recovery Retrofitting

2015122791

MPC-based power management in the shipboard power system. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 14-18 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157855&filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29 Paran, S., Vu, T.V., Et al English

This paper represents the development of an intelligent control by applying model predictive control to the power management of a DC-based ship system. In a shipboard power system, the control approach should ensure optimal load sharing among generators while maintaining the DC bus voltage stability. Model predictive control is a promising optimal control which has been proven to be efficient and robust for dynamic systems. Model predictive control is applied in order to meet the load centric energy/power demand. It provides a predictive and adaptive approach to energy/power management routines. The algorithm and method are presented and validated through simulation in MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS.

Control Direct current Ship electric power systems

2015122792

Medium voltage multilevel converters for ship electric propulsion drives. ESARS 2015, International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles; 3-5 March 2015; Aachen, Germany. Published by IEEE; ISBN 9781479973996. [7 p] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7101463&punumber%3D7091733%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7101413%29%26pageNumber%3D2 Thantirige, K., Rathore, A.K., Et al English

An increasing number of ships are being integrated with electric propulsion systems and a significant proportion of these require variable frequency drives in the multi-megawatt range. At such large power, medium voltage AC (MVAC) drive offers numerous advantages over low voltage AC (LVAC) solution. This paper examines the state-of-the art MV drives and their development trends for marine applications. Further, a review is carried out on multilevel converter (MLC) topologies suitable for high power ship propulsion drives. A variety of topologies are evaluated for marine applications based their specific requirements. From the review, it is concluded that hybrid solution seems the most attractive option for the specified application.

Electric propulsion Variable speed drives

2015122793

Inland waterway gas-fuelled vessels: An innovative proposal of a hybrid ship for the European network. ESARS 2015, International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles; 3-5 March 2015; Aachen, Germany. Published by IEEE; ISBN 9781479973996. [6 p] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7101474&punumber%3D7091733%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7101413%29%26pageNumber%3D3 Bucci, V., Marino, A., Et al English

The peculiarities of the European inland waterway transport are analysed, and a novel design of a pushboat for barges convoys is proposed. To this aim a hybrid electric propulsion system is adopted with

1044 ABSTRACTS

the perspective to define an eco-friendly vessel. Innovative and green technologies based on dual fuel LNG engines and electric motors/generators available on market are effectively installed onboard.

Hybrid propulsion Inland waterways vessels Multifuel engines

2015122794

High efficiency shaft generator drive system design for Ro-Ro trailer-passenger ship application. ESARS 2015, International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles; 3-5 March 2015; Aachen, Germany. Published by IEEE; ISBN 9781479973996. [6 p] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7101529&punumber%3D7091733%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7101413%29%26pageNumber%3D5 Sarigiannidis, A., Kladas, A., Et al English

This paper introduces a particular direct driven Shaft Generator (SG) system for implementation in an existing Ro-Ro (Roll on board-Roll off board) trailer-passenger ship. In a first step, both a high speed (1200rpm) Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator (SPSG) and a low speed (400rpm) direct driven Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) of the same nominal power with the SG installed in the investigated ship are designed and geometrically optimised, based on the specified operating characteristics. The generators are quantitatively compared and assessed in terms of their torque capability, efficiency and produced power quality, illustrating that the low-speed PMSG constitutes a favorable option for SG applications. In a second step, assessing the benefits of the low speed PMSG, a drive system is designed for the implementation of PMSG in the ship's electric grid. Appropriate converter topology and advanced generator control methodology are adopted enabling successful interconnection of the SG system with the electric grid as well as high quality electric power supply. Finally, the economic benefits of the operation of the proposed SG systems in terms of lower fuel consumption are investigated.

Electric drives Ro/ro ships Shaft generators

2015122795

Underwater Stirling engine design with modified one-dimensional model. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v 7 n 3, September 2015, p 526 [14 p, 28 ref, 2 tab, 13 fig] http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijnaoe.2015.7.issue-3/ijnaoe-2015-0038/ijnaoe-2015-0038.xml?format=INT Li, D., Qin, K., Luo, K. English

Stirling engines are regarded as an efficient and promising power system for underwater devices. Currently, many researches on one-dimensional model is used to evaluate thermodynamic performance of Stirling engine, but in which there are still some aspects which cannot be modelled with proper mathematical models such as mechanical loss or auxiliary power. In this paper, a four-cylinder double-acting Stirling engine for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) is discussed. And a one-dimensional model incorporated with empirical equations of mechanical loss and auxiliary power obtained from experiments is derived while referring to the Stirling engine computer model of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The P-40 Stirling engine with sufficient testing results from NASA is utilized to validate the accuracy of this one-dimensional model. It shows that the maximum error of output power of theoretical analysis results is less than 18% over testing results, and the maximum error of input power is no more than 9%. Finally, a Stirling engine for UUVs is designed with Schmidt analysis method and the modified one-dimensional model, and the results indicate this designed engine is capable of showing desired output power.

Stirling engines Thermodynamics Underwater vehicles

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2.2 EQUIPMENT AND INSTALLATIONS

2015122796

Advancement in propulsion technology. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Boletis, E., Bulten, N., Drost, A. English

The focus of propulsion development is currently on efficiency and lifecycle cost. This paper attempts a review of the advancement in propulsion technology for all marine applications. Emphasis is given to both the hydrodynamic performance of the propulsion units as well as the structural integrity, reliability and maintainability. Taking into account that the design process involves compromises, the designer attempts the best, pragmatic fulfilment of the technical and commercial requirements. The applications cover main ship propulsion, offshore drilling applications (dynamic positioning) and special vessel designs including ice conditions. The results show in particular (a) the systems approach on mechanical and electrical engineering and (b) the systematic approach on the vessel propulsive efficiency by using advanced computational techniques.

Propulsion systems Reviews

2015122797

Stabilisation of vessels with support of balloons. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part VIII STS 62 [10 p, 1 tab, 9 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_29368.pdf Ahlers, R., Doyle, R. English

A consortium of nine companies and universities has completed a project to develop a system and procedures for preventive and emergency post-accident interventions on vessels. The goal was to combine satellite booster technology with air pressure systems and balloon technology to create a multipurpose modular system for ship rescue

purposes. Therefore experts from the maritime and aircraft industry were involved in the project. The European project called SUSY (Surfacing System for Ship Recovery) has developed a balloon based system to stabilise damaged vessels after a collision and to support the raising of sunken vessels. The satellite booster technology is proven for submarine rescue systems. Combining balloons allows the adaptation of this technology to all type of vessels. The booster technology enables the quick inflation of the balloons in emergency cases while an additional air pressure system stabilises the inflated balloon where necessary for longer periods of time.

Rescue operations Salvage Stabilizers

2015122798

Retrofit of the propulsive system of a 42m length trawler. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Coache, S., Laurens, J.M. English

As a result of the increase in fuel costs and the new exhaust emission rules, shipowners are forced to take measures in order to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. Among the different types of vessels, fishing vessels merit particular attention due to their poor propulsive efficiency. The fishing fleet is old and was designed at a time when the focus was not on resistance reduction or propulsive efficiency but on the catch. Hence these vessels have a high block coefficient and propulsion systems that are not wake-adapted. To reduce fuel consumption, the hull shape can be modified but this is not the case for existing vessels. Nevertheless retrofitting these vessels in order to modify the propulsion system and adding appendices such as bulbous bows or bilge keels is possible. Among fishing vessels, trawlers are the most complicated vessels because they have to operate at two very different speeds, i.e. the propulsion system has to be adapted for two very different conditions. This paper focuses on a 42m long trawler. Different types of propulsion systems are considered: fixed pitch propellers, ducted propellers, controllable pitch propellers and twin-screw propellers. Different methods such as the statistical method, the potential method and the finite

1046 ABSTRACTS

volume method are used. Firstly, the aim is to compare the different propulsion systems in order to select the best solution for the present case. Secondly, the different codes used are also compared.

Propulsion systems Retrofitting Trawlers

2.3 MAINTENANCE, REPAIR AND CONVERSION

2015122799

Efficient retrofitting – how planning tools and reverse engineering methodologies can improve repair shipyards’ performance. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part VIII STS 62 [10 p, 4 ref, 1 tab, 8 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_18044.pdf Krause, M., Hübler, M., Et al English

Many old ships do not fulfil the economic and environmental modern standards. By retrofitting these ships with new technologies, the efficiency and the environmental footprint could be effectively improved. At the same time, a ship’s downtime – for whatever reason – should be as short as necessary from a profitability point of view. Thus, shipyard stays for retrofitting should not take longer than absolutely necessary. Shipyards doing retrofitting need powerful customised methodologies and tools to remain competitive. To this aim, a simulation tool dedicated to support planning and scheduling activities is being developed and assessed in the ongoing European projects RETROFIT and GRIP. In addition, reverse engineering methodologies are being made available to support the retrieval of required product information like geometry or product breakdown.

Production planning Retrofitting Ship repair

2015122800

Risk-based inspection system for collection and investigating of structural data to improve design and inspection planning. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part VIII STS 62 [10 p, 7 ref, 4 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_18060.pdf Hifi, N., Barltrop, N. English

This paper discusses the EU-FP7 Project – RISPECT which provides a methodology that will (on an ongoing basis) combine detailed analysis of long term experience from large numbers of ships with reliability/risk-based analysis methods at both component and whole ship system levels. This will lead to better designs, justifiable risk-based inspection plans and more important defects being found and repaired, in turn increasing personnel and structural safety and a reduction in pollution incidents. The project also provides data structures and classification systems for details and cracks.

Expert systems Reliability Risk analysis Ship maintenance Vessel inspection

2015122801

Eco innovative refitting technologies and processes for shipbuilding industry: Project results. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part VIII STS 62 [10 p, 9 ref, 6 tab, 3 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_17637.pdf Castillo, F. del, Blanco-Davis, E., Et al English

This paper summarises a professional approach in implementing an eco-innovative solution in the ship repair process developed within the R&D Project named “Eco innovative refitting technologies and processes for shipbuilding industry promoted by

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European Repair Shipyards”, in short “Eco-REFITEC”, which is being funded by the European Union's RTD 7th Framework Programme.

Environmental protection Ship repair

2.4 CARGOES AND CARGO HANDLING

2015122802

Risk management of cargo damage in export operations of ocean freight forwarders in Taiwan. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, v 229 n 3, August 2015, pp 232-247 http://pim.sagepub.com/content/229/3/232.abstract Tseng, W-J., Ding, J-F., Li, M-H. English

The main purpose of this article is to study cargo damage risk management in the export operations of ocean freight forwarders in Taiwan. This study applies the five risk management procedures of the formal safety assessment method as a basis for risk management assessment. The fuzzy analytical hierarchy process method is first employed via a first questionnaire to evaluate key risk identification factors. Second, a risk matrix model is constructed to evaluate the risk levels via a second questionnaire. Third, cost and benefit analysis is implemented to evaluate the feasibility of risk control strategies through the use of a third questionnaire. The empirical results obtained in this study revealed that the most severe risk factor comes from the process of consolidation, and all risk factors fall into “as low as reasonably practicable” area via the risk matrix model method. Finally, the cost and benefit analysis shows that all risk management strategies are feasible. This study recommends that ocean freight forwarders strengthen communication with new cargo owners in order to gain a better understanding of the cargo owners’ backgrounds and their cargo characteristics. This will help the ocean freight forwarders to make better-informed decisions concerning the handling of cargo and allow them to form links in customers’ risk management chains.

Cargo damage Freight forwarders Risk management

2015122803

Moisture content limit of iron ore fines for the prevention of liquefaction in bulk carriers. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 60. http://ichd-home.com/ Munro, M.C., Mohajerani, A. English

In 2013, over 500 million tonnes of Iron Ore Fines (IOF) were transported around the world using bulk carriers, more than any other unrefined mineral. Since the holds of bulk carriers have not been designed to carry liquid, if liquefaction of IOF or other minerals occur it can cause the vessel carrying the cargo to list or even capsize. Since 2006, there have been at least eight reported bulk carrier incidents possibly caused by the iron ore cargo shifting. Currently, the only available parameter used to prevent this from occurring is the Transportable Moisture Limit (TML). The TML is the maximum gross water content that certain mineral cargoes may contain, while being loaded in bulk carriers, without being at risk of liquefying during transportation. The objective of this study is to compare the three test methods stated in the 2013 International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code (IMSBC Code), which are used to determine the TML of IOF. They are the Proctor/Fagerberg, Flow Table and Penetration test methods. The study also covers recent developments and advancements made in the field, which includes the Modified Proctor/Fagerberg test along with goethite content provisions, which are included in the 2013 draft individual schedule for IOF, and to be amended in the 2015 IMSBC Code. This study shows that the three test methods, stated in the 2013 IMSBC Code, which are used to determine the TML of minerals, are not appropriate for testing of IOF and that recent developments, such as the Modified Proctor/Fagerberg test along with goethite content provisions, permits IOF to be transported at higher moisture contents than if one of the previous three test methods were used.

Cargo liquefaction Iron ore Moisture content

1048 ABSTRACTS

2.5 PORTS AND WATERWAYS

2015122804

Optimising overseas container transportation: A case involving transatlantic ports. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, v 229 n 3, August 2015, pp 221-231 http://pim.sagepub.com/content/229/3/221.abstract Maučec, H., Ogoreic, A., Et al English

This study focuses on the importance of the development of maritime container ports in the case involving transatlantic container transport in order to ascertain an optimal model of container flows between container terminals in the eastern coast of the United States and those in Western and Northern Europe. The model proposed by the authors is developed using the following eight key elements: transport infrastructure and superstructure, use of intelligent information systems, economic growth, transport ecology, cargo flows, innovations, safety and security, and transport energy. The research builds mainly upon secondary statistics data analysis. The authors suggest that there is a close and strong connection between the development rate of maritime containers ports and the proposed model for transport optimisation, which considerably influence the level of attractiveness of maritime container terminals.

Container terminals Containerised shipping Optimisation

2015122805

The relative efficiency of container terminals in small and medium-sized ports in China. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, v 31 n 2, June 2015, pp 231-251 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2092521215000322 Ding, Z-Y., Jo, G-S., Et al English

The promotion of domestic consumption in China will gradually ramp up the small and medium-sized port container industry, and this will require greater port efficiency and an updated development strategy. The aim of this paper is to evaluate operational and productivity efficiency change in 21 coastal small and medium sized-port container terminals in China. The first step was carried out using data envelopment

analysis (DEA) and the Malmquist productivity index (MPI), and the factors affecting productivity efficiency change were then estimated and quantified using Tobit regression. The empirical results indicate that the most efficient terminals are the Rizhao and Lianyungang port terminals. Furthermore, the terminals that hold a share of more than 50% of Chinese state-owned shipping line show the highest increase in productivity efficiency change. Lastly, the results indicate manpower structure; Chinese state-owned shipping line shareholding; registered capital; and shipping routes have positive effect and the factor, number of terminal operators, have a negative correlation.

Container terminals Efficiency Port performance

2015122806

Hub status and indexation of container ports. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, v 31 n 2, June 2015, pp 253-272 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2092521215000334 Park, Y-A., Medda, F. English

The promotion of domestic consumption in China will gradually ramp up the small and medium-sized port container industry, and this will require greater port efficiency and an updated development strategy. The aim of this paper is to evaluate operational and productivity efficiency change in 21 coastal small and medium sized-port container terminals in China. The first step was carried out using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the Malmquist productivity index (MPI), and the factors affecting productivity efficiency change were then estimated and quantified using Tobit regression. The empirical results indicate that the most efficient terminals are the Rizhao and Lianyungang port terminals. Furthermore, the terminals that hold a share of more than 50% of Chinese state-owned shipping line show the highest increase in productivity efficiency change. Lastly, the results indicate manpower structure; Chinese state-owned shipping line shareholding; registered capital; and shipping routes have positive effect and the factor, number of terminal operators, have a negative correlation.

Container terminals Intermodal terminals Port performance

ABSTRACTS 1049

2015122807

Analysis of the handling capacity of liquid cargo terminals using the Awesim modelling program. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Uğurlu, Ö., Yildirim, U., Et al English

Oil and oil products occupy an important place in the industry and transportation sectors, both as bunker and raw materials. Most oil and oil products are transported by sea. The aim of this study was to evaluate the handling capacity of the İzmit Yarımca Port, which is an important hub for Turkey with regards to the transportation of oil and refined oil products. To assess the capacity of the port and to determine the amount of queuing that could form with regards to tug services; the AWESIM simulation program was used. Based on the study results, a comparison was performed between the port’s current annual handling capacity and the maximum amount of cargo it can handle. In addition, by using the study data, the maximum amount of queuing that can form in tug services was also calculated for days with unfavourable weather and sea conditions. This study thus represents a case study performed with the AWESIM modelling program in order to determine port efficiency.

Liquid cargo Port capacity Port performance

2015122808

Evaluating strategies to improve access to marine container terminals and streamline gate operations. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part III STS 40 [10 p, 16 ref, 1 tab, 7 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_18051.pdf Maria, B., Eleftherios, S., Afroditi, A. English

Ports represent an integral part of global supply chains, vital component of the socio-economic activity in port regions and are the core for many

business activities and port support operations. However, despite many efforts that have been undertaken towards the “green” development of ports, port operations and related activities are still a major source of pollution causing severe traffic and congestion along with significant environmental and economic implications. Although a great deal of research has focused on terminal operations, urban freight network modelling and environmental implications in freight transport, little attention has been given, so far, on the interaction of the aforementioned systems and the study of the impact of port activities using a systemic approach. To this end, this paper considers intra-terminal operations, port support activities and related operations as well as port access network traffic operations along with their resulting environmental implications. It evaluates, through the use of an integrated simulation platform, different strategies at a strategic, tactical and operational level with the aim to increase the efficiency of container terminal operations thus addressing economic, environmental and quality of life issues.

Container terminals Port operations Port performance

2015122809

Analysis of operations of port using mathematical and simulation modelling. International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, v 20 n 3, 2015, pp 325-347 http://www.inderscience.com/info/inarticle.php?artid=68429 Rajendran, S., Srinivas, S., Saha, C. English

This paper proposes an integer linear programming (ILP) and discrete event simulation (DES) models for minimising the waiting time of ships at Port of X (PoX). The port consists of three docks that accommodate different types of ships. Each dock is facilitated with a fixed number of berths that allow ships to be anchored, and there is a common access channel through which a ship enters or leaves the docks. The objective of this paper is to minimise the waiting time of ships while entering and leaving the port. First, an ILP model is developed to schedule the ships at the port and the effect of ship waiting time is observed. Due to the computational complexity of the

1050 ABSTRACTS

ILP model, a DES model is developed. The experimental results indicate that capacity relocation of berths reduced the waiting time of ships by 77% compared to the current scenario.

Mathematical models Port operations Port time

2015122810

Planning-level tool for assessing and optimising gate layout for marine container terminals. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, v 2409, 2014, pp 31-39 http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2409-05 Minh, C., Huynh, N. English

Drayage is a critical link in the intermodal supply chain. In the past decade, a sharp growth in drayage activity has occurred at major container ports in the US. Because of the high volume of drayage trucks arriving at container terminals, the trucks often experience significant delays at the terminal gates. Reducing this delay is necessary to improve the efficiency of drayage operations and the entire freight supply chain and to reduce the emissions from diesel-fueled trucks. This study developed a planning-level tool that can be used by design engineers, terminal operators, port authorities, and transportation planners to assess the effectiveness of gate layouts and determine the optimal layout for marine container terminals. Specifically, the analytical tool can be used to determine the average truck queuing time for a given gate configuration and to determine how many service gates and queuing lanes are needed to achieve a desired level of service for a given truck arrival rate and truck service rate. This tool accounts for the nondeterministic nature of truck arrivals and service times. Specifically, the tool takes into account that trucks arrive as a Poisson stream, a truck is served by one of n gates, and gate service times are independent and identically distributed random variables. In this paper, example applications and results are presented and discussed. In addition, the setup of the online tool is described.

Container terminals Gates Layout

2015122811

Big data-based estimation for ship safety distance distribution in port waters. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, v 2479, 2015, pp 16-24 http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2479-03 Zhang, L., Wang, H., Meng, Q. English

The water area of a large container port such as Singapore’s has high ship traffic density because of continuously increasing international seaborne trade. The behavior of ships sailing in the port’s waters exhibits high diversity. Ships must maintain a minimum safety distance when moving in and out of port waters to avoid collisions. This study estimated the probability distributions for ship safety distance by using automatic identification system (AIS) data collected in Singapore port waters. Thirty-six navigation scenarios classified by ship type and size, visibility (daytime and night), and direction of movement (crossing, head-on, and overtaking) were investigated. Safety distances for various ship types and sizes were first examined with nonparametric statistical tests. A tangible approach incorporating the maximum likelihood estimation and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test techniques was designed for determining the best-fitted probability distribution with the parameters calibrated by AIS data for ship safety distance. It was found that the lognormal and gamma distributions could well fit the ship safety distance in Singapore port waters according to the collected AIS data.

Port safety Probability distribution functions Ship tracking

2015122812

Measuring port effectiveness. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, v 2479, 2015, pp 42-48 http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2479-06 Brooks, M.R., Schellinck, T. English

Port managers need to be able to identify and prioritize port investments to take advantage of opportunities for growth. Those who serve the needs of beneficial cargo owners and shipping lines must know how to evaluate their customer service delivery

ABSTRACTS 1051

efforts. Although this area has received research attention, this paper adds to the understanding by focusing on performance evaluations of ports by supply chain partners, key actors in the effectiveness of a port’s service delivery. The current literature relevant to the assessment of port performance and the perspectives of this user group is reviewed. The range of port-related roles performed by supply chain partners is then examined to create context for the results. Four measures that provide general (as opposed to port-specific) indications of the relative need for attention to each criterion are identified and discussed. Finally, the statements are used to create a formative supply chain partner port assessment construct used to measure relevant criteria. Port managers can use these criteria when formulating high-quality service to their supply chain partners, which in turn will support port efforts to improve performance for cargo owners and shipping lines.

Port performance

2015122813

Estimating port network traffic capacity. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, v 114 n 42, 2015, p 45 [9 pp, 13 ref, 3 tab, 18 fig] http://repository.am.szczecin.pl/handle/123456789/761 Olba, X.B., Daamen, W., Et al English

Port capacity is a relevant parameter to estimate the expected performance of a port facility. Many simulation models have been used to predict traffic in ports and waterways, but they do not include provisions for estimating the port’s capacity. The innovative method presented here determines a Port Network Traffic Capacity (PNTC) based on simulation. This method estimates PNTC given the configuration and processing characteristics of the port. It can be a useful tool to apply while designing ports, because only a limited number of simulations are required to estimate of the capacity of the infrastructure under consideration.

Port capacity Port traffic

2015122814

Stochastic model of ship traffic congestion in waterways for two different traffic solutions based on the Świnoujście-Szczecin case study. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, v 114 n 42, 2015, p 63 [7 p, 13 ref, 5 tab, 8 fig] http://repository.am.szczecin.pl/handle/123456789/759 Gucma, L., Bąk, A., Gucma, M. English

The paper presents stages of stochastic ship traffic stream model creation which was applied for the optimisation of different solutions for the Świnoujście–Szczecin waterway design. The model is based on Monte Carlo methodology and is microscopic, which means that each ship’s model is treated as a separate object possessing given attributes. The main output from the model is the sum of the delay time of waiting ships and the distribution of ships’ queue. Two alternative waterway traffic solutions with different passing places for ships were analysed in this study and compared with each other. The model was used for the first time for the optimisation of the modernized Szczecin–Świnoujście waterway in respect of two different solutions of passing places for ships.

Inland waterways Optimisation Stochastic processes Vessel traffic

2.6 COASTAL/OFFSHORE ENGINEERING AND MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY

2015122815

Numerical investigations of the hydrodynamics of an oscillating water column device. Ocean Engineering, v 102, 1 July 2015, pp 40-50 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001249 Kamath, A., Bihs, H., Arntsen, Ø.A. English

An oscillating water column (OWC) device is a renewable energy device that is used to extract ocean wave energy through the action of waves on a partially submerged chamber consisting of an air and a water column. The operation of an OWC device involves complex hydrodynamic interactions between the waves and the device and a good understanding of

1052 ABSTRACTS

these interactions is essential for the design of hydrodynamically efficient and structurally stable devices. In this paper, a two-dimensional numerical wave tank is utilized to simulate the interaction of an OWC device with waves of different wavelengths and steepnesses. The chamber pressure, provided by a turbine in a prototype, is simulated using porous media flow theory in the numerical model. The pressure in the chamber and the velocity of the free surface are calculated to evaluate the efficiency of the device and the model is validated by comparing the numerical results with experimental data. The performance of the device under a range of wavelengths for different wave steepnesses is evaluated. The effect of wave steepness on the device efficiency at a lower wave steepness was found to be low, but a large reduction in performance was found in the presence of steep non-linear waves.

Computational fluid dynamics Wave energy conversion Wave steepness

2015122816

Effect of seabed slope on pile behaviour of fixed offshore platform under lateral forces. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy, v 1 n 3, August 2015, pp 207-221 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40722-015-0013-7 Muthukkumaran, K., Arun, K.S. English

Fixed offshore platforms supported by pile foundations are required to resist lateral load due to wave and current forces. The response to environmental loads is strongly affected by the soil structure (pile) interaction. The forces exerted by waves are most dominant among the lateral environmental forces which governing the jacket structures design especially the foundation piles. The present investigation is to perform a static wave analysis on a typical fixed offshore platform for extreme environmental conditions, and to study the effects of the combined lateral and vertical loads on pile group foundation. The three dimensional modeling and analysis of the offshore platform are done using finite difference method. The present analysis was done under static condition considering the structural and the environmental loads at extreme

environmental conditions, by reaching the state of static equilibrium. A parametric study has been done by varying the seabed slope to examine the variation in soil-structure interaction behaviour of piles. It has been found that the lateral displacement at the pile top and at the seabed level increases as the seabed slope increases. It is also noticed that the depth at which the maximum shear force and bending moment occurs from the pile top increases as the slope of the seabed increases.

Lateral loads Offshore platforms Soil structure interaction

2015122817

Wave energy conversion by controlled floating and submerged cylindrical buoys. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy, v 1 n 3, August 2015, pp 255-272 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40722-015-0021-7 Korde, U.A., Ertekin, R.C. English

This paper investigates the wave energy conversion performance of floating and submerged heaving vertical-cylinder buoys. Two types of reactive control strategies are evaluated for their effect on energy absorption in irregular waves described by uni-modal spectra. Approximate near-optimal reactive control based on up-wave surface elevation measurement and peak-frequency tuning is compared for performance improvements over constant-damping load. The paper describes time-domain calculations under unconstrained oscillation in long-crested irregular waves for two sets of buoy dimensions. Supporting analysis and frequency-domain calculations suggest that near-optimal control performs considerably better than peak-frequency tuning for the submerged buoys and somewhat better for the floating buoys. The relative contributions of the Froude–Krylov and diffraction force components, and wave radiation properties for the two configurations are found to be important in this context.

Buoys Cylindrical bodies Wave energy conversion

ABSTRACTS 1053

2015122818

Marine energy resource assessment for Orkney and Pentland waters with a coupled wave and tidal flow model. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4554-7. Volume 9B: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-24027 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912201 Venugopal, V., Nemalidinne, R. English

Some preliminary results obtained from a coupled wave and 3D tidal flow numerical model, applied to the Orkney and Pentland waters in the Scottish region of the United Kingdom, are reported in this paper. The coupled wave and flow model was applied to the Orkney Islands comprising a domain of 1.25°W – 5°W and 58.25° N – 59.75°N. The model was run by boundary inputs of wind and water level extracted from European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and Danish Hydraulic Institute’s (DHI) global tidal model respectively. The model has been calibrated and validated with wave buoy and ADCP (Acoustic Doppler and Current Profiler) measurements. The depth-wise current velocity components predicted by the model were compared with ADCP measurements for three sites in the Pentland Firth. The results indicated that the coupled model worked well and the tidal current velocities from the model correlated well with ADCP measurements at different depths.

Numerical models Ocean energy Tides Waves

2015122819

On the performance of an array of floating wave energy converters for different water depths. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4554-7. Volume 9B: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-24094 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912208 McCallum, P., Venugopal, V., Et al English

A frequency domain hydrodynamic assessment was carried out using WAMIT on buoy type wave energy converters (WECs), constrained to move in heave only. Control of the power take-off (PTO) system has been established through real control (damping resistance only) for an isolated WEC. This fixed value has then been applied to all WECs in an array of ten devices, set out in two rows. The array has been tested in six water depths, represented by the relative water depth d/λ0, ranging from 0.25 to infinite depth, where λ0 is the resonant wavelength of an isolated WEC in infinitely deep water. Incremental reductions in water depth result in a drop in peak q̄-factor, which was also marked with a small shift in ka. It was deemed appropriate here to re-tune the PTO settings for the different water depths. The various interactions within the array were examined in more detail by considering the radiation forces between WECs. Results are presented, highlighting the most significant device interactions due to the variations in water depth. The growth and shift in ka of the peak forces are also evident in shallower water. Depth modified JONSWAP and Pierson-Moskowitz spectra have also been applied in order to calculate mean power production estimates for the various water depths. For the particular array and conditions considered, there was a clear downward trend in power captured when moving into progressively shallower water. This was in part due to the reduction in total energy available in the shallower spectra, but also because the frequency of peak performance of the array has shifted significantly.

Interactions Multibody systems Water depth Wave energy conversion

1054 ABSTRACTS

2015122820

Evaluating methods for control of an offshore floating turbine. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4554-7. Volume 9B: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-24107 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912210 Fleming, P.A., Pineda, I., Et al English

Developing wind turbines on floating offshore platforms is a topic of growing interest. By using a floating platform, wind turbines can be located in areas with good resources and near to major load centres. However, there can be technical challenges with this approach, and one is the observed unstable interaction between the pitch speed controller and the platform motions. This paper considers several controls-based methods for resolving this issue for a commercial-scale turbine on a tension-leg platform. The design of each method is reviewed and each is shown to resolve the unstable interaction. The methods are then compared through load suite analysis to assess the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. Finally the paper presents proposals for refining and combining these methods and further approaches for performance improvement that could be considered.

Control Offshore platforms Tension leg platforms Wind turbines

2015122821

Control-influenced layout optimisation of arrays of wave energy converters. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4554-7. Volume 9B: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-24136 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912213 Balitsky, P., Bacelli, G., Ringwood, J.V. English

This paper compares the optimal configurations for an array of WECs given two control schemes, a real-time global control and a passive sea-state based

tuning scheme. In a particular wave climate and array orientation with its axis normal to the prevailing wave direction, closely-spaced symmetrical arrays of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 cylinders of different radiative properties are simulated for varying inter-device separation distances. For each device and control type, the authors focus on the factors that influence the optimal layout, including number of devices, separating distance and angular spreading. The average annual power output is calculated for each optimal configuration.

Arrays Layout Optimisation Wave energy conversion

2015122822

Spatial-spectral Hamiltonian Boussinesq wave simulations. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 3 [6 p, 10 ref, 1 tab, 4 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Groesen, E. van, Kurnia, R. English

This paper concerns a specific simulation method for coastal wave engineering applications. As is common to reduce computational costs the flow is assumed to be irrotational so that a Boussinesq-type of model in horizontal variables only can be used. Here the authors advocate the use of such a model that respects the Hamiltonian structure of the wave equations. To avoid approximations of the dispersion relation by an algebraic relation that is needed for finite element/difference methods, a spatial-spectral implementation is proposed which can model dispersion exactly for all wave lengths. Results with a relatively simple spatial-spectral implementation of the advanced theoretical model will be compared to experiments for harmonic waves and irregular waves over a submerged trapezoidal bar and bichromatic wave breaking above a flat bottom; calculation times are typically less than 25% of the physical time in environmental geometries.

Differential equations Incompressible flow Simulation Water waves

ABSTRACTS 1055

2015122823

Modelling harbour resonance with an improved open boundary condition. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 31. http://ichd-home.com/ Liang, D., Zhang, J., Et al English

In the numerical study of the flows in estuarine and coastal regions, the open boundaries are commonly encountered, which serve as the interface between the limited computational domain and the open sea. Based on the shallow water equations and the method of characteristics, a generic implementation of the open boundary conditions characteristics has been examined and demonstrated in modelling the long wave dynamics in idealised harbours. The open boundary condition is devised for the solutions of fully nonlinear shallow water equations in the time domain. In enforcing the non-reflecting boundary, the incident wave information is provided, whereas the reflected waves from inside the computational domain are allowed to escape from the boundary at the same time. The essence of its numerical implementation is to decouple the characteristic pointing inward the domain from the actual flow field inside. In this way, the outgoing waves are allowed to freely leave the finite-sized domain, without any reflection at the open boundary. Compared with previous techniques, the present method includes extra terms in the derivation to include the effect of bed slope and the shape of the characteristic lines. A shock-capturing finite difference method has been used to solve the shallow water equations in the deviatoric format, but the open boundary algorithms constructed herein are generic and applicable to other numerical schemes. After being verified for the simple standing wave situation, this boundary condition is used to predict the wave resonance phenomena in idealised harbours of different shapes.

Boundary conditions Harbour oscillations

2015122824

Challenges and potential of extended tension leg platform in ultra-deepwater. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 93. http://ichd-home.com/ Tay, Z.Y., Yordanov, V.Z., Et al English

A Tension leg platform (TLP) is a floating production system that is vertically moored to the sea floor by using the tendon technology. As the tendons are always in tension, the heaving motion of the TLP is very small as compared to other type of floaters. This enables the incorporation of dry tree solution which is low in operational cost (OPEX). To date, the world deepest TLP is built for the ‘Big Foot’ field in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) up to a water depth of 1,581 m (5,187 ft).Water depth beyond this limit would be a great challenge to the TLP. In this paper, a state of the art review of ultra-deepwater TLP is presented and the challenges in the hull design, global performance, tendon design as well as the riser design are addressed.

Deepwater State of the art Tension leg platforms

2015122825

The new generation semi-submersible drilling tender (SSDT). ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 94. http://ichd-home.com/ Merchant, A.A., Hussain, A., Pasumarthy, M. English

The aim of this paper is to present the Semisubmersible Drilling Tender as the supreme drilling and well work-over alternative for shallow water and marginal field developments, and how advances in drilling tender design enables tender assisted drilling in deep-water areas will be discussed. In particular the six column KFELS SSDT design series is described, showing the latest development in semisubmersible tender and design. This paper examines the benefits of utilizing a six column semisubmersible drilling tender over conventional drilling rig configurations; in particular the advantages this configuration gives in terms of

1056 ABSTRACTS

operational mobility and flexibility. Typical tender operations are discussed to give insight into the relationship between good tender design and operability, while aspects of hydrodynamic behaviour and station keeping system are presented in more detail. As a world leader in the construction of offshore structures, Keppel FELS has a commendable track record in semisubmersible drilling tender design and construction. The near market, near customer strategy for achieving excellence and customer satisfaction will also be touched on.

Semisubmersible rigs

2015122826

E-SEMI – feasible solution for dry tree application in deepwater. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 104. http://ichd-home.com/ Tay, Z.Y., Jain, A., Ke, A. English

This paper presents a feasible solution for dry tree application in deepwater drilling and production by using an Extended-draft SEMI-submersible (E-SEMI). The advantages of the E-SEMI over other floating systems are presented and their ability to accommodate the dry tree system for the use in deepwater is highlighted. The assembly sequence of the lower hull, quayside integration of the topside and lowering sequence of the second tier pontoon (STP) are presented and the technology and historical development of the E-SEMI from 2004 to the present date are also introduced. The laboratory test carried out in Lab Oceano, Rio De Janeiro is presented to demonstrate the controlled STP lowering motion in offshore. Based on these model test data, an improved E-SEMI hull with radiated column is proposed and numerical hydrodynamic analysis are carried out to confirm the improvement in the hull motion in accordance to the DNV design criteria and 100-year extreme condition. Approval-in-Principle (AIP) letter has been issued by DNV stating that the E-SEMI as a feasible concept for Petrobras offshore Brazil ultra-deepwater development whereas ABS AIP concluded that the concept is feasible and is in compliance with the requirements in the ABS MODU Rules and FPI guide.

Deepwater Semisubmersibles

2015122827

Review of riser techniques for deepwater application. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 105. http://ichd-home.com/ Nguyen, H.D., Tay, Z.Y., Et al English

Risers are of prime importance for offshore drilling and production developments. Recently oil and gas activities have moved into deeper water depths and high working pressure reservoir regions. This makes the design of riser systems more challenging. Riser system costs and operational envelops are particularly sensitive to the increases in water depths. A number of new riser techniques have been developed in recent years that could improve the operational performance and provide a cost effective solution. This paper presents an overview of recent developments of riser technology for deepwater applications. It highlights new techniques and key issues addressed during these developments including various effects of deepwater and high working pressure environments as compared to the conventional riser technology.

Deepwater Risers

2015122828

3D Numerical simulation of convoy transport in restricted waterways. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part VI STS 43 [8 p, 11 ref, 2 tab, 9 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_19122.pdf Ouahsine, A., Ji, S.C., Et al English

Vessels such as towboats and barges can generate wake waves, cause drawdown and return waves along riverbanks in narrow channel areas, and contribute to sediment re-suspension and riverbank erosion. In this paper, a 3D numerical model based on coupling a 3D Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations model with a sediment transport model, is presented. This model is aimed at simulating the waves generated by a ship moving in a waterway as well as the re-suspended sediment transport, and the erosive

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effect of the propeller jet. Turbulence is taken into account by the κ-ε model and the effects of propellers are discussed by considering the total thrust of the propulsion system. The results show that the sediment re-suspension depends mainly on the convoy-generated wakes and on the barge numbers. Thus, the relationships between the re-suspended sediments and the advancing convoy speed, the generated wakes, as well as the number of barges are studied.

Computational fluid dynamics Restricted waters Sediment transport Ship waves

2015122829

Design and analysis for a floating oscillating surge wave energy converter. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4554-7. Volume 9B: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-24511 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912239 Yu, Y-H., Li, Y., Et al English

This paper presents a recent study on the design and analysis of an oscillating surge wave energy converter (OSWEC). A successful wave energy conversion design requires balance between the design performance and cost. The cost of energy is often used as the metric to judge the design of the wave energy conversion (WEC) system, which is often determined based on the device’s power performance; the cost of manufacturing, deployment, operation, and maintenance; and environmental compliance. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the importance of a cost-driven design strategy and how it can affect a WEC design. A set of three oscillating surge wave energy converter designs was analysed and used as examples. The power generation performance of the design was modelled using a time-domain numerical simulation tool, and the mass properties of the design were determined based on a simple structure analysis. The results of those power

performance simulations, the structure analysis, and a simple economic assessment were then used to determine the cost-efficiency of selected OSWEC designs. Finally, the environmental barrier, integrated design strategy, and the key areas that need further investigation are discussed.

Design Oscillating bodies Wave energy conversion

2015122830

Study of turbulence statistics in large-eddy simulations of ocean current turbine environments. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4554-7. Volume 9B: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-24527 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912240 Alexander, S.R., Hamlington, P.E. English

As ocean current turbines move from the design stage into production and installation, a better understanding of oceanic turbulent flows and localized loading is required by researchers and members of industry. Consideration of realistic ocean turbulence environments, in particular, is essential for obtaining accurate and reliable predictions of ocean turbine lifetime and performance. In this study, large eddy simulations (LES) are used to model the turbulent boundary layer in which an ocean current turbine operates. The LES model captures current driving due to winds, waves, and tides, thereby providing a high degree of physical realism. Inflow and boundary conditions are designed to represent conditions during an observational campaign at Admiralty Head in Puget Sound, and comparisons are made between the LES results and available observational measurements. Further statistical measures of the LES flow fields are outlined, including vertical profiles of Reynolds stresses, turbine loading, and two point correlations. The ability of the synthetic turbulence generator TurbSim to reproduce realistic ocean turbulence is qualitatively

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assessed through comparisons with LES results. Finally, preliminary simulation results are presented for an ocean current turbine represented by an actuator disk.

Computational fluid dynamics Ocean currents Turbines Turbulent boundary layer Turbulent flow

2015122831

InWave: a new flexible design tool dedicated to wave energy converters. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4554-7. Volume 9B: Ocean Renewable Energy. Paper No. OMAE2014-24564 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912241 Combourieu, A., Philippe, M., Et al English

This paper presents the novel methodology used in the software InWave to address the problem of wave energy converters (WEC) modelling. The originality compared to other recently developed tools lies in a fast semi-recursive multibody dynamic solver which integrates a flexible hydrodynamic solver. The multibody solver works in time domain and is fully nonlinear. It solves the dynamic of systems formed of a fixed or free base articulated with any number of bodies that can be floating or not, with branchy structure. The integrated hydrodynamic solver is a linear potential flow solver based on boundary elements method. It uses the generalized degrees of freedom approach. Combined with a relative coordinate parameterization, it allows for a minimization of the number of hydrodynamic boundary value problems that have to be solved, thus allowing a reduction of computational time both for BEM computations and time domain simulations. Time domain reconstruction is performed to link hydrodynamic loads with the multibody dynamic solver. Interaction between bodies through radiation is thus taken into account. InWave is a complete WEC modelling tool including incident wave generation, multibody dynamic solver, hydrodynamic solver, power take-off and mooring models, post-processing and visualization. A successful comparison with the linear potential flow solver

Aquaplus on a basic cylinder test case is carried out. Finally, a complex test case on a Langlee-like device is presented, comparing InWave results with those from the NumWec project. A good agreement between both models is found, which increases the confidence in InWave algorithms and implementation.

Design Numerical models Wave energy conversion

2015122832

Fully nonlinear Boussinesq-type equations with optimised parameters for water wave propagation. China Ocean Engineering, v 29 n 4, June 2015, pp 503-518 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13344-015-0035-x Jing, H-x., Liu, C-g., Long, W. English

For simulating water wave propagation in coastal areas, various Boussinesq-type equations with improved properties in intermediate or deep water have been presented in the past several decades. How to choose proper Boussinesq-type equations has been a practical problem for engineers. In this paper, approaches of improving the characteristics of the equations, i.e. linear dispersion, shoaling gradient and nonlinearity, are reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of several different Boussinesq-type equations are compared for the applications of these Boussinesq-type equations in coastal engineering with relatively large sea areas. Then for improving the properties of Boussinesq-type equations, a new set of fully nonlinear Boussinseq-type equations with modified representative velocity are derived, which can be used for better linear dispersion and nonlinearity. Based on the method of minimizing the overall error in different ranges of applications, sets of parameters are determined with optimised linear dispersion, linear shoaling and nonlinearity, respectively. Finally, a test example is given for validating the results of this study. Both results show that the equations with optimised parameters display better characteristics than the ones obtained by matching with padé approximation.

Mathematical models Nonlinearity Shoaling Wave propagation

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2015122833

An experimental study on a trapezoidal pendulum wave energy converter in regular waves. China Ocean Engineering, v 29 n 4, June 2015, pp 623-632 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13344-015-0044-9 Wang, D-j., Qiu, S-q., Ye, J-w. English

Experimental studies were conducted on a trapezoidal pendulum wave energy converter in regular waves. To obtain the incident wave height, the analytical method (AM) was used to separate the incident and reflected waves propagating in a wave flume by analysing wave records measured at two locations. The response amplitude operator (RAO), primary conversion efficiency and the total conversion efficiency of the wave energy converter were studied; furthermore, the power take-off damping coefficients corresponding to the load resistances in the experiment were also obtained. The findings demonstrate that the natural period for a pendulum wave energy converter is relatively large. A lower load resistance gives rise to a larger damping coefficient. The model shows relatively higher wave energy conversion efficiency in the range of 1.0–1.2 s for the incident wave period. The maximum primary conversion efficiency achieved was 55.5%, and the maximum overall conversion efficiency was 39.4%.

Experimentation Pendulums Wave energy conversion

2.7 SAFETY AT SEA

2015122834

Uncertainty in maritime risk analysis: Extended case study on chemical tanker collisions. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, v 229 n 3, August 2015, pp 303-320 http://pim.sagepub.com/content/229/3/303.abstract Sormunen, O-V. E., Goerlandt, F., Et al English

Uncertainty is inherent to risk analysis. Therefore, it is extremely important to properly address the issue of uncertainty. In the field of risk analysis for maritime transportation systems, the effect of uncertainty is rarely discussed or quantified. For this reason, this article discusses a case study dealing with

risk analysis for a chemical spill in the Gulf of Finland and analyses the related uncertainties by adopting a systematic framework. Risk is assessed in terms of the expected spill frequency and spill volumes caused by collisions between ships and chemical tankers in the Gulf of Finland. This is done by applying a collision consequence with a novel approach-to-collision-speed linkage model and Gulf of Finland–specific causation factors, which are based on re-analysing accident data. This article also presents a metamodel for assessing collision probability with initial vessel speeds for any given scenario where a chemical tanker is about to be struck by another vessel. Even when conducting a risk analysis using state-of-the-art methods, there is still a medium-high degree of uncertainty in the model presented in this article, which only becomes apparent when conducting a systematic uncertainty assessment analysis. However, an uncertainty assessment is an important part of quantitative maritime risk analysis. For this purpose, a qualitative framework for uncertainty assessment analysis is introduced for general use in the field of maritime risk analysis.

Chemical tankers Risk analysis Ship collisions Uncertainty

2015122835

Are marine accident really accident? Fallacy of random marine accidents in dry cargo fleet. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, v 31 n 2, June 2015, pp 217-229 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2092521215000310 Bulut, E., Yoshida, S. English

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relation between marine casualty and dry bulk cargo freight rate according to the existence of spurious accident phenomenon in the dry cargo vessel accidents. According to the conventional expectation, the volume of marine accidents is a random process since it is accidently occurred and not a man-made outcome. Under this circumstance, it is expected that the volume of marine accidents should be statistically uncorrelated with the freight market rates and positively correlated with the fleet size. However, the existence statistics on dry cargo marine accidents indicate high level of negative correlation with freight markets (-0.95 for no. of vessels and -0.79 for the volume of accidents in dwt) and also high level of

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negative correlation with the fleet size (-0.81 for the volume of accidents in dwt). The asymmetric interaction between the widely accepted facts and the statistical foundations is the main concern of this paper which is named the “Fallacy of Random Marine Accidents (FRMA)”. The possible reasons of the FRMA phenomenon are considered to be based on the man-made marine accidents because of the financial collapse or as the well-known term the credit default risk.

Dry bulk cargo Dry bulk carriers Freight rates Marine accidents

2015122836

A study on the risk analysis based on the trajectory of fishing vessels in the VTS area. International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Economy, v 2, June 2015, p 38 [9 p, 8 ref, 4 tab, 6 fig] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405535215000583 Oh, J-H., Kim, K-i., Jeong, J-S. English

According to the statistics of the last five years, fishing vessel accidents accounted for about 80% of all ship collisions and has led to many casualties. To prevent collision accidents, it is important to assess the collision risk potential related to the sailing characteristics of fishing vessels. The authors represented the traffic patterns of vessels that sail around Wando waters based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) and Radio Detecting and Ranging (RADAR) data. The authors analysed the statistical near miss data between fishing vessels and non-fishing vessels in the Wando Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) area and assessed the risk of ship collisions. From this research, the authors identified waters with a high risk of ship collisions. The analysed results can be used as basic data to develop collision prevention strategies which aids the decision making and efficient operation of VTS officers (VTSO).

Collision risk Fishing vessels Risk analysis Traffic density

2015122837

Modelling the impact of human fatigue on the risk of shipping accidents. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part IV STS 55 [9 p, 46 ref, 2 tab, 1 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_19596.pdf Akhtar, M.J., Utne, I.B. English

Human fatigue is influencing the risk of maritime accidents. A ship`s bridge sailing in trafficked waters is a multi-causal and complex system. Decisions made on the bridge may have invisible and delayed consequences. This paper explains how and why accident investigation reports can be used to construct easily updateable quantitative risk assessment models which take human factors into account. The paper then makes use of the Barrier and Operational Risk Analysis (BORA) method to illustrate an example by conducting a case study of the effect of human fatigue on maritime groundings. The case study indicates that lowering the probability of human fatigue and alcohol misuse on board does not decrease the probability of grounding as much as lowering the probability of barrier failures (lookouts, watch alarms and VTS radio calls). Less than adequate scores on human fatigue, safety climate and manning levels have a stronger effect on the probability of grounding then adequate scores.

Fatigue (biology) Marine accidents Risk analysis

2015122838

Can unmanned ships improve navigational safety? TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part V STS 13 [10 p, 19 ref, 1 tab, 2 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_17909.pdf Burmeister, H-C., Bruhn, W.C., Et al English

Autonomous vehicles are appearing in ever-more fields such as aviation, public transportation and the automotive sector. That’s why it is not unlikely to see

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the deployment of unmanned merchant ships at some point in time. The collaborative research project MUNIN originates from this idea and aims to develop and verify a respective concept. The ship will primarily be guided by automated on-board decision-making systems but can also be controlled by a remote operator from a shore control centre. The motives behind unmanned and autonomous ships include the shortage of skilled mariners and the facilitation of slow steaming strategies. This will reduce the use of fuel and thus decrease ship exhaust gas emissions and operating expenses. Another motive, on which this paper focuses on, is the potential to improve navigational safety. So-called “human errors” are claimed to be responsible for the majority of accidents at sea. Thus, substituting the overtired officer of the watch by a nautical officer ashore bears potential to improve the safety of navigation.

Navigational safety Ship automation Unmanned vehicles

2015122839

The evolution of safety management on board cruise ships. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 De Val, V. English

In the past 30 years cruise ships have continuously increased in size and complexity. In parallel, on board systems in charge of safety have evolved in terms of technology and performances. Such improvements however, are not enough to cope with the increasing complexity in safety management, or to provide the expected support to the operators during casualties. The latter point has shown to be the most critical, considering the trend of personnel cost reduction and the expansion of the cruise market, which caused ship officers to be younger and less trained that in the past years. It became clear that a new, global approach to safety management has to be adopted. Such an approach would provide to the operators an integrated view and control of all the safety elements and actively support them in the selective execution of

casualty fighting actions. The above concepts had driven the development of a new family of safety systems, starting from an integrated safety supervisor and then developing tools such as decision support systems, advanced safety centre and so on. This paper describes this evolution, highlighting the user needs which motivated the development, and the key functions of the developed systems.

Cruise ships Shipboard safety

2015122840

Biometrics for electronic mustering and other emergencies. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Bisiani, S. English

Transport of passengers has undergone radical changes, affecting the characteristics of vessels and type, quality and perception of offered services. Shipbuilders agreed to the new cruise concept competing to satisfy the request of owners and passengers. To compensate for the cost, owners increased the number of passengers and crew members boarding and coming from different nations, speaking different languages, having different habits and traditions. A complexity improved by no-technical teams involved in emergencies. The number of passengers, luxury, and company prestige are also targets for sabotage, terrorism or piracy. These threats induce priorities to identify people who embark via control systems efficiency. The MarineLAB research project - aimed to identify the best way to face the mass of passengers moving toward the muster areas or lifeboats and to minimize the risk of increasing the number of missing or potential shipwreck victims - suggests biometric parameters, the unique physical characteristics usable to authenticate people due their intrinsic quality that cannot be forgotten, passed to other individual, lost or stolen. Biometric data for authentication without risk of errors both in safety and security. Comparing different biometrics and analysing the “bio-privacy technology risk” the fingerprint results are easy to manage, with strong identification capabilities,unchanging characteristics

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and the same privacy risk of other biometrics too slow and not easy to be applied in emergency. The system, based on a properly encodes confidential and secure storage of data, anonymously contains all the information required in the categorization of the passengers and crew members. The capabilities of a Biometric Electronic-Mustering system have been integrated to offer a valid support in the Massive Damage Care with survivors getting the mainland disoriented, shocked, injured, separated from parents, without documents or money. Medical Care is the third appliance. The code contains any information immediately available about specific health problems (allergies, pathologies, etc.).

Emergencies Evacuation Passenger ships

2015122841

Innovative tools for the advanced evacuation analysis of passenger ships. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Bucci, V., Marinò, A., Trincas, G. English

Lessons learnt by the grounding, in 2012, of the Costa Concordia cruise ship have shown that only a proper planning of the evacuation mechanism is the basic premise to ensure a safe abandonment of the ship. The IMO Maritime Safety Committee, 93rd session, decided to develop amendments to SOLAS and the FSS Code to make evacuation analysis mandatory for new passenger ships, starting from February 2016. The paper deals with the application of innovative tools for the advanced evacuation analysis of an existing passenger ship taking into account the different human factors affecting the movement of a crowd in great agitation. The aim of the study is to evaluate a safety index able to express the capability of both evacuation and abandonment of the ship. In the future, such a mandatory analysis should be performed in the early design stages, and clearly it will play a very important role for the development of the general arrangements of a new construction.

Evacuation Human factors Passenger ships

2015122842

Risk analysis of maritime accidents in an estuary: a case study of Shenzhen Waters. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, v 114 n 42, 2015, p 54 [9 p, 16 ref, 6 tab, 10 fig] http://repository.am.szczecin.pl/handle/123456789/760 Chen, P., Mou, J., Li, Y. English

Due to the unique geographic location, complex navigation environment and intense vessel traffic, a considerable number of maritime accidents occurred in estuarine waters during recent years which caused serious loss of life, property and environmental contamination. Based on the historical data of maritime accidents from 2003 to 2012, which is collected from Shenzhen Maritime Safety Administration, this paper conducted a risk analysis of maritime accidents by applying Bayesian network and fault tree analysis. First a Bayesian network model was introduced to describe the consequence of accidents based on the accident investigation report. Then fault tree analysis was applied to estimate the probability on the basis of accident statistics and ship traffic flow. Finally the risk of maritime accidents in Shenzhen Waters was depicted through the consequence multiplied by the probability of an accident.

Estuaries Marine accidents Risk analysis

2015122843

Avoiding collisions, enhancing marine safety – a simplified model for the Aegean Sea. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, v 114 n 42, 2015, p 78 [8 p, 28 ref, 15 tab, 6 fig] http://repository.am.szczecin.pl/handle/123456789/757 Ventikos, N.P., Rakas, D.K. English

Ship collisions are hazardous events within the chain of maritime transport. Collisions may result in human losses, adverse economic consequences, and environmental damages causing significant impact to local societies and related activities. A major factor in any risk analysis concerning ship collisions is the probability of these collisions occurring. The purpose of this study is to assess the probability of ship-to-ship collision in the Aegean Sea. The basic concept of

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the developed model is to (statistically) simulate traffic flow in the area of interest and determine the collision candidates; this will be implemented in a pilot study in a segment of the Aegean Sea. The input of this effort is based on values that are extracted from statistical analysis of the international fleet in combination with the study of maps depicting traffic flow in the studied area. Hence, it does not employ detailed AIS data. The obtained results are presented and their agreement with actual incidents is discussed in depth. The paper concludes with interesting insights of the aforementioned tasks.

Collision avoidance Collision risk

2.8 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

2015122844

Modelling of structural damage and environmental consequences of tanker grounding. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 78 [8 p, 9 ref, 4tab, 10 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Tabri, K., Aps, R., Et al English

This paper presents a simulation environment for a fast assessment of ship grounding accidents in means of structural damage and environmental consequences. The simulation environment consists of (i) statistical analysis to evaluate the relevant accidental scenarios; (ii) accidental damage and oil spill assessment and (iii) SmartResponse Web based environmental consequence evaluation. The damage evaluation module defines the size and the position of the structural damage that is input for the oil spill analysis. The amount and time duration of oil spill is simulated using a model based on internal hydraulics theory. The amount of spilled oil and its propagation in time and space allows the estimation of the environmental impact for the region of the accident presented via spilled shoreline length classified according to environmental sensitivity index. The

performance of this integrated simulation environment is exemplified by simulating a number of grounding accidents close to the Port of Muuga in the Gulf of Finland.

Damage Groundings Environmental effects Oil spills Tanker accidents

2015122845

Environmental balance of shipping emissions reduction strategies. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, v 2479, 2015, pp 25-33 http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2479-04 Zis, T., North, R.J., Et al English

Maritime shipping is regarded as the most efficient mode of transport; however, its contribution to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions and the health issues related to shipping activity near residential centers cannot be neglected. In recent years, the efforts of regulators, ship operators, and port authorities have led to actions for ship emissions reduction to improve shipping’s environmental performance. This work builds on an activity-based methodology that allows the estimation of emissions and examines environmental effects of slow steaming, fuel regulations, near-port speed-reduction schemes, and cold ironing. Pollutant emissions of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and black carbon are modelled. A linear programming model minimizes fuel consumption through speed differentiation on a shipping line’s routes based on fuel costs and binding regulations in each segment of the journey. Although the examined emissions-reduction actions may have a positive regional environmental effect by cutting emissions, it is possible that additional emissions are generated elsewhere because of increased sailing speeds beyond regulated areas. Trade-offs between pollutants is observed for reduction actions that may have a

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positive effect on some emission species but at the same time result in additional particulate matter and black carbon emissions. The presented framework allows key actors to conduct comprehensive studies and design improved emissions reduction actions with fewer negative impacts in other areas.

Emissions Environmental effects Reduction

2.9 GENERAL OPERATION

2015122846

Meeting the EEDI challenge. The Motor Ship, v 96 n 1128, July/August 2015, p 20 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.motorship.com/ Thomson, W. English

An important part of MARPOL Annex VI, focusing mainly on propulsion systems, but impacting on the whole ship design, is the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI). This article examines approaches to compliance and how the index is being honed as the next phases loom.

Propulsive efficiency Regulations Ship performance

2015122847

Prediction and evaluation of working conditions on high-speed craft using suspension seat modelling. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, v 229 n 3, August 2015, pp 281-290 http://pim.sagepub.com/content/229/3/281.abstract Olausson, K., Garme, K. English

Severe working conditions on board high-speed craft adversely affect not only the safety, health and performance of the crew but also the performance of the vessel as a technical system. Human factors–based ship design combined with appropriate vibration mitigation techniques and work routines for the crew can improve the working conditions and reduce the risks for performance degradation and adverse health effects. To enable development and use of such means, methods for prediction and

evaluation of working conditions are needed for both existing high-speed craft and craft under design. This article presents a 2-degree-of-freedom seat model compatible with both measured and simulated input data. The interaction between seat and human is treated using the concept of apparent mass. The model is validated against experiment data collected on board a 10-m, 50-knot high-speed craft equipped with high-standard suspension seats. Evaluation measures defined in ISO 2631-1 and ISO 2631-5 are used to compare experiment data to modelled data. The seat model slightly overestimates the experiment Sed dose by a mean of 6.5% and underestimates the experiment vibration dose value (8 h) by 4.0%. It is concluded that model data correlate well with experiment data.

High speed vessels Human factors Whole body vibration Working conditions

2015122848

Optimising Feeder Routing for Container Ships through an Electronic Chart Display and Information System. Journal of Navigation, v 68 n 5, September 2015, pp 848-868 http://jnls.cup.org/abstract.do?componentId=9880433&jid=NAV&iid=9880315#.Vb83nE3JCUk Zhang, X-Y., Ji, M-J., Et al English

Large container ships can only be berthed in hub ports with deep water, which requires a feeder ship service to transit and transport containers from the hub ports. This paper presents a feeder routing optimisation method for container ships through an intelligent Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). ECDIS has been adopted to design routes and calculate the estimated time of arrival in two ports, and a mixed integer programming model is established for container vessel regional transportation where the shortest ship sailing time is designated as the objective function. In this paper, through using heuristic tour-route coding, the solution of the model based on genetic algorithms is presented to select ship capacities and routes simultaneously. Taking the Pearl River in China as an example, for

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different types of vessel capacity, vessel costs and fuel costs, 100 TEU and 150 TEU ship capacities with six optimal routes are selected to minimise sailing time and operating costs.

Containerships Electronic charts Optimisation Ship routing

2015122849

Data intelligence is king. The Motor Ship, v 96 n 1128, July/August 2015, p 36 [1 p] http://www.motorship.com/ Mantel, P. English

This article examines how shore-based fleet and vessel performance management - and intelligent analysis of the data provided – can deliver operational and technical improvements far beyond individual ship monitoring.

Data Fleet management Ship management Ship performance

2015122850

An operational approach for the estimation of a ship’s fuel consumption. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 115. http://ichd-home.com/ Bialystocki, N., Konovessis, D. English

When fuel efficiency is at stake, along with the reduction of the environmental foot print of air pollution, a need is presented to estimate a ship's fuel consumption for a forthcoming voyage, and means for decision making and for cost saving. This paper suggests an operational approach for obtaining an accurate fuel consumption and speed curve, on the basis of major factors affecting it, namely, ship's draft and displacement, weather force and direction, hull and propeller roughness. A statistical analysis on 418 noon reports of a Pure Car and Truck Carrier case

ship is carried out and the influence of the above factors is calculated. As expected, stronger wind and head weather increases the fuel consumption, and the difference between several weather conditions could be quantified. A simple and accurate algorithm is proposed in order for ship owners, managers and operators to be in a position to apply the suggested method on their fleet.

Estimating Fuel consumption

2015122851

Retrofit technologies: from selection to regulatory framework. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Aronietis, R., Frouws, K., Et al English

New EU environmental legislation originating from the International Maritime Organization (IMO) will take effect as of 1st January 2015. The introduction of a Sulphur Emission Control Area (SECA) aims at ensuring an important reduction in marine sulphur emissions in Northern Europe to the advantage of the environment. From a carriers perspective, the question is how to comply with this new legislation. Opting for retrofit solutions may be a viable strategic decision. This paper firstly explains the consequences and possibilities of environmental measures in the RoRo shipping business. Next, technologies in order to deal with the environmental issues are financially evaluated. Thirdly, the possible retrofitting technologies are evaluated from an aggregated viewpoint. From a private cost perspective, firstly, it is found that as long as the LNG prices are decent in combination with an acceptable distribution system, changing main engines from diesel fired towards dual fuel engines could result in a win-win solution. However, finding private funds could be a problem. Given the latter, some shipping lines may ignore the new regulation; especially since for most retrofit solutions the private return on investment is negative. Contrary, the societal return is positive, hence, the question becomes how government can support the

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implementation of these solutions. The last part of the paper examines incentives to reduce CO2 emission for existing ships with a view to encouraging ship-owners to integrate such emission reduction into their business objectives at the least cost.

Emissions Environmental protection Retrofitting

2015122852

Energy efficient operation of bulk carriers by trim optimisation. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Moustafa, M.M., Ali, W.Y., Hussain, A.W. English

Energy efficiency and environmental concerns are compelling shipping companies to consider improving vessel fuel efficiency. Reducing fuel consumption which is considered as the largest part of operating costs has a beneficial environmental impact by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. There are many ways to optimise shipboard energy efficiency, but sometimes the simplest changes offer the largest gains. This study focuses on operating a ship at optimum trim in order to keep fuel consumption at a minimum. Trim optimisation studies are not limited to new ship designs; they can easily be implemented on existing ships. In this study, a bulk carrier is targeted for research in order to predict the optimal trim configuration which leads to less resistance to minimize fuel usage. The results showed that even a small adjustment of the trim will lead to significant fuel savings due to large resistance variation. The relation between the resistance variations and ship speed, loading condition, and stability is studied. In order to interpret the change in resistance, the physics behind less fuel consumption due to changed propulsive power when trimming a vessel has been analysed. The reference bulk carrier has been investigated at full and partially

loaded drafts at different speed range. It was concluded that a propulsive power can be reduced by more than 10% only due to a slight afterward trim. This led to 15% saving in fuel and overall operations savings as high as 3 to 4%.

Bulk carriers Efficiency Fuel conservation Optimisation Trim

2015122853

Monitoring, analysing and improving ship propulsive performances: a support system to ship management in an energy efficiency perspective. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Cusano, G., Qualich, S., Garbarino, M. English

Minimisation of fuel consumption is a top priority of ship owners and operators. Several actions aimed at reducing fuel consumption can be taken, both acting on ship operational management and performing retrofit interventions: hull cleaning, silicon painting and re-blading can lead to high percentages of fuel saving, with different costs. In order to support the on-board personnel decisions regarding ship operations and to allow the energy managers to evaluate the effectiveness of both the adopted strategies and the retrofits, CETENA developed the Performance Monitoring (PM) system: an automated and unmanned HW/SW data collector which monitors all relevant parameters on board and provides customized information on ship propulsive performances. PM system capabilities can be expanded with the Optimum Trim Estimator (OTE) module. OTE is a Decision Support System which provides the ship Master with real time information on the optimum dynamic trim to be adopted depending on ship speed and displacement: against all actions, the adoption of an optimum trim during

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navigation is probably the one characterized by the best benefits/cost ratio: it can lead to 2-4% reduction of fuel consumption depending on ship type. The OTE module, analysing the dynamic trim along the trip continuously monitored by the PM system, detects in real time eventual significant gaps between the actual trim and the optimum one and allows the on board personnel to adopt countermeasures to restore the optimum trim condition minimizing the fuel consumption. The PM&OTE system is completed by a data analysis software, which enables end users to evaluate and compare ship propulsive performances along ship life: the possibility to automatically split data into voyages, to filter them according to several parameters and to build different speed-power curves, allow the Energy Manager to critically compare different operational management strategies and to assess the benefit of retrofit interventions.

Energy conservation Propulsive performance Ship performance monitoring

2015122854

Measurement of underwater radiated noise from merchant vessels and related issues. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 De Lorenzo, F., Dambra, R. English

Underwater acoustic noise radiated by civilian, including leisure, vessels is becoming of increasing importance because of its possible impact on marine fauna. International committees of experts have been established in order to investigate this topic and provide suitable guidelines. The European Union has included the impact of anthropogenic underwater noise on marine life into the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). For military purposes, well-established procedures and dedicated acoustic ranges are used in measuring the underwater radiated noise of naval vessels. On the other hand, standard

institutes and classification societies have only recently published measurement procedures for civilian ships. In this paper existing standards for both measurement and data analysis of underwater noise from merchant ships are presented and compared, and the issues encountered in their field application discussed. Examples of such issues managed by Fincantieri and CETENA during measurements at sea on different ships using systems compliant with international standards are reported.

Measurement Noise Standards Underwater acoustics

2015122855

Autonomous unmanned merchant vessel and its contribution towards the e-navigation Implementation: The MUNIN perspective. International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Economy, v 1, December 2014, p 1 [13 p, 22 ref, 2 fig] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405535214000035 Burmeister, H-C., Bruhn, W., Et al English

While IMO's e-Navigation project's scope is to enhance safety of navigation by improved ship-to-shore-cooperation, the EU's FP7 project MUNIN's aim is to develop a concept for an autonomous dry bulk carrier, that is at least as safe as a manned vessel. As e-Navigation has a strong focus on improving the human element in shipping and MUNIN tends towards an unmanned bridge, a common baseline might look quite contradictory at first, but they share the need to ensure and enhance the safety of navigation. After an introduction into e-Navigation and the MUNIN project, this paper demonstrates with two examples, how MUNIN's results address identified e-Navigation's gaps and addresses e-Navigation's user needs. Thus, MUNIN contributes to the development and implementation of the prioritized e-Navigation solutions.

Navigation systems Ship automation

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2015122856

An economic analysis of container shipping through Canadian Northwest Passage. International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Economy, v 1, December 2014, p 60 [13 p, 20 ref, 2 tab, 8 fig] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405535214000023 Lu, D., Park, G-K., Et al English

Over the last 30 years the extent of sea-ice covering the North Pole has declined about 15-20% on average, and it is expected that by the end of the 21st century, vast areas of the Arctic Ocean will be ice-free during the summer season, thus, increasing the possibility of ship navigation across the Arctic Ocean. In this paper, the authors have developed a model of shipping for the Northwest Passage (NWP) in northern Canada to determine whether ice thinning will make this route more economically viable when compared with the Panama Canal. Among the 7 routes of the NWP, Route 2 and Route 3 offer better navigational conditions than the others. However, Route 3 has a depth limit of only 10m, so here Route 2 is used which is suitable for deep draft navigation to carry on the analysis. Container ships of 4,500-15,000 TEU under Hub and spoke mode, container shipping between Busan port and New York port is simulated for the Panama Canal and the NWP. This paper considers Canada's sovereignty in matters of navigation over the waters at the Arctic Archipelago, in the form of a toll fee for passage usage. It is concluded that the NWP has an advantage over the Panama Canal if it is open for free international passage, regardless of ship size. However, if it is not free, its advantages depend on its toll fee. The lower the toll fee is, the more advantages the NWP will boast.

Arctic waters Containerised shipping Economic analysis Northwest territories Panama Canal

2015122857

Original article selecting tanker steaming speeds under uncertainty: a rule-based Bayesian reasoning approach. International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Economy, v 2, June 2015, p 24 [14 p, 23 ref, 4 tab, 5 fig] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405535215000571 Rahman, N.S.F.A., Hanafiah, R.M., Et al English

In the tanker industry, there are a lot of uncertain conditions that tanker companies have to deal with. For example, the global financial crisis and economic recession, the increase of bunker fuel prices and global climate change. Such conditions have forced tanker companies to change tankers speed from full speed to slow speed, extra slow speed and super slow speed. Due to such conditions, the objective of this paper is to present a methodology for determining vessel speeds of tankers that minimize the cost of the vessels under such conditions. The four levels of vessel speed in the tanker industry are investigated and incorporate a number of uncertain conditions. This is done by developing a scientific model using a rule-based Bayesian reasoning method. The proposed model has produced 96 rules that can be used as guidance in the decision making process. Such results help tanker companies to determine the appropriate vessel speed to be used in a dynamic operational environmental.

Bayes theorem Decision making Ship speed Tankers Uncertainty

2015122858

Mitigating maritime transport emissions: diversified effects between European short sea and deep sea shipping. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part II STS 02 [11 p, 20 ref, 3 tab] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_18216.pdf Franc, P. English

The International Maritime Organization and the

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European Union aim to implement measures to regulate maritime SOx and CO2 emissions. The paper deals with the effects in 2030 of policy actions to mitigate both SOx and CO2 emissions by maritime transport serving European ports. Container transport, RoRo, bulk services, short sea and deep sea shipping are analysed separately. Costs of containerised deep sea shipping services would be impacted but with limited effects on demand and shipping lines would be able to implement organizational measures to reduce fuel consumption. In contrast, bulk carriers would face reduced demand and few opportunities to lower their costs. Short sea shipping would particularly suffer from sulphur policies. This would affect demand, especially when short sea shipping services compete with road or rail transport. Therefore developments such as the use of LNG as marine fuel appear necessary.

Costs Demand (economics) Emissions Marine transportation Regulations

2015122859

Ship motions, vibration and noise influence on crew performance and well-being studies in FAROS project. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part II STS 02 [10 p, 16 ref, 4 tab, 6 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_18035.pdf Kivimaa, S., Rantanen, A., Et al English

The target of on-going EU-7FP project FAROS is to find links between ship design features and crew performance especially on RoPax vessels and tankers. This paper presents studies of the influence of ship motions, vibration and noise on ship’s crew performance and well-being. Calculation procedures to determine novel concepts Motion Induced Sickness (MIS) and Motion Induced Interruption (MII) for a ship in given wave conditions and operation profile are presented. Motion limits for ship crew and influence of motions on crew performance and well-

being are discussed. Mariners are interviewed on how ship motions, vibration and noise influence their performance on board. Interview results shows that adaptation of mariners to ship motions is high and seasickness among experienced mariners is rare. It seems also that vibration and noise has seldom strong influence on performance during normal watch of mariners. However, ship motions, vibration and noise may cause fatigue or interrupt demanding operations like maintenance on board the ship.

Human factors Human performance Noise effects Ship motions Whole body vibration

2015122860

Systematic ship related monitoring, reporting and verification of operational emissions. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part VIII STS 62 [10 p, 13 ref, 4 tab, 1 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_16597.pdf Köpke, M., Sames, P.C., Woltron, B. English

Operational ship emissions are more and more in the regulatory and public focus. In January 2013 the IMO introduced the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP). One part of the SEEMP is the monitoring of the energy efficiency and of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) of a ship. Within this context the European Commission announced the introduction of a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) scheme for ship emissions with the focus on CO2. This paper introduces a MRV scheme for operational ship emissions. The newly established methodology can be applied to literally any ship independent of its size and type. Core element of the data acquisition is compulsory and common practise onboard documentation. The monitored emissions include CO2, nitrogen oxide, sulphur oxide, refrigerants, oil from bilge water and garbage. This paper describes the regulatory framework and voluntary agreed industry initiatives aiming for an emission monitoring and reporting, the

1070 ABSTRACTS

methodology for data acquisition, calculating of emissions and the verification of the data. Further a case study is presented showing the emission data acquisition and verification for three different ships of different size, type and operational pattern.

Data acquisition Emissions Monitoring Reporting systems

2015122861

Dynamic model for the economical evaluation of different technical solutions for reducing naval emissions. International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management, v 14 n 3, 2014, pp 314-335 http://www.inderscience.com/info/inarticle.php?artid=64808 Ciatteo, V., Giacchetta, G., Marchetti, B. English

The new regulations for the prevention of marine pollution are compelling the shipping industry to a change of strategy. This research provides an economic analysis of the short term alternative options for ship owners: to fit exhaust gas cleaning system on board using heavy fuel oil; to burn marine gas oil or to switch from heavy fuel oil to low sulphur fuel entering emissions controlled areas. An economic evaluation model of investments has been developed in order to compare the different solutions. Based on technical data of engines and operative vessel profiles, the model provides possible measurement tools to consider for the investment choice in the defined reference scenario. Different scenarios can be created by modifying investment conditions, environmental regulations and fuel price forecasts. The results of the model application to three real vessels of different types encourage the ship owners to adopt the option of the seawater scrubber.

Cleaning Economic analysis Emissions Scrubbers

2015122862

Raising the COSTA CONCORDIA. Marine Log, v 120 n 8, August 2015, p 26 [4 p, 3 fig] http://www.marinelog.com/ Smith, A.P. English

On 13th January 2013 the Italian cruise ship COSTA CONCORDIA capsized as a result of large-scale internal flooding from a 53-meter long breach of its hull involving five watertight compartments. The breach occurred when the ship collided at a speed of 16 knots with the Scole Rocks off Giglio Island in the Tyrrhenian Sea. This article details the successful wreck removal operation, described as the largest, most technically demanding wreck removal operation ever attempted on a ship of its size.

Cruise ships Salvage Wreck removal

2015122863

Development of the adoption of liquefied natural gas as a fuel for shipping on the Great Lakes. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, v 2479, 2015, pp 1-8 http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2479-01 Stewart, R.D., Wolosz, C.J. English

The adoption of the International Maritime Organization’s emission control areas by the US and Canada compelled operators of short sea vessels on the Great Lakes to seek alternatives to current fuel usage. Because of the concurrent discovery and extraction of large quantities of natural gas in the US and Canada, ship owners have the opportunity to switch to natural gas. Converting to a new fuel is a complex process involving research and changes in operations, engineering, supply chains, and training. The Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute has been involved in a multiyear study supported by government agencies and industry to prepare for the adoption of natural gas as a primary fuel for US vessels on the Great Lakes. This paper discusses the research process, including marine engineering studies, vessel operational issues, investigating

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regulatory issues, the development of supply chains, public outreach, and the analysis of fuel alternatives for vessels. The environmental benefits that accrue from conversion, as well as the potential operational costs, are compared. Steps in the conversion process, including siting of natural gas liquefaction plants and fuel taxation, are proposed.

Fuel utilisation conversion Great Lakes vessels Liquefied natural gas

2015122864

Vessel route choice theory and modelling. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, v 2479, 2015, pp 9-15 http://trrjournalonline.trb.org/doi/abs/10.3141/2479-02 Shu, Y., Daamen, W., Et al English

A new maritime traffic model describes vessel traffic in ports and inland waterways better. In this research, vessel behaviour is categorized into a tactical level (route choice) and an operational level (dynamics of vessel behavior). This new maritime traffic model comprises two parts. The route choice model resulting in the vessel’s preferred route and the operational model describing the manoeuvring behavior, including interactions between vessels. This paper presents the vessel route choice model, which is based on disutility or cost minimization. The cost is determined by characteristics of the infrastructure, such as expected sailing time and distance to the bank. It is assumed that the bridge team will try to follow a preferred route that minimizes the cost to the destination. To calculate this preferred route, the so-called “value function” is defined as the minimum disutility function in continuous time and space. Subsequently, the value function is solved with dynamic programming and a numerical solution approach. Data of unhindered vessel behavior in the Port of Rotterdam, Netherlands, collected with an automatic identification system, are used to calibrate the vessel route choice model. The calibrated results of the route choice model show plausible preferred

routes in the research area, which aid understanding of the desired vessel behavior (route). These results could be used to improve vessel traffic management and provide a basis for predicting vessel behavior at the operational level.

Routes Ship operation Vessel traffic

2015122865

Factors affecting the energy efficiency of fishing vessels. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, v 114 n 42, 2015, p 38 [5 p, 9 ref, 1 fig] http://repository.am.szczecin.pl/handle/123456789/762 Szczepanek, M. English

The paper presents guidelines for the factors affecting the energy efficiency of fishing vessels. A main classification covers operational and structural factors. This classification is due to circumstances under which an opportunity to make decisions affecting the final energy consumption level arises. Under this approach one may distinguish operational and structural methods for energy efficiency management of fishing vessels.

Efficiency Energy conservation Energy consumption Fishing vessels

2015122866

Operational model for vessel traffic using optimal control and calibration. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, v 114 n 42, 2015, p 70 m[8 p, 17 ref, 1 tab, 7 fig] http://repository.am.szczecin.pl/handle/123456789/758 Shu, Y., Daamen, W., Et al English

Due to the ever-increasing economic globalization, the scale of transportation through ports and waterways has increased sharply. As the capacity of maritime infrastructure in ports and inland waterways is limited, it is important to simulate vessel behaviour to balance safety and capacity in restricted waterways. Currently many existing vessel simulation models focus mainly on vessel dynamics and

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maritime traffic in the open ocean. These models are, however, inapplicable to simulating vessel behaviour in ports and inland waterways, because behaviour in such areas can be influenced by many factors, such as waterway geometry, external conditions and human factors. To better simulate vessel behaviour in ports and waterways, a new maritime traffic model was developed by adapting the theory of pedestrian models. This new model comprises two parts: the Route Choice Model and the Operational Model. The Route Choice Model has been demonstrated and calibrated in our recent study, in which the desired speed is generated. This paper presents the second part of the model, the Operational Model, which describes vessel behaviour based on optimal control by using the output of the Route Choice Model. The calibration of the Operational Model is carried out as well. In the Operational Model, the main behavioural assumption is that all actions of the bridge team, such as accelerating and turning, are executed to force the vessel to sail with the desired speed and course. In the proposed theory, deviating from the desired speed and course, accelerating, decelerating and turning will provide disutility (cost) to the vessel. By predicting and minimizing this disutility, longitudinal acceleration and angular acceleration can be optimised. This way, the Operational Model can be used to predict the vessel speed and course. Automatic Identification System (AIS) data of unhindered vessel behaviour in the Port of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, were used to calibrate the Operational Model. The calibration results produced plausible parameter values that minimized the objective function. The paths generated with these optimal parameters corresponded reasonably well to the actual paths.

Control Ship operation Vessel traffic

3.1 GENERAL HYDRODYNAMICS, HYDRAULICS AND OCEANOGRAPHY

2015122867

Numerical simulation of free surface flows around shallowly submerged hydrofoil by OpenFOAM. Ocean Engineering, v 102, 1 July 2015, pp 87-94 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001365 Prasad, B., Hino, T., Suzuki, K. English

The validation of the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology for numerical simulation of two-dimensional unsteady incompressible viscous flow generated by a shallowly submerged hydrofoil under the free surface is described in this study. The computations are performed using a finite volume discretization incorporated with the interface capturing volume of fluid (VOF) method to solve the fluid equations in motion. The standard κ-ε turbulence model is used to capture turbulent flow around the hydrofoil in the free surface zone at different submergence depth ratios. The wave profiles, pressure contours, velocity contours, lift and drag coefficients are compared for the different Froude numbers based on submergence depth to demonstrate the influence of free surface on performance of the hydrofoil. A comparison of numerical and experimental results show that an accurate representation of the free surface flows can be obtained with the present numerical scheme.

Computational fluid dynamics Free surfaces Hydrofoils Viscous flow

2015122868

A time domain panel method for the prediction of nonlinear hydrodynamic forces. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 68. http://ichd-home.com/ Datta, R., Guedes Soares, C., Rodrigues, J.M. English

Prediction of nonlinear wave forces within engineering accuracy is one of the most challenging topics in the domain of numerical ship hydrodynamics for many years. In this work, a time

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domain panel code is extended to deal with large amplitude motions by incorporating non-linear representations of the hydrostatic and Froude-Krylov forces. The formulation is based on earth fixed co-ordinate system using transient free surface Green’s function. The wetted surface is re-defined at each time step and a suitable algorithm is developed to predict the free surface and to remesh the wetted surface. The hydrostatic and Froude-Krylov forces are then calculated on exact wetted surface. However, the waves are generated using linear wave theory. To determine the robustness and efficiency of the newly developed nonlinear code, rigorous numerical results are obtained and are validated with published results. The fk-forces are obtained with increasing wave amplitude. The study shows that the nonlinear effects are important in case of large amplitude wave and effects are very clearly visible.

Nonlinearity Time domain Wave forces

2015122869

MWM: a 35 years wind and wave high resolution hindcast dataset and an operational forecast service for the Mediterranean Sea. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9. [10 p, 19 ref, 8 fig] http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Donatini, L., Lupieri, G., Et al English

The use of reliable wind and wave data for the planning of operational activities at sea is considered of primary importance. DHI and HyMOLab (Hydrodynamics and Met-Ocean Laboratory of the Dept. of Engineering and Architecture of the University of Trieste) have undertaken a joint research project with the aim of developing a state-of-art wind-wave hindcast dataset for the Mediterranean Sea. The dataset consists of 35 years of hourly data for the period 1979-2013, obtained from a last-generation model chain. The meteorological model used is WRF-ARW, one of the most widely used state-of-the-art open-source non-hydrostatic model. The CFSR d093.0 hourly dataset with a spatial resolution of 0.5° provides the boundary and initial conditions. MIKE21 is used as the wave model with resolution ranging from 0.1° to 0.03° approximately. The use of a local area meteorological model

guarantees higher levels of resolution and accuracy in an area such as the Mediterranean Sea where the complex orography and coastline induce short-time/small space weather scales. The atmospheric and wave models performance is checked against seven satellite datasets, missions Envisat, ERS-2, Geosat FO, Jason-1, Jason-2, Topex-Poseidon and CryoSat, by means of a procedure based on the moving window technique. Wave data close to the coast are compared with available data from more than 20 buoys. The validation performed at the time of the preparation of this paper involves ten years of data (2002-2011) and is based on the significant wave height parameter. The results are summarized in probability scatter plots, which show a very good accuracy of the model for both the comparisons with satellite and fixed buoys. Taking advantage of the model set-up performed for hindcast purposes and verified with measured data, an operational wind-wave forecast service has been developed and put to use. The forecast service uses the GFS dataset to provide the boundary and initial conditions.

Hindcasting Mediterranean Sea Wave data Wind

2015122870

Numerical and experimental investigation on the wave-wave interaction in breaking and non-breaking focusing waves. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Lupieri, G., Puzzer, T., Et al English

The modelling of large individual waves for the computation of loads on ships and offshore structures in extreme weather conditions is still a challenging problem. Since the early 50's the predictions of loads on fixed offshore structures and motions of compliant or sailing structures due to surface waves have been commonly made by computations on the basis of the statistical/spectral description of the sea elevation. This approach, based on the linear wave model, is now an almost common procedure and it has been recognised that it works reasonably well for the so-called operational conditions. On the other hand, it is also recognised that the modelling of the waves in the so-called survival conditions, i.e. extreme wave

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conditions with very low occurrence probability, cannot recast a linear approach and the wave-wave interaction plays a fundamental role (energy transfer, down-shift, etc.). In this work the nonlinear aspects related to the energy exchange between Fourier components of steep focusing breaking and non-breaking waves are analysed by means of numerical simulations and new experiments.

Breaking waves Computational fluid dynamics Experimentation Interactions

3.2 RESISTANCE AND PROPULSIVE PERFORMANCE

2015122871

Numerical analysis of basic base-ventilated supercavitating hydrofoil sections. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment, v 229 n 3, August 2015, pp 291-302 http://pim.sagepub.com/content/229/3/291.abstract Pearce, B.W., Brandner, P.A. English

A numerical analysis of the inviscid flow over base-ventilated intercepted hydrofoils is presented. The low-order, non-linear boundary element formulation used is described along with the significant issues concerning the modelling of supercavities with this method. The use of transom-mounted interceptors is well established for the manoeuvring and trim control of high-speed vessels. The flow field over a forward-facing step at the trailing edge of a blunt-based hydrofoil section, with consequent cavity detachment from the outer edge of the step, is similar to that of the transom-mounted interceptor operating at high speed with free surface detachment from the outer edge. Due to this similarity, the term ‘intercepted’ hydrofoil is used to describe this arrangement. The results presented show that a number of geometric parameters, in particular thickness, leading-edge radius and trailing-edge slope, have a significant effect on the hydrodynamic performance of base-ventilated intercepted hydrofoils.

Numerical analysis Supercavitating hydrofoils Ventilated hydrofoils

2015122872

Effect of structural deformation on performance of different marine propellers. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 1 [12 p, 18 ref, 4 tab, 12 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Das, H.N., Suryanarayana, Ch., Et al English

Propeller geometry is very crucial for its performance and a little deviation in shape can cause changes in its hydrodynamic performance. Hydrodynamic loading causes deformation to the propeller blades, which leads to change in shape. The change in shape is particularly of concern when new designs use different composite materials instead of conventional metals. The effect of this change of shape on the hydrodynamic performance of a propeller is studied in this paper. A five bladed bronze propeller from an existing ship is analysed to examine the effects in a conventional propeller. Its open water efficiency was estimated for original and deformed shape. A pressure based RANS equation was solved for steady, incompressible, turbulent flow through the propeller. A numerical solution was obtained using the finite volume method within ANSYS Fluent software. FEM based solver of ANSYS Mechanical APDL was used to make the structural calculations. Fluid-structure interaction was incorporated in an iterative manner. Additionally a five bladed composite propeller was analysed for hydrodynamic performance. Its deformation was estimated under hydrodynamic loading for different fibre orientations. The hydrodynamic performance of the deformed propeller was compared with that of the original one.

Deformation Propeller efficiency Shapes

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2015122873

Validation studies for the scaling of ducted propeller open water characteristics. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 4 [9 p, 7 ref, 1 tab, 19 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Bhattacharyya, A., Krasilnikov, V. English

This paper presents the results of validation studies for the open water characteristics of a four-bladed controllable pitch propeller operating inside two ducts of different designs. The results of numerical calculations by CFD are compared with model test results in terms of propeller and duct thrust, propeller torque and efficiency, and also in terms of velocity field downstream of propulsor. In order to quantify the scale effects on open water characteristics, CFD calculations are also carried out at Reynolds numbers corresponding to full scale conditions, and comparisons between the propulsor characteristics in model scale and full scale are presented for the range operating conditions from bollard to free sailing.

Computational fluid dynamics Controllable pitch propellers Open water Propeller efficiency Scale effect

2015122874

Hydrodynamic analysis of podded propeller using CFD. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 5 [10 p, 9 ref, 3 tab, 21 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Verma, N., Sha, O.P. English

Podded propellers are one of the latest innovations in the field of marine propulsion. Studying the hydrodynamic performance of the propeller as well as flow around the whole pod unit is now of increasing importance due to its increasing use in a wide class of vessels. This paper presents a numerical study on a model pod unit in both pulling and pushing configurations. A finite volume based RANS solver

(XCHAP module of SHIPFLOW®) has been used to analyse the flow around the pod unit and the propeller has been modelled using the body force approach. Both puller and pusher configurations of the pod unit has been analysed in straight and azimuthing condition and in different operating conditions. Open water characteristics of the pod unit and propeller in straight ahead condition have been validated with the experimental data of OERC. The transverse force on the pod unit has been estimated for both puller and pusher configuration in different operating conditions and different azimuthing conditions from 15 degrees port to 15 degrees starboard. Both model and full scale pod unit resistance has been estimated using CFD and compared with ITTC semi-empirical formula results. Pod unit and propeller geometry has been varied and open water performance in each condition has been evaluated.

Computational fluid dynamics Fixed pitch propellers Motors Pods Propeller efficiency

2015122875

Predicting the impact of hull roughness on the frictional resistance of ships. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 6 [8 p, 29 ref, 4 tab, 4 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Stenson, P.A., Kidd, B., Et al English

The frictional resistance associated with hull roughness is a major factor in determining ship efficiency. CFD approaches to calculate ship resistance require an allowance for hull roughness (typically ks = 30 μm; AHR [Rt50] = 150 μm) to be accounted for. These values are generally based upon expectations and assumptions derived from seminal ship trials performed several decades ago that were formally adopted by the ITTC in 1990. This paper presents the analysis of a new dataset of 845 individual hull roughness surveys (283 individual ships) carried out between 2003–2014. It is revealed that the extent of substrate preparation (i.e. extent of blasting) is chief amongst several parameters that dictate the expected hull roughness. The coating scheme technology type also plays a role by moderating the macro-physical roughness features

1076 ABSTRACTS

through their flow and levelling properties. Typical increases in AHR of 2.3 – 12.8 μm/yr were found for each vessel following each dry dock event. It is assumed that the scale of increase is determined by a combination of factors including the coating scheme technology type and vessel operational profile. A new model for predicting AHR is proposed and is expected to lead to improvements in CFD predictions of ship powering.

Frictional resistance Hull roughness

2015122876

Reduction of ship’s resistance by dimples on the Hull? A complementary CFD investigation. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 15 [7 p, 10 ref, 4 tab, 10 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Sindagi, S.C., Khan, M.A.J., Shinde, A.S. English

It is a well-known fact that, non-streamlined bodies, like spheres have significant pressure drag due to flow separation. Pressure drag can be reduced through separation delay. It is understood that dimples are placed on a golf ball to trip the boundary layer from laminar to turbulent in order to delay flow separation. This paper is concerned with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigation of the turbulent flow over dimpled hull surfaces. Shallow dimples distributed regularly over the hull with large aspect ratio are used to study their effect on the friction drag. The objective was to clarify whether or not dimples cause reduction in the ship's drag. Initial study has been carried out on the flat plate for varied pressure gradient to finalize the requisite dimple configuration. Two hull models were created, one model whose resistance model test was available to validate results and the other one modified with requisite dimples. Analysis has been carried out to study the effect on the friction and form drag. Based on investigations, it can be determined that, the hypothesis was neither proved nor disproved providing motivation for further investigation.

Computational fluid dynamics Hull resistance Turbulent boundary layer

2015122877

Prediction of steady performance of contra-rotating propellers including wake alignment. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 8. http://ichd-home.com/ Inukai, Y., Kanemaru, T., Ando, J. English

To reduce fuel oil costs and emission of greenhouse gases of ships in operation, the application of Contra-Rotating Propellers (CRP) will be one of the solutions, which have high propulsive efficiency. Although several estimation methods of predicting open water characteristics of CRP have been developed in the past, few methods treat trailing wake geometry accurately, which influences much on estimation accuracy. CRP makes the flow around the propellers more complicated compared with a conventional single propeller because the aft and forward propellers strongly interact with each other. In order to improve estimation accuracy, more rigorous treatment of the trailing wake geometry is desirable. This paper presents a calculation method, taking deformation of trailing wake accurately into account. The method is based on a simplified surface panel method “SQCM” which satisfies the Kutta condition easily. The wake vortex lines are arranged in accordance with the direction of the flow including induced velocity by both propellers. Some calculated results are given and validated by comparison with experiments. The calculated results with deformed wake agrees very well with the experiments, while the calculated results without deformed wake always overestimate the thrust and torque of the aft propeller.

Contrarotating propellers Propeller efficiency Propeller races

2015122878

Comparison of different scaling methods for model tests with CLT propellers. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 14. http://ichd-home.com/ González-Adalid, J., Pérez Sobrino, M., Et al English

CLT and other tip loaded propeller designs can be checked by model tests as in the case of conventional

ABSTRACTS 1077

propellers. In this paper the problem of the scaling of the model tests results of these propellers is reviewed. A way of solving this problem consists in the introduction of new procedures for scaling of the open water model tests results while maintaining the rest of the scaling procedures for resistance and propulsion tests. ITTC’78 standard method is widely used but some institutes and model basins have their own more or less similar procedures. A series of technical approaches used for the scaling of open water tests results are presented here and applied to a reference case that has been very deeply studied in several research projects. The conclusion is that it is definitely necessary to use specific open water model tests results scaling procedure for CLT propellers in order to obtain full scale predictions with the same level of accuracy than in the case of conventional propellers.

Model tests Scaling (ratios) Tip loaded propellers

2015122879

Numerical study of wave interaction with two bodies in close proximity. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 17. http://ichd-home.com/ Ning, D.Z., Su, X.J., Teng, B. English

Numerical investigations on nonlinear water wave interaction with two-bodies in close proximity are reported based on a fully nonlinear numerical wave tank model in 2D. The model is developed using a time-domain higher-order boundary element method combined with a mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian technique and a 4th-order Runge-Kutta scheme as a time marching process. The source generation technique is used to generate the input waves, so that the reflected waves from the object can pass through the incident surface and no re-reflection occurs. An empirical viscous parameter is used on the free surface conditions in the gap to approximate the viscous effect of the vortex or flow separation. By comparison with the published experimental and

numerical data, the proposed model is validated. The influence of incident wave height and frequency on the surface elevation in the gap, wave loads, wave height at the lee side and the weather side of the structure is studied.

Fluid structure interaction Multibody systems Numerical models

2015122880

Rudder-propeller interaction: Analysis of different approximation techniques. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 18. http://ichd-home.com/ Bruzzone, D., Gaggero, S., Et al English

This paper addresses the problem of the numerical evaluation of the forces exerted by rudder/propeller complex; in particular, considering the common framework of RANS computations, different possible approximations of the propeller effect are taken into account, starting from the simplest uniform actuator disk and moving successively to an actuator disk with radial distributions of axial and tangential forces and then to a set of unsteady body forces, computed by a panel method, representative of the rotating pressure field of the propeller. All the results, in terms of global mean forces on the rudder and of fluctuating components and flow field, are compared to the full RANS computations and to the experimental results in model scale for the same configuration. The comparison of the results allows the merits and the shortcomings of the different approaches to be identified, in order to select the best ones for the various possible applications, having in mind the necessity to keep the computational efforts to a reasonable level during the design phases.

Approximation Propeller rudder interaction

1078 ABSTRACTS

2015122881

Application of different design and analysis tools for a propeller in axial cylinder. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 22. http://ichd-home.com/ Gaggero, S., Tani, G., Et al English

In this work, two propeller analysis tools, namely a panel code and a RANS solver, are applied for the evaluation of mechanical characteristics and cavitation behaviour of two CP thrusters in axial cylinder, for which experimental results are available, in terms of propeller mechanical characteristics in absence of cavitation and of cavitation behaviour (cavitation extension and thrust and torque breakdown). The comparison of numerical results allows to underline merits and shortcomings of the two approaches and to define possible ways for their improvement, in view of their possible applications in the design loop.

Numerical analysis Propeller cavitation Propeller efficiency

2015122882

Numerical simulation for unsteady propeller performance with inclined shaft propeller arrangement using CFD. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 27. http://ichd-home.com/ Kaewkhiaw, P., Ando, J. English

The flow field around propeller blades on an inclined shaft propeller are unsteady due to the cross flow component to influx of the shaft direction. Therefore the realistic flow around inclined shaft propeller is important for actual efficiency of propeller. This paper presents numerical calculation results of propeller performance with inclined shaft propeller arrangement using a Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver. The domains and propeller geometric data are generated with automated mesh generation technique. Grid independency in the present computation method was verified in advance. The calculation results have been validated for two

different model propellers, DTMB P4990 and P4679. The P4990 began steady state form straight shaft condition and advanced to inclined shaft propeller with 4.8° and 8.8°. In two inclined shaft angles, the calculated time accurate of thrust and torque coefficients have been compared with experimental data. The DTMB P4679 operated with 7.5° shaft inclination are fully unsteady calculation was conducted by inclined flow condition. The calculated pressure distributions on the pressure and suction side on the blades have been compared with measured values.

Computational fluid dynamics Flow distribution Inclined shafts Propeller efficiency

2015122883

Computational analysis of contra-rotating podded propulsors using a hybrid RANSE/BEM model. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 40. http://ichd-home.com/ Calcagni, D., Salvatore, F., Et al English

The paper presents a computational study of the hydrodynamic performance of unconventional ship propulsion configurations based on podded and contra-rotating propeller layouts. A Contra-Rotating Propeller Pod (CRP-Pod) and an Integrated Contrarotating Podded propeller (ICP) are addressed. Hull/propulsor interaction studies are performed by using a hybrid viscous/inviscid flow solver in which RANSE and BEM models are coupled by a general body-force/effective inflow technique. Numerical applications are performed to compare the two propulsive solutions in terms of hydrodynamic efficiency. A relatively higher performance of the CRP-Pod layout over the ICP is found. Numerical results are compared with available experimental data to analyse the capability of the proposed hybrid RANSE/BEM methodology to provide a correct characterization of the hydrodynamics of these unconventional and complex propulsor arrangements.

Contrarotating propellers Numerical analysis Pods Propulsive performance

ABSTRACTS 1079

2015122884

Effect of regular seabed shape on the pressure distribution below hull bottom. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 55. http://ichd-home.com/ Yang, L.J., Qin, Z.Y., Zhang, W.B. English

This paper discusses the effect of regular seabed shape on the pressure distribution below a hull bottom in restricted water. Based on computational fluid dynamics technology, the flow field around the sailing ship and the seabed was numerically simulated and analysed. Firstly, a full-scale 3D model of training ship and a regular seabed were established. Secondly, computational domains of the flow field were defined according to the above model; with the mesh dividing technology, the high precision hexahedron meshes of flow field were defined and the boundaries of flow field were defined. The Navier Strokes (N-S) equation, mass conservation equation and continuity equation was used to calculate the variables of fluid. Then numerical simulation of the pressure distribution below the hull bottom over two different positions of regular object at seabed relative to ship hull was calculated by using ANSYS. In this case, the draft of the ship model was in full loaded condition. Finally, the distribution of the pressure below the hull bottom was calculated at 1.3 of H/d ratio, full loading condition and sea speed. Based on the experimental result, it can be confirmed that: the pressure distribution below the hull bottom can be affected by the uneven seabed; the pressure distribution is different with the change of the position of regular object at seabed relative to ship hull.

Computational fluid dynamics Hull bottoms Ocean bottom Pressure distribution

2015122885

Experimental study on added resistance for different bow shapes of KVLCC2. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 63. http://ichd-home.com/ Lee, J., Park, D.M., Kim, Y. English

The effects of different bow shapes on added resistance are studied by towing tank experiments. For the comparison of added resistance, three different KLVCC2 hull forms are considered: one original hull form and two modified hull forms called Ax-bow and Leadge-bow. Ax-bow type hull form has the same shape with original hull form below mean water level but a different bow shape above mean water level. Meanwhile, Leadge-bow type hull form has rather different shapes along the whole bow section compared with original hull form. Test condition includes ten wave lengths for fixed wave amplitude in regular head sea condition at a design speed. For each case, added resistance is evaluated based on ITTC recommendation, subtracting the still water resistance from the mean total resistance in waves. Test results of the original hull form are compared with the published experimental data conducted in other institute and shows similar reasonable band for added resistance and motion responses. Finally, the experimental results of added resistance and motion responses are compared for three different hull forms and the effects of the bow shapes on added resistance are discussed.

Added resistance in waves Hull form

2015122886

A propeller design procedure considering the interaction between ship hulls and propulsion devices. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 69. http://ichd-home.com/ Hsin, C-Y., Lee, C-P., Et al English

In this paper, a coupled viscous/potential flow computational method to design a propeller in the effective inflow is presented. The interactions between the ship hull and the propeller have usually

1080 ABSTRACTS

been ignored when designing propellers even it may result in inadequate designs. In the presented method, the viscous flow and the potential flow computational methods are coupled to consider the interaction between the ship hull and the propeller. In this propeller design method, the traditional potential flow propeller design method is carried out, and the “body force” is used to represent the propeller in the RANS computations including the ship hull. The propeller designs therefore can include the effects of the interactions with ship hulls. In this paper, two propellers designed in the uniform inflow and in the effective inflow respectively show that their designed geometries reflect the inflow. The performances of two propellers are very close at the self-propulsion point; however, the pressure distributions are different. To judge the performances from the pressure distributions, both propellers show a better quality in their designed inflows. Currently, propeller designers usually adjust their designs in the uniform inflow based on the ship wake. From the design results presented in the paper, the authors believe that the design method in the effective inflow proposed here is applicable, and designers can obtain a real “wake adapted” propeller geometry using this method.

Hull propeller interaction Potential flow Propeller efficiency Viscous flow

2015122887

A combined viscous and potential method for the computation of added resistance in head waves. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 75. http://ichd-home.com/ Wu, C., Lu, J., Et al English

Prediction of added resistance in waves is now a hot topic for ship performance in a seaway, especially for the added resistance in short waves. In order to provide a reliable and practical method for the prediction of added resistance in waves, a combined viscous and potential method is used for the computation of added resistance in head waves. In this method, the viscous part is based on Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANSE), while the potential part is Maruo method. The added resistance of a KVLCC2 advancing in regular head

waves is computed by the method mentioned above. In which a RANSE based method is used for the computation of added resistance when wave-length to ship-length is smaller than 0.6, while the Maruo method is used in the cases of wave-length to ship-length larger than 0.6. The comparison of the computed results of added resistance with the experimental data shows rather good agreement. This means that the combination of viscous and potential tool could provide a reliable and practical method for the prediction of added resistance in waves.

Added resistance in waves Computational fluid dynamics

2015122888

The characteristic analysis of propeller disturbed flow field. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 84. http://ichd-home.com/ Chen, K., Qian, X-F., Et al English

The panel method was used to predict the wake flow field of a propeller. According to Green’s formula, integral equation of the surface velocity potential of a propeller could be derived, then solve it by discrete method of the panel method. Some quadrilateral hyperbolic panels were distributed on the blade, propeller hub and wake surface, and the source-sink and the dipole was evenly distributed on the panels. According to the integral equation, the strength of the dipole and the source-sink could be solved by combining with Kutta condition and kinematics boundary condition, Morino formula was used to solve induced velocity to the flow field by the source-sink and the dipole which were evenly distributed. The induced velocity of propeller in the wake flow field after the propeller was calculated, then analysed the constitution and pulsating character of the induced velocity of propeller.

Flow distribution Propeller races

ABSTRACTS 1081

2015122889

Numerically calculating method for the unsteady hydrodynamic performance of podded propellers. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 85. http://ichd-home.com/ Qian, Z-F., Chen, K., Et al English

A numerical method has been developed for predicting the unsteady hydrodynamic forces acting upon a propeller mounted on a pod. The method is based on a vortex lattice method for the propeller blades and a surface panel method for the pod. The unsteady velocities induced by propeller blades are time-averaged at the control points on the pod surface, while the propeller is considered to operate in a spatially inhomogeneous inflow due to the presence of the pod and the hull. Numerical computations are carried out for a 4-bladed propeller mounted on a pod, without and with the hull. The steady thrust and torque measured in a cavitation tunnel are used to partly validate the present method. The effect of pod on unsteady propeller forces and moments are discussed based on numerical results.

Hydrodynamic forces Numerical analysis Pods Propeller efficiency

2015122890

Study on the destruction of tip vortex cavitation on propeller of 13,000 TEU class container vessel. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 103. http://ichd-home.com/ Chu, S-H., Kim, S-H., Choi, G-H. English

The objective of this paper is to find out the detailed flow structure near the propeller tip area and the reason of destruction at tip vortex cavitation of a propeller on a container vessel. Close observations have been carried out using a high speed video to understand detailed tip flow of a propeller which was hard to observe by using a stroboscope during model test. In numerical simulation, STAR-CCM+ is used to obtain a detailed flow behaviour of tip vortex cavitation. The result of the numerical simulation corresponded well with the flow structure of the

experiment. The vortical flow induced by re-entrant jet of the sheet cavitation gradually increases as it goes towards trailing edge. After passing trailing edge, the re-entrant jet occurring by the collapse of the sheet cavitation causes vortical flow stronger which leads to distortion at tip vortex cavitation.

Containerships Propeller cavitation Tip vortices

2015122891

A numerical investigation of squat and resistance of ships advancing though a canal using CFD. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Tezdogan, T., Incecik, A., Turan, O. English

As a ship approaches shallow water, a number of changes arise owing to the hydrodynamic interaction between the bottom of the ship’s hull and the sea floor. The flow velocity between the bottom of the hull and the sea floor increases, which leads to an increase in sinkage, trim and resistance. As the ship travels forward, squat of the ship may occur, stemming from this increase in sinkage and trim. Knowledge of a ship’s squat is necessary when navigating vessels through shallow water regions, such as rivers, channels and harbours. Accurate prediction of a ship’s squat is therefore essential, to minimize the risk of grounding for ships. Similarly, predicting a ship’s resistance in shallow water is equally important, to be able to calculate its power requirements. The key objective of this study was to perform fully nonlinear unsteady RANS simulations to predict the squat and resistance of a model scale Duisburg Test Case Container Ship advancing in a canal. The analyses were carried out in different ship drafts at various speeds, utilising a commercial CFD software package. The squat results obtained by CFD were then compared with available experimental data.

Computational fluid dynamics Resistance Shallow water Squat

1082 ABSTRACTS

2015122892

Calculation of optimum trim based on bow and stern shape functions. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Dinham Peren, T. English

The author has had access to a number of model tests data sets for models run at an extensive range of trim and draughts. It has been found that the power versus trim, draught and speed can be represented by the sum of three functions, one dependant on the overall loading condition of the vessel and the other two are dependent on the draught at the bow and the stern respectively. These functions and the bow and stern profiles are seen to be geometrically related. The effect of the profiles on vessel power is clearly shown and it can be seen that there are draughts relative to the local profile at which the power is reduced and others at which the power is increased. This gives valuable insight into the effect of the bow and stern profile shape on power and can be used to help optimise new vessel designs for one or more design conditions. It also gives a way forward to calculate the optimum trim for existing and new vessels based on the limited information typically available to a ship owner/in-service monitoring service, namely; speed trial data, the vessel general arrangement drawing and the scantling drawings.

Bow forms Draught Optimisation Stern form Trim

2015122893

Contemporary model testing to comply with the IMO EEDI verification process. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Minchev, A. English

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced the mandatory Energy Efficiency Design

Index (EEDI) for all new ships constructed after 1st January 2013. The objective was to promote energy efficient ship designs and thereby contribute to the society with lower emissions and more cost effective sea transportation. An important part of the EEDI verification process is model tank testing. Therefore, the demand for the standard model propulsion test was raised to comply with the EEDI verification objectives and requirements. In this respect some new elements of the propulsion testing were required, such as the mandatory EEDI and sea trial loading conditions, the need for carrying out the so called “load varying” test, the need to elaborate on the correlation allowance coefficients for different loading conditions, etc. The objectives of this paper are to briefly present the EEDI verification process; the associated new requirements for the model testing scope; the specifics of the load varying propulsion test and the influence of propeller loading on the propulsive efficiency. The paper is further illustrated with practical examples of the load varying test for three typical types of vessels, with demonstration of the propulsive efficiency variation level depending on the propeller load variation. Conclusions and recommendations focus on the need and importance of the load varying test consideration.

Energy conservation Model tests Propulsive efficiency Regulations

2015122894

Application of uncertainty analysis for measurement of added resistance in regular short waves. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Sogihara, N. English

Tank tests are often conducted in order to estimate ship propulsion performance or the effect of energy saving devices. Since tank tests involve a lot of apparatus and instruments, it becomes complicated and error occurrence in measured data cannot be avoided. Therefore, it is important to assess the error and its propagation. Uncertainty analysis is useful because it provides not only a measure of the quality of the data but also what has dominated as the error source. Recently ship performance in actual seas has

ABSTRACTS 1083

been focused on as well as that in calm seas. The International Maritime Organization discussed the evaluation method of ship performance in actual seas and developed guidelines for the calculation of the coefficient fw for decrease in ship speed in a representative sea condition. The guidelines recommend that on the process of calculating fw added resistance in short waves obtained in tank test should be used. Added resistance in short waves is required to be measured with accuracy. This paper reports the application of uncertainty analysis for measurement of added resistance in short waves. Uncertainty analysis is carried out with the results of multiple tests in still water and short waves, and uncertainty of added resistance due to short waves is assessed.

Added resistance in waves Uncertainty

2015122895

Numerical study of unsteady breaking waves induced by a submerged hydrofoil at steady forward speed. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9. [11 p, 22 ref, 1 tab, 5 fig] http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Contento, G., Lupieri, G., Et al English

This work analyses the features of unsteady breaking of two dimensional free surface waves induced by a submerged hydrofoil at steady forward speed. The study is conducted by means of numerical simulations with OpenFOAM: interFoam and swenseFoam solvers being used as a computational framework for the free-surface treatment with the Volume Of Fluid (VOF) and Level Set (LS) techniques respectively. Due to the strongly unsteady behaviour of the flow, the interest is here focused on the spectral content of the free surface elevation. The results from two interface-capturing methods, VOF and LS are discussed and compared with experimental data from the literature. The influence of the turbulence models on the free surface shape and spectral content is also discussed. The final goal of the entire research work

is the simulation of complex two-phase flows for robust and fast engineering applications in the ship hydrodynamics and wave loads fields, including wave breaking phenomena.

Breaking waves Forward speed Hydrofoils Numerical analysis

2015122896

Resistance and propulsion of an icebreaking vessel in ultra-shallow water. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Trincas, G., Stente, S., Repole, G. English

The safe navigation of the icebreaking emergency and evacuation vessel on the sea basin around the Kashagan field in the Northern Caspian Sea was central to the cooperative research project between AGIP KCO, Navalprogetti and University of Trieste. Although the project focused on the ice-going capability, it also provided an opportunity to investigate the hydrodynamics of the vessel moving in very shallow water. This paper highlights the main aspects of the shallow and ultra-shallow water effects on characteristics of resistance, hull-propeller interaction and propulsive qualities of an icebreaking vessel at subcritical speeds through a huge experimental campaign carried out at both model- and full-scale carried at and with support of the KSRC. Because of thrust deduction increase and wake fraction oscillation even at subcritical speeds, a substantial decrease of propulsive efficiency was ascertained, particularly in ultra-shallow water. Accurate self-propulsion tests carried out following the ‘hybrid method’ of KSRC allowed assessment of the net thrust and rope pull capability with accuracy required to operate safely in the harsh environment of the Northern Caspian Sea. Discrepancies in wake fraction between starboard and port propeller were dramatic, mainly due to flow-back effects. Dependencies of wake fraction and thrust deduction factor in deep and shallow waters are discussed too as

1084 ABSTRACTS

well as the scale effect on the wake. Finally, the icebreaking capability of the IBEEV was determined after identification of the experimental lines for total resistance in level ice in both deep and shallow water. To this end, the bollard pull was converted into net thrust by introducing the thrust deduction factor in the speed range of interest.

Hull propeller interaction Icebreakers Propulsive performance Resistance Shallow water

2015122897

Nonlinear free surface potential flow simulations for hulls with a transom stern operating in dry and wet conditions. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Mola, A. English

This paper presents the results of a model for the simulation of three dimensional unsteady nonlinear water waves. The model, designed to evaluate the wave drag of arbitrarily shaped ship hulls, is based on potential flow theory. The governing Laplace equation is complemented with fully nonlinear boundary conditions on the water free surface. The spatial discretization of the resulting time dependent boundary value problem is carried out by means of a collocated and iso-parametric Boundary Element Method (BEM) implemented making use of the open source library deal.II. The time integration of the nonlinear differential-algebraic system resulting from the spatial discretization is performed by means of an implicit Backward Differentiation Formula method implemented in the open source library Sundials. The classes of the OpenCASCADE library have been used to interface the model with CAD data structures. At the start of each simulation, the CAD surface describing the hull is imported and used to automatically generate the unstructured and non-conformal quadrilateral grid needed by the BEM

solver. The model also accounts for hulls with a transom stern. In such case, a specific treatment of the free surface nodes on the stern edge has been implemented. At low speeds, when the transom stern is partially immersed, a pressure patch is applied on the water surface detaching from the transom stern, to recover the gravity effect of the recirculating water on the underlying irrotational flow domain. The pressure patch is computed making use of experimental correlations obtained by Doctors et al. The test cases considered are that of the US Navy Combatant DTMB-5415 and the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) hull. Numerical results are compared with experiments available in the literature.

Free surfaces Potential flow Transom sterns

2015122898

Hydrodynamic analysis of a catamaran in calm water and in waves. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Castiglione, T., Bova, S. English

The Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering of the University of Calabria, Italy, in the framework of an International Collaboration with the IIHR (USA), has undertaken the study of the hydrodynamic behaviour of a fast catamaran by Unsteady RANS approach. This paper summarizes the results of the research activity that has been conducted during the last 3 years and that is still on-going, with the aim to validate URANS methods for multi hull vessels and also to investigate the hydrodynamic behaviour of the selected geometry.

Catamarans Ship hydrodynamics Ship performance

ABSTRACTS 1085

2015122899

Study and experiments on the hull resistance reduction by air ventilation in calm water for semi-displacement hulls. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Agrusta, A., Bruzzone, D., Zotti, I. English

One of the most interesting viscous drag reduction techniques for a boat hull is the so called air lubrication. Although this method has been known for many years, it is scarcely applied in the shipbuilding industry, because it requires re-design of the hull bottom, to define and generate the artificial cavities where the air bubbles can be generated and supplied by using an air flow. It has been demonstrated that the drag reduction is more consistent on full form and slow hulls, where the viscous resistance component is the prevailing one. Recently, as found in Sverchkov (2010), it has been demonstrated that the drag reduction can also be obtained for planing hulls. But information regarding applications for semi-displacement hulls characterized by FN >=0.45 and FN<= 0.65, which are navigation conditions in which many boat hulls used for recreational activities operate, is more scarce. A series of tests have been carried out on some models, navigating in semi-displacement condition at the towing tank of the University of Trieste and the results are presented and discussed (Pugnetti and Zotti, 2005).

Air lubrication Drag reduction Hull resistance

2015122900

CFD approach to resistance prediction as a function of roughness. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part VIII STS 62 [10 p, 13 ref, 2 tab, 9 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_17875.pdf Demirel, Y.K., Khorasanchi, M., Et al English

This paper aims to present a CFD approach to predict

the resistance as a function of surface roughness by performing CFD simulations of towing tests of coated flat plates. Following a brief description of roughness and the roughness effect on flow and the turbulent boundary layer, the methodology of determination of the most suitable roughness function model to be used in the software is discussed in details. Next, the CFD approaches to represent smooth and rough velocity profile are presented. Finally, a new roughness function model is suggested and employed in the CFD software while a case study is performed to obtain the frictional resistance coefficients (CF) of coated flat plates using the modified CFD approach. The results of the new approach show a very good agreement with the experimental data and it is shown that the new approach is able to predict the resistance of ship coatings as a function of roughness height.

Coatings Computational fluid dynamics Resistance Surface roughness

2015122901

Triple energy saving by use of contra rotating, tip loaded and podded propulsion technology. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part VIII STS 62 [10 p, 6 ref, 2 tab, 5 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_17842.pdf Sánchez-Caja, A., Pérez-Sobrino, M., Et al English

The TRIPOD project deals with energy saving in waterborne transport. It explores the feasibility of a novel propulsion concept resulting from the integration of two promising technologies (podded propulsion and tip loaded endplate propellers) in combination with energy recovery based on counter rotating propeller (CRP) principle. New ways of saving energy are studied to improve ship operational costs. The paper describes the main objectives and the different phases of the project, including the design activities, validation of the concept by model testing and numerical computations, and the economic analysis of main results. The main focus is on the development of a tool for the assessment of the

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overall energy balance in the ship design phase and on the application of the new propulsion concept to several ship fleets. Energy savings and consequently emission reductions are derived from the use of the analysis tool.

Computational fluid dynamics Contrarotating propellers Energy conservation Pods

2015122902

Effects of the advance ratio on the evolution of a propeller wake. Computers & Fluids, v 118, 2 September 2015, pp 32-43 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045793015001930 Baek, D-G., Yoon, H-S., Et al English

The authors numerically investigate the effect of the advance ratio on the wake characteristics of a marine propeller in a propeller open water test. Numerical simulations are performed for a wide range of advance ratios (0.2 ⩽ J ⩽ 0.8). At lower advance ratios, the propeller wake is apparently classified into three regions occupied by the high speed flow, the free-stream vortices, and the tip vortices. However, at higher advance ratios, the free-stream velocity is comparable to the slipstream induced by the propeller, resulting in an indistinct boundary between the slipstream and the free-stream. Three-dimensional (3-D) vortical structures show that the tip vortices merge with each other and with the neighbouring trailing vortices, forming a larger vortex downstream at lower advance ratios. However, as the advance ratio increases, the merging of vortices is delayed further downstream, resulting in a periodic array of consecutive tip vortices farther downstream. In particular, root-side vortices are clearly observed at higher advance ratios. The slope of the contraction ratio in the lower advance ratios is roughly five times greater than that in the higher advance ratios. Empirical models of 3-D helices of tip vortices are suggested based on the present numerical results, which could provide guidance in establishing a reliable approach to wake modelling.

Propeller races Ratios Tip vortices

2015122903

Hydrodynamic modeling of semi-planing hulls with air cavities. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v 7 n 3, September 2015, p 500 [9 p, 17 ref, 9 fig] http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijnaoe.2015.7.issue-3/ijnaoe-2015-0036/ijnaoe-2015-0036.xml?format=INT Matveev, K.I. English

High-speed heavy loaded monohull ships can benefit from the application of drag-reducing air cavities under stepped hull bottoms. The subject of this paper is the steady hydrodynamic modelling of semi-planing air-cavity hulls. The current method is based on a linearized potential-flow theory for surface flows. The mathematical model description and parametric calculation results for a selected configuration with pressurized and open air cavities are presented.

Air Cavities Drag reduction High speed vessels Mathematical models

2015122904

Investigation on the wake evolution of contra-rotating propeller using RANS computation and SPIV measurement. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v 7 n 3, September 2015, p 595 [15 p, 17 ref, 5 tab, 16 fig] http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijnaoe.2015.7.issue-3/ijnaoe-2015-0042/ijnaoe-2015-0042.xml?format=INT Paik, K-J., Hwang, S., Et al English

The wake characteristics of a Contra-Rotating Propeller (CRP) were investigated using numerical simulation and flow measurement. The numerical simulation was carried out with a commercial CFD code based on a Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations solver, and the flow measurement was performed with Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (SPIV) system. The simulation results were validated through the comparison with the experiment results measured around the leading edge of rudder to investigate the effect of propeller operation under the conditions without propeller, with forward propeller alone, and with both forward and

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aft propellers. The evolution of CRP wake was analysed through velocity and vorticity contours on three transverse planes and one longitudinal plane based on CFD results. The trajectories of propeller tip vortex core in the cases with and without aft propeller were also compared, and larger wake contraction with CRP was confirmed.

Computational fluid dynamics Contrarotating propellers Experimentation Propeller races

3.3 MOTION, SEAKEEPING AND MANOUEVRING

2015122905

A preliminary experimental investigation into the influence of compartment permeability on damaged ship response in waves. Applied Ocean Research, v 52, August 2015, pp 27-36 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141118715000577?np=y Domeh, V.D.K., Sobey, A.J., Hudson, D.A. English

After damage rapid and accurate guidance is necessary to safely recover vessels. An improvement in the understanding of ship behaviour after damage will increase chances of recovery of the vessel and safety for the ship crew and cargo, with corresponding benefits to the maritime environment. Whilst a number of studies have investigated static behaviour of damaged ships with permeability previous research at forward speed considers the damaged compartment to be empty. Novel aspects of this research include the study of a variety of permeabilities and internal arrangements of the damaged compartment for a ship moving in waves. Results from experiments carried out in a towing tank using a segmented ship model show that permeability appears to have a large effect on the pitch and heave motion responses when the vessel is travelling at forward speed, with reduced effect for a stationary ship. Furthermore, results indicate that internal arrangement of compartments has less effect than compartment permeability on the damaged ship responses. Finally, the influence of damaged orifice

size on the motion responses is investigated and the results show that at forward speed the responses are significantly affected and that they are largest for the minimum orifice size tested.

Damage Forward speed Permeability Ship motions

2015122906

An experimental study on an auxiliary towing system for an FPSO using active thrusters. Applied Ocean Research, v 52, August 2015, pp 62-72 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141118715000607 You, Y., Hur, J., Jung, J. English

It is ideal to design the best hull shape for a floating production storage and offloading unit (FPSO) that meets all performance criteria from an engineering point of view. However, in reality, it is difficult to satisfy all the criteria at the same time. If one of the performances cannot meet the criteria, then additional equipment or systems are installed to improve that performance. In this paper, when an FPSO cannot meet the towing stability inherently, the authors attempt to establish a procedure for determining an auxiliary towing system. Firstly, various systems that can be applied to the FPSO are compared and reviewed to improve the towing stability of the FPSO. Among them, using three active thrusters was chosen as the auxiliary towing system. Improvement of towing stability was verified from a towing model test conducted at the Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN). However, thruster cavitation was raised as a key problem when using thrusters for a purpose for which they were not intended. A thruster cavitation model test was additionally performed to check the safety of the thrusters. Based on these results, a safe operating range under extreme condition was confirmed by observing the occurrence of thruster cavitation. The predicted maximum unit total thrust of each thruster was compared with the observed safe operating range. Finally, the effectiveness and safety of the auxiliary towing system was verified.

FPSOs Stability Towing Thrusters

1088 ABSTRACTS

2015122907

Parametric estimation of ship manoeuvring motion with integral sample structure for identification. Applied Ocean Research, v 52, August 2015, pp 212-221 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141118715000814 Cao, J., Zhuang, J., Et al English

This documentation presents the parametric identification modelling of ship manoeuvring motion with integral sample structure for identification (ISSI) and Euler sample structure for identification (ESSI) based on least square support vector machines (LS-SVM), where ISSI is used for the construction of in–out sample pairs. By using Mariner Class Vessel, the sample dataset are obtained from 15°/15° zigzag manoeuvring simulation based on Abkowitz model. By analysing the simulation data including rudder angle, surge velocity, sway velocity, yaw rate and so forth, the hydrodynamic derivatives in Abkowitz model are all identified. The validation of the proposed identification algorithm is verified by the high precisions of the identified hydrodynamic derivatives and manoeuvring prediction results. The comparison is also conducted between the proposed ISSI and the conventional Euler sample structure for identification (ESSI), and the experimental results shows that ISSI is much more appropriate for parametric identification modelling of ship manoeuvring motion.

Manoeuvring System identification

2015122908

Method for estimating parameters of practical ship manoeuvring models based on the combination of RANSE computations and system identification. Applied Ocean Research, v 52, August 2015, pp 274-294 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141118715000796 Bonci, M., Viviani, M., Et al English

In this work a method for estimating parameters of practical ship manoeuvring models based on the combination of RANSE computations and System Identification procedure is investigated, considering as test case a rather slender twin screw and two rudders ship. The approach consists in the estimation

of the hydrodynamic coefficients applying System Identification to a set of free running manoeuvres obtained from an in-house unsteady RANS equations solver, which substitute the usually adopted experimental tests at model or full scale. In this alternative procedure the numerical quasi-trials (in terms of kinematic parameters time histories and, if needed, forces time histories) are used as input for the System Identification procedure; the aim of this approach is to reduce external disturbances that, if not properly considered in the mathematical model, may compromise the identification results, or at least amplify the well-known “cancellation effects”. Furthermore, the CFD results provide information both in terms of flow field variables and hydrodynamic forces on the manoeuvring ship. These data may be adopted for a better understanding of the complex flow during manoeuvres, especially at stern, providing also additional information about the interaction between the various appendages (including rudders) and the hull. The identification procedure is based on an off-line genetic algorithm used for minimizing the discrepancy between the reference manoeuvres from CFD and those simulated with the system based modular model. The discrepancy was measured considering different metric functions and simplified formulations which consider only the main macroscopic parameters of the manoeuvre; the metrics have been analysed in terms of their capability in reproducing the time histories and in limiting the cancellation effect of the hydrodynamic derivatives.

Computational fluid dynamics Manoeuvrability System identification

2015122909

Automated processing of free roll decay experimental data. Ocean Engineering, v 102, 1 July 2015, pp 17-26 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815000918 Uzunoglu, E., Guedes Soares, C. English

This work presents an efficient numerical and modular approach to assessing viscous roll damping coefficients from free decay tests. In order to reduce the time consumed during analysis, numerical pre-processing of the data without visual inspection is suggested. The method involves breaking down multiple decay motions recorded in a single time series, numerically determining the beginning and the end of valid decay motion, eliminating the outlying

ABSTRACTS 1089

data from the experimental analysis and obtaining the linear and non-linear roll damping coefficients. None of the pre-processing steps depend on each other and they can be used separately in a modular structure. The process is exemplified using decay test samples of a fishing vessel. To use these analysis results in numerical simulations that extend beyond identical conditions with the experiments, a 3D surface approach is examined. The surface also reveals the effect of speed on the coefficients obtained from the sample set.

Damping factor Numerical analysis Rolling

2015122910

Experimental and numerical study of the vertical motions of a bulk carrier and a Ro–Ro ship in extreme waves. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy, v 1 n 3, August 2015, pp 255-272 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40722-015-0019-1 Vásquez, G., Fonseca, N., Et al English

This paper investigates the experimental and numerical vertical motion responses of a bulk carrier and a roll-on/roll-off ship in extreme seas. The experimental data were obtained from seakeeping tests with scaled models in head waves at two Froude numbers. The wave traces were predefined, corresponding to wave records measured during storms in the North Sea. These wave records are particularly interesting because each of them include one abnormal wave. The ship models, which are similar in length but different in their geometry, were tested in the same predefined wave conditions to investigate the influence of the hull geometry on the extreme vertical ship responses. Conclusions are derived by comparing directly the measured responses from the two models. Experimental data are also used as benchmark to validate the predictions by a partially nonlinear time domain seakeeping numerical model. The numerical model code is then used to generalize the comparative analysis between the two ships.

Bulk carriers Extreme waves Model tests Ro/ro ships Ship motions

2015122911

CFD simulation of ship manoeuvring. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organised by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 2 [6 p, 5 ref, 3 tab, 11 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Babu, K.R., Saji, V.F., Das, H.N. English

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) sets the standard for ship manoeuvrability. Naval ships needs even better manoeuvrability. Accurate prediction of ship manoeuvrability is very important even at the early design stage. Basic step towards finding the manoeuvring characteristics of any vessel is to find the hydrodynamic derivatives. There are many methods available for hydrodynamic derivatives prediction such as free running model tests, captive model tests etc. However these methods are expensive and time consuming. Predictions based on semi-empirical or empirical methods are not accurate. Whereas, accurate estimation of hydrodynamic derivatives is essential for evaluation of manoeuvrability and directional stability. RANS based CFD codes are becoming popular as an alternative method to determine hydrodynamic derivatives. This paper presents the prediction of hydrodynamic derivatives for static manoeuvres using SHIPFLOW software. CFD results in terms of hydrodynamic forces, moments and derivatives are compared with experimental results for a naval vessel and showed good agreement.

Computational fluid dynamics Manoeuvring

2015122912

Sea trials of a water jet propelled high speed craft. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 8 [9 p, 2 ref, 2 tab, 9 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Radhakrishna, K.O.S.R.R., Selvam, R.P. English

This paper presents the details of sea trials conducted on a water jet propelled high speed craft. This ship is an Inshore Patrol Vessel fitted with interceptors. The trials were conducted to establish the speed,

1090 ABSTRACTS

manoeuvring performance and endurance of the ship. The speed trials were conducted with interceptors and without interceptors and the dynamic trim of the vessel was recorded along with speed. The interceptors contributed to a considerable increase of speed by dynamic reorientation of the ship. Under manoeuvring performance, the turning circle manoeuvre and the crash stop manoeuvre were conducted to establish the turning and stopping characteristics of the ship respectively. The turning characteristics of the ship were established by steering the jet to 30 degrees and completing one full turning circle at maximum continuous rating of the engine. The stopping characteristics were established by conducting crash stop manoeuvre (ahead to astern). For reversing the ship’s direction of motion the water jet was reversed by deploying the buckets. The performance of the deck machinery, endurance of engines was also established during the sea trials. The obtained values from various sea trials are presented and compared with the recommendations of the standards.

High speed vessels Manoeuvres Sea trials Waterjet propulsion

2015122913

Numerical study of self-propulsion and manoeuvring characteristics of 90t AHTS vessel. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 10 [6 p, 10 ref, 3 tab, 10 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Kachhawaha, P., Krishnankutty, P. English

This paper deals with computational fluid dynamics simulation of a ship in bare hull condition and with the propeller working to study hull propeller interaction. Modelling includes ship and propeller in ANSYS ICEM. Steady State simulation is carried out with STAR-CCM+ CFD solver which is based on Finite Volume Method (FVM). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a branch of Fluid Dynamics which provides a cost-effective means of simulating real flows, heat transfer, and other related physical processes by solving mathematical model of the

Reynolds–Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. This numerical approach involves discretizing the spatial domain into finite control volumes using a mesh. The governing equations of mass and momentum are integrated over the control volume, such that the relevant quantities are conserved. Turbulence flow is assumed in the simulation. Numerical results obtained from analysis are compared with experimental results. At each radial position a local inflow velocity to blade is determined from the average velocity on surface section; the velocity distribution gives non-uniform wake conditions in the vicinity of the propeller. Two types of manoeuvring tests are performed, turning circle test to determine turning ability and zigzag Manoeuvre to determine control characteristics under rudder action of vessel.

Computational fluid dynamics Hull propeller interaction Manoeuvring Self propulsion

2015122914

Effect if environmental loads on the manoeuvrability of a tanker. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 12 [8 p, 22 ref, 2 tab, 13 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Poojari, D.B., Saj, A.V., Et al English

Oil spill resulting from the poor maneuverability of tankers has been a serious concern over years. Now the International Maritime Organization is keen on the full-fledged manoeuvrability of tankers so that the accidents and the subsequent ecological imbalance of marine life can be out casted. This paper focuses on the determination of manoeuvrability aspects of a tanker subjected to environmental loads such as wind, waves and current. At the outset, the hydrodynamic derivatives of the hull been obtained for deep water conditions using RANSE based CFD. The mathematical model representing the equations of motions encompasses the terms for wind, wave and current forces. The equations of motion have then been numerically integrated to obtain the

ABSTRACTS 1091

maneuvering characteristics in standard manoeuvre. The obtained trajectories give an input for operating tankers in calm water and where environmental effects are quite pronounced.

Environmental loads Manoeuvring Mathematical models Tankers

2015122915

Heave damping characteristics of a buoy form spar by CFD simulation and experimental studies. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 13 [6 p, 8 ref, 2 tab, 10 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Senthilkumar, N., Nallayarasu, S. English

Spar hulls with standard configuration such as classic spar with or without heave damping plates have been in use for several decades. A spar buoy, a deviation from a vertical cylinder has been proposed as a support system for oil and gas exploration. A study to establish the heave damping characteristics of such a system has been carried out using both CFD simulation and experimental studies in a laboratory wave flume. A classic spar of 31 m diameter and two buoy form spars of 20 m and 25 m diameter were considered for investigation. All the spars have an equal moonpool diameter of 12.5 m. The spar hulls have been designed for a topside load of 10000 tonnes with a total displacement of 65000 tonnes. The displacement and metacentric height were same for all the spars. The experimental and numerical investigations were conducted on a 1: 100 Froude scale model of the spar. The free decay test was conducted in the wave flume. Numerical investigation of the heave damping was carried out using STAR-CCM+ software. Three dimensional, shear stress transport K-omega turbulent viscous regime domain

(of size 2 m × 2 m × 3 m) with multiphase material mixture (sea water and air), with water depth of 2 m is considered. The volume of fluid method was used to solve the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equation.

Computational fluid dynamics Damping Heaving Model tests Spar buoys

2015122916

CFD simulation and experimental studies on frequency and amplitude dependency of heave damping of spar hull with and without heave plate. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 14 [10 p, 13 ref, 3 tab, 13 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Mahesh, J., Nallayarasu, S., Hattacharyya, S.K. English

This work is aimed at CFD simulation and experimental study on frequency and amplitude dependency of heave damping of Spar hulls by forced oscillation along heave direction in calm water condition. Conventionally, the heave damping is obtained by free decay test of a scale model which gives damping only at the heave natural frequency, but the damping at frequencies other than natural frequency cannot be determined by this method. So the forced heave oscillation of Froude scaled Spar models were conducted in calm water condition over a range of frequencies and amplitudes of oscillation and the forces were measured along the heave direction to calculate added mass and damping from the equation of motion. The experimental investigations were performed on a classic Spar model with and without heave plate in a laboratory wave flume. The CFD simulations were carried out in

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a numerical tank using commercial CFD software. The measured heave force is compared with that obtained from CFD simulation. Further, the added mass and damping coefficient have been calculated by solving equation of motion from both experiment and simulation using the forces and heave motion as input. The amplitude and frequency dependency of heave added mass and heave damping for spar with and without heave plate are presented and discussed.

Computational fluid dynamics Damping Heaving Spar buoys

2015122917

Numerical simulation on coupled effect between ship motion and liquid sloshing under wave action. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 12. http://ichd-home.com/ Jiang, S.C., Teng, B., Et al English

Three-dimensional coupled model is established for considering the motion response of ship in waves coupled with sloshing induced internal sloshing and their effects on sloshing-induced impact loads. The linear ship motion is solved using an impulse response function (IRF) method, while the viscous two-phase flow model with VOF interface capture technique based OpenFOAM package is established for solving the internal liquid sloshing problem. Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the coupled effects between Ship Motion and Liquid Sloshing, including the global ship response and local sloshing impact loading. It is found that the coupling effects are dominant for low-filling conditions. The roll RAOs show typical anti-rolling effect, so that the roll motion decreases dramatically near ship motion resonance and double peaks at sloshing motion resonant frequencies can be observed. The nonlinearity of sloshing flows can result in the prediction of different motion RAOs for different incident wave amplitude, especially around the resonant frequencies. In the present numerical simulation, it can be seen that the sloshing pressures have no impulsive characters around ship motion resonant frequency. Whereas, near sloshing resonant frequency, the inside sloshing pressures have evident impulsive characters and its magnitude is larger than that of ship motion resonant frequency, meaning that the violent sloshing pressures will act on internal

structure and it is the controlling condition for cargo structural damage design. The higher-order harmonics of the sloshing moment are filtered out by the system. The steady-state ship motion is almost linear and sinusoidal character with the frequency of the linear incident waves, although the evident impulsive phenomena can be observed in sloshing moment signals. It implies that the higher-order harmonics of the sloshing moment are filtered out by the system.

Coupled motion Numerical analysis Ship motions Sloshing

2015122918

Cross-flow transverse force and yaw moment on a semi-displacement vessel with forward speed and drift angle. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 46. http://ichd-home.com/ Ommani, B., Faltinsen, O.M. English

The hydrodynamic transverse force and yaw moment acting on a semi-displacement vessel with forward speed and drift angle are studied. Following the Froude-hypothesis, the forces are decomposed into forward-flow potential and cross-flow viscous parts. The cross-flow problem is solved using a 2D+t approximation, disregarding the free-surface effects by applying the rigid surface condition. The evolution of the 2D ship sections in a start-up flow is considered in the calculations. Finite volume method is used to discretize and solve the Navier-Stokes equations in the fluid domain. Slender body theory is used to extract the viscous part of the obtained transverse force. The results are compared to a simplified cross-flow model. In particular, the distribution of forces due to the cross-flow separation along the ship, and its effect on the obtained yaw moment are considered. A semi-displacement model tested at INSEAN towing tank is chosen as a test-case. The cross-flow corrections are applied to the potential forward-flow results for the drift force and moment and compared with experimental data. The results are presented for a set of Froude numbers and two drift angles. The measured values of vessel’s sinkage, trim and heel angles at different drift angles and Froude numbers are adopted from experiments. The importance of the cross-flow-vortex and the free

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surface interactions are addressed, as well as the performance of the present method in capturing the behaviour of the viscous drift force and moment.

Crossflow Displacement hulls Hydrodynamic forces Yawing

2015122919

Evaluation of roll damping for PCTCs considering the centre of roll motion. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 47 http://ichd-home.com/ Lee, S., Hwang, J., Et al English

Because of the increasing number of pure car and truck carriers (PCTC), interests in the roll damping of PCTCs are on the rise. One of the most general ways to increase the roll damping of a ship is to attach bilge keels and the roll damping should be accurately evaluated to determine adequate bilge keel design. In this study, free roll decay tests were carried out in calm water to evaluate the roll damping of PCTC. A new procedure was established to obtain the roll damping coefficients accurately. The pivot point of the towing device was located at a height corresponding to the axis of roll centre in order not to interfere the roll motion. From the comparative experiments, the roll damping is found to be significantly dependent on the pivot point of the towing device and a proper consideration is needed to obtain accurate roll damping.

Car carriers Roll stabilizers Rolling

2015122920

Simulation of a fast speed boat motion in regular waves with help of CFD. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 51. http://ichd-home.com/ Nikushchenko, D., Zverkov, V. English

The aim of this work is the prediction of pitch and

heave motions of a fast ship using Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations on a base of commercial CFD code NUMECA FINE/Marine. Correct prediction of forces and moments act to a boat in different environmental conditions is very important for design at all its stages for stability and manoeuvrability calculations. Scaled model experimental investigation is the most popular way to investigate ship motions, but this is expensive and time consuming. Besides, information obtained during model tests is very limited. Therefore nowadays CFD is an alternative way to investigate ship motion. In this work motor yacht and fishing boat hulls were used for simulations. Ship motion characteristics are investigated by decomposing the full problem into three parts: investigation of ship ahead motion in calm water, investigation of heave motion of ship with ahead speed, investigation of pitch motion of ship with forward speed. Investigations were performed using different models of turbulence. Researches of a ship motion in waves were performed in range of ship velocities and waves parameters. In case of calm water different values of boat speed were also simulated. Results obtained were compared with scale models tests in wide range of Froude numbers, wavelengths and amplitudes.

Computational fluid dynamics High speed vessels Ship motions

2015122921

Causal representation of wave forces for time-domain simulation of manoeuvring and seakeeping problems. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 57. http://ichd-home.com/ Vilensky, G., Nikushchenko, D., Zaikov, S. English

An algorithm for the time domain computation of wave radiation forces which does not require calculation of Cummins’s retardation functions is formulated. Ease of numerical implementation, high computational speed and good tolerance to the input data irregularities make it an efficient modelling tool

1094 ABSTRACTS

for real time ship simulators. An extension of Cummins’s time-domain causal approach to the exciting force modelling is presented in the second part of the paper.

Manoeuvring Seakeeping Time domain Wave forces

2015122922

Simulation of parametric roll by using a semi-analytic approach. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 62. http://ichd-home.com/ Lee, J.-H., Kim, Y., Song, K.H. English

In this study, a semi-analytic approach is applied to simulate parametric roll phenomena of large containerships in longitudinal waves. This simplified approach is a 1.5 degree of freedom model which includes the change of transverse stability of ship induced by heave and pitch motions as well as the wave elevation. Not only the check for susceptibility of parametric roll but also the quantitative prediction of roll motion is carried out by approximating the nonlinearity of GZ curve. In particular, the relationship between the righting arm (GZ) and the metacentric height (GM) in waves is examined to formulate a more proper model in comparison with the conventional models. Furthermore, the transfer functions of the mean value and the first harmonic component of GM value are introduced to approximate the change of stability. The assumption of linearity of these transfer functions, which is proven by numerical simulation, enables the model to be adopted for the prediction of parametric roll in irregular wave excitations by using the application of the principle of superposition. To validate the results of the proposed model, the comparison with those of the weakly nonlinear time domain method is conducted. As the time domain method, the impulse response function method is developed by applying the rigorous transformation of the frequency domain

hydrodynamic coefficients obtained by strip theory. According to the validation, the accuracy and efficiency of the approach are investigated, and stochastic characteristics of the parametric roll excitation in irregular waves are also discussed in the consideration of the sensitivity and uncertainty of the model.

Containerships Degrees of freedom Rolling

2015122923

Probability sensitivity analysis of extreme second-order roll motion predictions for a turret moored FPSO. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 86. http://ichd-home.com/ Young, J.S., Joong, S.M., Et al English

In the design of FPSOs in harsh environments, the second-order roll behaviour is one of major concerns to operators. For the sake of safe and cost-effective design, the extreme response prediction is inevitable. However, this prediction inherently contains uncertainty originated from the probabilistic approach. In this paper, probabilistic sensitivities of extreme second-order roll motion predictions are investigated for a turret-moored FPSO. Time domain simulations for representative storms are performed to take account of second-order responses. Applying the peak over threshold approach, which is also referred to as the storm based approach, extreme responses are determined with respect to the probability distributions and the number of data to fit. Comparing the results, it is found that the extreme responses are sensitive to the probabilistic variables. Recognizing the probabilistic uncertainty for predicting extreme second-order roll motions will help to understand their nature and achieve the safe and cost-effective designs of floating production systems.

FPSOs Moored vessels Rolling

ABSTRACTS 1095

2015122924

Methodology for the ship to ship hydrodynamic interaction investigation applying the CFD methods. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 200. http://ichd-home.com/ Zubova, A.A., Nikushchenko, D.V. English

Research performed in previous years on ship to ship interaction is diverse, varying in objectives, showing a numerous variety of approaches. Building a unified strategy for ship to ship interaction phenomena comprehension would be helpful for, on one side prediction methods, and on the other side experimental programs together with the practical studies somehow. The main objective of the studies presented here was to validate the Computational Fluid Dynamics available facilities towards the hydrodynamic forces and moments prediction in the case of ship to ship interaction for the infinite fluid condition. Investigated conditions are reproducing the situation of the overtaking manoeuvre in general.

Computational fluid dynamics Hydrodynamic forces Interactions Ship to ship

2015122925

The effect of forward speed on nonlinear ship motion responses. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Hizir, O.G. English

Time-domain nonlinear vertical motion response of the S-175 containership advancing in head sea condition in large amplitude waves are analysed and compared with the experimental results provided in the literature. The boundary value problem is solved by linear 3D Rankine source panel method with sources distributed on the ship surface, free surface and control surfaces. Nonlinear fluid forces, which arise from nonlinear restoring and Froude-Kylov forces, are calculated over the instantaneous wetted portion of the ship hull. Radiation forces are kept as

linear and presented in terms of impulse response functions using convolution integrals. In large amplitude waves, nonlinear motion responses are identified and presented in terms of transfer functions. The numerical results are well agreed with the experimental results and show a significant non-linear behaviour with the increase in the wave slope. Validation of the in-house developed code is performed and showed good agreement with the experimental results in the large amplitude waves.

Forward speed Ship motions

2015122926

Numerical prediction of hull force for low velocity manoeuvring. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Villa, D., Bruzzone, D., Et al English

In the last decades problems related to ship manoeuvrability have gained more importance in the context of naval architecture. Among them, problems related to slow speed manoeuvrability, such as port manoeuvres and dynamic positioning (DP), for which less data is available with respect to the conventional manoeuvrability at cruising speed, have taken more and more importance. The classical manoeuvring models have been developed to evaluate the ship force for high forward speed and low drift angle, therefore in the case of low speed manoeuvres, where high angle of attack must be taken into account, they do not provide accurate results. As a consequence different models have been proposed by different authors. The accuracy of codes to predict ship manoeuvring capabilities are, obviously, strongly correlated with the accuracy of the prediction of the ship hydrodynamic forces, which are computed via proper regression formula based, commonly, on existing experimental data. In the case of low speed manoeuvring, unfortunately, only few data are available, representing an issue for the prediction of ship capabilities. In this paper a comparison of different empirical models to evaluate the main ship force components for low speed manoeuvring is presented. Then a RANS approach in order to tune

1096 ABSTRACTS

coefficients for low velocity models has been explored, in order to evaluate its ability to compensate for the lack of experimental data and provide a suitable alternative in the design phases.

Hydrodynamic forces Manoeuvring Mathematical models Slow speed

2015122927

Random decrement method: ship roll damping identification based on response in a seaway. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Gaggiotti, F., Del Guzzo, A., Et al English

The motion analysis of a vessel is performed by means of 3D or 2D (strip theory) potential methods, aimed at the calculation of motion transfer functions. These transfer functions (RAOs) are subsequently used to determine the vessel motion under the excitation from the environment in analyses aimed at defining the vessel operability and the safety of offshore operations. While these methods are generally accurate including the dominating potential contribution, for the roll degree of freedom it’s important to include other phenomena (eddy-making, viscous effects, presence of bilge keels) especially for ship-shaped vessels. A number of tools have been developed to be used in engineering phase, mainly empirical or semi-analytical, while common system identification techniques can be employed in basin tests. The use of RDM is proposed to obtain roll damping identification in full scale, from response measurement only, for each experienced environmental condition. As such, it does not need specifically designed campaigns and can be performed during operation, and it is desirable for tuning and verification of values assessed during engineering phase.

Rolling Ship motions Transfer functions

2015122928

Determination of VDV and MSI for modern planing craft. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Begovic, E., Pennino, S., Et al English

The effect of High Speed Craft (HSC) motions on the passengers and crew is becoming of increased interest to designers and operators of these craft. The reasons are numerous and some of them are: increased speed of high speed craft, increased applications in commercial, rescue and military sectors, advances in structural design, etc. In this perspective, exposure of crew and passengers to a Repeated Shock (RS), Whole Body Vibration (WBV) and Motion Sickness Incidence (MSI) are becoming physical limits of crew and therefore the limit for high speed craft operation, especially in waves. Analysis of WBV and MSI includes Vibration Dose Value (VDV) and Vomiting Incidence (VI) respectively, both of them actually embodied in ISO Draft International Standard 2631-1:1997. This paper focuses on determination of VDV and MSI values from experimental motions and accelerations measured on warped deep V planing hull form. A 1:10 scale model has been tested at two speeds in head seas described by JONSWAP spectra at Towing Tank of University of Naples “Federico II”. Very high sampling frequency provided precise motion and acceleration values to apply as reliable input for VDV and MSI determination. Conclusions highlight the influence of fundamental design parameters on the seakeeping performance of the hulls and human factors performance of the crew, with an aim to provide the applicability of these data in design practice.

High speed vessels Motion sickness Planing hulls Seakeeping Whole body vibration

ABSTRACTS 1097

2015122929

Identification of hydrodynamic coefficients from sea trials for ship manoeuvring simulation. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part III STS 20 [10 p, 11 ref, 5 tab, 5 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_29026.pdf Tran, K.T., Ouahsine, A., Et al English

In this study, an identification procedure is proposed to estimate the hydrodynamic parameters of a range of ship manoeuvring models, by coupling the dynamic ship motion model with mathematical programming techniques. In order to assess efficiently the hydrodynamic parameters, a sensitivity analysis is first performed to identify the most sensitive coefficients. Different mathematical programming techniques have been used and compared in the determination of optimal hydrodynamic parameter. The proposed procedure has been validated through turning circle and zigzag manoeuvres based on experimental data of sea trials of the 190,000-dwt oil tanker. Comparisons between experimental and computed data show the Root-Mean-Square Deviation (RMSD) of ship trajectory decreases from 68.0m to 5.8m in the turning circle test, and RMSD of ship’s heading angle decreases from 17.3deg to 6.6deg in zigzag.

Hydrodynamic coefficients Manoeuvrability Parameter estimation

2015122930

Computations of ship motions in waves a fully nonlinear time domain potential flow method. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Kjellberg, M., Coslovich, F., Et al English

Modern hull design often includes large bow flare and wide transom sterns. Optimisation of these hulls when moving in a seaway puts new demands on the computational methods used. Nonlinear effects become important for wave loads, motions and added

resistance in waves. Today, methods solving the unsteady viscous free surface flow around hulls undergoing large motions are available. Such simulations are very time consuming and require very powerful computers. Methods based on linear or partly nonlinear potential flow theory are commonly used, but most of these methods cannot handle the nonlinear effects for the modern hulls. The purpose of this paper is to present a method which aims to fill the gap between state-of-the-art RANSE methods and partly nonlinear panel methods. The method solves the fully nonlinear free surface time-domain potential flow problem including a hull undergoing rigid body motions. A mixed Euler-Lagrange (MEL) scheme is employed to evolve the free surface in time. Nonlinearities still within the hypothesis of potential flow are taken into account, i.e. higher and lower frequency components, hull shape above calm water line as well as interaction between incoming, radiated, diffracted, reflected and ship generated waves due to forward speed. The potential flow method alone cannot handle the roll motion since roll is dominated by viscous effects. A procedure to combine roll damping due to wave radiation as computed by the fully nonlinear potential flow method and viscous roll damping from roll decay experiments or from empirical estimations is presented. The method is applied to a container ship. In head waves, heave and pitch are compared with experimental data. For roll motion, roll decay and roll response are compared to experiments. A grid dependence and domain size study is also presented.

Potential flow Ship motions Time domain

2015122931

Hierarchical control of marine vehicles for autonomous manoeuvring in offshore operations. Ship Technology Research, v 62 n 2, June 2015, pp 72-80 http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/0937725515Z.00000000013 Li, G.Y., Li, W., Et al English

This paper presents a hierarchical control scheme that can achieve autonomous manoeuvring for marine vehicles in offshore operations. Different from dynamic positioning problems, fine manoeuvring not only requests low speed of vessels and high control accuracy but also has very strict and limited working spaces during offshore operations, such as oil platform maintenance, seabed survey and pipeline

1098 ABSTRACTS

installations. To address fine manoeuvring, a two-level control architecture is proposed with an emphasis on developing autonomous manoeuvring from a specific application to final thrust allocation. On the high level, a ship controller is designed for regulation and dynamic positioning of ships. Thanks to the function approximation capabilities of neural networks, the controller is able to force the ship to desired targets with unknown dynamics of the ship. A thrust allocator is further developed on the low level that distributes control forces to individual actuators while satisfying optimising constraints. By linearising the constraints and employing the quadratic programming (QP) approach, an optimised thrust allocation is obtained. Both the ship controller and the thrust allocator are verified by simulation with the Cybership II model. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed hierarchical control scheme.

Control systems Manoeuvring Neural networks Unmanned vehicles

2015122932

Revisiting mathematical models for manoeuvring prediction based on modified Taylor-series expansions. Ship Technology Research, v 62 n 2, June 2015, pp 81-96 http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/0937725515Z.00000000015 Mucha, P., El Moctar, O. English

This paper deals with the investigation into mathematical modelling of ship manoeuvring motions based on modified Taylor-series expansions. In light of a renewed interest in ship manoeuvring prediction methods, the authors revisited fundamentals and developments in mathematical modelling of hydrodynamic forces in the manoeuvring equations of motion. In the summary, the authors embark from the primal formulation of non-linear multivariate polynomial models, followed by a review of critical reception and consequent modifications in the hydrodynamic community, up to application in modern manoeuvring prediction methods using computational fluid dynamics. The actual analysis relied on a published mathematical model. The goal

was to assess the significance of single terms in predicting standard rudder manoeuvres, by way of resembling and extending systematic sensitivity studies.

Manoeuvring Mathematical models System identification

2015122933

The impulse response fitting and ship motions. Ship Technology Research, v 62 n 2, June 2015, pp 97-106 http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/2056711115Y.0000000001 Hatecke, H. English

This paper describes a new method to obtain passive and stable state-space models for radiation force computation. These models can substitute the convolution integrals in the Cummins Equation and thus reduce the computational effort of radiation force calculation by about one magnitude. In contrast to existing substitution methods, there no longer exists a trade-off between accuracy, stability and passivity of the obtained model, which allows the highly accurate radiation force calculation of floating systems with multiple degrees-of-freedom.

Mathematical models Ship motions Wave forces Wave radiation

2015122934

An overview of the prediction methods for roll damping of ships. Ocean Systems Engineering, v 5 n 2, June 2015, p 55 [22 p, 65 ref, 13 fig] http://www.techno-press.org/?page=container&journal=ose&volume=5&num=2# Falzarano, J., Somayajula, A., Seah, R. English

Of all the six degrees of freedom, the roll motion of a ship is the most poorly understood and displays complicated phenomena. Due to the low potential wave damping at the natural frequency, the effective analysis of ship roll dynamics comes down to the accurate estimation of the viscous roll damping. This paper provides overview of the importance of roll damping and an extensive literature review of the

ABSTRACTS 1099

various viscous roll damping prediction methods applied by researchers over the years. The paper also discusses in detail the current state of the art estimation of viscous roll damping for ship shaped structures. A computer code is developed based on this method and its results are compared with experimental data to demonstrate the accuracy of the method. While some of the key references describing this method are not available in English, some others have been found to contain typographic errors. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive summary of the state of the art method in one place for future reference.

Damping Predictions Rolling Viscous damping

2015122935

Seakeeping software for the analysis of a ship’s seaworthiness. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin, v 114 n 42, 2015, p 95 [6 p, 10 ref, 1 tab, 4 fig] http://repository.am.szczecin.pl/handle/123456789/755 Cepowska, Ż., Cepowski, T. English

The article presents the seakeeping research software, developed for the computation of a ship’s motions in regular and irregular waves on the basis of the following ship parameters: length between perpendiculars, beam, draught, block coefficient and transverse initial metacentric height. The software implements approximating functions of amplitude-phase characteristics of rolling, heaving, and pitching, developed by the author by means of artificial neural networks. The software determines transfer functions for the phenomena accompanying the rolling motion, such as slamming, green water, propeller surfacing, vertical acceleration forward and on the bridge. The article discusses possible uses of the software in scientific research, ship design and operation, and for educational purposes.

Neural networks Seakeeping Seaworthiness Ship motions

2015122936

A numerical study on manoeuvrability of wind turbine installation vessel using OpenFOAM. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v 7 n 3, September 2015, p 466 [12 p, 12 ref, 6 tab, 15 fig] http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijnaoe.2015.7.issue-3/ijnaoe-2015-0033/ijnaoe-2015-0033.xml?format=INT Lee, S., Kim, B. English

In this study, a numerical prediction method on manoeuvrability of Wind Turbine Installation Vessel (WTIV) is presented. Planar Motion Mechanism (PMM) captive test for the bare hull of WTIV is carried out in the model basin and compared with the numerical results using RANS simulation based on Open-source Field Operation And Manipulation (OpenFOAM) calculation to validate the developed method. The manoeuvrability of WTIV with skeg and/or without skeg is investigated using the numerical approach along with the captive model test. In the numerical calculations, the dynamic stability index which indicates the course keeping ability is evaluated and compared for three different hull configurations i.e. bare hull and other two hulls with centre skeg and twin skeg. This paper proves that the numerical approach using RANS simulation can be readily applied to estimate the manoeuvrability of WTIV at the initial design stage.

Computational fluid dynamics Heavy lift vessels Installing Manoeuvrability Offshore service vessels

2015122937

Virtual maneuvering test in CFD media in presence of free surface. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v 7 n 3, September 2015, p 540 [19 p, 28 ref, 15 tab, 27 fig] http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijnaoe.2015.7.issue-3/ijnaoe-2015-0039/ijnaoe-2015-0039.xml?format=INT Hajivand, A., Mousavizadegan, S.H. English

A manoeuvring oblique towing test is simulated in a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) environment to obtain the linear and nonlinear velocity dependent damping coefficients for a DTMB 5512 model ship. The simulations are carried out in freely accessible

1100 ABSTRACTS

OpenFOAM library with three different solvers, rasInterFoam, LTSInterFoam and interDyMFoam, and two turbulence models, k-ε and SST k-ω in presence of free surface. Turning and zig-zag maneuvers are simulated for the DTMB 5512 model ship using the calculated damping coefficients with CFD. The comparison of simulated results with the available experimental shows a very good agreement among them.

Computational fluid dynamics Free surfaces Manoeuvring

3.4 FLUID STRUCTURE INTERACTION

2015122938

OpenFOAM predictions of hydrodynamics loads on full-scale TLP. Ocean Engineering, v 102, 1 July 2015, pp 162-173 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001237 Dai, S., Younis, B.A., Sun, L. English

OpenFOAM is an open-source finite-volume solver in the public domain. In recent years, its use for fluid-flow simulations has grown very rapidly due to its flexibility and extensive capabilities. However, to date, its application in ocean engineering has been very limited. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate this tool for use in this field. Simulations were hence performed of the flow field around a full-scale Tension-Leg Platform (TLP) in steady current at high Reynolds number. Of particular interest was assessment of OpenFOAM׳s ability to accurately predict the unsteady hydrodynamic loads due to vortex shedding. Turbulence was accounted for using the κ-ε model. It was found that this model, which remains the model of choice in engineering practice, fails badly in this respect. A modification that has been shown to improve this models performance in flows with vortex shedding was then implemented into OpenFOAM and checked against two benchmark flows namely around a single cylinder and around two cylinders in tandem. Application of the modified

solver to the TLP flow convincingly demonstrates the suitability of this open-source tool, when used with the appropriate turbulence closure, for use in applications of interest to the ocean engineering community.

Computational fluid dynamics Hydrodynamic loads Tension leg platforms Vortex shedding

2015122939

Modelling the hydrodynamic effects associated with station-keeping in broken ice. Cold Regions Science and Technology, v 118 October 2015, pp 76-90 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165232X15001482 Tsarau, A., Løset, S. English

Complex hydrodynamic effects occur when ocean currents interact with a marine structure in the presence of a broken ice cover. Significantly different flow regimes are observed upstream and downstream of the structure. On the upstream side, broken ice driven by the flow tends to accumulate, thus exerting additional loads on the structure. On the downstream side, periodic fluid flow contributes to the spreading of broken ice in the wake. An approach to analysing ice motions on both sides of a structure is developed by applying appropriate numerical models. A potential flow model is employed to predict the ice motion upstream of the structure, and a vortex element method is adopted to simulate the vortical flows that transport broken ice downstream in the wake. The ice is considered either as an ensemble of discrete rigid bodies or as a collection of particles suspended on the water surface; both represent an ice cover broken by gravity waves and/or as a result of interaction with icebreaking vessels. However, waves, wind and any mechanical interactions that may cause failure or deformation of the ice are not modelled. The simulations reveal that the hydrodynamic interactions between a structure and upstream ice floes in loose ice fields may change drift velocities by more than 20%, whereas the periodic

ABSTRACTS 1101

flow downstream of the structure in dense broken ice may cause rapid clogging of the channel behind the structure. These results emphasise the importance of including hydrodynamic models in simulation tools intended for modelling ice-structure interactions in icy waters, and the present study suggests how the fluid dynamics can be taken into account when modelling the dynamics of an ice field.

Hydrodynamics Ice cover Interactions Numerical models Stationkeeping

2015122940

Time-domain simulation of large-amplitude wave–structure interactions by a 3D numerical tank approach. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy, v 1 n 3, August 2015, pp 299-324 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40722-015-0024-4 Ganesan, T.S., Sen, D. English

A time-domain 3D Rankine panel method based on a simplified variant of the mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian scheme under certain approximations is developed for studying steep nonlinear waves interacting with practical ship and offshore configurations at zero speed. Appropriate techniques have been developed that enable the method to produce very long-duration simulation results. Two levels of time-domain computations are performed: (1) a fully linear formulation where all external forces are computed on the mean wetted surface, and (2) an approximate nonlinear computation where the hydrodynamics interaction forces (diffraction and radiation forces) are determined on the mean surface and the forces arising from the incident steep waves and hydrostatic restoring forces are determined based upon the exact wetted surface under the nonlinear incident wave. Numerical computations for three practical marine structures, the barge, the S175 hull, and the semisubmersible are presented. The linear computations for which very long-duration simulations are achievable from the present method are validated against results from other available methods. As the method is developed for stationary floating bodies undergoing oscillation about their

mean location, it cannot be applied for a fully unrestrained body which can freely drift. In absence of physical restraints, the approximate nonlinear calculation requires imposition of artificial constraints partially or fully restraining the horizontal motions. Very long-duration simulations under the influence of steep nonlinear large-amplitude waves for all the three structures considered could be achieved. Comparative studies between different force and motion components in large-amplitude waves from linear and the approximate nonlinear computations are made to bring out the influence of the incident wave nonlinearities on these structures. It is found that the nonlinearities of the forces and motions are strongly dependent on the above water hull geometry. Compared to a small water-plane area hull (the semisubmersible), or a wall-sided hull (the barge), a flared hull (S175) results in pronounced nonlinear features in the forces and motion time-histories.

Fluid structure interaction Numerical models Time domain Wave forces on structures

2015122941

Numerical wave tank studies for floating wind turbines. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 7 [10 p, 16 ref, 6 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Ganesan, S., Sen, D. English

This paper describes application of a general purpose 3D numerical wave-tank based solution method for the complex interaction of offshore structures under the combined action of waves and winds. Floating wind turbines are such a structure where the design of the floating support platform for efficient operation of the turbine as well as survivability of the structure under wave and wind action needs to be assessed through its motion analysis. For two types of floating support structures, motion analysis under the action of wave and steady wind has been performed. The results demonstrate the capability of the method in simulating motions of the floating wind turbine

1102 ABSTRACTS

structures under the coupled effects from wind and waves, and therefore the developed scheme appears to be a useful and suitable tool in studying the complex dynamic motion of floating wind-turbines.

Fluid structure interaction Motion Numerical models Wave forces on structures Wind turbines

2015122942

Investigation on effect of skew on natural frequency for a marine propeller blade in water using F.E.M. MARHY 2014, International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics; 3-4 December 2014; Chennai, India. Organized by RINA & IIT Madras. Published by IIT Department of Ocean Engineering; ISBN 978-93-80689-22-7. Paper 11 [8 p, 9 ref, 4 tab, 5 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Khan, M.A.J., Pohekar, S.D., Ingle, R.B. English

A screw propeller consists of a number of blades attached to a hub fitted to the propeller shaft. A propeller is said to be skewed when the line obtained by joining the mid points between the leading and trailing edges of a blade at different radii from the axis, bends or curves towards the trailing edge. This paper deals with a vibration analysis of a propeller blade submerged in water, for different cases of skewness using finite element method. The effect of immersing the propeller in water is to cause a reduction in the frequency at which a particular mode of vibration occurs. This reduction is not a constant value for all modes of vibration and was found to be larger for the lower modes than for the higher modes.

Finite element method Propeller blades Resonant frequency Skewed propellers

2015122943

A generalized 3D numerical wave tank for practical wave-structure interactions in steep waves. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 42. http://ichd-home.com/ Sen, D., Ganesan, S. English

This paper presents the development of a practical tool for wave-structure interactions based on a 3D numerical wave tank concept but with certain approximations in the treatment of the associated hydrodynamic problems of radiation and diffraction. The solution is in time domain and the method is versatile; it can incorporate the influence of many subcomponents of a complex offshore platform, making it suitable for routine industry applications particularly for initial design stages. However, despite the simplified treatment of the interaction hydrodynamics, long-duration simulation of nonlinear interactions for a completely unrestrained floating body in a steep incident wave-field in general proves difficult as the solution tends to diverge. This problem is found to be associated with the evaluation of exact FK force on the instantaneous wetted surface rather than the relatively more complex and time-consuming interaction-hydrodynamic calculations. Some form of horizontal restraint is found to remove this problem. Results are presented to demonstrate that providing an artificial restriction on the horizontal motions enables long duration simulations to be performed. Such artificial restraints are however not needed if mooring lines are present.

Fluid structure interaction Numerical models Water waves

2015122944

Hydroelasticity analysis of ships in waves. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 76. http://ichd-home.com/ Datta, R., Sunny, M.R. English

In this study, a coupled boundary element method (BEM)-finite element method (FEM) based approach is developed to predict the hydroelastic response of

ABSTRACTS 1103

the ships in seaway. The 3Dlinear panel method is used to solve the hydrodynamic problem whereas time dependent finite element method is used for structural analysis. The computed results are validated with other published results for simple geometry such as rectangular barge. The results show the efficiency and the correctness of the proposed scheme. Also the effect of the flexible modes for bending is studied extensively.

Boundary element method Finite element method Hydroelasticity

2015122945

Fluid-structure interactions during the high speed water entry of a plate. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Iafrati, A. English

The results of an extensive experimental campaign of the water impact of plates at high horizontal speed are presented. The study, which was originally motivated by the application to the ditching in the aeronautical context, is also of interest for the fluid-structure interaction in high speed planing craft moving in rough seas. More specifically, tests on plates of different shape and rigidity have been performed. The vertical/horizontal velocity ratio and the pitch angle have been varies too. In order to capture correctly the hydrodynamic phenomena, like cavitation and ventilation, and the fluid structure interaction of thin plates, experiments have been conducted at full scale, with horizontal velocity in the range 30 to 46 m/s and vertical velocity of 1.5 m/s. In order to perform the tests, a new high speed impact facility has been designed and installed at the end of the CNR-INSEAN towing tank. A careful analysis has been conducted to characterize the test-to-test dispersion of the experimental setup and the results, given in Iafrati et al. (2014), revealed a high level or repeatability in terms of all measured quantities. Results are

presented in terms of pressures, strains and loads. Attention is focused on the role of some of the governing parameters (e.g. pitch angle, vertical/horizontal velocity ratio, shape, rigidity) on the hydrodynamics and on the fluid-structure interaction aspects.

Experimentation Fluid structure interaction High speed Thin plates Water entry

2015122946

Extreme wave elevations beneath offshore platforms, second order trapping, and the near flat form of the quadratic transfer functions. Computers & Fluids, v 119, 22 September 2015, pp 13-25 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004579301500208X Grice, J.R., Taylor, P.H., Et al English

Extreme free surface elevations due to wave-structure interactions are investigated to second order using Quadratic Transfer Functions (QTFs). The near-trapping phenomenon for small arrays of closely spaced columns is studied for offshore applications, and the excitation of modes by linear and second order interactions is compared. A simple method for approximating near-trapped mode shapes is shown to give good results for both linear and second order excitation. Low frequency near-trapped mode shapes are shown to be very similar whether excited linearly or to second order. Approximating surface elevation sum QTF matrices as being flat perpendicular to the leading diagonal is investigated as a method for greatly reducing lengthy QTF calculations. The effect of this approximation on second order surface elevation calculations is assessed and shown to be reasonably small with realistic geometries for semi-submersible and tension-leg platforms.

Approximation Fluid structure interaction Offshore platforms Trapping

1104 ABSTRACTS

2015122947

Non-linear problem on unsteady free surface flow forced by submerged cylinder. 30th International Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies; 12-15 April 2015; Bristol, UK. [4 p, 8 ref, 1 tab, 3 fig] http://www.iwwwfb.org/Abstracts/iwwwfb30/iwwwfb30_29.pdf Kostikov, V.K., Makarenko, N.I. English

A fully nonlinear problem on unsteady water waves generated by submerged circular cylinder is considered semi-analytically. The main purpose is to evaluate impact of non-linearity acting at early stage of non-stationary wave motion when the cylinder accelerates impulsively near the free surface. Effect of non-linearity was originally studied by Tuck (1965) who used the Wehausen scheme (1960) by constructing power expansion on radius of the cylinder for the solution which describes stationary wave train past horizontally moving body. The analytical method developed by Ovsyannikov (1985) is applied for a class of initial boundary value problems on unsteady free surface flows. By this way, the mathematical formulation reduces to an integral differential system of equations for the functions defining the free surface shape and the normal and tangential components of fluid velocity. This method was extended by Makarenko (2003) to the problem on unsteady water waves forced by circular cylinder, as well as the problem on elliptic cylinder moving under free surface (2013) or under ice cover (2012) was considered. Small-time solution expansions were obtained systematically starting from the papers by Tyvand & Miloh (1995) devoted to the case of unsteady motion of a circular cylinder. Here this problem is revisited in order to accent the role of non-linearity in the mechanism of formation of finite amplitude surface waves.

Cylindrical bodies Free surfaces Nonlinearity Submerged bodies Water waves

2015122948

Wave Radiation by a Cylinder Submerged in Water with an Ice Floe or a Polynya. 30th International Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies; 12-15 April 2015; Bristol, UK. [4 p, 8 ref] http://www.iwwwfb.org/Abstracts/iwwwfb30/iwwwfb30_52.pdf Sturova, I.V., Tkacheva, L.A. English

The radiation problem for a cylinder submerged in fluid with a finite elastic plate is solved in two ways: Wiener-Hopf technique and matched Eigen function expansions. The influence of a finite patch of ice-free water in an ice sheet on the hydrodynamic characteristics of an oscillating cylinder is investigated.

Cylindrical bodies Ice floes Submerged bodies Wave radiation

2015122949

Hydro-elastoplastic analysis of floating plates in waves. 30th International Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies; 12-15 April 2015; Bristol, UK. [4 p, 12 ref, 3 fig] http://www.iwwwfb.org/Abstracts/iwwwfb30/iwwwfb30_58.pdf Yoon, J.-S., Lee, P.-S. English

A formulation for hydro-elastoplastic analysis is provided to fully couple the time-dependent response of a floating plate with elastoplastic material. A numerical procedure based on the incremental finite element analysis is applied to analyse the elastoplastic material behaviour. The effects of plastic deformations on the response of a floating plate in a regular wave are investigated by comparing the solutions of hydroelastic and hydro-elastoplastic analyses.

Elastoplasticity Floating bodies Hydroelasticity Plates Regular waves

ABSTRACTS 1105

2015122950

Fully nonlinear computations of wave radiation forces and hydrodynamic coefficients for a ship with a forward speed. 30th International Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies; 12-15 April 2015; Bristol, UK. [4 p, 6 ref, 3 fig] http://www.iwwwfb.org/Abstracts/iwwwfb30/iwwwfb30_61.pdf Zhang, X., Beck, R.F. English

The primary focus of this study is on identifying and quantifying the nonlinearities associated with wave-body interaction including forward speed and hull slenderness. A fully nonlinear model was developed to compute the wave radiation forces on vessels travelling with a forward speed. The final objective is to quantify validity of different linearized models.

Forward speed Hydrodynamic coefficients Wave radiation

2015122951

Effect of natural frequency modes on sloshing phenomenon in a rectangular tank. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v 7 n 3, September 2015, p 580 [15 p, 30 ref, 2 tab, 11 fig] http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijnaoe.2015.7.issue-3/ijnaoe-2015-0041/ijnaoe-2015-0041.xml?format=INT Jung, J.H., Yoon, H.S., Lee, C.Y. English

Liquid sloshing in two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) rectangular tanks is simulated by using a level set method based on the finite volume method. In order to examine the effect of natural frequency modes on liquid sloshing, the authors considered a wide range of frequency ratios (0.5 ≤ fr ≤ 3.2). The frequency ratio is defined by the ratio of the excitation frequency to the natural frequency of the fluid, and covers natural frequency modes from 1 to 5. When fr = 1 which corresponds to the first mode of the natural frequency, strong liquid sloshing reveals roof impact, and significant forces are generated by the liquid in the tank. The liquid flows are mainly unidirectional. Thus, the strong bulk motion of the fluid contributes to a higher elevation

of the free surface. However, at fr = 2 the sloshing is considerably suppressed, resulting in a calm wave with relatively lower elevation of the free surface, since the waves undergo destructive interference. At fr = 2 the lower peak of the free surface elevation occurs. At higher modes of fr3, fr4, and fr5 the free surface reveals irregular deformation with nonlinear waves in every case. However, the deformation of the free surface becomes weaker at higher natural frequency modes. Finally, 3-D simulations confirm our 2-D results.

Resonant frequency Sloshing Tanks

2015122952

Numerical simulation of the free surface around a circular column in regular waves using modified marker-density method. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v 7 n 3, September 2015, p 610 [16 p, 23 ref, 2 tab, 20 fig] http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijnaoe.2015.7.issue-3/ijnaoe-2015-0043/ijnaoe-2015-0043.xml?format=INT Yang, I-J., Lee, Y-G., Jeong, K-L. English

In this paper the wave run-up around a circular column in regular waves is numerically calculated to investigate the applicability of the Modified Marker-Density (MMD) method to prediction of wave run-up around an offshore platform. The MMD method is one of the methods to define the highly nonlinear free surface. The governing equations are the Navier-Stokes equations and the continuity equation which are computed in Cartesian grid system. To validate incident waves generated by numerical simulation, those are compared with the solutions of the Stokes 5th order wave theory. The wave run-up simulations are performed varying the steepness and period of incident waves as referred experimental data. The numerical results are compared to the experimental data and the results show good agreements.

Columns (supports) Free surfaces Numerical models Regular waves Wave runup

1106 ABSTRACTS

3.5 AERODYNAMICS AND WIND ENGINEERING

2015122953

Wind-assisted ship propulsion: A review and development of a performance prediction program for commercial ships. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 107. http://ichd-home.com/ Bordogna, G., Markey, D.J., Et al English

In this paper the state-of-the-art on wind-assisted propulsion for commercial ships is presented. The review shows that, albeit a considerable amount of research has been carried out over the years, there is still a substantial lack of knowledge on the actual performance of wind-assisted ships. Especially the aerodynamic interaction effects of wind propulsion systems as well as the hydrodynamic phenomena heel, leeway, side force and yaw balance are often simplified or neglected. A performance prediction program is presented and it aims to be a versatile design tool to better evaluate the use of wind energy as an auxiliary form of propulsion for commercial ships.

Aerodynamics Merchant ships Wind propulsion

3.6 FUNDAMENTAL FLUID MECHANICS

2015122954

Performance analysis of massively-parallel computational fluid dynamics. ICHD 2014, 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics; 19-24 October 2014; Singapore. Organized by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Proceedings. ISBN 978-981-09-2175-0. Paper 95. http://ichd-home.com/ Hawkes, J., Turnock, S.R., Et al English

As modern supercomputers edge towards exascale, their architectures are becoming more parallel. In order for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to operate efficiently on newer machines, a complete harmony between hardware, software and

numerical algorithms is required. In the work presented here, a typical CFD code is instrumented, and a strong-scalability study performed to identify areas of the execution which require improvement, using the well-known KVLCC2 test case. The effects of changing discretization schemes, mesh structure, turbulence models and linear solvers are all tested. The results show that data-exchange among cores and the inner-loop pre-conditioners both have a large impact on performance in a massively parallel environment, and should be the focus of future developments.

Computational fluid dynamics

4.1 STRUCTURAL RESPONSE

2015122955

Degree of bending (DoB) in tubular K-joints of offshore structures subjected to in-plane bending (IPB) loads: Study of geometrical effects and parametric formulation. Ocean Engineering, v 102, 1 July 2015, pp 105-116 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001377 Ahmadi, H., Lotfollahi-Yaghin, M.A., Et al English

The fatigue life of tubular joints in offshore structures is not only dependent on the value of hot-spot stress (HSS), but is also significantly influenced by the through-the-thickness stress distribution characterized by the degree of bending (DoB). The determination of DoB values in a tubular joint is essential for improving the accuracy of fatigue life estimation using the stress-life (S–N) method and particularly for predicting the fatigue crack growth using the fracture mechanics (FM) approach. Although the tubular K-joints are commonly found in offshore jacket structures, the DoB in K-joints subjected to in-plane bending (IPB) loads have not been investigated so far and no design equation is available to calculate the DoB for IPB-loaded joints of this type. In the present research, comprehensive finite element (FE) analyses were carried out on 81 generated models of tubular K-joints. Results of FE models were verified against experimental data and parametric equations. Data extracted from FE analyses was used to investigate the effects of geometrical parameters on the DoB values in K-joints subjected to two types of IPB

ABSTRACTS 1107

loadings. Parametric study was followed by a set of nonlinear regression analyses to develop DoB parametric equations for the fatigue analysis of IPB-loaded K-joints.

Bending Fatigue life Fracture mechanics Offshore structures Tubular joints

2015122956

Residual strength of a severely damaged box-girder with non-uniform and inter-crystalline corrosion. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 60 [11 p, 17 ref, 3 tab, 18 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Saad-Eldeen, S., Garbatov, Y., Guedes Soares, C. English

The objective of this study is to analyse a severely damaged box-girder subjected to combined action of non-uniform and inter-crystalline corrosion. The inter-crystalline corrosion, due to the differences in the metal composition of the base and weld toe material, degrades the weld toe between the stiffeners and associated plates leading to a disintegration of structural components and a severe reduction of the strength. In addition, damages originating from dropping objects or collision may also contribute to the strength reduction. The present work investigates the effect of different damage scenarios leading to a symmetrical and asymmetrical stiffness reduction in the strength capacity of a severely corroded and damaged three-bay box girder. A series of static nonlinear finite element analyses are conducted. Different severities of the assumed damage scenarios are considered to identify both symmetric and asymmetric stiffness and strength reductions. The partial and entire damage of one ring-web-frame, transforming the box-girder from a three to two-bay

structure is also studied. The effect of stiffness reduction on the moment-curvature relationships, failure modes, ultimate strength as well as the movement of the neutral axis are presented and discussed.

Corrosion Hull damage Hull girders Ultimate strength

2015122957

Numerical crashworthiness analysis of an offshore wind turbine monopile impacted by a ship. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 74 [9 p, 11 ref, 3 tab, 28 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Bela, A., Buldgen, L., Et al English

The consequences of collision events can range from minor structural damages of the supporting structure to complete collapse of the wind turbine, which may lead to disruptions of the electricity production and, at worst, to sinking of the striking ship with probability of loss of human lives or/and pollution. For all these reasons, a collision risk analysis becomes mandatory at the pre-design stage in order to identify the collision scenarios having the greatest probabilities of occurrence, to estimate the consequences of collision events and to ensure safe operations through the wind farm service life. The goal of this paper is to outline the behaviour of the monopile foundations during ship collision by performing non-linear finite element simulations. Many collision scenarios are analysed in order to study the sensitivity of the monopile to various parameters like impact striking ship velocity, nacelle mass, wind direction, soil stiffness, vertical location of the impact point and wind orientation. The internal energy dissipated by deformation of the monopile, the crushing force and the indentation of the crushed area are compared for different situations, as well as the overall displacements of the supporting structure.

Collision risk Finite element method Platform rammings Structural response Wind turbines

1108 ABSTRACTS

2015122958

Structural response of ship bottom floor plating during shoal grounding. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 76 [8 p, 19 ref, 3 tab, 9 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Gao, Z., Hu, Z. English

Floor plating plays an important role in structural response of ship bottom during shoal grounding. A new theoretical deformation model for floor plating during shoal grounding is proposed in this paper, which is based on a study of the progressive deformation process of numerical simulation results. During shoal grounding, floor plating shows different deformation characteristics with those of the axial crushing of a cruciform and the local denting mode, which have been used by previous researchers. In the new method, the floor plating is analysed as a whole part, and the main deformation features are captured. Using the plastic analytical method, the simplified analytical expressions for energy dissipation and resistance are formulated. The proposed analytical method is verified by numerical simulations. Satisfactory comparison results are obtained. Therefore, the proposed analytical method will contribute to the establishment of an efficient method for bottom structure performance assessment during shoal sliding grounding scenario.

Groundings Hull bottoms Plating Structural response

2015122959

System reliability analysis of a ship deck structure for buckling collapse and corrosion limit states. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 83 [13 p, 38 ref, 6 tab, 7 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Gaspar, B., Guedes Soares, C. English

A system reliability analysis of a ship deck structure for buckling collapse and corrosion limit states is presented. The deck structure is modelled as a structural system of plate elements subjected to the

uniaxial compressive loads induced by the hull girder vertical bending moments in sagging. The buckling collapse strength of the plate elements is described by a semi-empirical design formulation. The system strength and load components are modelled as time-variant functions due to the effect of the generalised corrosion on the reduction of thickness and hull girder cross-section modulus over time. The generalised corrosion on the deck structure is modelled as a random process of correlated uniform thickness reductions described by a nonlinear time-dependent model. The corrosion limit states are defined based on a renewal criterion for general corrosion in plate elements. The time-variant system failure probabilities are computed through Monte Carlo simulation. It is shown that the probability of occurrence of a local failure of the ship deck structural system increases significantly over time. The effect of the correlation length of the random process of corrosion on the system failure probability predictions is analysed.

Buckling Collapse Corrosion Deck structures Structural reliability

2015122960

Effect of the aspect ratio on the ultimate compressive strength of plate elements with non-uniform corrosion. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 84 [10 p, 34 ref, 3 tab, 6 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Gaspar, B., Teixeira, A.P., Guedes Soares, C. English

An analysis of the ultimate strength of plate elements under uniaxial compression with non-uniform corrosion patterns is presented. The aim is to evaluate the influence of the aspect ratio of the plate elements on their ultimate compressive strength reduction due to the effect of the non-uniform corrosion patterns. The non-uniform reduction of thickness of the corroded plate elements is represented by random fields, which the point statistical properties are described by a nonlinear time-dependent model fitted to actual corrosion depth measurements in ship plate elements. The ultimate compressive strength of the plate elements is predicted through nonlinear finite element analysis for each realization of the random

ABSTRACTS 1109

field of corrosion using Monte Carlo simulation. The practical importance of the non-uniform corrosion patterns on the ultimate strength assessment of plate elements is evaluated as a function of the aspect ratio and slenderness parameters and correlation length of the random field of corrosion. It is shown that the ultimate compressive strength reduction due to the effect of the non-uniform corrosion patterns is particularly significant in the case of rectangular plate elements with aspect ratios typical of the longitudinal structures of the ship hull girder.

Compressive strength Corrosion Plates Ultimate strength

2015122961

Uncertainty analysis of the energy absorbed in beam and plate elements under impulsive loading. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 85 [9 p, 15 ref, 2 tab, 8 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Liu, B., Guedes Soares, C. English

This paper presents an uncertainty analysis of beam and plate elements subjected to impulsive pressure loading. The limit state considered is that the maximum permanent deflection induced by the impulsive loading is limited to a critical deflection avoiding the severe reduction of the buckling collapse strength of structures. The deflection limitation is assumed as one-tenth of the structural length. Here, the boundary condition of beams and plates is considered to lie between the simply supported and the fully clamped conditions. Thus, the theoretical approach including uncertain boundary condition is used to analyse the uncertainty of the beam and plate energy absorbing abilities. Monte Carlo simulation is applied to predict the failure probability of beam and plate elements. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to analyse the importance of variables included in the limit state function of beam and plate elements using the first-order second-moment method.

Beams (supports) Energy absorption Plates Transient loads Uncertainty

2015122962

Stress concentration factors for butt welds in plated structures. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4545-5. Volume 5: Materials Technology; Petroleum Technology. Paper No. OMAE2014-23316 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911723 Lotsberg, I., Rove, H. English

Geometric stress concentration factors for butt welds in stiffened plates have been investigated by finite element analysis. The purpose of these analyses has been to establish a data basis that can be used to develop an analytical expression for stress concentration factors (SCF) for butt welds in stiffened plates. The geometry investigated is that typical used in stiffened plates in floating production vessels and ships. The geometry is also considered to be in the relevant range for semisubmersibles. Stress concentration factors are derived at the butt weld in the midway between the longitudinal stiffeners and at butt welds in way of cope holes of the longitudinal stiffener. Based on the performed work an equation accounting for eccentricity of plates due to fabrication tolerances and difference in thickness is derived that also has been included in the DNV Recommended Practice for fatigue analysis.

Butt welds Finite element method Stiffened plates Stress concentration

2015122963

Statistics of still water bending moment of damaged Suezmax oil tanker. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Primorac, B.B., Slapničar, V., Et al English

The aim of the paper is to create statistical model of still water bending moment of a Suezmax double hull oil tanker damaged in collision or grounding accident, by applying the same random variables assumption and concept already developed for an Aframax oil

1110 ABSTRACTS

tanker. Monte Carlo simulation is employed to generate possible damage scenarios according to IMO Resolution MEPC.110 (49) from 2003. For each damage case, maximum bending moments for whole ship and damaged area are calculated by hydrostatic software. Histograms of relative bending moments are then created and appropriate probability distribution fitted. The results are treated in a way to take into account correlation between damage location and maximum bending load. Comparison of the Aframax and Suezmax probability distribution parameters is also performed. The purpose of the developed probabilistic models is for application in structural reliability studies of a damaged ship.

Bending moments Damage Still water Statistical analysis Tankers

2015122964

A finite element analysis for unbonded flexible risers under bending loads. Ocean Systems Engineering, v 5 n 2, June 2015, p 77 [13 p, 15 ref, 2 tab, 11 fig] http://www.techno-press.org/?page=container&journal=ose&volume=5&num=2# Chen, X., Fu, S., Et al English

As the exploitation of oil and gas resources advances into deeper waters and harsher environments, the design and analysis of the flexible risers has become the research focus in the offshore engineering filed. Due to the complexity of the components and the sliding between the adjacent layers, the bending response of the flexible risers is highly non-linear. This paper presents the finite element analysis of the flexible risers under bending loads. The detailed finite element model of the flexible riser is established in ABAQUS software. This finite element model incorporates all the fine details of the riser to accurately predict its nonlinear structural behaviour. Based on the finite element model, the bending

moment–curvature relationships of a flexible riser under various axisymmetric loads have been investigated. The results have been compared with the analytical ones obtained from the literature and good agreements have been found. Moreover, the stress of the tendon armors has been studied. The non-linear relationship between the armor tendons\' stress and the bending loads has been obtained.

Bending Finite element method Loads (forces) Risers Stresses

2015122965

A study on measurements of local ice pressure for ice breaking research vessel ARAON at the Amundsen Sea. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v 7 n 3, September 2015, p 490 [10 p, 16 ref, 4 tab, 14 fig] http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijnaoe.2015.7.issue-3/ijnaoe-2015-0035/ijnaoe-2015-0035.xml?format=INT Kwon, Y-H., Lee, T-K., Choi, K. English

In this study, a local ice pressure prediction has been conducted by using measured data from two ice breaking tests that were conducted for a relatively big ice floe at Amundsen Sea in the Antarctica from January 31 to March 30 2012. The symmetry of load was considered by attaching strain gauges on the same sites inside the shell plating of ship at the port and the starboard sides in the bow thrust room. Using measured strain data, after the ice pressure was converted by the influence coefficient method and the direct method, the two values were found to be similar.

Ice forces Icebreakers Strain measurement

ABSTRACTS 1111

4.2 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

2015122966

An elastic–plastic ice material model for ship-iceberg collision simulations. Ocean Engineering, v 102, 1 July 2015, pp 27-39 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815001286 Gao, Y., Hu, Z., Et al English

Ship-iceberg collisions are currently a hot topic of research. The modelling of iceberg material is crucial for ice mechanics, and the main objective of the present work is to propose an isotropic elastic–perfectly plastic material model to simulate the mechanical behaviour of ice in a ship-iceberg collision scenario for Accidental Limit State conditions. The ‘Tsai-Wu’ yield surface model and a new empirical failure criterion were used to describe the plastic flow of iceberg material, while a cutting-plane algorithm was adopted to address the plastic stress–strain relationship. The proposed iceberg material model was incorporated into the LS-DYNA finite element code using a user-defined subroutine. Calibration of the proposed material model was conducted through a comparison with an abnormal level ice event pressure-area curve. The calculated pressure-area curve was comparable to that recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) rule. A sensitivity analysis was then conducted, and the proposed ice model was found to be more sensitive to the mesh size than to other parameters. Numerical simulations of iceberg-tanker side and iceberg-ship bow collisions were also analysed. Moreover, the impact force and energy dissipation were examined. The results from these simulations showed that the proposed isotropic elastic–perfectly plastic iceberg material model can be employed to simulate iceberg behaviour in ship-iceberg collisions under Accidental Limit State conditions.

Ice mechanics Ice properties Iceberg rammings

2015122967

Multi-objective optimisation of lightweight modular sandwich panels. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 64 [6 p, 16 ref, 3 tab, 8 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Milat, A., Tomac, T., Et al English

This paper presents the development of lightweight modular sandwich panels intended for refrigerated cargo decks. The usage of sandwich panels that contain insulation in the core significantly reduces the production time because the application of insulation is not necessary as in the case of the convectional deck structure. Multi-objective optimisation in this study was utilised in order to obtain the most favourable configuration of the sandwich panel. Optimisation objectives were to minimise mass, cost and heat transfer. Different core materials were varied along with the number of layers in glass reinforced vinylester skins of the panel. This optimisation approach allowed a panel configuration that achieves significant energy savings during the refrigeration of cargo areas. Therefore, besides the usual mass and cost saving features of sandwich panels, this paper shows their potential for thermal energy savings when utilized as structural elements with insulating properties.

Optimisation Sandwich panels

2015122968

Reduction in weld induced distortions of butt welded plates subjected to preventive measures. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 66 [8 p, 17 ref,1 tab, 29 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Hashemzadeh, M., Garbatov, Y., Guedes Soares, C. English

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of boundary constraints on post-welding distortions. Non-linear finite element analyses of welding simulation are performed in order to predict the post-weld mechanical response accounting for different boundary conditions including different

1112 ABSTRACTS

types and sizes of rigid fixations. The importance of the analysed preventive measures is also quantified.

Butt welds Distortion Stiffened plates

2015122969

Buckling mitigation of stiffened panels through thermomechanical tensioning. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 67 [7 p, 5 ref, 3 tab, 11 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Mandal, N.R., Kumar, S., Et al English

In ship construction it is very much essential to keep the hull weight to a minimum in order to achieve higher fuel efficiency. The lighter the structure lesser will be the power requirement for certain speed of operation. This has led to the usage of more and more thinner structural components making them more vulnerable to buckling. The basic structural components of ships are orthogonally stiffened plate panels. The increased use of thin plates in panel fabrication results in significantly increased buckling distortion. Competitiveness in cost and time can be increased by eliminating or mitigating these distortions during the design and fabrication stage rather than allowing them to accumulate and then removing them. In this study an investigation on buckling phenomenon in fabrication of typical stiffened panels as used in shipbuilding was carried out. A method of distortion mitigation by counteracting the compressive forces developed due to welding of stiffeners was developed and investigated in detail. The method developed is named as Thermo-Mechanical Tensioning (TMT). It was found to be very effective yet simple-to-implement method of buckling distortion control. Extensive experimentation was carried out both in laboratory and in full scale in Cochin Shipyard Ltd. It was observed that, this pre-tensioning technique TMT can be very gainfully applied as an active in-process control method to avoid buckling distortion in stiffened panels.

Buckling Deformation Stiffened plates

2015122970

Numerical analysis of residual stress in butt-welded high tensile strength steel structures. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 68 [9 p, 10 ref, 5 tab, 9 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Wan, Y.X., Xiong, Y.P., Li, L.B. English

High Tensile Strength (HTS) steel is widely used in modern maritime industry to reduce the weight of the structures. HTS steel structures are more sensitive to the welding residual stresses which affect the structural strength and fatigue. In this paper, the uncoupled finite element model is presented to predict the welding residual stress of butt-welded HTS steel plates based on the characteristics of welding thermo-mechanical cycles. The examples show that the results calculated by finite element method are in agreement with the experimental data. The effects of structural parameters, welding process parameters and boundary condition on the welding residual stress of butt-welded HTS steel plates are discussed. This study provides the reference to the calculation of welding residual stress of butt-welded HTS steel plates and can be extended for complex structures and welding process.

Butt welds High strength steel Numerical analysis Residual stress

2015122971

Static and fatigue tests of hybrid composite-to-steel butt joints. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 70 [9 p, 27 ref, 3 tab, 14 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Kotsidis, E.A., Yarza, P., Et al English

The two major advantages of composite materials, namely their low weight and low level of required maintenance, are the main causes for the always increasing use of these materials in the marine industry. In this context, a recent trend is trying to replace parts of the ship’s metallic structure with “equivalent” Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) ones. For

ABSTRACTS 1113

this to be done however, effective ways of connecting steel with FRP have to be designed, tested and verified. The objective of the present work is to experimentally investigate the behaviour of an adhesively bonded, hybrid, composite-to-steel butt joint. The geometry of the joint has been defined through an earlier FE parametric study and consists of a double lap steel-FRP part plus a FRP sandwich part. The steel is of normal AH36 grade, whereas the composite is comprised of a biaxial glass fabric in association with a vinylester resin. The joint is manufactured all at the same time with the vacuum bagging technique, using the vinylester resin as the adhesive means between the steel and the FRP and the sandwich core and the FRP skins. Two types of joints are tested, e.g. one involving only the adhesive and one involving a combination of the adhesive and bolts. Several specimens of each type are subjected to both static and fatigue tensile loadings, resulting in measuring the static strength, estimating the fatigue life and identifying the failure mode of the joints. The results are quite encouraging and will serve as the means for validating the respective FE models.

Bonded joints Composite materials Fatigue tests Static loads

2015122972

Composite riser design and development - A review. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 72 [9 p, 75 ref, 3 tab, 2 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Pham, D.-C., Narayanaswamy, S., Et al English

There is accelerating interest in composite risers for deepwater applications. Composite risers offer much higher strength to weight ratios over metallic risers but there is less experience of their behaviour in deepwater environments. A general review on current developments specific to composite risers highlighting the remaining challenges and the applications, design evolution, state-of-the-art modelling and experimental techniques is lacking. This paper provides such a review on fibre-reinforced polymer composite risers. The major issues for composite risers are addressed including the complicated combination of loads under harsh deep sea environment, the lack of long-term material

degradation database for assessing the reliability of these riser systems and the need of effective numerical models to fully account for complex realistic loading configurations. The paper also highlights current gaps for design and application of composite risers in offshore technology and promising future research areas to help expand their utilization in deeper water.

Composite materials Risers

2015122973

Development of a failure strain surface in average stress triaxiality and average lode angle domains of a low temperature high strength steel. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 75 [13 p, 24 ref, 5 tab, 15 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 Choung, J., Park, S.J., Tayyar, G.T. English

The paper deals with formulation of failure strain according to average stress triaxiality and normalized lode angle of a low temperature high-tensile steel, EH36, used for arctic marine structures. Stress triaxiailty and lode angle are known the factors mainly governing fracture initiation of most ductile metals. A number of tests are conducted for round and flat tensile specimens with different notches from relatively smooth to very sharp levels, and specially designed specimens to induce pure shear failure and shear-tension failure. Nonlinear finite element simulation of each specimen is performed to obtain stress and strain fields at fracture initiation. Three dimensional failure strain surface is proposed in the average stress triaxiality and normalized lode angle domains. In order to verify validity of the surface, tensile tests are conducted for asymmetric notch specimens which are indirectly representing fracture-anticipating parts of real marine structures. It is concluded that the proposed fracture surface well predicts fracture initiation of the real structures.

Cryogenic materials High strength steel Tensile tests Triaxial stresses

1114 ABSTRACTS

2015122974

Effects of input uncertainty on composite patch disband under impact loading. MARSTRUCT 2015, 5th International Conference on Marine Structures; 25-27 March 2015; Southampton, UK. Published by CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-138-02789-3. Chapter 86 [8 p, 19 ref, 4 tab, 11 fig] https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027893 TerMaath, S.C., Hart, D.C. English

Composite overlays are applied to damaged or undamaged marine structure as a means to improve or restore the damage tolerance and load-carrying capacity. When this overlay is subjected to impact damage, such as from a tool drop or hail, the bond between the overlay and substrate may be damaged resulting in one or more disbonds. Many uncertain input parameters encompassing material properties, configuration variables, and loading conditions influence the behaviour of the patched system. Computational simulation is an effective method to rapidly explore many combinations of these varying parameters. This paper presents an overview of a 3D framework based on finite element analysis for the probabilistic evaluation of composite overlay performance under low-velocity impact loading. The framework is demonstrated by a parameter study to investigate the influence of fibre volume on patch behaviour.

Composite materials Impact loads Patching

2015122975

Fatigue assessment of thin welded joints from Invar alloy by local stress concept. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4545-5. Volume 5: Materials Technology; Petroleum Technology. Paper No. OMAE2014-23825 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911746 Oh, D.J., Lee, J.M., Kim, M.H. English

The aim of this paper is to investigate the fatigue strength of the Invar alloy weld joints. Invar alloy is commonly used in cryogenic applications where a high degree of dimensional stability is required under temperatures. It is widely used in primary and

secondary barriers of membrane-type liquefied natural gas containment system. The fatigue assessment of Invar alloy weld joints is evaluated based on the nominal stress, structural stress approach and effective notch stress approaches. A series of fatigue tests were carried out for two different types of welded joints with raised edge specimens and overlap joint specimens at room and cryogenic temperatures. The evaluation of the results exhibit that the local stress concept using the reference notch radius of r = 0.05 mm can be applied to the fatigue design of Invar alloy weld joints for plates with thicknesses less than 5 mm. The results are also compared with the available published data. Finite element analysis is carried out to investigate FAT value and slope of the design curve for Invar alloy weld joints. The suggested fatigue design curves based on the effective notch stress concept indicate a lower FAT value compared to steel weld joints by IIW recommendations.

Alloys Cryogenic materials Fatigue strength Stresses Welded joints

2015122976

Fatigue strength analysis of longitudinal bulkheads of passenger ships with large openings. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Risso, G., Cau, C., Et al English

The longitudinal bulkheads of the passenger ships are characterised by the presence of large openings necessary for access to the balcony from the cabins, which are the cause of discontinuities in the stress flux resulting in a stress concentration at the corners of the openings, which may lead to fatigue damage. The stress concentrations are currently mitigated with an increase of the plate thickness or by modification of the structural configuration of the opening. The main objective of this study is to verify if the insert plate of high strength alloy steel can improve the fatigue performance of the opening corner by increasing the time to a crack initiation and propagation up to the critical crack size. The material properties are determined by a laboratory test carried out within the EU project MOSAIC. The as-built

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corner and the new structural configuration, which contemplates the use of the insert plate of high strength alloy steel, are analysed by the finite element method. Fatigue damage is evaluated based on the SN approach, whereas the fatigue crack growth is estimated applying fracture mechanics and the Paris Erdogan law. Finally, the consequences of the adoption of the solution with the HSLA insert plates in terms of weight and cost savings are evaluated and discussed.

Fatigue strength High strength steel Longitudinal bulkheads Passenger ships

2015122977

Experimental investigation of FCAW-G weldments of HSLA AH40-FCA (Fatigue Crack Arrester) steel, used in marine applications. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Kazasidis, M., Chionopoulos, S., Pantelis, D. English

In this study, an experimental investigation of HSLA AH40-FCA (Fatigue Crack Arrester) steel, used in marine applications, was carried out. Plates 13 mm thick were welded using FCAW-G technique and a six-D.O.F. robotic arm. Two different welding heat inputs were selected -among several bead on plate trials of different welding parameters- while the resulting weld bead geometry and dilution was studied. Fully metallographic study was performed, in butt welds, including optical and electronic microscopy and hardness testing followed by the investigation of the mechanical response of the welds via residual stress measurements, by the proposed blind-hole-drilling technique and tensile testing. Extensive experimental data were recorded leading to concluding remarks concerning the two different heat inputs.

Crack arrest Mechanical properties Steel Weldments

2015122978

Simplified welding distortion analysis for fillet welding using composite shell elements. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v 7 n 3, September 2015, p 452 [14 p, 14 ref, 4 tab, 13 fig] http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijnaoe.2015.7.issue-3/ijnaoe-2015-0032/ijnaoe-2015-0032.xml?format=INT Kim, M., Kang, M., Chung, H. English

This paper presents a simplified welding distortion analysis method to predict the welding deformation of both plate and stiffener in fillet welds. Currently, the methods based on equivalent thermal strain like Strain as Direct Boundary (SDB) has been widely used due to effective prediction of welding deformation. Regarding the fillet welding, however, those methods cannot represent deformation of both members at once since the temperature degree of freedom is shared at the intersection nodes in both members. In this paper, a new approach is proposed to simulate deformation of both members. The method can simulate fillet weld deformations by employing composite shell element and using different thermal expansion coefficients according to thickness direction with fixed temperature at intersection nodes. For verification purpose, the result from experiments, 3D thermo elastic plastic analysis, SDB method and proposed method are compared. In comparison with experimental results, the proposed method can effectively predict welding deformation for fillet welds.

Composite materials Distortion Fillet welds Shell structures Strains

2015122979

Ultimate strength of stiffened plates with pitting corrosion. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, v 7 n 3, September 2015, p 509 [17 p, 16 ref, 2 tab, 15 fig] http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ijnaoe.2015.7.issue-3/ijnaoe-2015-0037/ijnaoe-2015-0037.xml?format=INT Rahbar-Ranji, A., Niamir, N., Zarookian, A. English

Predicting residual strength of corroded plates is of crucial importance for service life estimation of aged

1116 ABSTRACTS

structures. A series of nonlinear finite element method is employed for ultimate strength analysis of stiffened plates with pitting corrosion. Influential parameters, including plate thickness, type and size of stiffeners, pit depth and degree of pitting are varied and more than 208 finite element models are analysed. It is found that ultimate strength is reduced by increasing pit depth to thickness ratio. Thin and intermediate plates have minimum and maximum reduction of ultimate strength with stronger stiffeners, respectively. In weak stiffener, reduction of ultimate strength in thin and intermediate plates depends on DOP. Reduction of ultimate strength in thick plates depends on thickness of plate and DOP. For intermediate plates, reduction for all stiffeners regardless of shape and size are the same.

Finite element method Pitting corrosion Stiffened plates Ultimate strength

4.3 CORROSION AND FOULING

2015122980

New bio coating for corrosion inhibition on maritime infrastructures and transportation. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part II, STS02 [9 p, 11 ref, 7 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_19915.pdf Blas Galindo, E., Barros García, R., Et al English

According to the World Corrosion Organization, the annual direct cost of corrosion estimated worldwide means approximately 3-4% of the Gross Domestic Product of industrialized countries. Among the different types of corrosion, Microbial Influence Corrosion (MIC) caused by fouling is estimated to be involved in at least 10% of the corrosion problems of structures. MIC is a very aggressive form of corrosion with many proposed mechanisms for its prevention but existing antifouling solutions include not environmentally friendly biocides. This fact has

caused an urgent demand for greener, non-toxic or low-toxicity and longer lasting antifouling compounds and technologies. The European project, BIOCORIN “New biocoating for corrosion inhibition in metal surfaces” (FP7 ENV.2011) targets this form of corrosion by presenting an innovative green alternative to the coatings and solutions used up to date for MIC protection and prevention in infrastructures.

Antifouling coatings Corrosion prevention Microbial fouling

2015122981

Marine coatings: a systematic study on structure-property relationship of potential covalently immobilized biocides. TRA 2014, Transport Research Arena, 5th Conference, Transport Solutions: from Research to Deployment - Innovate Mobility, Mobilise Innovation!; 14-17 April 2014; Paris, France. Organised by IFSTTAR, France. Part II STS 02 [10 p, 33 ref, 3 tab, 3 fig] http://tra2014.traconference.eu/papers/pdfs/TRA2014_Fpaper_18102.pdf Silva, E.R., Ferreira, O., Et al English

In compliance with the global aim to provide eco-friendly antifouling coatings, potential antifouling agents with the ability to be covalently immobilised in a polymeric matrix are identified in this study. The ultimate goal is to combine this innovative approach with the most recent paints foul-release concept, in order to offer a potential non-releasing marine antifouling system. A list of selected antifouling agents, based on criteria such as: mechanism to inhibit fouling, antifouling potency, feasibility to be immobilised, stability and compliance with the EU Biocidal Products Directives (BPD) is provided. Preliminary tests on a polyurethane based system were performed in order to prove the concept of covalent linkage approach. These tests revealed that agents possessing amines and hydroxyl groups are promising candidates for immobilisation. The immobilisation of Irgarol is given as an example of this approach in the polyurethane-based system.

Antifouling coatings

ABSTRACTS 1117

2015122982

Corrosion accelerated exposure experiment simulating under seawater environment for organic coated steel materials. Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, v 50 n 6, September 2015, pp 449-461 http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/1743278214Y.0000000238 Hirohata, M., Takemi, J., Itch, Y. English

In order to investigate and evaluate the corrosion characteristics of steel members more effectively under seawater conditions, the authors have developed an accelerated exposure experimental system to simulate under seawater environments. The acceleration coefficients of this experimental system were based on a study of the depths of corrosion actually found in structural steel members exposed to seawater environments for over 19 years. The accelerated coefficient for the splash zone was around 6·0. In the experiment reported, the system was used to investigate the corrosion behaviour of steel coated with epoxy resin, polyurethane resin and tar-epoxy resin and then subjected to damage from cross scribe lines or circular types of coating defect. Corrosion propagation was found to occur under the coating around the boundaries of these coating defects and macrocell corrosion was observed around the boundary areas. Methods of predicting corrosion propagation distances under the organic coating and the depths of corrosion under the coating defects were proposed based on the experimental results.

Coatings Corrosion environments Seawater corrosion Steel

5 NAVAL VESSELS AND DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY

2015122983

First AFSB version of MLP delivered. Warship Technology, July/August 2015, p 20 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/wt.html No author given English

This article describes USNS LEWIS B PULLER, the US Navy’s first Afloat Forward Staging Base (AFSB) variant of the Mobile Landing Platform (MLP). The vessel was built by General Dynamics NASSCO and delivered on 12 June. The AFSB variant of the MLP

is optimised to support a variety of maritime-based missions with an added flight deck, berthing, fuel storage, equipment storage and repair spaces.

Amphibious ships Naval vessels Vessel descriptions

2015122984

Safehaven Marine introduces high-speed, low RCS interceptor. Warship Technology, July/August 2015, p 26 [2 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/wt.html No author given English

Irish boat builder Safehaven Marine has unveiled the ‘Barracuda’, an innovative high-speed interceptor/patrol vessel for military and low enforcement duties. The Barracuda can be built with lengths of between 11m and 13m. The propulsion of the 11m version of the Barracuda takes the form of conventional stern gear, although waterjets can be fitted for higher speeds and reduced draught. Capable of maximum speeds of in excess of 40knots depending on the propulsion system and equipment installed, the 11m Barracuda is fitted with a pair of Caterpillar C9 diesel engines rated at 560hp.

High speed vessels Patrol craft Vessel descriptions

2015122985

The influence of the operational scenarios on the propulsion system selection in the preliminary naval ship design. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Menna, A., Perra, F., Et al English

The concept phase of the naval ship design process is traditionally based on experience, on the balanced application of project constraints, on empirical rules and experimental information. A key factor that greatly affects the design is the scenario the ship will undertake and relevant mission success measures. The aim of the design is to find a feasible solution with respect to different needs: operational

1118 ABSTRACTS

effectiveness, speed, seakeeping, stability and manoeuvrability, lifecycle cost. During the early stage ship design these elements need to be evaluated by means of appropriate models and trade-off studies among multiple alternatives have to be performed. This paper is focussed on the propulsion system selection and its influence on the ship effectiveness in different scenarios. The authors developed a numerical methodology to derive main propulsion system characteristics (power, consumption, weight, volume) starting from few input available in the early stage of naval ship design. For a given main ship dimensions (L, B, T), different operational scenarios will be analysed and ship effectiveness evaluated for different propulsion system choice.

Naval vessels Power plant selection Ship design

2015122986

Operational effectiveness trade-offs analysis in the preliminary naval ship design. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Troiano, F., Perra, F., Guagnano, A. English

The concept phase of the naval ship design process is traditionally based on experience, on the balanced application of project constraints, on empirical rules and experimental information, and on analytic insights into the technologies that are to be considered for the new warship. However, a key factor for developing successful solutions consists in understanding the missions the ship will undertake as well as defining mission success measures early in the design process: the correct operational requirements can then be defined, together with the measure of how they affect the overall mission effectiveness. This paper describes the outcome of the research project conducted within the wider framework of ASNET (Advanced Simulation for Naval Engineering Techniques) by a collaborative team of researchers from the Italian Navy and Orizzonte Sistemi Navali (OSN), supported by the

Genoa University Polytechnic School, developing a “mission-focus” tool, named Operational Evaluation Model, to investigate operational effectiveness trade-offs analysis in the preliminary naval ship design.

Naval vessels Ship design

2015122987

An overview of innovative technologies onboard Italian Navy ships for a more efficient platform system and electrical plant operation. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Mazzucca, T., Torre, M. English

Shipboard plants have high demanding performance and operational requirements. So, in the past, only a limited number of suppliers could offer suitable solutions, with subsequent high acquisition and operational costs. Recent technological progress in the electro-technical field has made available a wider range of systems and equipment in favour also of COTS (Commercial Off The Shelf) acquisition strategy so that an optimal compromise between military requirements compliance and present budget restrictions for naval programmes can be obtained. There are three key driving factors for electrical system innovation onboard Italian Navy ships: Energy efficiency and environmental concern; Weight and volume reductions for space optimisation; Higher equipment maintainability, reliability and availability. This paper describes the context in which this process is verified, characterized by an intensive electrification of systems and equipment previously actuated by forms of energy other than electricity, such as hydraulic and pneumatic sources, and by introduction of high power weapons, with an expected global increase of electrical energy absorptions. Moreover the recent development of new manufacturing techniques and new electric materials and devices has allowed significant technological progress concerning either construction characteristics or functional performances of equipment and systems in use for

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shipboard applications, such as higher resistance to stringent and aggressive ambient conditions, better thermal requirements, explosion proof resistance, higher short circuit withstand capability, reduction of dimensions and weight. So, it is explained how interesting and peculiar technologies have been introduced for shipboard applications either as dedicated solutions to specific problematic, developed within Military Research Programmes, or as derivation from cut-the-edge commercial well proven innovations.

Naval vessels Ship power plants

2015122988

Predicting life cycle cost of a modular frigates fleet. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Barbato, A., Bonvicini, A. English

In recent years mission modularity has attracted the interest of European navies. Mission modularity allows increased flexibility in the use of naval assets and there is also clear potential for life cycle cost savings due to economies of scale and reduced maintenance and upgrade costs. There is little hard data on the cost impact of mission modularity and on the prerequisites for achieving possible cost benefits, therefore Fincantieri and CETENA have been involved in a research study, commissioned by EDA (European Defence Agency), in cooperation with Navantia (Spain) and Damen (Netherlands) shipyards, in order to investigate the life cycle cost of a modular naval fleet of frigates. The study has been divided in two parts: the first one consisting of the identification of the main characteristics of both frigate typologies (modular and “classical”) to be compared and the second one dealing with the assessment of a software tool able to identify the sources of the cost differences, evaluate their importance and recommend how mission modularity should be implemented to achieve maximum cost reduction with minimal compromising impact on capability. In this paper, the main aspects of the

preliminary design of the modular frigate, adopted as reference for the life cycle cost evaluation, is described, together with a description of the software tool that has been implemented.

Frigates Life cycle costs Ship design

2015122989

MONOTRICAT hull, first displacement naval hull navigating at speeds of planing hulls, on spray self-produced, at high hydrodynamic efficiency and energy recovery. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Mascellaro, L. English

From the '50s, with the introduction of the first semi-planing hull of Nelson, which allowed navigation with a certain tranquility at speeds higher than those of traditional hulls, and with the subsequent availability of more powerful engines, a speed has been reached equal to Fn greater than 0.6, which defines planing hulls. It was created so there was a clear distinction between displacement and planing hulls, in relation to the performances. The need to have naval units displacing faster has pushed the ship design to achieve increasingly high performance hulls, also focusing on the use of lightweight materials such as aluminium and more powerful engines, etc., but without substantially changing the traditional forms of hull. The patented hull Monotricat high hydrodynamic efficiency and energy saving represents the overcoming of this distinction between displacement and planing hulls, because, unlike previous solutions, it is configured as the first hull that combines the characteristics of displacement and planing hull, since it presents an innovative architecture that could be defined as a hybrid between a monohull and catamaran, navigating on spray self-produced. This paper shows how the Monotricat hull is the first displacement hull that can navigate at both displacement and planing speeds, with a resistance curve almost straight, maintaining the characteristics of a displacement hull. For these reasons the

1120 ABSTRACTS

Monotricat hull is able to ensure: safety, navigation comfort, best seakeeping and manoeuvrability in restricted waters, stability, reduction of resistance to motion, cost management, regularity on the routes even in adverse weather-sea. These characteristics of the hull have been studied, tested and validated by leading research institutes and universities with more ameliorative results in each subsequent experimentation, reported in this work, which demonstrated a greater hydrodynamic efficiency compared to conventional hulls tending to 20%.

Displacement hulls Naval vessels Propulsive efficiency

2015122990

Virtual PMM and free running manoeuvring predictions of a submarine CFD. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Zaghi, S., Dubbioso, G., Et al English

Current increasing uncertainty about potential military threats together with probable fast and unexpected changes in the nature of ongoing regional conflicts, require a continuous preventive action of surveillance and control of critical coastal areas, affected by piracy, human and arms traffics and drug smuggling. This kind of targets of interest often lead our submarines to operate in littoral scenarios, where the high risk of collision against either the bottom or other units makes a detailed design of passive survivability and a deep and accurate study of control performances fundamental. The work presented here relates with the activities in the framework of the Research Project “Submarine Coupled 6DoF Motions Including Boundary Effects”, SUBMOTION II, financially supported by the Italian and the Norwegian MoDs, contracted through the European Defence Agency. The principal aim of the research is to develop a reliable and practical procedure for the analysis of submarine manoeuvring qualities while operating in different operative scenarios. In this work the manoeuvring behaviour of a fully appended submarine have been deeply investigated by means of Computational Fluid Dynamic simulations and experimental tests. The model is propelled by a seven blades propeller; in the numerical simulations the effect of the propeller is taken into account by

means of the modified Hough and Ordway model. Operative conditions are identified by a Reynolds and Froude numbers based on the submarine length and advancement speed of Re=6.65 Million and Fr=0.21, respectively. Two arrangements of the aft planes were tested, namely the cruciform and the X rudder configurations. It is shown in the paper that the numerical simulations carried out are suitable to provide insights in the manoeuvrability of the submarine. In particular, the different manoeuvring characteristics of the two configurations will be exploited. Comparison with available experimental data is also provided.

Computational fluid dynamics Manoeuvrability Submarines

2015122991

Unified Trade-off Environment: a listening to expert’s opinion in the preliminary naval warship design. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Gualeni, P. English

The concept phase of the naval ship design process is traditionally based on experience, on the balanced application of project constraints, on prescriptive rules and experimental information. In the early-stage design it is favourable to have a close interaction between client (usually MoDs), designers and experts of naval weapon systems and equipment C4I (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence). The goal of this project is to develop a tool for a multi-dimensional evaluation of the operational effectiveness of a combatant ship: it will allow to extract knowledge (knowledge elicitation) by experts from the navy in order to specify, in a structured way, the level of significance of different physical solutions and possible configurations characterizing a naval unit with respect to the operational scenarios of interest. In the international arena this purpose is identified as: "Strategic Requirements Planning". Several NATO groups have highlighted two parallel technical trends that are emerging to address an immediate and instantaneous (run-time) analysis of design choices’ impacts on the overall capacity of the naval unit. The first stand up for a new methodology supporting the

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preliminary phase of the acquisition process of a unit, based on parametric modelling of ship design aspects as well as those related to the operational evaluation; the latter proposes the integration of the "expert opinion". In this perspective, in the paper the tool for knowledge elicitation is described and discussed with specific attention to the ship technical characteristics able to describe consistently the naval unit under investigation in terms of operational capabilities, through the use of systems functional decomposition. A methodology and a tool are therefore identified with the aim to rationally link the main ship design characteristics to operational effectiveness through systems functions.

Knowledge Naval vessels Ship design

2015122992

Wall pressure and structural models for self-noise predictions. NAV 2015, 18th International Conference on Ships and Shipping; 24-26 June 2015; Lecco, Italy. Organised by the Italian Association of Marine Engineering. ISBN 978-88-940557-1-9 http://www.atenanazionale.it/nav/index.php/NAV/NAV2015 Ciappi, E. English

In the last years, several research projects have been devoted to understanding the characteristics of the self-noise induced by turbulent flow around the hull of military surface and underwater vessels. Experimental setups and test campaigns have been designed to measure, in the CNR-INSEAN towing tanks, wall pressure fluctuations on surfaces of different geometries and the induced vibro-acoustic response, varying flow conditions and structural material properties. In particular, experimental data concerning a bulbous bow of a military vessel are used in this work to analyse the case of non-equilibrium boundary layers. These flow conditions typically occur when free surface effects, as well as surface curvature and transitional phenomena cannot be neglected. The results are compared with some literature data and with other measurements acquired in the towing tank on flat surfaces in fully developed and nearly zero pressure gradient flow. The possibility to provide predictive case independent

semi-empirical models for the different frequency ranges of wall pressure spectra is also analysed. Finally, different approximations for the pressure loads are used to numerically evaluate the structural response. The results of this analysis are compared with acceleration experimental data showing that under some conditions and in some identified frequency ranges, the evaluation of the vibro-acoustic response can be significantly simplified.

Naval vessels Noise Turbulent flow

2015122993

Electric loads characterization in an aircraft carrier with ring-bus distribution system. ESARS 2015, International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles; 3-5 March 2015; Aachen, Germany. Published by IEEE; ISBN 9781479973996. [6 p] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7101467&punumber%3D7091733%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7101413%29%26pageNumber%3D3 Lipardi, G., Piva, L., Et al English

The increase in installed power onboard ships and the adoption of electric propulsion led to the need of a rather complex power system. The so-called Integrated Power System (IPS) feeds all the ship loads, integrating into a single entity the functions of generation, regulation, distribution and utilization of the electric power. The integration, thus being a powerful tool to increase vessel's performance, reliability and efficiency, permits also the propagation of disturbances to all the users fed by the IPS. Being Power Quality a primary need for the loads (and especially for some particular military ones) it is needed an assessment of the disturbances that can occur in the power system, both in terms of voltage and frequency transients and in terms of harmonic distortion. This paper presents a measurement campaign to assess disturbance levels and performance of a Naval vessel.

Aircraft carriers Electric propulsion Electrical loads Integrated systems Naval vessels

1122 ABSTRACTS

2015122994

Full electric ship propulsion based on a flying capacitor converter and an induction motor drive. ESARS 2015, International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles; 3-5 March 2015; Aachen, Germany. Published by IEEE; ISBN 9781479973996. [6 p] http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7101468&punumber%3D7091733%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7101413%29%26pageNumber%3D3 Reusser, C.A., Young, H. English

Modern ship propulsion systems are looking towards to high efficiency electric drive systems. This paper presents the dynamic behaviour of a naval Full Electric Propulsion (F.E.P.) system based on a Flying Capacitor Multilevel Inverter and an Induction Motor Drive. Simulation results based on real hull dynamic data where carried out for load loss, load impact and speed reversion.

Electric drives Electric propulsion Naval vessels

2015122995

Dual wound machines for electric ship power systems. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 62-67 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157862&filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29 Hodge, C.G., Eastham, J.F. English

Electric Ship Power Systems, with integrated ship service and propulsion segments, offer significant advantages to warship designers and particularly so in the context of high and directed energy weapon systems. Practical considerations lead to a mix of prime mover and generator sizes being used but straightforward inter-connection between them leaves each subsystem vulnerable to influences imposed by the other. The concept of tandem generators - either separate electrical machines, or tandem electrical machines in one frame - driven from one prime mover, attempts to square this circle by providing galvanic isolation between the two sub-systems whilst still feeding each from common prime movers. But the two machines are difficult to integrate

closely, especially if both use optimal lengths and diameters. One solution is to use a dual wound machine whereby the windings of the two separate generators share the same slots. This paper considers such a dual wound machine from the perspective of its air gap flux density and considers how much electro-magnetic isolation between the two circuits will exist.

Electric generators Naval vessels Ship electric power systems

2015122996

An investigation into current source inversion. ESTS 2015, Electric Ship Technologies Symposium; 21-24 June 2015; Old Town Alexandria, VA, US. Published by IEEE; ISBN 978-1-4799-1856-0; pp 276-280 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7157903&refinements%3D4228317970%26filter%3DAND%28p_IS_Number%3A7157845%29 Nash, S. English

This paper discusses the restrictions of current source and voltage source inversion topologies, and in particular how these restrictions apply in a naval context. While some options are being explored at a theoretical level, embedded protection is not yet achievable with a voltage source inverter. Furthermore, recent developments in current source inverters - in particular, the application of voltage control methods - make them a much more attractive prospect. What remains is for manufacturers to meet technology developments and industry demand to make current source inverters more readily available.

Electric current Naval vessels Voltage

2015122997

Auxiliary electric drive (AED) application in US Coast Guard cutters. Naval Engineers Journal, v 126 n 2, June 2014, pp 89-99 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asne/nej/2014/00000126/00000002/art00026 Mensch, M.A., DiTaranto, M.J., Et al English

The magnitude of the USCG's unique mission diversity adds challenges to the complexity of its

ABSTRACTS 1123

resource balance. This mission diversity requires major surface asset cutters to operate across a wide range of propulsion drive loads, including high-speed transit/intercept, as well as long cruising speed endurance. As a result, the major USCG cutters with mission requirements for these widely varying loads have, by design necessity, propulsion plants characterized by very high-power density (VHPD), such as combined diesel and/or gas turbine (CODAG/CODOG) systems, or very high-power-to-weight ratio high-speed main propulsion diesel engines (MPDEs). While these VHPD mechanical propulsion systems offer considerable advantages for military vessels, the design trade limitations implicit in maximizing opposing performance characteristics inevitably confine mechanical propulsion systems to applications optimised for high performance ranges. Nonetheless, many USCG mission environments require disproportionately lower propulsion power loads. These demands on machinery are exacerbated by increases in environmental regulatory control, slower transit speeds, and lengthier low-load loitering operations. Accordingly, this paper examines a strategic investment opportunity to expand overall cutter mission performance through an auxiliary electric drive (AED). Applying existing excess electrical power capacity to produce auxiliary propulsion during low-speed operations, without the complicating requirements for electrical power regeneration or tactical main propulsion (sic. hybrid-electric drive systems); a cutter AED will reduce MPDE maintenance, significantly reduce engine hours, increase mean time between overhaul (MBTO), lower harmful exhaust emissions, and improve fuel efficiency. The proposed AED includes electric motor(s), mechanical drive, switching and control systems, and other related equipment. Furthermore, this paper examines theoretical performance limitations, implementation options, ship speed estimates, and TOC reduction opportunities for a cutter AED.

Auxiliary systems Coast Guard vessels Cutters (vessels) Electric drives

2015122998

Structural lifecycle management of ships under uncertainty. Naval Engineers Journal, v 126 n 2, June 2014, pp 101-109 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asne/nej/2014/00000126/00000002/art00027 Frangopol, D.M., Soliman, M. English

Successful lifecycle management of ships is best conducted through an integrated lifecycle framework that accounts for uncertainties. These uncertainties are inherently present in the loading conditions, deteriorating mechanisms, inspection and maintenance activities, as well as in the models adopted to identify the structural resistance of ships. This paper presents a brief overview on the recent research work performed at Lehigh University in the field of lifecycle management of naval vessels under uncertainty. The discussed topics include probabilistic performance assessment under different operational conditions, inspection and monitoring planning, and maintenance optimisation. Additionally, the paper covers some of the challenges and research areas that need further development to improve the capabilities of the proposed approach.

Life (durability) Naval vessels Uncertainty

2015122999

Submarine fault detection and identification by means of artificial immune system (AIS). Naval Engineers Journal, v 126 n 2, June 2014, pp 111-119 http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asne/nej/2014/00000126/00000002/art00028 Gibson, J.D. English

An artificial immune system (AIS) was used to detect and identify a rudder jam occurring on a submarine. Even though the rudder jam angle of five degrees was small and occurred during a planned movement of the rudder to affect a heading change, the jam was detected 97 seconds after it happened. The AIS design allowed the fault to be identified according to

1124 ABSTRACTS

whether the fault affected the ship's vertical plane motion, horizontal plane motion, or transverse plane motion. The fault detection and identification was accomplished without any direct knowledge of the rudder motion or rudder angle.

Fault detection Rudders Submarines

6 MISCELLANEOUS

2015123000

A guide to materials engineering for the maritime industry. SNAME T&R Bulletin 2-34, 2015 [223p] http://www.sname.org/communities1/resources/viewtechnicalpaper/?DocumentKey=12596716-cb13-4bcf-8da7-ccaaa7fd1509 Traynham, T. English

This T&R Bulletin provides a unique and practical guide to materials engineering for the maritime industry. It covers aspects of materials engineering, testing and evaluation, corrosion, and failure that are of specific interest to marine designers as well as those who maintain structure and machinery in the marine environment. The guide also provides information on non-destructive test and evaluation techniques and their use and addresses advance materials and processes. Additional references are provided to assist those who require more detailed information on a specific process.

Corrosion Evaluation Materials Non-destructive testing

AUTHOR INDEX A-1

Author Name Abstract No.

Afroditi, A. 2015122808 Agrusta, A. 2015122899 Ahlers, R. 2015122797 Ahmadi, H. 2015122955 Akhtar, M.J. 2015122837 Alexander, S.R. 2015122830 Ali, W.Y. 2015122852 Ambrosio, L. 2015122766 Ando, J. 2015122877 2015122882 Aps, R. 2015122844 Arntsen, Ø.A. 2015122815 Aronietis, R. 2015122851 Arun, K.S. 2015122816 Babu, K.R. 2015122911 Bacelli, G. 2015122821 Baek, D-G. 2015122902 Bąk, A. 2015122814 Balitsky, P. 2015122821 Barbato, A. 2015122988 Barltrop, N. 2015122800 Barros García, R. 2015122980 Beck, R.F. 2015122950 Begovic, E. 2015122928 Bela, A. 2015122957 Beltrán Palomo, P. 2015122770 Benvenuto, G. 2015122790 Bergström, M. 2015122782 Bertram, V. 2015122759 Bhattacharyya, A. 2015122873 Bialystocki, N. 2015122850 Bihs, H. 2015122815 Bisiani, S. 2015122840 Blanco-Davis, E. 2015122801 Blas Galindo, E. 2015122980 Boletis, E. 2015122796 Bonci, M. 2015122908 Bonvicini, A. 2015122988 Bordogna, G. 2015122953 Bova, S. 2015122898 Brandner, P.A. 2015122871 Brooks, M.R. 2015122812 Bruhn, W. 2015122855 Bruhn, W.C. 2015122838 Bruzzone, D. 2015122880 2015122899 2015122926 Bucci, V. 2015122793 2015122841 Buglioni, G. 2015122773 Buldgen, L. 2015122957 Bulten, N. 2015122796 Bulut, E. 2015122835 Burmeister, H-C. 2015122838

Burmeister, H-C. 2015122855 Calcagni, D. 2015122883 Campana, E.F. 2015122767 Campora, U. 2015122790 Cao, J. 2015122907 Castiglione, T. 2015122898 Castillo, F. del 2015122801 Cau, C. 2015122976 Cepowska, Ż. 2015122935 Cepowski, T. 2015122935 Chen, K. 2015122888 2015122889 Chen, P. 2015122842 Chen, X. 2015122964 Chiandone, M. 2015122776 Chionopoulos, S. 2015122977 Choi, G-H. 2015122890 Choi, H.J. 2015122779 Choi, K. 2015122965 Choung, J. 2015122973 Chu, S-H. 2015122890 Chung, H. 2015122978 Ciappi, E. 2015122992 Ciatteo, V. 2015122861 Coache, S. 2015122798 Coenen, J.M.G. 2015122781 Combourieu, A. 2015122831 Contento, G. 2015122895 Coslovich, F. 2015122930 Crutchley, I. 2015122787 Cui, J-j. 2015122780 Cusano, G. 2015122853 Da Rin, A. 2015122776 Daamen, W. 2015122813 2015122864 2015122866 Dai, S. 2015122938 Dambra, R. 2015122854 Das, H.N. 2015122872 2015122911 Datta, R. 2015122868 2015122944 De Giacomo, M. 2015122774 De Lorenzo, F. 2015122854 De Val, V. 2015122839 Del Guzzo, A. 2015122927 Demirel, Y.K. 2015122900 Diez, M. 2015122767 Ding, J-F. 2015122802 Ding, Z-Y. 2015122805 Dinham Peren, T. 2015122892 DiTaranto, M.J. 2015122997 Domeh, V.D.K. 2015122905 Donatini, L. 2015122869

A-2 AUTHOR INDEX

Doyle, R. 2015122797 Drost, A. 2015122796 Dubbioso, G. 2015122990 Eastham, J.F. 2015122995 El Moctar, O. 2015122932 Eleftherios, S. 2015122808 Ertekin, R.C. 2015122817 Fafendjel, N. 2015122784 Faltinsen, O.M. 2015122918 Falzarano, J. 2015122778 2015122934 Fasano, E. 2015122786 Ferreira, O. 2015122981 Fleming, P.A. 2015122820 Fonseca, N. 2015122910 Franc, P. 2015122858 Frangopol, D.M. 2015122998 Frouws, K. 2015122851 Fu, S. 2015122964 Gaggero, S. 2015122880 2015122881 Gaggiotti, F. 2015122927 Ganesan, S. 2015122941 2015122943 Ganesan, T.S. 2015122940 Gao, Y. 2015122966 Gao, Z. 2015122958 Garbarino, M. 2015122853 Garbatov, Y. 2015122956 2015122968 Garme, K. 2015122847 Gaspar, B. 2015122959 2015122960 Giacchetta, G. 2015122861 Gibson, J.D. 2015122999 Gironi, C. 2015122765 Goerlandt, F. 2015122834 González-Adalid, J. 2015122878 Grice, J.R. 2015122946 Groesen, E. van 2015122822 Guagnano, A. 2015122986 Gualeni, P. 2015122991 Gucma, L. 2015122814 Gucma, M. 2015122814 Guedes Soares, C. 2015122868 2015122909 2015122956 2015122959 2015122960 2015122961 2015122968 Guha, A. 2015122778 Hadjina, M. 2015122784 Hajivand, A. 2015122937 Hamlington, P.E. 2015122830 Hanafiah, R.M. 2015122857

Hart, D.C. 2015122974 Hashemzadeh, M. 2015122968 Hatecke, H. 2015122933 Hattacharyya, S.K. 2015122916 Hawkes, J. 2015122761 2015122954 Hekkenberg, R.G. 2015122777 Hifi, N. 2015122800 Hino, T. 2015122867 Hirohata, M. 2015122982 Hizir, O.G. 2015122925 Hodge, C.G. 2015122995 Hopman, J.J. 2015122777 Hsin, C-Y. 2015122886 Hu, Z. 2015122958 2015122966 Hübler, M. 2015122799 Hudson, D.A. 2015122905 Hur, J. 2015122906 Hussain, A. 2015122825 Hussain, A.W. 2015122852 Huynh, N. 2015122810 Hwang, J. 2015122919 Hwang, S. 2015122904 Iafrati, A. 2015122945 Incecik, A. 2015122891 Ingle, R.B. 2015122942 Inukai, Y. 2015122877 Itch, Y. 2015122982 Jain, A. 2015122826 Jeong, J-S. 2015122836 Jeong, K-L. 2015122952 Ji, M-J. 2015122848 Ji, S.C. 2015122828 Jiang, S.C. 2015122917 Jiang, W-Y. 2015122760 Jing, H-x. 2015122832 Jo, G-S. 2015122805 Joong, S.M. 2015122923 Jung, J. 2015122906 Jung, J.H. 2015122951 Kachhawaha, P. 2015122913 Kaewkhiaw, P. 2015122882 Kaiktsis, L. 2015122789 Kamath, A. 2015122815 Kanellos, F.D. 2015122788 Kanemaru, T. 2015122877 Kang, M. 2015122978 Kazasidis, M. 2015122977 Ke, A. 2015122826 Khan, M.A.J. 2015122876 2015122942 Khorasanchi, M. 2015122900 Kidd, B. 2015122875 Kim, B. 2015122936 Kim, H.J. 2015122764

AUTHOR INDEX A-3

Kim, K-i. 2015122836 Kim, M. 2015122978 Kim, M.H. 2015122975 Kim, S-H. 2015122890 Kim, Y. 2015122885 2015122922 Kivimaa, S. 2015122859 Kjellberg, M. 2015122930 Kladas, A. 2015122794 Konovessis, D. 2015122850 Köpke, M. 2015122772 2015122860 Korde, U.A. 2015122817 Kostikov, V.K. 2015122947 Kotsidis, E.A. 2015122971 Krasilnikov, V. 2015122873 Krause, M. 2015122783 2015122799 Krishnankutty, P. 2015122913 Kumar, S. 2015122969 Kurnia, R. 2015122822 Kwon, Y-H. 2015122965 Laurens, J.M. 2015122798 Lee, C.Y. 2015122951 Lee, C-P. 2015122886 Lee, J. 2015122775 2015122885 Lee, J.H. 2015122775 2015122922 Lee, J.M. 2015122975 Lee, P.-S. 2015122949 Lee, S. 2015122919 2015122936 Lee, T-K. 2015122965 Lee, Y-G. 2015122952 Li, D. 2015122795 Li, G.Y. 2015122931 Li, L.B. 2015122970 Li, M-H. 2015122802 Li, W. 2015122931 Li, Y. 2015122829 2015122842 Liang, D. 2015122823 Lin, Y. 2015122760 Lipardi, G. 2015122993 Liu, B. 2015122961 Liu, C-g. 2015122832 Liu, Q. 2015122771 Long, W. 2015122832 Løset, S. 2015122939 Lotfollahi-Yaghin, M.A. 2015122955 Lotsberg, I. 2015122962 Lu, D. 2015122856 Lu, J. 2015122887 Luo, K. 2015122795 Lupieri, G. 2015122869

Lupieri, G. 2015122870 2015122895 Mahesh, J. 2015122916 Makarenko, N.I. 2015122947 Mandal, N.R. 2015122969 Mantel, P. 2015122849 Marchetti, B. 2015122861 Maria, B. 2015122808 Marino, A. 2015122793 2015122841 Markey, D.J. 2015122953 Martelli, M. 2015122773 Mascellaro, L. 2015122989 Mastrangeli, M 2015122769 Matulja, T. 2015122784 Matveev, K.I. 2015122903 Maučec, H. 2015122804 Mazzucca, T. 2015122987 McCallum, P. 2015122819 Medda, F. 2015122806 Meng, Q. 2015122811 Menna, A. 2015122985 Mensch, M.A. 2015122997 Merchant, A.A. 2015122825 Milat, A. 2015122967 Minchev, A. 2015122893 Minh, C. 2015122810 Mohajerani, A. 2015122803 Mola, A. 2015122897 Molter, L. 2015122782 Moreno Rodríguez, A.M. 2015122770 Mou, J. 2015122842 Mousavizadegan, S.H. 2015122937 Moustafa, M.M. 2015122852 Mucha, P. 2015122932 Munro, M.C. 2015122803 Murphy, A.J. 2015122785 Muthukkumaran, K. 2015122816 Nabergoj, T. 2015122752 Nallayarasu, S. 2015122915 2015122916 Narayanaswamy, S. 2015122972 Nash, S. 2015122996 Nemalidinne, R. 2015122818 Nguyen, H.D. 2015122827 Niamir, N. 2015122979 Nichita, C. 2015122752 Nikushchenko, D. 2015122920 2015122921 Nikushchenko, D.V. 2015122924 Ning, D.Z. 2015122879 Norman, A.J. 2015122785 North, R.J. 2015122845 Odetti, A. 2015122769 Ogoreic, A. 2015122804 Oh, D.J. 2015122975

A-4 AUTHOR INDEX

Oh, J-H. 2015122836 Olausson, K. 2015122847 Olba, X.B. 2015122813 Ommani, B. 2015122918 Ouahsine, A. 2015122828 2015122929 Paik, K-J. 2015122904 Pak, K.R. 2015122764 Pantelis, D. 2015122977 Panzalis, G. 2015122763 Papanikolaou, A. 2015122772 Paran, S. 2015122791 Park, D.M. 2015122885 Park, G-K. 2015122856 Park, S.J. 2015122973 Park, Y-A. 2015122806 Pasumarthy, M. 2015122825 Pearce, B.W. 2015122871 Pennino, S. 2015122928 Pérez Sobrino, M. 2015122878 Pérez-Sobrino, M. 2015122901 Perra, F. 2015122985 2015122986 Pham, D.-C. 2015122972 Philippe, M. 2015122831 Pineda, I. 2015122820 Piva, L. 2015122993 Pohekar, S.D. 2015122942 Poojari, D.B. 2015122914 Prasad, B. 2015122867 Primorac, B.B. 2015122963 Prousalidis, J. 2015122788 2015122789 Puzzer, T. 2015122870 Qian, X-F. 2015122888 Qian, Z-F. 2015122889 Qin, K. 2015122795 Qin, Z.Y. 2015122884 Qiu, S-q. 2015122833 Quadvlieg, F. 2015122768 Qualich, S. 2015122853 Radhakrishna, K.O.S.R.R. 2015122912 Rahbar-Ranji, A. 2015122979 Rahman, N.S.F.A. 2015122857 Rajendran, S. 2015122809 Rakas, D.K. 2015122843 Rantanen, A. 2015122859 Rathore, A.K. 2015122792 Repole, G. 2015122896 Reusser, C.A. 2015122994 Ringsberg, J.W. 2015122762 Ringwood, J.V. 2015122821 Risso, G. 2015122976 Rodrigues, J.M. 2015122868 Roland, F. 2015122783 Rose, C.D. 2015122781

Rove, H. 2015122962 Saad-Eldeen, S. 2015122956 Saha, C. 2015122809 Saj, A.V. 2015122914 Saji, V.F. 2015122911 Salinas Mulloor, R. 2015122770 Salvatore, F. 2015122883 Sames, P.C. 2015122860 Sánchez-Caja, A. 2015122901 Sarigiannidis, A. 2015122794 Schellinck, T. 2015122812 Scherl, G. 2015122766 Seah, R. 2015122934 Selvam, R.P. 2015122912 Sen, D. 2015122940 2015122941 2015122943 Senthilkumar, N. 2015122915 Sha, O.P. 2015122874 Shi, Q-q. 2015122780 Shinde, A.S. 2015122876 Shu, Y. 2015122864 2015122866 Silva, E.R. 2015122981 Sindagi, S.C. 2015122876 Slapničar, V. 2015122963 Smith, A.P. 2015122862 Sobey, A.J. 2015122905 Sogihara, N. 2015122894 Soliman, M. 2015122998 Somayajula, A. 2015122934 Sonechko, D. 2015122752 Song, K.H. 2015122922 Sormunen, O-V. E. 2015122834 Srinivas, S. 2015122809 Stenson, P.A. 2015122875 Stente, S. 2015122896 Stewart, R.D. 2015122863 Sturova, I.V. 2015122948 Su, X.J. 2015122879 Sun, L. 2015122938 Sunny, M.R. 2015122944 Suryanarayana, Ch. 2015122872 Suzuki, K. 2015122867 Szczepanek, M. 2015122865 Tabri, K. 2015122844 Takemi, J. 2015122982 Tani, G. 2015122881 Tassetti, A.N. 2015122773 Tay, Z.Y. 2015122824 2015122826 2015122827 Taylor, P.H. 2015122946 Tayyar, G.T. 2015122973 Teixeira, A.P. 2015122960 Teng, B. 2015122879

AUTHOR INDEX A-5

Teng, B. 2015122917 TerMaath, S.C. 2015122974 Tezdogan, T. 2015122891 Thantirige, K. 2015122792 Thomson, W. 2015122846 Tinsley, D. 2015122751 Tkacheva, L.A. 2015122948 Tomac, T. 2015122967 Tonelli, R. 2015122768 Torre, M. 2015122987 Tran, K.T. 2015122929 Traynham, T. 2015123000 Trincas, G. 2015122841 2015122896 Troiano, F. 2015122986 Tsarau, A. 2015122939 Tsekouras, G.J. 2015122788 Tseng, W-J. 2015122802 Turan, O. 2015122891 Turnock, S.R. 2015122954 Uğurlu, Ö. 2015122807 Utne, I.B. 2015122837 Uzunoglu, E. 2015122909 Valentina, E.D. 2015122768 Vásquez, G. 2015122910 Ventikos, N.P. 2015122843 Venugopal, V. 2015122818 2015122819 Verma, N. 2015122874 Vilensky, G. 2015122921 Villa, D. 2015122926 Viviani, M. 2015122763 2015122908 Vu, T.V. 2015122791 Wan, Y.X. 2015122970 Wang, D-j. 2015122833 Wang, D-y. 2015122780 Wang, H. 2015122811 Wolosz, C.J. 2015122863 Woltron, B. 2015122860 Wraight, C. 2015122758 Wu, C. 2015122887 Xiong, Y.P. 2015122970 Yang, I-J. 2015122952 Yang, L.J. 2015122884 Yarza, P. 2015122971 Ye, J-w. 2015122833 Yildirim, U. 2015122807 Yoon, H-S. 2015122902 2015122951 Yoon, J.-S. 2015122949 Yordanov, V.Z. 2015122824 Yoshida, S. 2015122835 You, Y. 2015122906 Young, H. 2015122994 Young, J.S. 2015122923

Younis, B.A. 2015122938 Yu, Y-H. 2015122829 Zaghi, S. 2015122990 Zaikov, S. 2015122921 Zarookian, A. 2015122979 Zhang, J. 2015122823 Zhang, L. 2015122811 Zhang, W.B. 2015122884 Zhang, X. 2015122950 Zhang, X-Y. 2015122848 Zhuang, J. 2015122907 Zis, T. 2015122845 Zotti, I. 2015122899 Zubova, A.A. 2015122924 Zverkov, V. 2015122920

SHIP AND STRUCTURE NAME INDEX S-1

Ship/Structure Name Abstract No.

Ángeles Alvariño 2015122770 Prince Job I 2015122758 Ramón Margalef 2015122770 Tokitae 2015122753 True Love 2015122751 UASC Tabuk 2015122754 USNS Lewis B Puller 2015122983 Velikiy Novgorod 2015122755 Waasmunster 2015122756 Wedellsborg 2015122757

KEYWORD INDEX K-1

Keyword Abstract No.

Added resistance in waves 2015122885 2015122887 2015122894 Aerodynamics 2015122953 Air 2015122903 Air cushion vehicles 2015122769 Air lubrication 2015122899 Aircraft carriers 2015122993 Alloys 2015122975 Alternative energy sources 2015122788 Alternative fuels 2015122786 Amphibious ships 2015122983 Antifouling coatings 2015122980 2015122981 Approximation 2015122880 2015122946 Arctic waters 2015122856 Arrays 2015122821 Auxiliary systems 2015122997 Bayes theorem 2015122857 Beams (supports) 2015122961 Bending 2015122955 2015122964 Bending moments 2015122963 Bonded joints 2015122971 Boundary conditions 2015122823 Boundary element method 2015122944 Bow forms 2015122892 Breaking waves 2015122870 2015122895 Buckling 2015122959 2015122969 Bulk carriers 2015122751 2015122852 2015122910 Buoys 2015122817 Butt welds 2015122962 2015122968 2015122970 Car carriers 2015122762 2015122919 Cargo damage 2015122802 Cargo liquefaction 2015122803 Cargo ships 2015122757 Catamarans 2015122898 Cavities 2015122903 Chemical tankers 2015122834 Cleaning 2015122861 Coast Guard vessels 2015122997 Coastal vessels 2015122771 Coatings 2015122782 2015122900 2015122982 Collapse 2015122959

Collision avoidance 2015122843 Collision risk 2015122836 2015122843 2015122957 Columns (supports) 2015122952 Composite materials 2015122762 2015122782 2015122971 2015122972 2015122974 2015122978 Compressive strength 2015122960 Computational fluid dynamics 2015122759 2015122761 2015122815 2015122828 2015122830 2015122867 2015122870 2015122873 2015122874 2015122876 2015122882 2015122884 2015122887 2015122891 2015122900 2015122901 2015122904 2015122908 2015122911 2015122913 2015122915 2015122916 2015122920 2015122924 2015122936 2015122937 2015122938 2015122954 2015122990 Computer-aided ship design 2015122780 Container terminals 2015122804 2015122805 2015122806 2015122808 2015122810 Containerised shipping 2015122804 2015122856 Containerships 2015122752 2015122754 2015122772 2015122779 2015122780

K-2 KEYWORD INDEX

Containerships 2015122848 2015122890 2015122922 Contrarotating propellers 2015122877 2015122883 2015122901 2015122904 Control 2015122791 2015122820 2015122866 Control systems 2015122931 Controllable pitch propellers 2015122873 Corrosion 2015122956 2015122959 2015122960 2015123000 Corrosion environments 2015122982 Corrosion prevention 2015122980 Costs 2015122858 Coupled motion 2015122917 Crack arrest 2015122977 Crossflow 2015122918 Cruise ships 2015122839 2015122862 Cryogenic materials 2015122973 2015122975 Cutters (vessels) 2015122997 Cylindrical bodies 2015122817 2015122947 2015122948 Damage 2015122844 2015122905 2015122963 Damping 2015122915 2015122916 2015122934 Damping factor 2015122909 Data 2015122849 Data acquisition 2015122860 Data management 2015122775 Decision making 2015122857 Deck structures 2015122959 Deepwater 2015122824 2015122826 2015122827 Deformation 2015122872 2015122969 Degrees of freedom 2015122922 Demand (economics) 2015122858 Design 2015122760 2015122829 2015122831 Design criteria 2015122762 Design process 2015122780 Diesel engines 2015122785 Differential equations 2015122822

Direct current 2015122791 Displacement hulls 2015122774 2015122918 2015122989 Distortion 2015122968 2015122978 Drag reduction 2015122899 2015122903 Draught 2015122892 Drift forces 2015122763 Drillships 2015122766 Dry bulk cargo 2015122835 Dry bulk carriers 2015122835 Dynamic positioning 2015122763 Economic analysis 2015122771 2015122856 2015122861 Efficiency 2015122772 2015122773 2015122805 2015122852 2015122865 Elastoplasticity 2015122949 Electric current 2015122996 Electric drives 2015122794 2015122994 2015122997 Electric generators 2015122995 Electric propulsion 2015122789 2015122792 2015122993 2015122994 Electrical loads 2015122993 Electronic charts 2015122848 Emergencies 2015122840 Emissions 2015122785 2015122845 2015122851 2015122858 2015122860 2015122861 Energy absorption 2015122961 Energy conservation 2015122772 2015122853 2015122865 2015122893 2015122901 Energy consumption 2015122865 Environmental effects 2015122844 2015122845 Environmental loads 2015122914 Environmental protection 2015122801 2015122851 Estimating 2015122850 Estuaries 2015122842 Evacuation 2015122840

KEYWORD INDEX K-3

Evacuation 2015122841 Evaluation 2015123000 Exhaust gases 2015122785 Experimentation 2015122833 2015122870 2015122904 2015122945 Expert systems 2015122800 Extreme waves 2015122910 Fatigue (biology) 2015122837 Fatigue life 2015122955 Fatigue strength 2015122975 2015122976 Fatigue tests 2015122971 Fault detection 2015122999 Ferries 2015122753 2015122790 Fillet welds 2015122978 Finite element method 2015122942 2015122944 2015122957 2015122962 2015122964 2015122979 Fishing vessels 2015122836 2015122865 Fixed pitch propellers 2015122874 Fleet management 2015122849 Floating bodies 2015122949 Flow distribution 2015122882 2015122888 Fluid structure interaction 2015122879 2015122940 2015122941 2015122943 2015122945 2015122946 Forward speed 2015122895 2015122905 2015122925 2015122950 FPSOs 2015122906 2015122923 Fracture mechanics 2015122955 Free surfaces 2015122867 2015122897 2015122937 2015122947 2015122952 Freight forwarders 2015122802 Freight rates 2015122835 Frictional resistance 2015122875 Frigates 2015122988 Fuel conservation 2015122773 2015122852 Fuel consumption 2015122850

Fuel costs 2015122787 Fuel oil quality 2015122787 Fuel utilisation conversion 2015122863 Gates 2015122810 Genetic algorithms 2015122778 Great Lakes vessels 2015122863 Groundings 2015122844 2015122958 Harbour oscillations 2015122823 Heat recovery 2015122790 Heaving 2015122915 2015122916 Heavy lift vessels 2015122936 Heuristic methods 2015122781 High speed 2015122945 High speed vessels 2015122765 2015122847 2015122903 2015122912 2015122920 2015122928 2015122984 High strength steel 2015122970 2015122973 2015122976 Hindcasting 2015122869 Hovercraft 2015122769 Hull bottoms 2015122884 2015122958 Hull damage 2015122956 Hull form 2015122764 2015122773 2015122778 2015122779 2015122783 2015122885 Hull girders 2015122956 Hull propeller interaction 2015122886 2015122896 2015122913 Hull resistance 2015122876 2015122899 Hull roughness 2015122875 Human factors 2015122841 2015122847 2015122859 Human performance 2015122859 Hybrid propulsion 2015122793 Hydrodynamic coefficients 2015122929 2015122950 Hydrodynamic forces 2015122889 2015122918 2015122924 2015122926 Hydrodynamic loads 2015122938 Hydrodynamics 2015122939

K-4 KEYWORD INDEX

Hydroelasticity 2015122944 2015122949 Hydrofoils 2015122867 2015122895 Ice cover 2015122939 Ice floes 2015122948 Ice forces 2015122965 Ice mechanics 2015122966 Ice properties 2015122966 Iceberg rammings 2015122966 Icebreakers 2015122896 2015122965 Impact loads 2015122974 Inclined shafts 2015122882 Incompressible flow 2015122822 Inland waterways 2015122814 Inland waterways vessels 2015122771 2015122777 2015122793 Installing 2015122936 Integrated systems 2015122776 2015122993 Interactions 2015122819 2015122870 2015122924 2015122939 Intermodal terminals 2015122806 Iron ore 2015122803 Knowledge 2015122991 Lateral loads 2015122816 Layout 2015122784 2015122810 2015122821 Life (durability) 2015122775 2015122782 2015122783 2015122998 Life cycle costs 2015122988 Liquefied natural gas 2015122786 2015122863 Liquid cargo 2015122807 LNG carriers 2015122755 Loads (forces) 2015122964 Longitudinal bulkheads 2015122976 LPG carriers 2015122756 Manoeuvrability 2015122908 2015122929 2015122936 2015122990 Manoeuvres 2015122912 Manoeuvring 2015122768 2015122907 2015122911 2015122913 2015122914 2015122921

Manoeuvring 2015122926 2015122931 2015122932 2015122937 Marine accidents 2015122835 2015122837 2015122842 Marine transportation 2015122858 Materials 2015122783 2015123000 Mathematical models 2015122809 2015122832 2015122903 2015122914 2015122926 2015122932 2015122933 Measurement 2015122854 Mechanical properties 2015122977 Mediterranean Sea 2015122869 Merchant ships 2015122953 Microbial fouling 2015122980 Model tests 2015122878 2015122893 2015122910 2015122915 Moisture content 2015122803 Monitoring 2015122860 Monohulls 2015122774 Moored vessels 2015122923 Motion 2015122941 Motion sickness 2015122928 Motor yachts 2015122768 Motors 2015122874 Multibody systems 2015122819 2015122879 Multifuel engines 2015122793 Naval vessels 2015122983 2015122985 2015122986 2015122987 2015122989 2015122991 2015122992 2015122993 2015122994 2015122995 2015122996 2015122998 Navigation systems 2015122855 2015122855 Navigational safety 2015122838 Neural networks 2015122931 2015122935 Noise 2015122854 2015122992

KEYWORD INDEX K-5

Noise effects 2015122859 Noise reduction 2015122770 Non-destructive testing 2015123000 Nonlinearity 2015122832 2015122868 2015122947 Northwest territories 2015122856 Numerical analysis 2015122871 2015122881 2015122883 2015122889 2015122895 2015122909 2015122917 2015122970 Numerical models 2015122818 2015122831 2015122879 2015122939 2015122940 2015122941 2015122943 2015122952 Ocean bottom 2015122884 Ocean currents 2015122830 Ocean energy 2015122818 Offshore platforms 2015122816 2015122820 2015122946 Offshore service vessels 2015122758 2015122936 Offshore structures 2015122955 Oil spills 2015122844 Open water 2015122873 Operating costs 2015122788 Optimisation 2015122760 2015122764 2015122767 2015122772 2015122778 2015122779 2015122804 2015122814 2015122821 2015122848 2015122852 2015122892 2015122967 Oscillating bodies 2015122829 Outfitting 2015122781 2015122783 Panama Canal 2015122856 Parameter estimation 2015122929 Passenger ships 2015122840 2015122841 2015122976

Patching 2015122974 Patrol craft 2015122984 Pendulums 2015122833 Permeability 2015122905 Pipes 2015122760 Pitting corrosion 2015122979 Planing hulls 2015122928 Planning 2015122784 Plates 2015122949 2015122960 2015122961 Platform rammings 2015122957 Plating 2015122958 Pods 2015122874 2015122883 2015122889 2015122901 Port capacity 2015122807 2015122813 Port operations 2015122808 2015122809 Port performance 2015122805 2015122806 2015122807 2015122808 2015122812 Port safety 2015122811 Port time 2015122809 Port traffic 2015122813 Potential flow 2015122886 2015122897 2015122930 Power plant selection 2015122985 Power supplies 2015122789 Predictions 2015122934 Pressure distribution 2015122884 Probability distribution functions 2015122811 Product models 2015122775 Production planning 2015122799 Propeller blades 2015122942 Propeller cavitation 2015122881 2015122890 Propeller efficiency 2015122872 2015122873 2015122874 2015122877 2015122881 2015122882 2015122886 2015122889 Propeller races 2015122877 2015122888 2015122902 2015122904 Propeller rudder interaction 2015122880 Propulsion systems 2015122796

K-6 KEYWORD INDEX

Propulsion systems 2015122798 Propulsive efficiency 2015122846 2015122893 2015122989 Propulsive performance 2015122853 2015122883 2015122896 Ratios 2015122902 Reduction 2015122845 Regular waves 2015122949 2015122952 Regulations 2015122846 2015122858 2015122893 Reliability 2015122800 Reporting systems 2015122860 Rescue operations 2015122797 Research vessels 2015122770 Residual stress 2015122970 Resistance 2015122891 2015122896 2015122900 Resonant frequency 2015122942 2015122951 Restricted waters 2015122828 Retrofitting 2015122790 2015122798 2015122799 2015122851 Reviews 2015122796 Risers 2015122827 2015122964 2015122972 Risk analysis 2015122800 2015122834 2015122836 2015122837 2015122842 Risk management 2015122802 Ro/ro ships 2015122752 2015122757 2015122794 2015122910 Roll stabilizers 2015122919 Rolling 2015122909 2015122919 2015122922 2015122923 2015122927 2015122934 Routes 2015122864 Rudders 2015122999 Salvage 2015122797 2015122862 Sandwich panels 2015122967 Scale effect 2015122873

Scaling (ratios) 2015122878 Scheduling 2015122781 Scrubbers 2015122861 Sea trials 2015122912 Seakeeping 2015122921 2015122928 2015122935 Seawater corrosion 2015122982 Seaworthiness 2015122935 Sediment transport 2015122828 Self propulsion 2015122913 Semisubmersible rigs 2015122825 Semisubmersibles 2015122826 Shaft generators 2015122794 Shallow water 2015122891 2015122896 Shapes 2015122872 Shell structures 2015122978 Ship automation 2015122838 2015122855 Ship collisions 2015122834 Ship decks 2015122762 Ship design 2015122759 2015122761 2015122763 2015122765 2015122766 2015122767 2015122768 2015122769 2015122770 2015122771 2015122772 2015122774 2015122775 2015122776 2015122777 2015122985 2015122986 2015122988 2015122991 Ship electric power systems 2015122791 2015122995 Ship hydrodynamics 2015122767 2015122898 Ship maintenance 2015122800 Ship management 2015122849 Ship motions 2015122859 2015122905 2015122910 2015122917 2015122920 2015122925 2015122927 2015122930 2015122933

KEYWORD INDEX K-7

Ship motions 2015122935 Ship operation 2015122864 2015122866 Ship performance 2015122846 2015122849 2015122898 Ship performance monitoring 2015122853 Ship power plants 2015122776 2015122788 2015122987 Ship repair 2015122799 2015122801 Ship routing 2015122848 Ship speed 2015122857 Ship to ship 2015122924 Ship tracking 2015122811 Ship waves 2015122828 Shipboard safety 2015122839 Shipbuilding 2015122781 2015122782 Shipyards 2015122784 Shoaling 2015122832 Simulation 2015122785 2015122822 Skewed propellers 2015122942 Sloshing 2015122917 2015122951 Slow speed 2015122926 Soil structure interaction 2015122816 Spar buoys 2015122915 2015122916 Squat 2015122891 Stability 2015122906 Stabilizers 2015122797 Standards 2015122854 State of the art 2015122824 Static loads 2015122971 Stationkeeping 2015122939 Statistical analysis 2015122963 Steel 2015122762 2015122977 2015122982 Stern form 2015122892 Stiffened plates 2015122962 2015122968 2015122969 2015122979 Still water 2015122963 Stirling engines 2015122795 Stochastic processes 2015122814 Strain measurement 2015122965 Strains 2015122978 Stress concentration 2015122962 Stresses 2015122964 2015122975 Structural reliability 2015122959

Structural response 2015122957 2015122958 Submarines 2015122990 2015122999 Submerged bodies 2015122947 2015122948 Supercavitating hydrofoils 2015122871 Surface roughness 2015122900 System identification 2015122907 2015122908 2015122932 Tanker accidents 2015122844 Tankers 2015122857 2015122914 2015122963 Tanks 2015122951 Tensile tests 2015122973 Tension leg platforms 2015122820 2015122824 2015122938 Thermal efficiency 2015122785 Thermodynamics 2015122795 Thin plates 2015122945 Thrusters 2015122906 Tides 2015122818 Time domain 2015122868 2015122921 2015122930 2015122940 Tip loaded propellers 2015122878 Tip vortices 2015122890 2015122902 Towing 2015122906 Traffic density 2015122836 Transfer functions 2015122927 Transient loads 2015122961 Transom sterns 2015122897 Trapping 2015122946 Trawlers 2015122773 2015122798 Triaxial stresses 2015122973 Trim 2015122852 2015122892 Tubular joints 2015122955 Turbines 2015122830 Turbulent boundary layer 2015122830 2015122876 Turbulent flow 2015122830 2015122992 Ultimate strength 2015122956 2015122960 2015122979 Uncertainty 2015122767 2015122834 2015122857 2015122894

K-8 KEYWORD INDEX

Uncertainty 2015122961 2015122998 Underwater acoustics 2015122770 2015122854 Underwater vehicles 2015122795 Unmanned vehicles 2015122838 2015122931 Variable speed drives 2015122792 Ventilated hydrofoils 2015122871 Vessel descriptions 2015122751 2015122752 2015122753 2015122754 2015122755 2015122756 2015122757 2015122758 2015122983 2015122984 Vessel inspection 2015122800 Vessel traffic 2015122814 2015122864 2015122866 Viscous damping 2015122934 Viscous flow 2015122867 2015122886 Voltage 2015122996 Vortex shedding 2015122938 Water depth 2015122819 Water entry 2015122945 Water waves 2015122822 2015122943 2015122947 Waterjet propulsion 2015122912 Wave data 2015122869 Wave energy conversion 2015122815 2015122817 2015122819 2015122821 2015122829 2015122831 2015122833 Wave forces 2015122868 2015122921 2015122933 Wave forces on structures 2015122940 2015122941 Wave propagation 2015122832 Wave radiation 2015122933 2015122948 2015122950 Wave runup 2015122952 Wave steepness 2015122815 Waves 2015122818 Weight calculation 2015122777 Welded joints 2015122975

Weldments 2015122977 Whole body vibration 2015122847 2015122859 2015122928 Wind 2015122869 Wind propulsion 2015122953 Wind turbines 2015122820 2015122941 2015122957 Working conditions 2015122847 Wreck removal 2015122862 Yawing 2015122918

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