Dr Stefan Kraan Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd,

Horsen, Denmark, 16/6/15

IMTA in an international context and the applications of harvested biomass

Thierry Chopin

Conclusions

Salmon farming

• Estimated that 9.5 kg P and 78 kg N

per ton of fish are released into the water

• FCR (1.5) and the contents in the feed are 0.9% P and 7.2% N (Ackefors and Enell; 1994)

• Current FCR salmon 1.1 = 7.0 kg P and 49.3 kg N per ton of fish per year

• Global farmed salmon production 1.2 million tons in 2014

• Represents a worldwide nutrification of coastal waters by 4509 t P and 31,754 t N

• Each habitat can carry only a certain level of monoculture before disquilibrium develops

Denmark

• 350 t N per year from marine

farms (Holdt, ISAP 2015)

• IMTA (trout, mussel, seaweed)

– Fish 2200 t = produce 80 t N

– Mussel 8,000 ton extract 105 t N

– Seaweed 700 ton extract 2.8 t N

• N quota

FAO 2013

• Global: seaweed cultivated 23.5 m tonnes ca. 96% of total seaweed capture

• Worth ca. € 4.5 Bn

• Grows by5-6% per year

Seaweed harvesting and aquaculture

in Europe (FAO 2007)Capture 2007 Captur

e 2013Aquaculture 2007

Aqua 2013

Ireland 30,000 29,500 5 42

UK 2,000 0 1 0 (SAMS 4)

Denmark ? 0 40,000

Norway 148,322 140,366 Start 2007 IMTA 1 ton

0 (5 via sulefisk)

France 64,723 68,543 37 350

Portugal 253 801 1 2

Spain 525 525 0 2

Italy 1,850 1200 0 0

Iceland 21,470 18,079 0 0

Seaweed aquaculture and Europe

Large wild stocks

Mechanical harvesting

Labour costs high

Import raw material from Asia

Food applications minor

The demand for seaweeds for

• food,

• cosmetics,

• thalassotherapy,

• functional food,

• nutraceuticals and healthcare

met by harvesting natural stocks

Why no development at an industrial scale?

Europe

• Seaweed aquaculture as stand alone operation will only take off if high value added products are produced.

• Labour costs, environment, legislation

• Often cheaper to import products and or seaweed raw materials and molecules

Other forces at workLegislation

• EU Waterframework Directive

• EU Maritime Green Paper: Towards a future Maritime Policy for the European Union

• There is a need for environmental sustainability and an increase in production in aquaculture!

IMTA

Urgent need for bioremediation (nutrient recycling) to minimise impact and increase carrying capacity in order to increase production

Legislation on food and feed

• Arsenic (inorganic 2ppm)

• Iodine (600 ppm max)

• Heavy metals

• Pesticides

• Need for cultivated “young” crop ergo, kelp cultivation

Why IMTA?

1 mt of farmed fish produces about 50 kg N and 7 kg P into environment (waste feed, faeces, excretion)

• Eutrophication

• Dead zones

• Algae blooms

• Macroalgae can take up 90% of N and 60% of P (inorganic)• Filter feeders (Mussels, Oysters) take up POM (feed waste and

feaces, organic matter)

Nutrient levels in-flow and out-flow

water in seaweed biofilter system

• Trial undertaken with Porphyra proved

useful for nutrient removal.

• Proven many times

Ammonia and nitrate can be stripped from the water using the dual species system at rates varying from 60% up to 90% of the nutrient input and Phosphate at 40% removal

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

NH4 in NH4 out NO2 in NO2 out NO3 in NO3 out PO4 PO4

Benefits IMTA

Alleviate nutrient pollution through nutrient recycling (Environmentally friendly system)

Production of other aquaculture products (economic diversification)

Demonstrated 50% increase in production if cultivated near fish farm

Is this new?

• No, not at all!

• Asia for several centuries

• US (Ryther et al., 1975; nutrients, phytoplankton, oysters, seaweed)

• Late 80’s early 90’s Israel, Canada and Chile with Fish, mussels, abalone, seaweed systems

A few examples……..

• Spontaneous integrated mariculture, often takes place in coastal regions.

• Coastal integrated mariculture of fish, shellfish and seaweed in Hainan island,China.

*Allan O’Connor & Wang

• Seaor Marine farm in Mikhmoret, Israel.

• Inland, semi-closed system.

• Sea bream, abalone, seaweed integrated system (the seaweed feeds abalone on site)

Abalone cultivation building

Fish Fish Fish

Seaweed

Ulva spp. // Gracilaria

Projects around the world…

• Integrated abalone and seaweed farm in East London, South Africa.

• Raceways

*D.Robertsson, J.Bolton, M. Troell

Open-water system in Canada

• Interdisciplinary project supported by Aquanet.

• Working on a preindustrial-scale demostration of integrated farms.

• Aim to help the farm owners become familiar with the approach of integrated:

Salmon-mussel-Kelp

Feed-N45.685 tons

Salmon-N19.647 tons

Excess-N26.038 tons

57 % of Feed-Nitrogen not built into the fish.

An important resource that should be re-cycled!

Salmon farming in Norway:N-budget (courtesy of K. Reitan)

Effect of fertilization: Cultivation of S.latissima in

IMTA

In salmon farm

Reference (4 km from farm)

Courtesy K. Reitan

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

IMTA Reference IMTA Reference

Len

gth

(cm

)

August

November

February

6.June

Chemical composition in this experiment

0,00

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,00

30,00

IMTA 3. May Reference 3.May

August-plants, in May (9 mnth cult.)

Alginat (%)

Laminaran (%)

C (%)

N (%)

C:N

Dry weight (%)

0,00

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,00

30,00

IMTA 7. June Reference 7. June

February-plants, in June (4 mnth cult.)

Alginat (%)

Laminaran (%)

C (%)

N (%)

C:N

Dry weight (%)

Courtesy K. Reitan

Why will IMTA take off in Europe?

• EU legislation, • address issues such as:

– Environmental impact, – Sustainability, – Pathogen control, – Suitable location in coastal zone, – Shared resources

• Food security, hence increase of production• Need for a small ecological foot print of the

aquaculture industry

Because we have to!!

IMTA in Europe

• Norway: Salmon with Mussels and Kelp at sea • Scotland: Salmon with Palmaria and kelp at sea• Ireland: Salmon with Oysters, Kelp at sea integrated with

land based Abalone and Porphyra ; Cod and Trout with Porphyra dioica in tanks

• Denmark: Trout and Chondrus crispus at sea and in tanks• France: Seabass with Oysters, Ulva and Cladophora in ponds• Spain and Portugal: Seabass with Clams and Microalgae

and Turbot and Seabass with 7 red alga species and 3 green alga in tanks

The message from this all? It works! Need to scale up and commercialise

All at R&D and demonstration level, in land basedsystems or at sea

Current cultivation technology: Long lines with hanging rope cultures

25 Courtesy K. Reitan

Challenges for industrial scale

Growth and BiomassUlva• Ulva sp. 40% increase in weight per day • 10 m2 can produce 2,5 kg Ulva per day (Irish

conditions)

Palmaria• Palmaria palmata 0.3-0.4 kg wet weight m line

(Irish conditions)

Laminaria• 15 t dry weight ha-1 in Yellow Sea for Laminaria• Ring system 20 mt dry weight ha-1 a-1without

fertilizer (Germany)• Irish long line system about 20 kg wet weight per

m rope• 1 ha-1 with lines spaced every 5 m could yield 40

mt wet weight of kelp or 10 mt dry weight

Ireland cultivation• 15 kg wet/m2

• 18 dry ton per hectare

Newco: At Sea Technologies. One stop shop to Provides seaweed farms, technology and advise

New concept

Integrated nutrient recycling (INR)

• Salmon, mussel, seaweed, feed, salmon

• Swine farming, slurry, microalg/macroalg, feed, pork

Salmon

N+P

Feed

N and P

N and PBack into feed

Oceanfeed Salmon

• Growth rate 14% faster compared to commercial diet

• Harvest weight 2.6% heavier than control

• Significant sea lice reduction

• Colouring of fish without added pigmentation

• 60% less mortality

• Improved FCR (0.1 point)

• Fish5-6 kg, harvested tested and smoked

• Better taste and texture

Increased omega 3 in fish

Pigs

• Sow health up more milk,• Mortality 50% down• 50% Replacement of

antibiotics and 60% less treatments

• Improved health management• Reduced feed intake (gut health)• Pigs 2-3 weeks earlier ready for

slaughter • Improved taste (industrial taste

panel)• Doubling of Omega 3 in pork

Feed

SlurryN and P

Currently selling • OceanFeed™ -Salmon

• Ocean support™

• OceanFeed™ -Shrimp

• OceanFeed™ -Pig

• Oceanfeed™- Bovine HPI

• Oceanfeed™-Equine

• Oceanfeed™-sheep

• Oceanfeed™-poultry

• OceanFeedTM-Pet

Warning! IMTA can lead to funny furniture

Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd.

N17 Business Park, Milltown

County Galway

Ireland

info@oceanharvest.ie

Telephone: +353 93 51807

www.oceanharvest.ie

www.Oceanfeed.ie

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