In-Class Reading Aggression in Humans and Animals Pre-Reading Global Reading Detailed Reading Post...

In-Class Reading

Aggression in Humans and Animals

Pre-Reading

Global Reading

Detailed Reading

Post Reading

Part Two: In-Class Reading

Pre-Reading

Background Information

Pre-Reading Questions

Part Two: In-Class Reading >> Pre-Reading


Dogs bark, cats meow, birds chirp. We're pretty familiar

with these forms of communication. But animals use sounds

in other ways too. To find a mate, the male ruffed grouse

stands on a hollow log and beats his wings, making a

drumming sound. The hollow log amplifies the sound so

that it can be heard for up to a quarter of a mile. Mole rats

use a banging sound for the opposite reason. They like to

live alone, so they warn other mole rats to stay out of their

way by banging their heads on the top of their tunnels.



Dogs are an important part of our human history.

About 15,000 years of friendship between man and dog

has helped man's best friend to develop unique ways of

understanding humans. Enjoy the trailer of Disney film

Eight Below.



Inspired by a true story, Eight Below is an exciting action-adventure about loyalty and the bonds of friendship between dogs and human set in the extreme wilderness of Antarctica. The film tells the story of three members of a scientific expedition who are forced to leave behind their team of beloved sled dogs due to a sudden accident and perilous weather conditions in Antarctica.

During the harsh, Antarctic winter, the dogs must struggle for survival alone in the intense frozen wilderness for over 6 months until the adventurers can mount a rescue mission. The film is inspired by the events of a 1957 Japanese Antarctic Expedition, which served as the basis for the blockbuster Japanese film, Antarctica.


Are you frightened of dogs? If so, why?

When are animals aggressive?

When do people become aggressive?

What aggressive acts do you associate with human beings?

Sample

Sample

Sample

Sample


Pre-Reading Questions

http://www.sucaiz.com/show/?id=71697&ofid=3

http://www.sucaiz.com/show/?id=72433&ofid=3

Part Two: In-Class Reading >> Global Reading

Global ReadingOrganization AnalysisQuestions and

AnswersDiscussion


Organization Analysis

Part I (Para 1-2) Aggression in animals

Part II (Para 3-4) Aggression in human beings.

Part III (Para 5)

Conclusion: Hostility and aggression should be expressed in constructive activity and non-violent competition.


Questions and Answers

1) Normally neither of the two animals in a fight will be

badly hurt, why?

2) Why do animals in zoos often become more aggressive

than they would be in the wild?

Because the loser will save himself by making a

gesture of submission.

Animals in zoos are kept in cages. They are probably

better fed and cared for, but are evidently bored and

frustrated for lack of company.


3) What are the similarities between modern man and caged

lion according to some zoologists and psychologists?

Man’s living conditions in crowded cities are similar to

those of animals in a zoo, which makes the inhabitants

unusually aggressive.

4) Is aggression always bad for a person?

Aggression in itself is not necessarily a bad thing. Some

psychologists believe that aggression is a basic human

instinct that must be satisfied. If constructive means are

available to satisfy this instinct, man will turn out to be

quite creative.


5) What will happen if man’s aggression can not be satisfied?

He is likely to destroy his own species unless

alternative and non-violent ways of expressing

aggression can be found.

6) According to paragraph 3-4, two factors are analyzed to

account for man’s aggression. What are they?

Man now lives in crowed conditions and it is becoming

more difficult to assert themselves as individuals, the

loss of identity


7) Why is it growing more and more difficult for people to

assert themselves as individuals today?

All the work is rather mechanical and there is no

chance or possibility to give expression to their own

personality or identity.

8) How can we eliminate the negative effects of human

aggression?

International competitions in sports should be

organized, or the best designed house or hospital,

or the safest car should be designed.


Discussion

Do you think that competition like

the Olympic Games is a good

means of reducing aggression

between nations?

Sample

Part Two: In-Class Reading >> Detailed Reading

Detailed ReadingPassage Reading

Understanding SentencesWord

Study

Man must be the most aggressive and cruel of all living creatures. We may say a violent man is behaving “like a beast”, but, in fact, no beast behaves as violently as man. When a territorial animal or bird intrudes on the territory of another creature of the same species, the latter will only perform some hostile gestures to warn off the intruder. 1

Nevertheless, should a fight follow, neither creature will be badly hurt, for the loser will save

himself by making a gesture of submission.

2 Normally one animal will only kill another for food, and

rarely does an animal kill a member of its own species.


Aggression in Human and Animals

If, however, an animal finds itself in abnormal conditions, it may show abnormal aggressiveness. A tiger that once came out of the jungle into a village and attacked a man was later found to have an injured paw that had evidently prevented it from hunting its usual prey. 3

If it had not had this disability it would have undoubtedly stayed in the jungle and hunted for food in t

he customary way

. 4

Animals in zoos are kept in cages and often become more aggressive than they would be in the wild. 5

If the caged lion, for example, were free to wander on the grassy plains of Africa, it would be continua

lly active, ranging over long distances, hunting in family groups

. 6

In the zoo it is probably better fed and cared for, but it is evidently bored and frustrated for lack of company.


7 Some zoologists and psychologists compare modern man to a caged lion. Living

conditions in crowded cities, they say, are similar to those

of animals in a zoo and make the inhabitants unusually

aggressive. 8

If the human population had not increased so rapidly, people would have had more space and freedo

m

. In prehistoric times a group of about 60 people had many

kilometers of empty land to wander and search for food in.

If conditions had remained thus, man might have been no

more aggressive than his fellow creatures. As it is, it is

possible for as many as 30,000 people to be working in a

single office-building.


It is not surprising if in these conditions people behave aggressively towards each other. 9

In fact, it is almost impossible for them to behave otherwise. Man must have become more aggressive over the years as the world population has increased. However, aggression in itself is not necessarily a bad thing. Some psychologists believe that aggression is a basic human instinct that must be satisfied. If constructive means are not available to satisfy this instinct, man will turn to destructive means. The impulse to assert himself has enabled him to survive in a dangerous world, but ironically, he is now likely to destroy his won species unless alternative, non-violent ways of expressing aggression can be found.



10 In fact, it is growing more and more difficult for people to assert themselves as individuals, as towns, nations and organizations become steadily bigger, with authority increasingly centralized and remote. A man who may once have been a self-employed craftsman, master of his own trade, might now have a boring job in a factory. A small firm that once worked as a team to produce high-quality goods is likely to be absorbed into a vast organization where their work is mechanical and there is no possibility for personal expression. 11

Unable in these conditions to channel their aggression into creative work, people will probably expres

s it through resentment and anger

.

At the international level an accumulation of hostile emotions finally finds expression in large-scale impersonal warfare. A man who would hesitate to hit another person in front of his eyes may kill thousands of people by dropping a bomb from a plane; to him they are too remote to be human beings, but are merely figures on a chart of his routine job. Nevertheless, it might be possible at least to improve the situation. The encouragement of competition in all possible fields should tend to diminish the likelihood of war rather than increase it.


In his book Human Aggression, Anthony Storr

suggested that the United Nations should organize

international competitions in sports and also for the best

designed house or hospital, or the safest car. 12

Even the enormous amount of money and energy devoted to the space race

is, he says, to be welcomed, for this kind of competition can be regarded as similar to the

ritual conflicts of animals.

13

Only if hostility and aggression can be expressed in constructive activity and non-violent competi

tion, will the human race be able to survive.

(761 words)



Understanding Sentences

Comment

1. Nevertheless, should a fight follow, neither creature will be badly hurt, for the loser will save himself by making a gesture of submission

万一有争斗，任何一方都不会受重伤，因为败方会做出姿态表示投降以保全性命。

Translation

此句中“ should a fight follow” 是表示将来情况的虚拟语气，意思为“ if a fight should follow”, 句中省略了“ if” ，将“ should” 提前，构成倒装，表示“万一，一旦”的意思。值得注意的是本句中的主句部分未使用虚拟语气。

To be continued



Example

1) If he should be hard-working, he can

fulfill the plan on time.

2) If there should be another flood, what

shall we do?

3) Should the whether be fine, we shall

go on a picnic.

Back to the text


2. Normally one animal will only kill another for food, and rarely does an animal kill a member of its own species.


In sentences beginning with a negative adverb

or a phrase with a negative sense, such as

never, seldom, rarely, nowhere, hardly, by no

means, under no circumstances, etc, the

sentence is usually in an inverted order.

Comment

Translation

一般情况下，动物之间只会为了争食而杀戮，同类动物之间自相残杀是极少见的。

To be continued


1) Hardly had John reached school when

the bell rang.

2) Not only was Churchill a statesman, but

also a poet.

Example

Back to the text


3. If it had not had this disability it would have undoubtedly

stayed in the jungle and hunted for food in the

customary way.


如果不是受了伤，这只虎毫无疑问还会呆在丛林里，并像往常那样去猎取食物。

此句是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，这类句子，从句用“ had+ 过去分词”，主句用“ would/should /c

ould/might +have+ 动词过去分词”

Comment

Translation

Back to the text



4. Animals in zoos are kept in cages and often become more aggressive than they would be in the wild.

In this sentence the word "wild" is used as a

noun, and "... in the wild" means "... in natural

and free conditions, not kept or controlled by

humans".

There are very few pandas living in the wild now.

Example

Comment

Back to the text


5. If the caged lion, for example, were free to wander on the grassy plains of Africa, it would be continually active, ranging over long distances, hunting in family groups.


本句中“ ranging” 的意思是“ moving aroun

d in an area of land” 。句子中用了与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用“ did/were” ，主句用 “ would/ should/ could/ might+ 动词原型”。

Comment

To be continued


比如说，关在笼子里的狮子一旦能自由自在地徜徉在非洲的大草原上，那么它会一直活力充沛，长途跋涉，与家族同类一起追捕食物。

Translation

If man were not aggressive by nature, he

would be happier but less creative.Example

Back to the text



6. In the zoo it is probably better fed and cared for, but it is evidently bored and frustrated for lack of company.

The word "company" here means

"companionship" or "the state of being

with someone".

在动物园里，也许它吃得更好，能得到精心的照料，但是，由于离群索居，它显然会感到倦怠，情绪沮丧。

They obviously enjoy each other's company.

Comment

Translation

Example

Back to the text



Comment

Translation

7. Some zoologists and psychologists compare modern man to a caged lion.

“compare... to...” 除了有“把……比作……”的意思外，还有“把……与……比较”的意思（可用“ compare... with...” 来替代）。

一些动物学家和心理学家把现代人比喻成笼子里的狮子。

To be continued


Example

1) He compared London to/with Pairs.

2) It was a very small place then

compared with/to what it is now.3) This road is quite busy compared to/with ours.4) Children seem to learn more interesting things

compared to/with when we were at school.

Back to the text



Comment

Translation

8. If the human population had not increased so rapidly, people would have had more space and freedom.

此句是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。

如果人口增长速度不是这样快，人们就会有更多的空间和自由。

Back to the text



Comment

Translation

9. In fact, it is almost impossible for them to behave otherwise.

The word "otherwise" means "in a way that is

different from what has been mentioned".

实际上，要他们不这样几乎是不可能的。

To be continued


Example

1) The government claims that the economy is

improving, but this survey suggests otherwise.

2) Take approximately 60mg up to four times

a day, unless advised otherwise by a doctor.

3) All photographs are by the author unless

otherwise stated.

4) There is no way anything would ever

happen between us, and believe me I've

tried to convince myself otherwise.

Back to the text


Comment


10. In fact, it is growing more and more difficult for people to assert themselves as individuals, as towns, nations and organizations become steadily bigger, with authority increasingly centralized and remote.

In this context, "authority" is increasingly remote because in the case of enormous cities or vast organizations, people in power are not only far away geographically, but also surrounded by thousands of bureaucrats ( 官员 ). As a result, they are much more inaccessible ( 无法接近的 ).

To be continued


Translation

实际上，人类作为个体要想坚持自己的权利和主张已经越来越困难了，因为城镇、国家以及组织机构变得越来越庞大，而权力则变得越发集中，越发遥远了。

Back to the text


11. Unable in these conditions to channel their aggression into creative work, people will probably express it through resentment and anger.


Comment

Translation

The word "channel" means "to direct something into a particular place or situation" ( 把……引导向……，转到…… ).

在这样的条件下，人们无法将自己争强好斗的特性发挥在创造性的工作上，很可能就表现出怨恨、愤怒等情绪。

Back to the text



Comment

12. Even the enormous amount of money and energy devoted to the space race is, he says, to be welcomed, for this kind of competition can be regarded as similar to the ritual conflicts of animals.

In this sentence, "space race" refers to the

competition between the United States and the

former Soviet Union in the exploration of outer

space. Each country wanted to conquer new

frontiers to prove its superiority

To be continued


Translation

他说，甚至那些把大量的财力和人力用于太空竞赛的做法，也是值得欢迎的，因为这种竞争与动物之间惯常的冲突类似。

Back to the text



Comment

13. Only if hostility and aggression can be expressed in constructive activity and non-violent competition, will the human race be able to survive.

When “only +adverbial” is placed at the beginning of the sentence, the main sentence (not the adverbial clause) should be in an inverted order.

To be continued


只有将人类的敌意和好斗通过建设性活动和非暴力的竞争方式发挥出来，人类才能继续生存下去。

1) Only when he had handed in his exam

paper, did he realize he had made

several grammatical mistakes.

2) Only when you lose your health, do you

realize its value.

Translation

Example

Back to the text


Word Study

abnormal adj.

different from what is expected, usual, or average,

especially in a bad or undesirable way; not normal 不正常的，反常的

1) It is abnormal for a man to

walk in his sleep.

2) An abnormal amount of snow

fell in October.

Back to the text


Back to the text

Word Study

accumulation n.

a large number of things which have been collected

together or acquired over a period of time 积累物，积聚起来的东西

1) We must ensure a rational proportion between

accumulation and consumption.

2) His accumulation of old papers filled two closets.


Word Study

aggressive adj.

1. (of people or animals) apt or ready to attack; offensive; quarrelsome (指人或动物 ) 好斗的，挑衅性的，好争吵的

1) Our military response to the aggressive act was limited but sufficient to show our determination.

2) Their purpose is to provide a cover for their own aggressive activities.

To be continued


Word Study

2. very determined to succeed or get what one wa

nts 有进取心的，有冲劲的

1) His manner is slightly aggressive.

2) An aggressive young man can go

far in this firm.

To be continued


Word Study

aggressively adv.in a threatening or quarrelsome manner

(指人或动物 ) 好斗地，挑衅性的，好争吵的

Mr. Hall went aggressively into the parlor.

aggressiveness n.A feeling of hostility that arouses thoughts of attack 敌对情绪

Your husband’s recent aggressiveness in everything is not good for the children, nor for the marriage.

Back to the text


Word Study

assert v.1. (~ oneself) behave in a determined way and say cl

early what you think 坚持自己的想法、权利、意见

2. state or declare forcefully 断言，宣称，声明

1) He asserted that he was not guilty.

2) She asserted the charge to be incorrect.

He asserted his right to a share in the money.

Back to the text


Word Study

constructive adj. having a good effect or likely to produce good results 建设性的，有益的

1) Have you any constructive suggestions?2) They seemed to desire constructive comments.

destructive adj. causing destruction; fond of, in the habit of, destroying 有破坏性的，破坏性很大的1) It was the most destructive storm in 30 years.2) Criticism should not be destructive.

Back to the text


Word Study

inhabitant n. a person or animal that lives in a particular place

居民，住户1) The inhabitants of the island were friendly.2) The inhabitants of Iran are the Iranians.

resident n.person who resides in a place (contrast with a visitor) 居民（与 visitor 相对） 1) She is a resident of Newtown.2) We joined the residents’ committee.

Back to the text

Cf.


Word Study

residence n.1. residing 住；居留

They have taken up their residence in a new house.

2. place where one resides; house (esp a large or digni

fied one) 住处；住宅（尤指大的或堂皇的）

1) His residence in the town enabled him to vote.

2) After ten years residence, he left the community.

Back to the text


Word Study

instinct n.

1. the natural tendency that a person or animal has to behave or react in a particular way 本能

1) Most animals have an instinct to protect their young.

2) Their natural instincts led pigeons back to the roost.

2. a natural feeling that makes one choose to act in a particular way 直觉

1) He had an instinct for picking the best.2) Trust your instincts.

To be continued


Word Study

instinctive adj. 本能的，是一种本能

1) Animals have an instinctive dread of fire.

2) Climbing is instinctive in monkeys.

Back to the text


Word Study

mechanical adj. 1. without thinking about what you are doing, especially because you do it often 机械的，不加思考的

2. of, connected with, produced by or operated by a machine or machines ( 有关 ) 机械的，由机械制成的 , 机械操纵的

I have little mechanical knowledge, that's why I don't know how this machine works.

He was asked the question so many times that the answer became mechanical.

Back to the text


Word Study

remote adj.

1. far away in space or time 遥远的，偏僻的

2. widely separated; not close 关系远的，不近的

1) He dreamed of traveling to remote South Sea islands.

2) He lived in a remote part of the forest.

1) The connection between these two ideas is very remote.

2) Some of your statements are too remote from the subject we are discussing.

To be continued


Word Study

3. (of a chance or possibility) slight; not likely to happen （尤指机会或可能性）极少的，微乎其微的

1) Space travel seemed only a remote possibility to our parents.

2) I haven’t the remotest idea what you mean.

Back to the text


Word Study

scale n.1. The size or level of something, or the amount that something is happening 规模，范围，程度

2. A whole range of different types of people or things, from the lowest level to the highest 等级，级别

1) The business had to be reduced in scale.

2) The Chinese are capable of efficient large-scale organization.

Are doctors high on the social scale?

Back to the text


Word Study

3. a system of numbers that is used for measuring the amount, speed, quality, etc. of something 刻度，标度

v. climb to the top of something that is high and difficult to climb 攀登

1) Come with me and I’ll teach you how to scale a rock face.

2) They scaled the wall by ladders.

This ruler has one scale in centimetres and another in inches.

Back to the text


territorial adj.

Word Study

1. characterized by a behavior of an animal or group of animals occupying and defending an area believed to be their own (兽类、鸟类等 ) 守卫自身活动地域的，领域性的

1) Many types of birds are highly territorial.

2) Dogs have an instinctive territorial behavior.

To be continued


Word Study

2. related to land that is owned or controlled by a particular country 领土的，属地的

1) The purchase of Louisiana made a territorial increase for the United States.

2) Alaska has its own Territorial laws.

Back to the text


Word Study

as it is

because of the situation that actually exists (used when that situation is different from what you expected or need) 事实上，实际情况是

1) As it was they had no unity, no sense of co-operation.

2) I thought things would get better, but as it is they are getting worse.

Back to the text


Word Study

in itself

considered separately from any other facts 本身

1) Starch ( 淀粉 ) in itself is not dangerous to health. It is only dangerous if you eat too much.

2) The miser never spent his gold because for him it was an end in itself.

Back to the text

http://www.6lu.cn/id01/a/18/html/image4.html


Word Study

find expression (in something)

find the way in which one’s feelings and ideas are shown in particular events 在…中表达出来

1) His anger at last found expression in loud cursing.

2) These principles have found full expression in the relations between the two countries.

Back to the text


Word Study

turn to

ask for help or support 求助于，借助于

1) They always turn to me when they are in trouble.

2) The child turned to his mother for comfort.

Back to the text

http://www.iecool.com/pic/show/203/28846.htm


Word Study

warn off

tell someone to go away or to stop doing something because of possible danger or punishment 告诫……离开

1) They warned him off, but he kept going back to the dangerous river.

2) The road was closed to traffic after the accident, and the police were warning everyone off.

Back to the text

Part Two: In-Class Reading >> Post Reading

Post ReadingComplete the

SentencesFilling in the Blanks

Translation


Complete the Sentences

Directions: Complete the following sentences with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

similar competition injure conflict instinct

likely absorb hesitate survive available

1) There are concerns that these poor people may

not ___________ the winter.

2) There have been several minor ____________

between the two countries over the past

decade.

survive

conflicts


3) The university is trying to make more

accommodations __________ for students.

4) Do remind me because I’m __________ to forget.

5) A number of bombs have exploded, seriously

__________ at least 5 people.

6) Our countryside is increasingly being __________

into the large cities.



available

likely

injuring

absorbed




7) The farmers have been seeking higher prices as

better protection from foreign ______________.

8) Her first __________ was to shout and get angry with

him.

9) He ____________ before he spoke, as if he wasn’t

sure how his words would be received.

10) I bought some new shoes that are very__________

to a pair I had before.

competitioninstinct

hesitated

similar


Filling in the BlanksComplete the following passage with the words given in the box. You can use each word only once.

Aggression is the fighting instinct in beast and

man, which is directed against members of the same

species. It is theorized that in natural conditions

aggression helps to ____________ survival of

individuals (and thus the species), by preventing too

dense a ___________ from developing and exhausting

all of its food sources.

exhibit defense case territory minute ensure characteristic familiar aggressive population

ensurepopulation



Fighting is generally considered to be a trait _________

_______ of males and uncharacteristic of females. However,

many but not all female mammals _______________ aggr

ession during the postpartum (产后的 ) period in _________

_____ of their young.

The great animal behaviorist Konrad Lorenz observed t

hat in every individual the readiness to fight is greatest in th

e most ____________ place: in the middle of its territory.

exhibitdefense

familiar

characteristic



As the distance from ____________ increases,

readiness to fight decreases proportionately. This was

not the _____________ with my pet rat; he was ready

and willing to beat up his neighbors the ____________

he stepped through their door. What causes some rats

to be more ____________ than others? There is

certainly evidence that aggression has a genetic basis,

at least in some animals.

case

territory

minute

aggressive


Translation

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English using the expressions in brackets.

1) 每当她姨妈来访的时候，她总是表现不好。 (behave)

She always behaves badly when her aunt comes to visit.

2) 要不是你们的帮助，我们不会准时完成任务。 (if)

If it hadn’t been for your help, we wouldn’t have been able to finish the task in time.

3) 我劝他别去东海岸，因为那里到处都是游客。 (warn…off)

I warned him off going to the east coast because it was full of tourist.

4) 东西便宜并不见得质量就低劣。 (not necessarily)

The fact that something is cheap doesn’t necessarily mean it’s of low quality.

5) 如果没有人可以求教，就难以做出恰当的选择。 (turn to)

Without anyone to turn to for help, making an appro-priate choice can be difficult.


6) 他用音乐表现了他失去妻子的悲痛。 (find expression in)

His sadness at the death of his wife found expression in his music.

7) 只有彼得去参加晚会她才会去。 (only if)Only if Peter goes to the evening party will she go.

8) 我只能把这次经历比作一场噩梦。 (compare…to…, nightmare)

I can only compare the experience to a nightmare.


End of In-Class Reading

Go to After-Class Reading

Yes, extremely frightened. I’m terrified of

them because I feel they can easily

become fierce and nasty. They attack and

bite people. They also carry diseases.

No, not at all. Actually I love dogs and we

keep a dog at home. When I’m at home,

the dog will be always around me. We

often share food at meal time. For

example, I have the meat and she’ll eat

the bone. We’re very good friends.


Back to the topic

when they are threatened;

when they are attacked or hurt;

when they want to protect their

young;

when they are cornered.


Back to the topic

in war;

in self-defense;

when they are extremely angry;

when they lack space and freedom.


Back to the topic

Fighting, beating, slapping, invasion, war, etc.


Back to the topic


No, the Olympic Games are just sports

competitions. They will not change the political

ideas of nations. We have never heard of any

sports games that have stopped disputes,

conflicts, wars, etc., but on the other hand there

were athletes who were prevented from

participating in the Games because of

international conflicts. And there have been acts

of terrorism, and examples of unfair judgments

and aggressive behavior at the Olympic Games.

Back to the topic

In-Class Reading Aggression in Humans and Animals Pre-Reading Global Reading Detailed Reading Post...

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