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Annual report

Publication Date: 2001

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ETH Library

ANNUAL REPORT 2005

INSTITUTE OF APPLIED PHYSICS

ETH ZURICH

SWITZERLAND Mailing address: ETH Zürich Institut für Angewandte Physik 8093 Zürich Switzerland Prof. Dr. rer. nat. G. Kostorz

Phone: +41-44-6332130 CH: 044-6332130

Telefax: +41-44-6331105 CH: 044-6331105

Phone: +41-44-6333399 e-mail "kostorz@iap.phys.ethz.ch"

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INSTITUTE OF APPLIED PHYSICS ETH ZURICH

Guests 2005

Michael Hagler, Boise State University, Boise/USA (June - July 2005) Prof. Dr. Peter Müllner, Boise State University, Boise/USA (June - July 2005) Ph. D. students who were not employed by the institute

Daniel Abou-Ras, Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik (until September 2005) Jay Padiyath (Laboratorium für Neutronenstreuung, Paul Scherrer Institut)

Staff 2005

Scientists (incl. employed Ph.D. students)

Dr. Daniel Abou-Ras (since October 2005) Dr. sc. nat. Myriam Haydee Aguirre Zsolt Geller, Dipl. Phys. ETH Fabio Krogh, Dipl. Phys. Univ. La Sapienza, Rom, I Dr. Debashis Mukherji (until October 2005) Dr. phys. Stéphane Pecoraro Giancarlo Pigozzi, Dipl. Phys. Univ. Degli Studi, Milan, I Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Bernd Schönfeld Dr. sc. nat. Alla S. Sologubenko, Dipl. Phys. Ukraine State Univ. (until Sept. 2005) Dr. sc. nat. Christian Steiner, Dipl. Phys. ETH Marije van der Klis, Dipl. Phys. Rijks Univ. Groningen Technicians and Engineers

Erwin Fischer Josef Hecht Ewald Vögele

Secretaries

Ursula Huck (30%) Helga Stettler (80%)

___________________________________________________________________________ The photo on the title page shows the HPT building, home of the Institute from 1980 to 2006.

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Farewell

This is the last Annual Report of the Institute of Applied Physics, since with my retirement at the end of March 2006, this particular unit of the ETH Zürich will cease to exist. By decision of the Physics Department, the free chair will be re-oriented, probably towards Theoretical Quantum Optics. However, some of the research and teaching in the domain of Materials Physics will continue, since my long-term associate, Prof. Bernd Schönfeld, will stay in nearly the same laboratories and will continue to work, in strong association with Prof. Jörg Löffler of the Department of Materials Science, thus maintaining our teaching commitment in Physics and Materials Science. The Institute was founded in 1980 upon the initiative of the then responsible ETH Board, combining three chairs; surface physics, semiconductor devices, and metal physics. At the time, it was thought that the Physics education at the ETH should benefit from the experience the semiconductors and metals oriented professors would contribute. However, the forces really controlling the education of physicists at the ETH pointed into a different direction. The other task of this institute was to act as a link to Electrical Engineering and Materials Science. A curriculum in Materials Science was formulated in 1980 by Proffs. Joachim Meissner, Markus Speidel and me, and in 1981, the ETH started its quite successful effort in educating top-class materials scientists. In the Physics Department, still my main affiliation, an evalua-tion by five experts in 1983 resulted in the formation of a new laboratory, the Institute of Quantum Electronics, which attracted the other two chairs in Applied Physics. Since 1984, I was thus left alone with this label, though still committed to metal physics and gradually get-ting involved in the physics of other materials, making use of my experience in lattice defects, plasticity, phase transformations, and scattering methods. Since the achievements in our profession, as far as scientific research results are concerned, can nowadays be verified by everyone via the Internet (see also http://www.iap.ethz.ch), this little report is not intended to give any historically complete account of our work. It may suf-fice to say that in over twenty years, my associates and I were able to maintain a reasonable level of teaching and research that was also recognized locally and internationally.

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The highest reward, however, has been the interaction with many brilliant young people on an almost daily basis. I wish them all a happy and successful future. About fifty doctoral students and a similar number of postdocs and guest scientists spent considerable time and dedication at the laboratory to further our knowledge and understanding of the physics of materials. The task of providing young researchers with the necessary freedom for (self-) discovery and from undue worries was among the most interesting and enjoyable challenges. I am grateful to those who helped that some success was reached in this task and to those who made good use of their freedom. Their results have built the profile and provided the substance of our labora-tory’s life. On the following pages, after a short list of our activities, most members of the Institute who were still with us in 2005 and are now or will soon be facing new situations, will give their personal accounts. This is their and my farewell to our scientific colleagues. However, I am sure that we will meet again (maybe at my farewell lecture to be held on June 1st, 2006?) or at least hear from each other in the not too distant future. Thank you for your interest and support during more than two decades. An exciting and re-warding professional time at the ETH comes to an end. I look forward to spending more time on those ideas and interests that have been somewhat neglected so far. Auf Wiedersehen!

PS. The Electron Microscopy Center of the ETH (EMEZ), founded in late 2003, will, of course, continue to exist under new leadership. Since January 1st, 2006, the center depends directly on the Vice President for Research, the Chairman of the EMEZ Board is Prof. Paul Smith (D-MATL). A new position for a Head of the unit has been created and will be filled soon. I hope the center will have a splendid future and wish all those working at and around the center many outstanding results.

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INSTITUTE OF APPLIED PHYSICS ETH ZURICH

Teaching

(from October 2004 till March 2006) Members of the institute participated in courses for physicists and materials engineers. During the last three academic semesters, the following lectures were given (in German). Winter Term 2004/2005 Materials physics with exercises Prof. Dr. G. Kostorz Materials physics with with exercises Prof. Dr. G. Kostorz synchrotron radiation Prof. Dr. B. Schönfeld Prof. Dr. J. F. van der Veen Summer Term 2005 Principles of with exercises Prof. Dr. G. Kostorz materials physics B Prof. Dr. B. Schönfeld Diffusion and phase with exercises Prof. Dr. G. Kostorz transformations Prof. Dr. B. Schönfeld Winter Term 2005/2006 Materials physics with exercises Prof. Dr. G. Kostorz Prof. B. Schönfeld Materials physics with with exercises Prof. Dr. G. Kostorz synchrotron radiation Prof. Dr. B. Schönfeld Prof. Dr. J. F. van der Veen

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Three experimental setups for laboratory courses were available as experiments for third-year physics majors. Laboratory work (term papers) was available for third- and fourth-year phys-ics and materials science students. In the seminar on metal physics, current topics were discussed with visitors and local speakers. Seminar speakers at the institute 2004 - 2006 Seminar on Metal Physics Winter term 2004/2005 26.10.04 Dr. M.H. Aguirre: Shape memory alloys. 02.11.04 E. Partyka (Univ. Stuttgart, Inst. f. Theoretische u. Angewandte Physik, DE): Some aspects of the vacancies in ordered intermetallic compounds. 09.11.04 D. Abou-Ras: CIGS-Solarzellen: Grundlagen und Status. 16.11.04 Dr. R. Gilles (TU München, FRM-II, DE):

Die neue Forschungsneutronenquelle FRM-II und Untersuchungen mit Neutronen an Nickel-Basis Superlegierungen.

23.11.04 Dr. S. Scherer (Alicona Imaging GmbH, Graz, AT): Topomicroscopy – advances in non-tactile 3D surface measurements. 30.11.04 Dr. W. Grünewald (BAL-TEC AG, Balzers, CH): Ionenätzen mit der RES 101. 07.12.04 Dr. R. May (ILL, Grenoble, FR): Kinetik und Dynamik von Proteinen. 14.12.04 Zs. Geller:

Bestimmung von Phasendiagrammen. 21.12.04 S. Lengweiler (Nanotechnik, Zurich, CH):

Ein euzentrisches Goniometer für die Elektronen-Tomographie.

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11.01.05 M. van der Klis: LEED und AES. 18.01.05 Dr. T. Ishikawa (Inst. für Molekularbiologie und Biophysik, ETH Zurich, CH): 3D cryo-electron microscopy of single macromolecules. 25.01.05 Dr. St. Blunier (Inst. für Mechanische Systeme, ETH Zurich, CH): Mikroelektromechanische Systeme. 01.02.05 F. Krogh:

Verformungsexperimente an polykristallinem RuAl.

Summer term 2005 05.04.05 Zs. Geller:

Diffusion in Legierungen. 12.04.05 G. Pigozzi:

Characterization of nanoparticles. 19.04.05 Dr. N. Matsko (EMEZ):

AFM and TEM of biological material. 10.05.05 Dr. W. Egger (Hochschule der Bundeswehr, München, DE): Mikroskopie mit Positronen. 24.05.05 Dr. J. Plitzko (MPI für Biochemie, Martinsried, DE):

Dreidimensionale Einblicke in die Zellfabriken - Elektronentomographie biologischer Materialien. 31.05.05 Dr. D. Mukherji:

Precipitate-matrix interfaces in Ni-base alloys. 07.06.05 Dr. W. Voorhout (FEI Company, Eindhoven, NL):

3D imaging at the nanoscale level. 14.06.05 M. van der Klis:

Diffuse Streuung an Ag-Mn. 21.06.05 Prof. P. Müllner (Boise State University, Boise, USA): Magnetoplasticity – nano and macro. 28.06.05 Dr. F. Pettinari (CEMES – CNRS, Toulouse, FR):

Creep behaviour of a powder-metallurgy disk superalloy.

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05.07.05 Dr. M. Dittrich (EAWAG, Kastanienbaum, CH): Kalkausfällung durch Picocyanobakterien. Winter term 2005/2006 01.11.05 Dr. H. Stark (MPI für Biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, DE): Structure determination of asymmetric macromolecular machines by cryo-EM. 08.11.05 Dr. St. Pecoraro: Precipitates in Ni-Re alloys. 15.11.05 Dr. R. Erni (FEI Company, Eindhoven, NL): Design and first results of an aberration corrected (S)TEM. 22.11.05 Dr. M. Wollgarten (HMI, Berlin, DE): Amorphe und nanokristalline Aluminium-Legierungen. 29.11.05 Dr. O. Homan (FIRST Center, ETH Zurich, CH): EM on micro- and nanostructures. 06.12.05 Dr. F. Ott (Laboratoire Léon Brillouin,Gif-sur-Yvette, FR): Neutron surface scattering techniques: application to the study of magnetic thin films. 13.12.05 D. Spori (Oberflächentechnik, ETH Zurich, CH): Superhydrophobic surface structures. 20.12.05 Dr. A. Ruban (KTH, Stockholm, SE): Surface ordering and segregation in metallic alloys. 10.01.06 Dr. L. Holzer (EMPA, Dubendorf, CH): Quantitative microstructure analysis of porous and granular materials using fo cused ion beam nanotomography. 17.01.06 Prof. B. Schönfeld: Diffuse Streuung an kristallinen und amorphen Legierungen. 24.01.06 Dr. U. Golla-Schindler (Universität Münster, Münster, DE): Imaging and analytic studies in geosciences using electron microscopy. 31.01.06 Prof. M. J. Zehetbauer (Universität Wien, Wien, AT): Synthese, Mikrostruktur und Eigenschaften massiver Nanometalle aus plastischer Verformung. 07.02.06 Dr. D. Studer (Universität Bern, Bern, CH): Some approaches to improve ultrathin sectioning of biological and solid material.

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INSTITUTE OF APPLIED PHYSICS ETH ZURICH

Research Since late 2002, the institute hosted the Electron Microscopy Center of the ETH Zurich. In 2005, a new agreement was signed by the EMEZ members and installed in March 2005. The new regulations include an EMEZ Board consisting of three professors. Since January 2006, the three Board members are Prof. Paul Smith (Chair), Prof. R. Nesper, and Prof. T. Richmond. The Center is attached directly to the ETH Vice President for Research. Presently, the newly created position of an Operational Head is about to be filled. For further details, see after page 48. Research in Materials Physics The institute’s research concentrated on the study of the microstructure (incl. atomic resolu-tion) of alloys and other materials in the bulk as well as at surfaces and interfaces, and of physical properties depending on microstructural features. Members of the institute were also actively involved in furthering the development of the methods serving these research inter-ests. In 2005, research funds were allocated by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zu-rich itself and by the Swiss National Science Foundation. Order and decomposition in alloys, plasticity of alloys, interfaces, and methods of materials research were the main areas of research of the institute. Some of the more recent activities will be visible from the personal accounts that most members of the institute have contributed below.

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Daniel Abou-Ras From October 2002, I have been a researcher and a Ph.D. student at the ETH Zurich with Profs. Gernot Kostorz and Ayodhya N. Tiwari. I passed my doctoral examination in December 2005. In addition, I was active (unsalaried work) for the academic job-exchange board Telejob (www.telejob.ethz.ch), first as accountant, from December 2003 until October 2005 as president and CEO. I have been board member of the Association of Academic Staff at ETH Zurich (AVETH). Born on January 20, 1975, in Freiburg i. Br., Germany, I studied physics at the University of Freiburg, Germany, and at the Univer-

sité Paris-Sud, Orsay, France (ERASMUS scholarship). From 1997 until 1999 I worked as a research assistant at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Freiburg, Germany, sputtering various thin films such as WO3 layers for gasochromic windows. During a research stay at the Institute d’Électronique Fondamentale, Orsay, France, in 2000 with Prof. Jean-Pierre Renard, I studied electrical and magnetic properties of mixed-valence manganites. I graduated as Dipl. Phys. with a diploma thesis on “dye-sensitized solar cells with charge-accumulation layers” (with Prof. Joachim Luther). At the MRS 2005 Spring Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA, in March 2005, I received the Materials Research Society (MRS) Graduate Student Gold Award. Research I have studied microstructural and chemical properties of polycrystalline layers and their in-terfaces in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin-film solar cells. These solar cells generally consist of a glass/Mo/CIGS/buffer/ZnO stack (Fig. 1). Of all thin-film solar cells, devices based on CIGS absorbers yield record efficiencies of more than 19%. Also, these cells exhibit long-term sta-ble performance and good potential for low-cost production. In the present work, I have paid attention to the interface between p-type CIGS and various n-type buffer-layer materials (CdS, InxSy, Zn(O,S), ZnSe), since at this interface (or at least close to it), the p-n junction of the solar cell is formed. Thus, by analyzing the microstructural and chemical properties of the buffer/CIGS interface under variation of divers parameters such as the substrate temperature and the Na concentration, I have been able to correlate the solar-cell performance, which can be easily measured externally, to microstructural and chemical features at the buffer/CIGS interface. Mainly, I have applied transmission electron microscopy and its related techniques for the analyses of buffer/CIGS interfaces in order to study both, microstructural and chemical properties, in the same instrument, down to the atomic scale. By these studies, I have been able to help in identifying and understanding processes which occur in CIGS solar cells, and therefore in the development of highly efficient devices. As an example, I was able to explain the following question arising from the research and development of CIGS solar cells. Why do devices with InxSy buffer layers show increasing efficiencies with increasing InxSy deposition temperature up to about 230 °C, and decreasing efficiencies with further increasing temperature above about 250 °C?

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For interfaces between CIGS and InxSy buffers deposited at temperatures ranging from about 60 to 230 °C, results from energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry exhibit interdiffusion of Cu, Ga and In across InxSy/CIGS interfaces. The Cu depletion and In enrichment found on the CIGS side of these interfaces may indicate the pres-ence of an intermediate Cu-depleted Cu (In,Ga)-Se layer between CIGS and InxSy. The width of this layer apparently increases with increasing temperature, as the Cu depletion and

In enrichment are more enhanced at elevated temperature. Such an intermediate, Cu-depleted Cu-(In,Ga)-Se layer may considerably improve the band alignment between CIGS and InxSy and thus the solar-cell performance. For substrate temperatures above about 250 °C, the deposition of InxSy on CIGS by various techniques led to the formation of CuIn5S8. Its impact on the band alignment is not yet clear. However, the intrinsically large densities of vacancies and planar defects – such as stacking faults and twins – of this layer may affect recombination of the generated charges, and thus reduce considerably the efficiency of the solar cell. In addition, I have studied the growth of MoSe2 thin films by selenization of Mo precursors under variation of divers parameters, such as the substrate temperature, the Na concentration and the orientation of the Mo substrate. The objective of this work is to grow a very thin MoSe2 layer that may act as quasi-ohmic, tunnelling layer between CIGS and any metal/semimetal back contact, e.g., a transparent conductive oxide (TCO). This novel concept may replace Mo as back contact, which easily oxidizes. Mo oxides are water-soluble, which reduces substantially the long-term stability of the solar cell. Therefore, the identification of those parameters which induce the growth of a MoSe2 layer exhibiting properties desired for a quasi-ohmic, tunnelling contact helps to develop long-term-stable CIGS solar cells. For first devices with CIGS grown at 450 °C, a cell with TCO/MoSe2 bi-layer back contact showed a considerably enhanced solar-cell performance than a cell with only a TCO layer as back con-tact. Plans for the future My future plans are to continue in the field of research and development of thin-film solar cells, taking a post-doc position at the Hahn Meitner Institute, Berlin, Germany, with Prof. Hans-Werner Schock. Apart from the continuing application of TEM and its related tech-niques in order to study the microstructural and chemical properties, I would like to broaden my knowledge in the electrical characterization of layers and interfaces in these solar cells.

Fig. 1 Bright-field transmission electron mi-crograph from a Mo/CIGS/buffer/ZnO

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Myriam Haydee Aguirre I was born in Buenos Aires-Argentina in 1967; I lived in San Anto-nio de Padua where I made the primary school and high school. At the same time, I studied “Painting and Decorative Arts” in the Academy of Art in Buenos Aires and became professor at the age of 18. I studied Physics Science at the “Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Universidad de Buenos Aires”. My Ms. Thesis work was made at the “Comisión de Energía Atómica”- Buenos Aires – with Dr. Fanny Dyment as a supervisor. The main objective of this work was to study the diffusion process of Zr and Hf in α-Ti with non-conventional techniques like Heavy Ions Rutherford Backscattering. This work was made using the facilities of Tandar Laboratory – in

the vertical accelerator of heavy ions of the “Centro Atómico Constituyentes”, Buenos Aires. Research After my graduation in 1994, I worked at the Labora-tory of the Solid State Physics- CITEFA-CONICET (Argentina) in the development of infrared detectors of Hg1-xCdxTe with Dr. Horacio Cánepa as a supervisor. In 1996, I started my PhD in Physics at the same labo-ratory with Dr. Horacio Cánepa and Dra. Beatriz Wal-söe de Reca as supervisors. The research topic was the study of the p-n junction obtained by ionic implanta-tion in II-VI semiconductors and to characterise them structurally and microstructurally by TEM and by elec-trical measurement to get the optimum junction.

In 1998 I moved to Spain - in the frame of Alfa-Network - a European project, for studying electron microscopy at the Department of Chemistry - Univer-sidad Complutense de Madrid - Centro de Microscopía “Luis Brú” with Prof. Alario-Franco as a supervisor. In this Laboratory, I studied the radiation damage in Hg1-xCdxTe produced by ionic implantation of Ar+, B+, Pb+, Au+ and P+ ions. The main goal of this work was to find a double region of defects (Fig. 1) one of them full of vacancies and the other, of the interstitial atoms, depend-ing on the ion type implanted, that originates very low carrier concentration of n-type carrier. Transmission electron microscopy technique was very useful for studying defects and to cor-relate the microstructure with the electrical performance of the material.

At the same time I have studied many different types of material by TEM, from perovskite type materials like isolators (see Fig. 2 with Ca1/2Sr1 /2FeOx as an example) to superconduc-tors, getting the knowledge about the behaviour of different materials under the electron beam and how to manage different sample preparation for TEM.

In 2001 I returned to Buenos Aires and finished my PhD thesis, taking the exam in December of 2001. In February 2002, I was granted with a postdoctoral fellowship of “Comunidad

Fig. 1 XTEM of Hg1-xCdxTe implanted with 1014 Ar+/cm2 at 300 keV.

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Autónoma de Madrid”, to perform studies on High Tc Superconductors at the Dept. of Chem-istry in the “Universidad Complutense de Madrid” up to 2004.

During this period of time, new oxides derived from Ybco by replacing the square planar copper [Cu-O4] of the basal plane of the triple perovskite-based structure with octahedral cations, have been prepared at high pressure and temperature and studied them by TEM. An interesting correlation has been observed between the Rare Earth size and the synthesis conditions. The mate-rials have a general formula MSr2RECu2O8 (M = Ru, Cr, Ir; RE = Rare Earth).

I also was granted with a research visit at the St. Andrews University by the Royal Society of Chemistry-UK in 2003, to study the new phases of Cr-0212 as a potential superconductor ma-terials obtained by high pressure synthesis. In June of 2004 I joined the Institute of Applied Physics of Prof. Kostorz, ETH Zürich, to study the structure and microstructure of Ni-Mn-Ga alloys by TEM. The study was performed in the martensitic phase trying to get a better approach to the real atomic position in the struc-tures 10M, 14M by careful analysis of the electron diffraction intensities obtaining by imag-ing plates (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3 Diffraction pattern of [010] in 14M structure recorded by imaging plates and intensity profile below digitalized and evaluated by Micron Ditabis and Digital Micrograph.

Plans for the future

In January 2006, I joined the Solid State Chemistry and Analysis group at EMPA-Dübendorf, where the main research topic is the “Nanostructured complex cobalt oxides as a potential material for solar thermoelectric power generators” and other perovskite related oxides as po-tential thermoelectric materials with Dr. Anke Wiedennkaft. Here, the main objective is to correlate the microstructure of these materials studied by TEM and the electrical measure-ments (Hall effect, Seebeck effect and conductivity) and thermal conductivity to improve its efficiency.

Fig. 2 HREM image of Ca1/2Sr1/2FeOx showimg the presence of a three-dimensional microdomain texture with the ∼√2 ap x 2ap x √2 ap cell, where ap is the cell parameter of classical perovskite.

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Erwin Fischer I was born in 1949 in Freiburg, Switzerland. From 1965 to 1969 I became a laboratory assistant at the CIBA AG in Freiburg. From 1970 to 1973 I was a student of the “Technikum” in Winterthur and made my diploma as Chemical Engineer HTL. After having trav-elled all around the world, I worked as a chemical engineer at the Institute of Organic Chemistry (ETH Zürich). From 1977 to 1981, I worked in many different fields, mostly as a self-employed manu-facturer in Switzerland and abroad. In November 1981, I started my work at the Institute of Applied Physics (ETH Zürich)

Professional activities Most of the alloys and especially the single crystals that were studied at the Institute but also at other research centres (PSI in Villigen, ILL in Grenoble, Risø) were produced using our own facilities. Alloys and crystals with very different properties such as melting point, ductility, reactivity, purity and price were produced. For alloys with high melting points (more than 2000 °C) or reactive materials, the whole process had to be done avoiding any contact with other materi-als. Some very expensive isotopes were chemically extracted from previously measured sam-ples and used a second time in a different alloy. High standards of purity, homogeneity and crystal perfection, but also in the preparation for the specimen, complicated geometries, very flat surfaces with exact crystallographic orientation and alignment, had to be fulfilled and continuously developed according to the requirements and new technical developments. Solid-solution crystals with a mosaicity of less than 0.045° full width at half maximum and with controlled segregation were grown. Thus, in cooperation with construction engineers and a highly competent machine shop, we constructed and developed many instruments.

- Czochralski furnace - High-frequency zone melting furnace providing a pressure controlled inert gas atmos-

phere - High vacuum electron-beam zone melting apparatus - Bridgman furnaces - Bridgman apparatus with quench facility - Strain annealing facilities - Cold-crucible levitation furnace for melting and casting - Several furnaces for quenching in an inert gas atmosphere - Metallographic equipments for mechanical, chemical and electrochemical sample

preparation At the institute special attention was paid to offer some initial orientation and technical advice to newcomers. Everyone got an introduction to the facilities for general use, to the methods and infrastructure at the institute, and also on the department’s level. A practical training in-troduced the newcomers to the basics necessary for chemical and physical laboratories, alloy-ing, crystal growth, sample preparation and characterisation (but also the in-house methods

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for studying microstructure and physical properties and the facilities for computing). Within at least one month, everyone should have been able to start his research, also in practical terms.

Plans for the future After March 2006, the facilities for crystal growth and sample preparation will still be used. I shall continue my work under the leadership of Prof. Jörg F. Löffler, Metal Physics and Tech-nology (Department of Materials Science). Also, I shall have an extension in my professional duties including new techniques in synthesis and processing of novel nanostructured and amorphous materials.

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Zsolt Geller Born in Sombor (former Yugoslavia) in 1977, I spent my childhood in the most northwestern part of present Serbia, where I visited pri-mary school. Later on I moved to Hungary to continue my education (grammar school in Budapest, major subjects Mathematics and Physics). In 1995 I started my studies in physics at ETH Zürich, and I graduated in 2000. My diploma work was done in the Thin Film Physics Group under the guidance of Prof. A.N. Tiwari, in which I investigated the influence of water-soluble buffer layers on CIGS solar cells. After my graduation, I went to Germany to complete my military service. In November 2002 I quit the Bundeswehr as an of-ficer of reserve and started my doctoral thesis at the Institut für Angewandte Physik of Prof. Dr. G. Kostorz.

Research My research topic is the investigation of nickel-rich Ni-Re alloys. Together with other refrac-tory elements, rhenium is used in modern nickel-based superalloys, the mechanical and ther-mal properties of which get improved by the presence rhenium. However, the microstructure of Ni-Re alloys is not well known. The phase diagram has been set up in the early seventies and some work on interdiffusion and lattice spacing in Ni-Re alloys has been done for some compositions. The results on Ni-Re emerged rather as a by-product of research on Ni-based superalloys, than from work focused on Ni-Re. My primary goal was to investigate the early stages of precipitation of Re-enriched particles from the matrix, by means of neutron and X-ray scattering. A high-temperature furnace, espe-cially built for such type of investigations, was used for small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments at elevated temperatures (up to 1200°C). Nickel-rich Ni-Re alloys with Re-fractions close to the limit of solubility were investigated. The composition of the samples was determined by x-ray fluorescence analysis and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. The samples were also characterized by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the beginning, natural nickel was used for preparing polycrystalline samples with up to 13 at.% Re. The elements were melted in an induction furnace, with subsequent zone refinement in order to remove cavities. Temperatures up to 1500°C and aging times up to 100 h were needed to homogenize the alloys, because of their high melting points. Small-angle neutron scattering experiments were done at the spallation source of the Paul Scherrer Institut (Villi-gen). Because of the large “background” values, mostly due to the strong incoherent scatter-ing of nickel, a second alloy of the same composition, but with the nickel-58 isotope was pre-pared. These measurements revealed that no decomposition took place in the temperature range of 500°C-1000°C for 58Ni-13 at.% Re. The production of an alloy with a higher rhenium-fraction followed. We were not able to re-move all cavities in 58Ni-15 at.% Re with the homogenization procedure used for Ni-13 at.% Re. SANS measurements were done of 58Ni-15 at.% Re, where precipitation could have oc-curred at low temperatures (about 500°C). Re-enriched particles, distributed heterogeneously in the matrix (occupying less than 1% of sample volume), were found by electron microscopy

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(SEM and TEM, Fig. 1). They are suspected to have compositions within the miscibility gap, their crystal structure was not yet clearly identified. These precipitates were seen in different alloys. In addition, a wide-angle x-ray scattering experiment of a single crystal of lower Re-fraction (Ni-10.4 at.% Re) has been done using a laboratory X-ray source. Weak local order is present with diffuse maxima presumably at |1½0| positions. Further research on alloys of dif-ferent concentrations and heat treatment, with neutron scattering and electron microscopy, are required.

Fig. 1 Scanning electron micrograph from Ni-15 at.% Re, showing Re-rich precipitates.

Plans for the future After having finished my PhD thesis at ETH this year, I would like to continue my research, preferably in a research facility.

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Josef Hecht I have been electrical engineer at the Institute of Applied Physics at the ETH Zurich since November 1, 1994 and I’m responsible for the entire electronics and computer infrastructure. Born on August 6, 1965 in Zürich and grown up in Dietikon, as a young person I have already been fascinated by electronics. I built electrical Morse stations and extended the memory of pocket calcu-lators. Today I live in Hedingen. In my spare time I employ dearest with my family and engage myself for my two children. If still some time remains, I like hiking.

After the secondary level school I finished an apprenticeship as an electrical mechanics craftsman. Then I visited the professional school Winterthur and completed training in elec-tro-technology with successful conclusion as an Electrical Engineer HTL. In the context of my further training as an Industrial Engineer STV I extended my knowledge in economics. My first working premises after the study were at the company Schlatter AG in Schlieren. My tasks concerned dynamic servo-drives and numerical controls. After 6 years my way went to the ETH. Professional activities My initial works at the Institute of Applied Physics was to restore the trouble-free working of our Bridgman plant, the repair of electronics of the two-dimensional X-ray gas detector and finishing to construct the stepping motor controller for a 4-circle of goniometer. Afterwards further projects followed in the context of ours researcher’s activities. For exam-ple the building of electronics and programming of a computer-controlled high temperature furnace with positioning possibilities for small-angle neutron scattering experiments, the building of auxiliary electronics for our materials testing machine, the programming of a magneto-dynamic test facility and the re-equipment of the control of the 4-circle goniometer from Mac to PC. I also took over maintenance and advancement of our computer infrastruc-ture. I like these activities very much and find the working atmosphere at the ETH very interesting and versatile.

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Fig. 1 Working at the electronics of the small-angle neutron scattering facility. Plans for the future From April 2006 I will still work partially in the department of physics for Prof. B. Schönfeld. Further more I will work for Prof. J. Löffler at the Laboratory of Metal Physics and Technol-ogy. I look forward to new tasks and challenges.

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Ursula Huck I was born in Germany and spent several years in England and France to qualify as a multilingual secretary. Having worked ini-tially in several French and Swiss companies and after having raised three children, I was pleased to take up a position at the ETH and took care of the Institute’s front office since 1984. This meant cop-ing with all the institute’s lively members and the ups and downs of an immensely active Professor.

Professional activities Apart from the regular work of secretary, librarian, accountant etc., I particularly liked the international contacts with guest scientists and visitors and in connection with the editorial work of Professor Kostorz. The preparation of several scientific meetings (in Zürich, Ascona and Arosa) was also among my most rewarding activities. I keep good memories of my daily interactions with generations of young doctoral students. Some of them have become faithful friends. Plans for the future With the retirement of Professor Kostorz my professional career will also cease, but I will continue to be available for special tasks (e.g. the upcoming Farewell Colloquium 31 May/1 June 2006).

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Fabio Krogh Born the 7th of August 1969, I finished my graduate studies in Phys-ics at the University "La Sapienza" in Rome (Italy), with a diploma thesis on "Statistical properties of acoustic emission form fracture precursors in heterogeneous materials." I have been a member of the Institute of Applied Physics since Janu-ary 2001 as Ph.D. student. Since then I have been active as student supervisor at the advanced practical training, "Vorgerückten-Praktikum", for physics student. Currently I am also responsible for the mechanical test laboratory.

Research activities The influence of temperature, vacancies and constituent concentration on the plastic proper-ties of single phase B2-RuAl intermetallics is studied, with the intent to give also account for the extended room temperature ductility, which makes B2 RuAl the most promising structural material, among the B2 aluminium-based alloys. The chemical and physical properties, like high corrosion and oxidation resistance, high tem-perature toughness and high melting point, common for B2 structured alloys, are generally attended, at room temperature, by a fragile mechanical behavior (NiAl), or at least by a mod-erate ductility (FeAl). Furthermore, since vacancy concentration plays a limiting role in the ductility of FeAl, and since the bonding character between the alloy constituent are for RuAl and FeAl comparable, it is expected that vacancies will play also a role in the plastic proper-ties of RuAl alloys. The microstructure of deformed single-crystalline samples, with nominal concentration on the aluminium-rich side, at the deformation temperature of 873 K, show the presence of disloca-tion loops, together with a change in glide direction from samples deformed at lower tempera-ture. For those samples positron annihilation measurement indicate a higher vacancy concen-tration than expected for thermal equilibrium, suggesting that loops can be explanted as origi-nating from vacancy clusters. At 1173 K beside the change in glide direction, complex stacking faults occur in high density, owing to the spreading of super <111> dislocations in two ½<111> super partial dislocations, indicating a drop in the order energy, sufficient to favor the spreading of <111> dislocations and consequently inhibit their mobility, see Fig. 1. Due to those results, strong effort, during alloy preparation, was given to minimize the ther-mal vacancy concentration, by slowly cooling (20 k/h) the alloy after the annealing (2023 K for 24h) procedure. To lower the content of constitutional vacancies, the nominal composition was chosen to achieve, at the end of sample preparation, a nearly stoichiometric and sin-gle-phase alloy. According to this procedure polycrystalline samples were prepared and plastically deformed at room temperature, 573 K, 873 K and 1173 K up to 2-3%. Subsequently transmission elec-tron microscopy analysis was performed to evaluate the microscopic parameters and define

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Fig. 1 Weak-Beam Dark-field transmission electron microscopy micrographs for a Ru-(56 at. %)Al single crystalline sample deformed at 1173 K, for two different two beam condition: a) complex stacking faults are shown. b) at the same posi-tion dislocation with <100> Burgers vector are shown.

which glide systems were activated during deformation. For samples deformed at room tem-perature three possible glide directions were found and line vectors for straight <110> Bur-gers-vector dislocations are found to lie on {110} planes, suggesting that those dislocations are responsible for the room temperature ductility, see Fig. 2. The analysis for deformed mate-rial at higher temperature is still in progress. Mechanical properties of single-crystalline B2-RuSi intermetallics and the phase diagram have also been studied. Deformation experiments at different temperatures up to 1173 K, show that RuSi is brittle at room temperature, has a brittle-to-ductile transition around 573 K, and for 1033 K and 1183 K a drop to nearly zero for toughness. The phase diagram is under investigation, to establish whether the transition from FeAl-like RuAl to B2-RuAl is only temperature, or also a concentration dependent. Plans for the future My future plans are still open.

Fig. 2 Weak-beam dark-field transmission electron microscopy image for a poly-crystalline Ru-(53 at. %)Al sam-ple deformed at room temperature. Brackets show the Burgers vectors of dislocations.

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Debashis Mukherji During the period April 2003 - October 2005 I worked as a senior scientist at IAP, ETH Zurich, headed by Prof. G. Kostorz. I am a German national and a person of Indian origin. I was born and edu-cated in India and have been living with my family (wife and 2 chil-dren) in Germany / Switzerland for the last 12 years. I graduated in Metallurgical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (1976) and completed my PhD degree from the same in-stitution in the year 1987 while working at the Defence Metallurgi-cal Research Laboratory, Hyderabad, India as a scientist. I am an experienced material scientist with special knowledge in electron microscopy and other diffraction techniques. I held scientific posi-

tions in various capacities in different research institutes and universities in India (DMRL), Germany (Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin, TU-Berlin and TU-Braunschweig) and Switzerland (ETH Zurich) and have more than 25 years of research experience in the development of new materials for high-temperature applications in aircraft and land-based gas turbines. I have worked on national and international projects with multiple partner groups. Much of my work is inter-disciplinary and requires active interaction and collaboration with different research groups and industries. I am a regular user of various large experimental facilities at neutron and synchrotron radiation sources in Germany and Switzerland. My present research interest is in the development of nano-structures in metallic and intermetallic materials for functional applications. I have more than 90 publications in different international journals and 2 patents. Recent research activities Properties of matter at the nanoscale are not necessarily predictable from those observed at larger scales. With the reduction of size to nanoscale, important changes in material behavior occur owing to the predominance of the surface and/or interfaces in the material and also by the emergence of totally new phenomena such as quantum size confinement. Once it is possi-ble to control material size and shape at the nanoscale, it is also possible to enhance material properties and device functions beyond the established limits. At IAP, I initiated the work on nanostructured materials, in particular nanoparticles, and we developed a new process to pro-duce nanoparticles of intermetallic phases, e.g. Ni3Si, Ni3Al, etc. from simple metallic alloys. Giancarlo Pigozzi started his research work for his PhD thesis on this topic under my guid-ance. In principle, any metallic alloy containing two phases may be used as the starting material to produce nano-particles by the new process. The new process first establishes nano-sized pre-cipitates in the bulk alloy through heat treatments and then separates them by selective phase dissolution. Selective phase dissolution is an important processing step in the fabrication of nano-structured material by this route. The matrix phase is selectively dissolved to separate the nanoparticles from the bulk. This is achieved by use of an electrochemical phase-dissolution process [1]. The present technique can be applied to produce particles of a wide range of sizes from ~10 nm to submicrometer sizes. The new process produces nano-particles which are clean, homogeneous, monocrystalline and stress-free. Extracted nanoparticles were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy (both SEM and TEM) and other methods. Their magnetic and optical properties were also characterized [2]. It was further shown that in certain alloys (e.g. Ni-13.5Si-2Al) a core-shell structure can

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be established in the particles (Fig. 1) when the metal removal process parameter is suitably controlled. The core of the extracted particle in Fig. 1 consists of Ni3Si-type intermetallic phase (same as the precipitates in the bulk alloy), but in addition, an amorphous shell struc-ture is observed. The composition of the shell, as determined by EDS in TEM, is mainly Si with some oxygen present in the shell layer. The nature and the thickness of the shell may be altered if the extraction potential in the electrolytic process is varied. Currently, the core-shell structure and its origin are being investigated. It is speculated that de-alloying of the Ni-Si solid-solution matrix may play a role in the formation of the shell.

1. D. Mukherji, G. Pigozzi, F. Schmitz O. Näth, J. Rösler, and G. Kostorz, Nanotechnol-

ogy 16 (2005) 2176–2187. 2. D.Mukherji, R. Müller, R. Gilles, P.Strunz, J. Rösler, and G. Kostorz, Nanotechnology

15 (2004) 648–657. Plans for the future I am presently working at the Institut für Werkstoffe, Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany, as a senior scientist. Here I continue my research on nanostructured metallic mate-rials. This includes both, nanoparticles and nanoporous materials. One particular aim in this research is to study the deformation behavior of individual nanoparticles. After understanding how deformation of nano-objects differs from the bulk materials, the aim is to use this knowl-edge to shape metallic and intermetallic nanoparticles for functional use with the help of suit-able deformation methods. My present research interest extends beyond nanomaterials into areas of high temperature alloys and composite material. One interest in these areas is to de-velop new dispersion hardened material where the hardening dispersoids are in the liquid state. In order to finely disperse particles of this kind in a metallic phase, we are using severe plastic deformation.

Fig. 1: Core-shell nanoparticles with Ni3Si core and amorphous Si (with oxygen) shell structure.

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Stéphane Pecoraro Since October 2004, I have been a postdoctoral researcher at the In-stitute of Applied Physic (IAP) at the ETH Zurich with Prof. Gernot Kostorz. Born on April 3, 1975, in Nancy, France; I studied physics at the University Henri Poincaré of Nancy, and at the University Louis Pasteur of Strasbourg, France. In 1999, for my Advanced Master Degree in Physic of condensed matter and materials, I considered “the study by XPS and Auger spectroscopy of HFCVD diamond growth on iridium buffer layers” at the “Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS)”, France.

Since December 2002, I have a PhD of Materials Physics, ULP of Strasbourg, France. At the IPCMS, my thesis subject was “the early stages of HFCVD diamond growth on concave sur-faces and thinned Si (111) areas”. This work was supervised by Dr. Jean-Charles Arnault and François Le Normand. From 2003 until 2004, I worked as postdoctoral researcher at the “Groupe d’Etudes de Métal-lurgie Physique et de Physique des Matériaux (GEMPPM)” of the French engineering school INSA of Lyon, with Dr. Thierry Epicier. I studied the carbonitride dissolution in microalloyed steels in the austenitic phase. Recent research activities The addition of rhenium improves the high-temperature creep performances of the second and third generation of nickel-base superalloys. The slow diffusing and massive rhenium atoms retard the γ’ coarsening rate. Re is also beneficial to produce alloys with a small negative lat-tice mismatch parameter. The coherency can then be maintained by positive misfit elements such as Ta. Atom probe investigations have shown both clustering of rhenium in the γ phase and a pileup of Re at the γ/γ’ interface. However, the role played by rhenium for the creep properties must be clarified. Therefore, the mechanisms of precipitation for Ni-Re binary alloys were investigated by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). Homogeneous solidification of Ni-Re alloys is difficult because of the melting point and atomic radius differences of the two components. In our case, nickel alloys with a nominal concentration of 16 at.% Re were prepared. The pro-duction of homogeneous alloys was optimized by an annealing treatment (1500°C, 72h.), after induction melting and swaging steps. Several thermal treatments were tested to promote the precipitation of rhenium. The temperature of aging varied from 470°C to 700°C. Thin TEM specimens were prepared electrolytically using a solution of 90% methanol and 10% perchlo-ric acid by volume. The precipitation of rhenium in a Ni- 16 at.% Re was identified by high-resolution transmis-sion electron microscopy observations for a thermal treatment of 12 h. at 470°C. The high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) method, more sensitive to the Z difference, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) showed the presence of Re-rich precipitates with a globular shape and a size of less than 50 nm (Fig. 1). All precipitates were composed of sev-

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eral nanocrystals smaller than 3 nm and disoriented to each other. This result was confirmed by microdiffraction patterns and high-resolution images. A significant part of the nanocrystals could be indexed and correlated to the hcp structure of pure rhenium (a = 0.276 nm, c = 0.446 nm). No coherence or specific orientation relationships were found between the matrix and the precipitates. In the vicinity of the precipitates, some very small particles embedded in the matrix, with a diameter less than 5 nm, have been characterized in high-resolution electron microscopy. These particles have lattice parameters comparable to those of hcp Ni (a = 0.262 nm, c = 0.432 nm). These particles could occur at the beginning of Re (hcp) precipitation and by their low misfit, they could play a significant role in the first stages of the precipitation. The Re concentration of these isolated particles still has to be determined precisely. The reproducibil-ity of the precipitation mechanism is being investigated for other Ni- 16 at.% Re alloys pre-pared under similar conditions with different aging times.

a) b)

Fig. 1 a) HAADF image of Re-rich precipitates. b) Linear profile of the Ni-Lα1 and Re-Mα1 along the line crossing one precipitate.

Plans for the future This year, I will be a candidate for a lecturer position of a French university. I will also con-sider research engineer positions at a public institution (CNRS, CEA), or all other promising positions.

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Giancarlo Pigozzi I was born on March 10th 1978 in Tradate (Italy). I studied Physics at the University of Milan and graduated discussing a dissertation on non-linear localized oscillations (moving breathers) in infinite one-dimensional lattices in February 2003. In January 2004 I moved to Zürich and since then I am doctoral student and teaching assistant at the Insitute of Applied Physics at the ETH Zurich. I got married in December 2004 with Luisa. My hobbies are black&white reflex photography, darkroom film developing and printing, drawing and oil painting, and classical guitar playing.

Recent research activities Nanoparti cl es have at t ract ed recent att enti on as they are fi nding i nnovative appli cat ions i n chemist ry , b io-medicine, el ect roni cs , optoel ect roni cs and materi als engineering. Nanoparti cl es are parti cul arly fascinati ng as syst ems as t hey exhibi t new el ect ri cal , magneti c, opt i cal and chemical propert i es which di ffer from the corresponding bulk ones being t ypi cal of quantum syst ems . In modern nanoparti cl e appli cat ions t he cont rol over t he fabri cati on process is a pri -mary i ssue. Many t echniques have been adopted i n t he i ndus t ry t o synthesi ze a great vari ety of nanoparti cl es [3], e.g . chemical synthesi s , deposit i on from vapour, mechanical mi lli ng and sputt eri ng. B ecause of t hei r res ist ance t o corrosion, high t emperature condit i ons and magneti c propert i es , i nt ermetalli c phases , l i ke e.g . Nickel and Iron aluminides and s ili cides , i nt erest i ng materi al s for many appli cat ions i n cat alys is processes , conducting ci rcuits m ini aturi zat i on, magneti c drug deli very, cancer t herapy and nano compos it e fabri cati on. A new method for producing intermetallic nanoparticles of complex composition and con-trolled morphology has been recently developed [1,2]. The method consists basically in two

steps. The starting material is a two-phase metallic alloy con-taining coherent precipitates of a second phase. By proper heat treatment it is possible to control the precipitate mor-phology and size to form precipitates in the nano-size. The second, most important, step is separating the nano-precipitates from the bulk. This is done by electrochemical selective phase dissolution of the matrix phase. The sample is chosen as the working electrode (anode), and Pt, or any other corrosion-resistant alloy, is used as the counter electrode (cathode) in the electrolytic cell. Selective phase dissolution is performed electro-chemically at preselected potential (poten-tiostatic method). By tuning the applied potential value it is possible to achieve a condition in which only the matrix phase is rapidly dissolved. After the selective phase dissolution is performed, for example, on a Ni-rich Ni-Al alloy containing

nano-sized precipitates, a loose Ni3Al-type powder is obtained. Mono crystalline nanoparti-cles with very complex compositions can be obtained. During the doctoral research program of G.P. intermetallic precipitates of Ni3Si(Al), Ni3Si and Ni3Al in the two-phase Ni-base alloys Ni-13.5Si-2Al, Ni-14.5Si and Ni-15.5Al were ex-tracted by means of the above mentioned technique. The precipitate composition, shape and

Fig. 1 TEM BF image of core/shell Ni3Si(Al)/a-Si nanoparticles

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size (20 to 100 nm) were controlled in the bulk alloy by isothermal ageing. Measurement of the electrochemical parameters for each alloy was performed in order to determine the values of the extraction process. The extraction was then done using a water-based electrolyte solu-tion. The microstructure of the nanoparticles varies with the electrochemical extraction pa-rameter. What is the most interesting thing, in the case of Ni-Si and Ni-Si-Al alloys contain-ing Ni3Si-type precipitates this process leads to a core-shell structure (Fig. 1). Only in alloys containing Ni3Si-type precipitates a shell forms. Ni3Al nanoparticles (mean size below 50 nm) extracted from a binary Ni-Al alloy instead showed no shell. X-ray powder diffraction was used to refine the lattice structure and to measure the lattice pa-rameter. X-ray and electron powder diffraction confirmed that the bulk crystal structure is maintained after the extraction. The core of the particles was found to be, as expected, single crystalline Ni3Si(Al), with ordered L12 structure, the same as the precipitate in bulk. No pres-ence of dislocations was so far detected in the particle core observed. The shell was found to be an amorphous mixture of Si and O (Fig. 2). The O and Si content and the mor-phology of the shell change with extraction voltage. Its thickness varies between 5 and 20 nm and it has a slight tendency to de-crease with increasing extraction voltage. The shell shows to be stable under heating in normal atmosphere at high temperature and partially re-crystallizes upon heating in inert atmosphere at 700°C. So far no description has been given on the shell formation mechanism resulting from electrochemical selective phase dissolution in Ni-Si-Al. Three different possible mechanisms are proposed to explain the shell formation: depletion of Nickel from the matrix phase (dealloying) accompanied by Si diffusion around precipitates, depletion of Nickel from the precipitate phase followed by amorphization, and Si re-deposition. Work is in progress to understand the actual mechanism of the Si-shell formation. Ni3Si-type nanoparticles with average size below 50 nm have two other interesting physical properties. They change from paramagnetic to ferromagnetic behaviour at low temperatures (below 25° K). They have a broad absorption shoulder in the visible light range (below 500 nm) due to surface plasmon absorption and a sharp UV-absorption peak due to the insulating a-Si(O) shell. References: 1.D. Mukherji, R. Müller, R. Gilles, P. Strunz, J. Rösler, G. Kostorz, Nanotechnology 15 (2004) 648. 2.D. Mukherji, G. Pigozzi, F. Schmitz, O. Näth, J. Rösler, G. Kostorz, Nanotechnology 15 (2005) 2176. 3.“ Handbook of Nanostructured Materi als and Nanotechnology: Synthesis and Processing”, Ed. H. S. Nalwa,

Vol. 1, Academic Press, San Diego, USA, 2000. Plans for the future After t he P h.D. degree (expect ed i n March 2006) I pl an t o be employed in a pos t -doctoral pro-gram in Materi als P hys i cs , wi th speci al focus on nanost ructures and t echnologi cal appli cati ons .

Fig. 2 EDX spectrum (probe size 3 nm) of core and shell of a Ni3Si(Al)/a-Si(O) nanoparti-cle sustained by a Carbon foil on a Cu grid.

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Bernd Schönfeld After my study of physics at the University Karlsruhe, I did my doc-toral thesis at the RWTH Aachen with Prof. Werner Schilling (Kern-forschungsanlage Jülich) on “Frenkel defects in electron-irradiated hcp metals”. I enjoyed my subsequent post-doc time with Prof. Simon Moss (University of Houston) under a Feodor-Lynen grant. Experience with synchrotron radiation was then gained as a station responsible at HASYLAB / DESY. Employing X-ray scattering was the constancy during this time, the topics changed from long-ranging displacement fields of point defects and their agglomerates, over hy-drogen in metals like vanadium or niobium close to phase transi-tions, to the kinetics of crystallisation of amorphous Fe-Si-B metal-

lic glasses. In 1984, I joined the group of Prof. Gernot Kostorz (ETH Zürich). Research was now centered on order and decomposition of alloys, doing scattering experiments with X-rays / synchrotron radiation and thermal neutrons. I got my habilitation on “Local atomic arrange-ments in binary alloys” and became Titularprofessor at the ETH Zürich in 2002. During these years, I collaborated with about 20 doctoral students. Research The research was mainly done in two directions; (i) following the early stages of decomposi-tion of alloys and (ii) determining the microstructure of solid solutions in states of thermal equilibrium. The typical experimental tools, small-angle scattering and diffuse wide-angle scattering, often had to be combined, to add information on concurrent ordering during de-composition or possible heterogeneity of solid solutions. As modulations in scattering might be small, such a combination was also vital for comparison with results by other experimental techniques and with ab-initio electronic structure calculations. For example, the complex structure of ε–Guinier-Preston zones in Al-rich Al-Ag, where the precipitates are not homo-geneous in composition but exhibit a Ag-enriched shell, was first noted in small-angle scatter-ing on a continuum basis, then brought to atomic scale by adding wide-angle scattering and finally visualized by compositional mapping with transmission electron microscopy. Investigations had to be performed at elevated temperature at which decomposition or order-ing is taking place to avoid uncertainties by quenching to room temperature, the use of differ-ent samples in kinetics studies that are never “identical”, falsification of static atomic dis-placements as they depend on temperature. High-temperature furnaces dedicated to such in-vestigations were successfully implemented. Thus, it was possible to identify a metastable state in the early stages of decomposition in Ni-rich Ni-Ti. The search for a similar state in Ni-rich Ni-Re was one motivation for an ongoing investigation. Isotopic replacement in neutron scattering and anomalous X-ray scattering was repeatedly employed to obtain conclusive data. As examples, I would like to mention the use of Cu-65 in the investigation of local order in α-brass or Ni-58 in alloys like Ni-Au to suppress the other-wise huge incoherent “background”. Anomalous scattering was exploited in the determination of static atomic displacements (3λ-method) that are difficult in its determination as they are small and species dependent. As there is only one scattering intensity for one scattering vec-tor, an incorrect separation of diffuse scattering into short-range order scattering and dis-placement scattering might have a large impact. This turned out to be at the origin of the dis-

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cussion whether Guinier-Preston I zones in Al-rich Al-Cu (Al and Cu have a large difference in atomic radii) are single-layered or multi-layered, the first model being supported by our investigations. Besides bulk microstructures we started to investigate the near-surface microstructure of al-loys. In comparison with the bulk, this region is rich in additional degrees of freedom due to the presence of segregation profiles and surface relaxation, and certainly nearly unexplored. Surface sensitivity is achieved by measuring under grazing incidence, employing X-ray sources of high brilliance. Clean surfaces that are oriented for high-symmetry planes and of excellent crystal mosaicity, are mandatory for such studies under UHV conditions at elevated temperature. For the first time, a pair correlation function was successfully determined char-acterized, for Pt-Rh, a system important in industrial application, and with a small tendency for deviations from a homogeneous solid solution. Investigations of the system Ag-Mn are presently under way. Measurements at low temperatures were performed to correlate local magnetic and atomic order in the spin glass Cu-Mn. Comparing states with a different degree of chemical order, it was demonstrated that a higher degree of local atomic order leads to a strongly increased small-angle neutron scattering below the glass transition temperature (Fig. 1). No indications for a phase transition to low temperatures were noted that had been suggested on the basis of macroscopic alloy properties.

Fig. 1 Magnetic short-range order scattering of Cu-16.6 at.% Mn (aged at 553 K) and Cu-17.2 at.% Mn (aged at 483 K) as determined from neutron scattering exclu-sively at 11 K and in comparison with investigations at room temperature.

Plans for the future After the closing of the Institute of Applied Physics next March after a long and fruitful re-search time, I shall join the group of Prof. Jörg Löffler at the Department of Materials (ETH Zürich), together with Erwin Fischer and Josef Hecht, to continue our microstructural investi-gations of single-crystalline alloys and to start up the structural characterization of amorphous materials.

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Alla S. Sologubenko In February 2001, I started my PhD work at the Institut für Ange-wandte Physik of Prof. Dr. G. Kostorz. In June 2005 I finished my thesis. Born on December 6, 1966, in Kharkov (Ukraine), I studied phys-ics at the A. M. Gorki Kharkov State University, Ukraine. In 1988, I graduated as Dipl. Physicist in speciality low temperature phys-ics. Until 1991, I studied the mechanisms of ultrasound attenuation in highly pure bcc metals (Nb, Mo) at low temperatures, as a PhD student at Physical-Technical Institute of Low-Temperature Phys-ics, Ukraine. Due to lack of finances, the project was discontinued

in 1991; PhD work was not finished. From 1991 until 1994, I worked as an engineer at Insti-tute of Cryomedicine and Cryobiology of the Ukrainian Academy of Science, Ukraine. In a group of Prof. N. S. Pushkar, I performed dilatometric experiments of cryo-solutions of blood cells with various cryoprotectors in a range of temperatures. During the period 1994-1999, I worked as a Junior and Senior Research Scientist at the Laboratory of Theoretical and Ex-perimental Physics at Kharkov Polytechnical Institute, Ukraine. I studied the dependence of thermo-electrical properties and microhardness of PbTe-MnTe semiconductor compounds on composition variations (in the group of Prof. E. I. Rogacheva). Additionally, I was involved in preparing and supervising tutorial and lecture courses in “General Physics” at Kharkov Polytechnical Institute, Ukraine. Recent research activities In my work towards a PhD (Dr.sc.nat.), I studied the formation mechanisms of the metastable ferromagnetic τ-phase in MnAl and MnAl-C alloys. The L10-structured τ-MnAl-C alloy is a highly uniaxial anisotropic ferromagnet and is used in industry for the production of perma-nent magnets. The magnetic properties of τ-MnAl-C depend strongly on the microstructure that, in turn, is remarkably influenced by the processing conditions during alloy production. The τ-phase arises from the supercooled high-temperature disordered ε-phase (A3 structure) upon annealing at temperatures below about 700 oC. Binary alloys exist in the vicinity of the stoichiometric composition on the Mn-rich side. Carbon additions within solubility limits sta-bilize both metastable phases (ε and τ) from decomposition to the equilibrium phases. Large transformation strains, formation of twins, highly uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, strong mag-neto-mechanical coupling, and sensitivity of the microstructure to the alloy production proc-ess render τ-MnAl-C a promising material for a large magnetoplastic response. The existence of mobile twin boundaries in an otherwise defect-free, polysynthetically twinned crystal is a pre-requisite for large magnetic-field-induced deformation. My aim in the project was to un-derstand mechanisms of the τ-MnAl-C formation, to be able to control the microstructure of τ-MnAl-C for magneto-mechanical testing. The τ-phase forms in two morphological modifications, “plate-like” and “flower-like”. They can coexist. The first grows coherently within the ε-phase, the second does not. The two modifications result from two different formation mechanisms. The first task of my work was to find out conditions and parameters that control the selection of either of the modes. The important factors turned out to be the manganese content [Mn] and the isothermal annealing temperature T. For [Mn] ≥ 57 at.% Mn and T ≤ 400 oC, plate-like τ dominates. For [Mn] = 60

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at.% Mn, only plate-like τ appears. For [Mn] < 57 at.% Mn, the flower-like modification forms preferentially. Annealing at temperature T > 600 oC yields only flower-like τ. At inter-mediate temperatures, the Mn concentration is a decisive parameter. The second part of my work was to study the microstructural mechanism of the plate-like-τ formation, since only this particular modification is potentially useful for magnetoplastic ap-plications. Transmission electron microscopy studies of crystals where only the plate-like τ can appear, revealed that the formation mechanism of this modification is a discontinuous process. The intermediate long-range-ordered ε′-phase (B19 structure) nucleates, progres-sively orders, and grows coherently within disordered ε. The anisotropy of the lattice misfit at the ε/ε′ and ε/ε′ interfaces results in building-up anisotropic strain fields during the growth of domains of the three orientation variants of ε′. The ε′-domains grow and order until the coher-ency stresses at the interfaces reach a critical value. Stacking faults (SFs) appear between ε′-domain boundaries as a result of shear that reduces the transformation strain. Structural re-ordering of SFs within ε′-domains leads to the formation of the internally twinned polytypes (P). Furthermore, the structural re-ordering of polytypes, driven by magnetic ordering of magnetic moments of Mn-atoms and assisted by chemical re-ordering of neighbouring ε′-domains of different orientation variants, results in the formation of twinned τ-plates. It is concluded that the diffusional-displacive mode of the plate-like τ formation follows the se-quence:

ε → ε′→ ε′ + SFs → ε′ + P → τ

The nucleation sites for plate-like τ are found to be the ε′-domain boundaries. The critical domain size is estimated to be ~ 50 nm, the critical degree of order of ε′ is about 0.3. The ki-netics of nucleation and evolution of ε′ depend on the transformation path and are controlled by the compositional fluctuations and temperature of annealing. In alloys with [Mn] < 57 at.% Mn, the degree of order in ε′ is found to be reduced at T ≥ 400 oC. This fact can be made re-sponsible for the preferential occurrence of plate-like τ in alloys with [Mn] > 57 at.% Mn at T < 400 oC. The controlled formation of a polysynthetically twinned τ-crystal can be achieved by the step-like annealing of an original ε-crystal. First, annealing at a temperature where ε′ evolves, then, continued annealing at the same temperature, but under an external stress applied in a definite crystallographic direction to bias the formation of only one of the three orientation variants of ε′. Plans for the future Presently, I have a post-doc position in the Gemeinschaftslabor für Elektronenmikroskopie of Prof. Dr. J. Mayer, at the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany. My current research concentrates on the structural and morphological characterizations of Au nano-clusters, self-assembled in conducting circuits on DNA-molecules. High-resolution TEM and STEM analyses are to be performed down to the single-atom limit. I am planning to acquire new and improve my current knowledge of TEM techniques and work further on the microstructural analysis of nano-sized materials.

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Christian Steiner Born in Zürich in 1972, I moved to Volketswil, where I went to pri-mary and secondary school, followed by grammar school in Wetzikon with the major subjects of economy and law. In 1992, I started my studies at the department of physics at ETH Zürich and changed later on to the department of chemistry. My diploma work was written in the Laboratorium für Festkörperphysik in the group of Prof. Dr. M. Erbudak. After my graduation, I worked in the divi-sion "Electrotechnologies" in the Corporate Research Centre of ABB in Baden-Dättwil. In December 2000, I started my Ph.D. work at the Institut für Angewandte Physik of Prof. Dr. G. Kostorz. In November 2005 I finished my thesis.

Research My research topic was the investigation of the question whether the microstructure of Pt-Rh in the bulk and at surfaces is locally ordered or decomposed at elevated temperatures. Alloys consisting of Pt and Rh are widely used in chemical industry, mainly for the purpose of ca-talysis, and are interesting for fundamental research in general. However, the phase diagram has not been determined by experiments at all. A lot of research was done on surfaces but only little on the bulk. Model calculations and investigations with surface sensitive methods, such us scanning tunnelling microscopy or low-energy electron diffraction, were made, mainly revealing information on the segregation profile. Statements on the microstructure were rare and controversial. No experiments had been performed employing neutron or x-ray scattering. The first part of my thesis dealt with the determination of the bulk microstructure of Pt-Rh by combining diffuse x-ray scattering and neutron small-angle scattering experiments, both methods had been successfully applied on various binary alloy systems in previous studies. The second part was meant to introduce diffuse scattering in grazing incidence as a new method to gain information on the microstructure of Pt-Rh surfaces. For this part, a portable vacuum chamber ("baby chamber") had to be built, since surface measurements require a UHV environment. Only with the help of such an apparatus, experiments at external synchro-tron radiation sources are possible. In addition, a second UHV chamber was built for Auger electron spectroscopy and electron diffraction experiments to characterize the surface quality of the samples beforehand. In the beginning, a single crystal of Pt-Rh was grown by the zone melting technique with a Rh fraction close to a stoichiometry of 1:1. While manual polishing for the sample preparation was suitable for the bulk measurements, a more refined procedure had to be used in the case of surface measurements. Only a sample preparation on a polishing machine with several sub-sequent polishing steps was able to produce surfaces with the required flatness and smooth-ness. In order to get rid of surface contaminations, like oxygen or carbon, the samples were sputtered and heat treated directly in the baby chamber. The samples for the bulk measure-ments were annealed and quenched. The bulk measurements were performed using a labora-tory x-ray source (rotating anode) and synchrotron radiation (ESRF, Grenoble). The small-angle scattering experiments were done at the neutron sources of PSI (Villigen) and

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Fig. 1 Calculated (left hand side) and measured (right hand side) elastic and inelastic scattering intensity of a Pt-Rh(111) surface.

ILL (Grenoble). Surface measurements were solely done with synchrotron radiation (Swiss Light Source (Villigen), under UVH conditions and at elevated temperatures. Elastic scattering data was separated into the contributions of short-range order scattering and displacement scattering. Although intensity modulations were small, local order was found in bulk Pt-Rh and a ground state structure could be calculated at low temperature. Therefore, the suggested miscibility gap in the phase diagram is incorrect. For the surface measurements, the algorithms for correcting and analyzing data had to be modified. Similarly to the bulk, Pt-Rh surfaces show local order as well. Intensity modulations are even smaller. It is possible to determine the microstructure in the near-surface region with diffuse scattering in grazing incidence. It is a complementary method for surface investigations, especially at elevated temperatures. All the experiments showed that improvements in the sample prepara-tion and in the experimental set-up are still necessary. Further research, on different types of surfaces and different ways of surface preparation is on the way. Plans for the future After my time at ETH, I would like to work in the division of Research and Development, preferably in a small company.

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Marije van der Klis At the University of Groningen (NL) I studied Applied Physics until 2002. As part of this study I worked as technical student with the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, on a gas-flow detector for the gas-systems of the Large Hadron Collider. In the course of my diploma thesis at the Nuclear Geophysics Division (KVI Groningen), I tested a new in-situ detector system for natural gamma-radiation from soils (consisting of a large-volume high-Z scintillator crystal combined with a full-spectrum analysis tech-nique) in the field. Additional feasibility studies included Monte-Carlo simulations. Since 2003, I have worked as a doctoral student at the Institute of Applied Physics on diffuse X-ray scattering under

grazing-incidence from Ag-rich Ag-Mn. Recent research activities The classical spin-glass systems Ag-rich Ag-Mn and Cu-rich Cu-Mn are known to show a complex magnetic behavior. Below the spin-glass temperature the manganese spins freeze in a state without long-range order. They react very slowly on changes in the applied magnetic field. The magnetic moments of manganese in these alloys show an indirect exchange interac-tion via the conducting electrons of the host metal. This RKKY (Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida)-type interaction strongly oscillates with distance, and ferromagnetic and antiferro-magnetic behavior may coexist at the sites of the manganese atoms. Studies on the correlation between the site occupation of the manganese atoms and the arrangement of the magnetic moments are expected to be essential for the understanding of the complex magnetic behavior of this type of spin-glasses. The bulk atomic and magnetic microstructures of Cu-rich Cu-Mn have been studied exten-sively, using diffuse neutron scattering. The manganese atoms were found to line up in chains. The antiferromagnetic character is seen in the 2kF-maxima, the ferromagnetic charac-ter is longer-ranged and leads to large magnetic small-angle scattering. For Ag-rich Ag-Mn also Mn-chains were found, using both X-ray- and neutron-scattering techniques. The scatter-ing patterns typically show diffuse maxima at 2kF-positions, which are related to the flat part of the Fermi-surface of silver in the <110>-directions, and an increase towards the direct beam below the spin-glass temperature. Surface alloys (produced by the evaporation of manganese monolayers on clean copper or sil-ver surfaces) were studied by Wuttig et al. and Schieffer et al., to reveal the influence of the presence of a surface with additional degrees of freedom (reconstruction and relaxation) on the chemical and magnetic arrangement. For half a monolayer of manganese deposited on the (001)-surface of copper, the stable structure is a checkerboard arrangement in the first layer, with manganese atoms occupying substitutional sites in the copper lattice. The remaining manganese is dissolved in the bulk copper. For Ag-Mn, the stable arrangement at room tem-perature is a mixture of the checkerboard arrangement and the so-called inverted monolayer, where the manganese atoms are located in the second layer. The near-surface microstructure represents the transition between the bulk and the arrange-ment at the outermost surface. Scattering experiments investigating this region, allow a first

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direct comparison to be drawn between methods to study the volume microstructure (X-ray and neutron scattering) and surface sensitive methods such as low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), medium-energy ion scattering (MEIS) and X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD). A first grazing-incidence scattering experiment by Reichert et al. on the near-surface microstruc-ture of Cu-25 at.% Au showed, that for this alloy diffuse maxima appear at 1 ½ 0 positions instead of diffuse maxima at 2kF-positions as observed for the bulk. This change was related to a change in the strain-dependent part of the atomic interactions close to the surface. In my investigations, I wanted to find out among other points like, e.g., the determination of the pair-correlation function, whether Ag-Mn, a system with a much smaller size mismatch than Cu-Au, also shows this feature.

Fig. 1 Portable UHV-chamber mounted in the horizontal setup on the (2+3) surface diffractometer at the Materials Science Beamline at the SLS.

Since the illuminated volume in grazing-incidence scattering experiments is small (10-15 atomic layers are studied), a high-brilliance synchrotron-radiation source is needed. To enable the study of a clean surface, the sample is mounted in a portable UHV-chamber (see above figure) with the possibility of in-situ sputtering and annealing. In quantitative grazing-incidence X-ray scattering experiments, the chemical arrangement in Ag-rich Ag-Mn in the near-surface region was studied for several low-indexed surfaces. In the long-term, a combi-nation of this work and grazing-incidence neutron scattering experiments might show, how changes in chemical local order affect the magnetic local order. Plans for the future My future plans are still open.

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Ewald Vögele Semi-retired in the year 2000, I was given the great chance to work for the Institute of Applied Physics at the marvellous place at ETH Zurich Hönggerberg. Here, I have met some really nice young physicists and helpful colleagues and did a job which gave me, as an electrical engineer, a superb new challenge. I had the pleasure of working in the field of document and web publishing as well as of elaborating, designing and editing all kinds of graphical material for the institute. Apart from the daily work, which I very much enjoyed due to my fascination of technology and pictures, the Einstein year was a real

highlight for me because I am a great admirer of him. The event I liked most was Prof. Wüthrich’s reception of the Nobel Prize in 2002. It was an enormous pleasure for me to work at an educational institution where I had on some days the chance to personally greet a Nobel Prize winner. Professional activities I was responsible of scanning, drawing, scaling, colouring and bringing electron-microscopic pictures into a printable form. I laid out publications and had to graphically edit pictures in order that they met with the printing requirements of scientific publishers. With respect to an-nual reports and event booklets, I was responsible for preparing and editing pictures and charts and laying out texts until they were approved for printing. It was also my task to deal with the administrative work with respect to the production, as it was, for example, the case with this annual report you hold in your hands. Moreover, I was in charge of designing and producing flyers for scientific meetings, open house events and the restaurant «Cheminsula», among others. Furthermore, I created and pro-duced teaching material with charts, diagrams, drawings and other graphic pictures, which were distributed in paper form or in electronic form on CD-ROM. I also prepared PowerPoint presentations, including getting movies from the Internet and embedding them in the presenta-tions. In addition, I supported Prof. Kostorz with regard to his various speeches around the world by creating CD-ROMs and transparencies. In the function of a webmaster, I elaborated and maintained the institute’s websites. Addition-ally, I had to prepare the above-mentioned graphic material – such as flyers, information sheets, location plans and timetables for symposiums – for the web and publish it online. I was also responsible for maintaining various databases. I was in charge of the inventory, which is subordinated to the finance department of the ETH Zurich. Equipment worth 5000 francs or more has to be inventoried in order to be refunded. Besides, I maintained the library and kept it up to date with regard to the institute’s publications, which had to be registered in a database with title, author, place and date of publication. Finally, I archived graphical mate-rial of the institute. In earlier days, this material consisted of paper drawings, later of slides, and in these days, all pictures are electronically archived on the computer.

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Plans for the future In spring 2006, I will fully retire and am looking forward to spending more time with my fam-ily and my dog, a Swiss shepherd, in the near future.

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INSTITUTE OF APPLIED PHYSICS ETH ZURICH

External oral and poster presentations by members of the institute 2005

(for multi-author presentations, the name of the speaker is underlined)

D. Abou-Ras “Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the characterization of thin-film solar cells” Symposium F Tutorial (Young Scientist Tutorial on Characterization Techniques for Thin-Film Solar Cells) MRS 2005 Spring Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA, 28 March 2005. D. Abou-Ras “Untersuchung von Grenzflächen zwischen Cu(In,Ga)Se2 und In2S3 mittels Transmissions-elektronenmikroskopie” Seminar presentation at the Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research (ZSW), Stuttgart, Germany, 21 April 2005. D. Abou-Ras “Electron microscopy on photovoltaic materials” EMEZ Users Meeting 2005, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 26 April 2005. D. Abou-Ras “Study of interfaces between CIGS and PVD-InxSy by transmission electron microscopy” Seminar presentation at the Hahn Meitner Institute (HMI), Berlin, Germany, 4 May 2005. D. Abou-Ras “Interface reactions” ELTE-ETH Seminar on Material Science, Castasegna, Switzerland, 27 September 2005. D. Abou-Ras, G. Kostorz, A. Strohm1,2, H.W. Schock1,3, A.N. Tiwari4,5 “Interfacial layer formations between Cu(In, Ga)Se2 and InxSy layers” 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Barcelona, Spain, 6 June 2005. D. Abou-Ras, D. Mukherji6, G. Kostorz, D. Brémaud4, M. Kälin4, D. Rudmann4, M. Döbeli7, A.N. Tiwari4,5 “Dependence of the MoSe2 formation on the Mo orientation and the Na concentration for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells” MRS 2005 Spring Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA, 30 March 2005.

1 University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany 2 now at: EnBw Kernkraft GmbH, Neckarwestheim, Germany 3 now at: Hahn Meitner Institute, Berlin, Germany 4 ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 5 and: Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom 6 now at: Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany 7 Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland

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D. Abou-Ras, D. Mukherji1, G. Kostorz, A.N. Tiwari2,3 “Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells studied by transmission electron microscopy” Microscopy Conference (MC 2005), Davos, Switzerland, 1 September 2005 (Poster). M.H. Aguirre4, D. Mukherji1, P. Müllner5, G. Kostorz “Structure of seven-fold martensitic phase in Ni2MnGa” EMEZ Users Meeting 2005, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 26 April 2005 (Poster). M.H. Aguirre4, D. Mukherji1, P. Müllner5, G. Kostorz “Structure of seven-fold martensitic phase in Ni2MnGa” MC2005, Microscopy Conference, Davos, Switzerland, 28 August – 2 September 2005 (Poster). M.H. Aguirre4, D. Mukherji1, P. Müllner5, G. Kostorz “High resolution TEM analysis of structure and microstructure of Ni-Mn-Ga alloys” Workshop on Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys, Ascona, Switzerland, 15 September 2005. M.H. Aguirre4, D. Mukherji1, P. Müllner5, G. Kostorz “Structure of seven-fold martensitic phase in Ni2MnGa” Workshop on Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys, Ascona, Switzerland, 11-16 September 2005 (Poster). M.H. Aguirre4, D. Mukherji1, P. Müllner5, G. Kostorz “Electron diffraction and high resolution TEM analysis of Ni-Mn-Ga alloys” MRS Meeting, Boston, USA, 28 November – 2 December 2005. Y. Elerman6, D. Mukherji1, M. Acet7, R. Gilles8, B. Barbier9, E. Duman7 “Structural and magnetic properties of Ni3Al and Ni3Si nanoparticles” EUROMAT 2005 - European Congress on Advanced Materials and Processes, Prague, Czech Republic, 5-8 September 2005 (Poster). S. García Martín10, A. Morata Orrantia10, M.H. Aguirre4, M.Á. Alario Franco10 “Giant barrier layer capacitance effects in lithium perovskites” International Conference on “Perovskite – Properties and Potential Applications”, EMPA, Dubendorf, Switzerland, 5-7 September 2005.

1 now at: Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany 2 ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 3 and: Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom 4 now at: EMPA, Dubendorf, Switzerland 5 Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA 6 University of Ankara, Besevler-Ankara, Turkey 7 University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany 8 Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany 9 University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany 10 University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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R. Gilles1, D. Mukherji2, M. Hölzel3 P. Strunz4, B. Barbier5, D.M. Többens6 “Neutron and X-ray diffraction measurements on micro- and nano-sized precipitates embed-ded in a Ni-base superalloy and after their extraction from the alloy” BENSC Users’ Meeting, Berlin, Germany, 22–23 September, 2005 (Poster). M. Hagler7, P. Müllner7, W. K. Knowlton7, A. Punnoose7, M.H. Aguirre8, G. Kostorz “Magneto-mechanical properties of Ni-Mn-Ga with different microstructures” Workshop on Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys, Ascona, Switzerland, 11-16 September 2005 (Poster). M. Hölzel3, D. Del Genovese2, R. Gilles1, D. Mukherji2, D.M. Többens6, J. Rösler2, H. Fuess3 “Phase analysis and lattice mismatches in superalloys DT706 and Iconel 706” ICNS 2006 - International Conference for Neutron Scattering, Sydney, Australia, 27 November - 2 December, 2005 (Poster). G. Kostorz “Precipitation in Ni-rich alloys” TMS Annual Meeting, Khachaturyan Symposium, San Francisco, USA, 16 February 2005. G. Kostorz “Magnetoplastizität” Seminar, Institute of Materials Physics, University of Vienna, Austria, 20 April 2005. G. Kostorz “Magnetoplastizität” Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde, DGM-Tag, Hanau, Germany, 19 May 2005. G. Kostorz “Phase separation in alloys - experimented studies” PTM International Conference on Solid-Solid Phase Transformations in Inorganic Materials, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 31 May 2005. G. Kostorz “Solid solution hardening” ELTE-ETH Seminar on Material Science, Castasegna, Switzerland, 27 September 2005. G. Kostorz “Röntgen- und Neutronenstreuung in der Materialphysik” Seminar, Institute of Materials Physics, University of Vienna, Austria, 15 November 2005.

1 Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany 2 Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany 3 Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany 4 Nuclear Physics Institute, Rez near Prague, Czech Republic 5 University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany 6 Hahn Meitner Institute, Berlin, Germany 7 Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA 8 now at: EMPA, Dubendorf, Switzerland

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D. Mukherji1 “Superalloys” ELTE-ETH Seminar on Material Science, Castasegna, Switzerland, 15-19 September 2005. D. Mukherji1, G. Pigozzi, R. Gilles2, B. Barbier3, G. Kostorz “Nanoparticles of Ni3Al and Ni3Si intermetallic phases” EUROMAT 2005 - European Congress on Advanced Materials and Processes, Prague, Czech Republic, 5-8 September 2005 (Poster). G. Pigozzi, D. Mukherji1, G. Kostorz “Nanoparticles of intermetallic phases extracted from Ni-base alloys” Jahrestagung der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany, 5 March 2005. G. Pigozzi, D. Mukherji1, G. Kostorz “Characterization of nanoparticles of Ni-aluminides and silicides by TEM” EMEZ Users Meeting 2005, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 26 April 2005 (Poster). G. Pigozzi, D. Mukherji1, G. Kostorz “Characterization of the core-shell structure in intermetallic nanoparticles extracted from Ni-base alloys” MC2005, Microscopy Conference, Davos, Switzerland, 28 August - 2 September 2005 (Poster). G. Pigozzi, D. Mukherji1, G. Kostorz “Physics at low dimensions” ELTE-ETH Seminar on Material Science, Castasegna, Switzerland, 27 September 2005. R. Sáez Puche4, M.H. Aguirre5, R. Ruiz Bustos4, J.L. Garcia Muñoz6, E. Morán4, M.A. Alario Franco4 “The crystal and magnetic structures of Sr2RERuO6 revisited. (RE-Ho, Er)” International Conference on “Perovskite – Properties and Potential Applications”, EMPA, Dubendorf, Switzerland, 5-7 September 2005. B. Schönfeld “Atomic order” ELTE-ETH Seminar on Material Science, Castasegna, Switzerland, 27 September 2005. A. S . Sologubenko7, P. Müllner8, B. Schönfeld, G. Kostorz “Formation of plate-like tetragonal τ-phase in MnAl-C alloys” PTM International Conference on Solid-Solid Phase Transformations in Inorganic Materials, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 2 June 2005.

1 now at: Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany 2 Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany 3 University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany 4 University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain 5 now at: EMPA, Dubendorf, Switzerland 6 CSIC, Bellaterra, Spain 7 now at: University RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany 8 Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA

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A. S . Sologubenko1, P. Müllner2, H. Heinrich3, G. Kostorz “Displacive mechanism of the plate-like τ-MnAl-C formation” International Conference on Martensitic Transformations, ICOMAT 2005, Shanghai, China, 16 June 2005. Ch. Steiner “Characterization of surfaces” ELTE-ETH Seminar on Material Science, Castasegna, Switzerland, 27 September 2005. Ch. Steiner, M.M.I.P. van der Klis, B. Schönfeld, G. Kostorz, P.R. Willmott4, B.D. Patterson4 “Die oberflächennahe Mikrostruktur von Pt-Rh” Jahrestagung der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany, 5 March 2005. Ch. Steiner, M.M.I.P. van der Klis, B. Schönfeld, G. Kostorz, P.R. Willmott4, B.D. Patterson4 “Diffuse scattering of Pt-Rh in grazing incidence” Congress of the International Union of Crystallography, Florence, Italy, 23-31 August 2005 (Poster). P. Strunz5, D. Mukherji6, O. Näth6, R. Gilles7, J. Rösler6 “Characterization of nanoporous superalloy by SANS” ICNS 2006 - International Conference for Neutron Scattering, Sydney, Australia, 27 November - 2 December, 2006 (Poster).

1 University RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany 2 Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA 3 University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA 4 Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland 5 Nuclear Physics Institute, Rez near Prague, Czech Republic 6 Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany 7 Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany

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INSTITUTE OF APPLIED PHYSICS ETH ZURICH

Publications by members of the institute, 2005/2006

GK 263 D. Abou-Ras, D. Rudmann1, G. Kostorz, S . Spiering2, M. Powalla2, A.N. Tiwari1,3 “Microstructural and chemical studies of interfaces between Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and In2S3 layers” J. Appl. Phys. 97 (2005) 084908-1-084908-8. GK 265 D. Abou-Ras, G. Kostorz, A. Romeo1, R. Rudmann1, A.N. Tiwari1,3 “Structural and chemical investigations of CBD- and PVD-CdS buffer layers and interfaces in Cu(In,Ga)Se2-based thin film solar cells” Thin Solid Films 480-481 (2005) 118-123.

GK 266 D. Abou-Ras, G. Kostorz, D. Brémaud1, M. Kälin1, F.V. Kurdesau1, A.N. Tiwari1,3, M. Döbeli4 “Formation and characterisation of MoSe2 for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 based solar cells” Thin Solid Films 480-481 (2005) 433-438. GK 271 D. Abou-Ras, D. Mukherji5, G. Kostorz, D. Brémaud1, M. Kälin1, D. Rudmann1, M. Döbeli4, A.N. Tiwari1,3 “Dependence of the MoSe2 formation on the Mo orientation and the Na concentration for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells” in “Thin-Film Compound Semiconductor Photovoltaing”, W. Shafarman, T. Gessert, S. Niki, S. Siebentritt, eds., Mat.Res.Soc.Symp.Proc. vol. 865, MRS, Warrendale, PA, USA, 2005, pp. F8.1.1.-F8.1.6.

GK 272 D. Abou-Ras, G. Kostorz, A. Strohm6, H.-W. Schock6, A.N. Tiwari1,3 “Interfacial layer formations between Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and InxSy layers” J. Appl. Phys. 98 (2005) 123512-1-123512-7. GK 273 A. Al-Ghaferi7, P. Müllner8, H. Heinrich9, G. Kostorz, J.M.K. Wiezorek7 “Elastic constants of equiatomic L10-ordered FePd single crystals” Acta Mater. 54 (2006) 881-889.

1 ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 2 Zentrum f. Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoffforschung, Stuttgart, Germany 3 and: Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom 4 Paul Scherrer Institute, c/o ETH Zurich, Institute for Particle Physics, Zurich, Switzerland 5 now at: Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany 6 University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany 7 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 8 Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA 9 University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

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GK 268 H.A. Calderon1, G. Kostorz, L. Calzado Lopez1, C. Kisielowski2, T. Mori3 “High-resolution electron-microscopy analysis of splitting patterns in Ni alloys” Phil. Mag. Lett. 85 (2005) 51-59. APK 99 D. Del Genovese4, P. Strunz5, D. Mukherji4, R. Gilles6, J. Rösler4 “Microstructural characterization of a modified 706-type Ni-Fe superalloy by small angle neutron scattering and electron microscopy” Metall. Trans. 36A (2005) 3439-3450. APK 104 A.J. Dos Santos García7, M.H. Aguirre8, E. Morán7, R. Sáez Puche7, M.Á. Alario Franco7 “A novel ferromagnetic irido-cuprate: IrSr2GdCu2O8”, J. Solid State Chem., accepted APK 101 S . Garcá Martín7, A. Morata Orrantia7, M.H. Aguirre8, M.Á. Alario Franco7 “Giant barrier layer capacitance effects in the lithium ion conduction material La0.67Li0.25Ti0.75Al0.25O3” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005) 043110. GK 269 G. Kostorz, P. Müllner9 “Magnetoplasticity” Z. Metallkd. 96 (2005) 703-709. GK 274 L. Lityńska10, D. Abou-Ras, G. Kostorz, J. Dutkiewicz10 “TEM and HREM study of Al3Zr precipitates in Al-Mg-Si-Zr alloys” J. Microscopy, accepted GK 267 J.F Löffler11, H.B. Braun11,12, W. Wagner13, G. Kostorz, A. Wiedenmann14 “Magnetization processes in nanostructured metals and small-angle neutron scattering” Phys. Rev. B 71 (2005)134410-1-134410-15.

1 Dept. Ciencia de Materiales, Mexico, Mexico 2 University of Californi a, Berkeley, USA 3 University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom 4 Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany 5 Nuclear Physics Institute, Rez near Prague, Czech Republic 6 Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany 7 University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain 8 now at: EMPA, Dubendorf, Switzerland 9 Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA 10 Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland 11 ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 12 University College, Dublin, Ireland 13 Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland 14 Hahn Meitner Institute, Berlin, Germany

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GK 270 D. Mukherji1, G. Pigozzi, F. Schmitz1, O. Näth1, J. Rösler1, G. Kostorz “Nano-structured materials produced from simple metallic alloys by phase separation” Nanotechnology 16 (2005) 2176-2187. GK 275 P. Müllner2, D. Mukherji1, M.H. Aguirre3, R. Erni4, G. Kostorz “Micromechanics of magnetic-field-induced twin-boundary motion in Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape-memory alloys” Proceedings of PTM 05, TMS, Trans. Metall. A, accepted GK 264 E. Partyka5, W. Sprengel5, H. Weigand5, H.-E. Schaefer5, F. Krogh, G. Kostorz “Identification of vacancies in the ordered intermetallic compound B2-Ru46Al54” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005) 121908-1-121908-3. APK 96 J. Rösler1, O. Näth1, S . Jäger1, F. Schmitz1, D. Mukherji1 “Nanoporous Ni-based superalloy membranes by selective phase dissolution” JOM 57 (2005) 52-55. APK 102 J. Rösler1, O. Näth1, S . Jäger1, F. Schmitz1, D. Mukherji1 Fabrication of nanoporous Ni-based superalloy membranes Acta Mater. 53 (2005) 1397-1406. APK 100 R. Ruiz Bustos6, M.H. Aguirre3, M.Á. Alario-Franco5 “New materials derived from YBCO: CrSr2RECu2O8 (RE = La, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Y, Ho, Er and Lu)” Inorganic Chemistry 44 (2005) 3063-3069. GK 262 Ch. Steiner, B. Schönfeld, M.J. Portmann7, M. Kompatscher7, G. Kostorz, A. Mazuelas8, T. Metzger8, J. Kohlbrecher9, B. Demé10 “Local order in Pt-47 at.% Rh measured with X-ray and neutron scattering” Phys. Rev. B 71 (2005) 104204-104204-7.

1 Technical University Braunschweig, Germany 2 Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA 3 now at: EMPA, Dubendorf, Switzerland 4 FEI Company, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 5 Stuttgart University, Stuttgart, Germany 6 University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain 7 ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 8 ESRF, Grenoble, France 9 Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland 10 Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France

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APK 98 A. Strohm1, L. Eisenmann1, R.K. Gebhardt1,2, A. Harding1, T. Schlötzer1, D. Abou-Ras, H.W. Schock1 “ZnO/InxSy/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells fabricated by coherent heterojunction formation” Thin Solid Films 480-481 pp. 162-167 (2005). APK 103 P. Strunz3, D. Mukherji4, G. Schumacher5, R. Vassen5, R. Gilles6, J. Rösler4, A. Wiedenmann5 “Microstructure investigation of superalloys and ceramic coatings using small-angle neutron scattering” Proc. of conference BHT2005- Freiberger Forschungsforum, colloquium “Microstructure Analysis in the Materials Science”, Freiberg, June 15-17, 2005, eds. D. Rafaja, S. Unterricker, R. Kleeberg (Freiberger Forschungshefte, B331 - Werkstoffwissenschaft 2005) ISBN 3-86012-256-8, pp. 39-41. Doctoral Theses 2005 (in chronological order) A. Sologubenko (Dr. sc. nat.) “Ferromagnetic metastable τ-MnAl-C: diffusional-displacive mechanism of formation” Ch. Steiner (Dr. sc. nat.) “Lokale Ordnung in Pt-Rh im Volumen und in oberflächennahen Schichten” J.K. Padyath (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) “Analysis of Sputtered Multilayers and Design of a Neutron Monochromator D. Abou-Ras (Dr. sc. nat.) “Structural and chemical analyses of buffer layers in Cu(In, Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells”

1 University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany 2 present address: Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany 3 Nuclear Physics Institute, Rez near Prague, Czech Republic 4 Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany 5 Hahn Meitner Institute, Berlin, Germany 6 University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

Annual Report 2005 Electron Microscopy Center of the ETH Zurich (EMEZ)

Switzerland

Mailing address: ETH Zürich Elektronenmikroskopie-Zentrum (EMEZ) c/o Institut für Angewandte Physik 8093 Zürich Switzerland

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EMEZ

Electron Microscopy Center of the ETH Zurich

Guests 2005

In 2005, about 25 users were short-term guests at the center. Long-term guests are/were

Dr. Andreas Hoenger, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany Dr. Andres Käch (BAL-TEC), Balzers, Principality of Liechtenstein Prof. Dr. Jürgen Kartenbeck, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg/Germany (August - December 2005) Dr. Ernst Wehrli (since September 2005)

Staff 2005

Scientists

Dr. sc. nat. Myriam Haydee Aguirre Dr. sc. nat. Heinz Gross, Course Instructor Dr. Nadejda B. Matsko Dr. Martin Müller, Course Instructor (until April 2005)

Technicians and Engineers

Lilian Diener Peter Tittmann Peter Wägli (Lab. für Festkörperphysik) Roland Wessicken (Lab. für Festkörperphysik)

___________________________________________________________________________ The photo on the EMEZ frontpage shows the EBSD derived grain map of a quartz mylonite deformed under high-grade conditions (colors represent grain size). The ultra-fine grain size in a bimodal distribution is taken as one more piece of evidence that mid-to-lower crust is not inevitably weak despite its high tempera-ture, if deformed in water-deficient settings. (Dr. K. Kunze, Geological Institute, ETH Zurich)

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Facilities at the Electron Microscopy Center - Facilities for the preparation of samples for transmission and scanning electron microscopy: · dimple grinder, facilities for vapor deposition, ion-beam sputtering, plasma cleaning, electropolishing · high-pressure freezing, jet freezing, plunge freezing, freeze-substitution, critical-point drying, freeze-fracturing and freeze-drying, shadowing and sputter coating, sectioning and labelling - Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) · 40 kV SEM, EDX, OIM · 30 kV SEM, FEG, SE and BS detectors · 30 kV high resolution SEM, FEG , SE and BS detectors, cryoholder · 30 kV ESEM, SE and BS detectors - Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) · 100 kV TEM for routine microscopy, 2 CCD cameras · 120 kV routine and cryo TEM, attached cryo-preparation chamber, CCD camera · 120 kV routine and cryo TEM, in-column energy filter, CCD camera · 200 kV cryo TEM, FEG, post-column energy filter · 300 kV high-resolution TEM, STEM, EDX, CBED, CCD camera · 300 kV high-resolution TEM, FEG, post-column energy filter (EFTEM, EELS), EDX, HAADF (Z contrast imaging in STEM mode), CCD camera - Imaging plates with scanner Research and Teaching The Center’s activities are mostly contained in the reports of the members of the EMEZ Members of EMEZ Prof. Dr. B. Batlogg, D-PHYS, Solid State Physics Prof. Dr. J. P. Burg, D-ERDW, Structural Geology Prof. Dr. F. Escher, D-AGRL, Agriculture and Food Science Prof. Dr. A. Helenius, D-BIOL, Biochemistry Prof. Dr. Ch. Hierold, D-MAVT, Micro and Nanosystems Prof. Dr. G. Kostorz, D-PHYS, Applied Physics Prof. Dr. M. Mazzotti, D-MAVT, Institute of Process Engineering Prof. Dr. B. J. Nelson, D-MAVT, Robotics and Intelligent Systems Prof. Dr. R. Nesper, D-CHAB, Solid State Chemistry Prof. Dr. T. Richmond, D-BIOL, Molecular Biology and Biophysics Prof. Dr. P. Smith, D-MATL, Materials Science Prof. Dr. A. Stemmer, D-MAVT, Mechanical and Process Engineering Prof. Dr. J. G. M. van Mier, D-BAUG, Building Materials Prof. Dr. Philipp R. von Rohr, D-MAVT, Institute of Process Engineering Prof. Dr. S. Werner, D-BIOL, Cell Biology

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Teaching (Academic year from October 2004 till September 2005)

Summer Term 2005 “Struktur, Funktion und Dynamik von makromolekularen Systemen” mit Einführung “Elektronen-mikroskopie biologischer Strukturen” Dr. H. Gross, Dr. M. Müller (until April 2005), Prof. Dr. Th. Wallimann Selected Applications

a) cryo-SEM b) SEM

Fig. 1 Comparison of the microstructure of the Lotus leaf a) with an epoxy replica b), showing the good quality of replication. The replicated surface was coated with gold and hydro-phobised by means of a self-assembled monolayer of dodecanethiol. The resulting sur-face was superhydrophobic. Pictures: Doris Spori (Oberflächentechnik ETH Zürich).

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Fig. 2 Transmission electron micrograph of freeze-dried and metal-shadowed Measles Virus (recombinant measles virus nucleoprotein). Arrow indicates the shadowing direction. Picture: Peter T ittmann (EMEZ, ETH Zürich).

Fig. 3 HAADF scanning transmission electron micrograph of Nb4W13O47 oxidized at 1000° C, showing a segregation of WO3 and planar defects. Picture: Dr. Frank Krumeich (Laboratorium für Anorganische Chemie ETH Zürich).

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EMEZ

Electron Microscopy Center of the ETH Zurich

External oral and poster presentations by members of the center 2005

(for multi-author presentations, the name of the speaker is underlined)

H. Gross “Elektronenmikroskopie: Grundlagen und aktuelle Anwendungen” Seminar Biomedizinische Technik ETH, Zurich, 15 April 2005.

A. Käch “High pressure freezing: views and news” Bio-EM User Meeting Hitachi Hitec Company, Tokyo, Japan, 15 February 2005. A. Käch “High pressure freezing and cryo-SEM: technical aspects” Scanning 2005, Monterey, CA, USA, 6 April 2005. A. Käch “Introduction to cryo techniques”, “High pressure freezing” High pressure freezing Workshop Einstein Medical School 2005, Bronx, New York, USA, 13 April 2005. A. Käch “Coating techniques for electron microscopy: Electron beam evaporation, sputtering” Réunion du Réseau des moyens de Caractérisation par Microscopies et Analyses couplées (RéCaMiA), Grenoble, France, 20 May 2005. A. Käch “High pressure freezing and cryo-SEM: technical aspects” Spring meeting 2005 of the cryo working party of the NvVM, Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, Holland, 27 May 2005. A. Käch “High pressure freezing and freeze fracturing” 4th International Cryo EM Workshop, University of British Columbia UBC, Vancouver, Can-ada, 14 June 2005.

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A. Käch “High pressure freezing” EMBO/ FEBS Practical Course: Electron Microscopy and Stereology in Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Institute of Parasitology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic, 24 June 2005. A. Käch “High pressure freezing: views and news” High pressure freezer user group meeting, Microscopy and Microanalysis 2005, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 31 July 2005. A. Käch “High pressure freezing and Cryo-SEM” Microscopy and Microanalysis 2005, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 02 August 2005. A. Käch “High pressure freezing” High Pressure Freezing Technology Day, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 11 August 2005. A. Käch “Introduction to cryo techniques”, “Cryo SEM” Cryo-EM Workshop, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea, 17 August 2005. A. Käch “High pressure freezing and cryo-SEM” Dreiländertagung Davos, Schweiz, 29 August 2005. A. Käch “Cryo-SEM, Cryo-transfer” Workshop on Cryo Scanning Electron Microscopy, Carl Zeiss SMT, Thornwood, NY, USA, 27 October 2005.

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EMEZ

Electron Microscopy Center of the ETH Zurich

Publications by members of the center, 2005

P. Geiser1, J. Jun1, S .M. Kazakov1, P. Wägli, J. Karpinski1, B. Batlogg1, L. Klemm2 “AlxGa1–xN bulk single crystals” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86 (2005) 081908 (3 pages). J. Karpinski1, N.D. Zhigadlo1, G. Schuck1, S .M. Kazakov1, B. Batlogg1, K. Rogacki1, R. Puzniak1, J. Jun1, E. Müller1, P. Wägli, R. Gonnelli3, D. Daghero3, G.A. Ummarino3, V.A. Stepanov4 “Al substitution in MgB2 crystals: Influence on superconducting and structural properties” Phys. Rev. B 71 (2005) 174506 (15 pages). H. Leuzinger5, U. Ziegler6, E.M. Schraner5, C. Fraefel7, D.L. Glauser7, I. Heid7, M. Ackermann7, M. Müller, P. Wild5 “Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Envelopment Follows Two Diverse Pathways” J. Virol. 79 (2005) 13047-13059. L.K. Limbach8, Y. Li9, R.N. Grass8, T.J. Brunner8, M.A. Hintermann8, M. Müller, D. Gunther9, W.J. Stark8 “Oxide nanoparticle uptake in human lung fibroblasts: effects of particle size, agglomeration, and diffusion at low concentrations” Environ Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 9370-9376. N. Matsko, M. Müller “Epoxy resin as fixative during freeze-substitution” J. Struct. Biol. 152 (2005) 92-103. P. Wild5, M. Engels7, C. Senn7, K. Tobler7, U. Ziegler6, E.M. Schraner5, E. Loepfe7, M. Ackermann7, M. Müller, P. Walther10

“Impairment of Nuclear Pores in Bovine Herpesvirus 1-Infected MDBK Cells” J. Virol. 79 (2005) 1071-1083.

1 Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland 2 Isotope Geochemistry and Mineral Resources, ETH Zurich, Switzerland 3 Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy 4 P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 5 Electron Microscopy, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zurich, Switzerland 6 Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Switzerland 7 Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Switzerland 8 Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland 9 Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Switzerland 10 Electron Microscopic Unit, University of Ulm, Germany