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OBG PRESENTS:

Microgrids and Distributed Generations from Federal to State Installations

Mohammad Nikkhah Mojdehi, PhD

AGENDAMicrogrid Concept

Motivations for Microgrid in DoD

Net Zero Initiative

SPIDER JCTD

Other Microgrid Installations

State of Technology

Lesson Learned and Challenges

Jamestown Microgrid

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Microgrid Concept

Microgrid Concept

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Definition Group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined

electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid Can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid

connected and island-mode [1]

[1] The U.S. Department of Energy.

Microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that act as single controllable entity with respect to the grid.

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Role Actor

Monitoring and Control EMSHistorian

HMIHMI Server

Protection IEDProtection Relay

BreakerFuse

Generation GeneratorGenerator Controller

Automatic Transfer SwitchRenewable Energy GeneratorRenewable Energy Controller

Load Building Management SystemLoad Controller

Smart Meter

Distribution RTUPMU

PCC Synchronizing RelayDistribution TransformerGrounding Transformer

Disconnect Switch

Storage Energy Storage SystemEnergy Storage Controller

Plug-in Electric Vehicle Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment

Power Actors in the Microgrid Control System [2]

[2] C. K. Veitch, J. M. Henry, B. T. Richardson, D. H. Hart, “Microgrid Cyber Security Reference Architecture,” Sandia National Laboratories, Technical Report

SAND2013-5472, 2013 6

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Microgrid Concept

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Common Implementation of Microgrid [3]

[3] S. B. Van Broekhoven, N. Judson, S. V. T. Nguyen, and W. D. Ross, “Microgrid study: energy security for DoD installations,” MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Technical Report 1164, 2012.

Stand-alone backup generation

Type 1aStand-alone generation with grid-tied RE generation

Type 1bGrid-tied backup generation that can be islanded

Type 2aGrid-tied backup generation with islandableRE generation

Type 2b

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Motivations for Microgrid in DoD

Environmental Security and Technology Certification Program (ESTCP)

▪ Established in 1995

▪ DoD’s environmental technology demonstration and validation program

▪ Identify / demonstrate the most promising innovative and cost-effective technologies / methods that address DoD’s high-priority environmental requirements

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Net Zero Initiative (2010)

Announced by the Army to evaluate the feasibility and implementation of:

▪ Producing as much energy on-site as it uses annually

▪ Limiting the consumption of freshwater resources

▪ Reducing, reusing, & recovering solid waste streams

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2005 200920072006 2008

EISA 2007 EO 13514EPAct05

Net Zero Initiative

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Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy Reliability and Security (SPIDERS) Joint Capability Technology Demonstration (JCTD) is a $30 million project lead by Sandia National Laboratories, under a partnership between the DoD and the DoE to:

• Protect task critical assets from loss of power due to cyber attack

• Integrate renewable energies to power task critical assets in times of emergency

• Sustain critical operations during prolonged power outages

• Manage efficiency to reduce petroleum demand, carbon bootprint, and cost.

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Net Zero Initiative

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In 2008, the U.S. DoD and the U.S. DoE defined a joint initiative to address military energy use by identifying specific actions to reduce energy demand and increase use of renewable energy on DoD installations.

The Net Zero Initiative is a holistic strategy for managing energy, water, and waste at Army installations.

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▪ Producing as much energy on-site as it uses annually

▪ Limiting the consumption of freshwater resources

▪ Reducing, reusing, and recovering solid waste streams

Energy Net Zero Pilot Installations

Fort Bliss Fort Carson Fort Detrick Fort Hunter

Liggett Kwajalein Atoll Camp Parks Sierra Army Depot West Point Oregon Army

National Guard (state wide)

October 2010

February 2011

April 2011

Net Zero Initiative announced

The Army identifies 17 pilot installations to bring the overall consumption of resources down a rate of zero by 2020

Goals

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Net Zero Hierarchy

Reduction

Re-Purpose

Recycling & Composting

Energy Recovery

Disposal

ENERGY

[4] Net Zero progress report, Department of Defense, Assistant Secretary of the Army (Installations, Energy and Environment), 2013. 16

Net Zero Energy Hierarchy

Reduction

Re-Purpose

Recycling & Composting

Energy Recovery

Renewable Energy

ENERGY

[4] Net Zero progress report, Department of Defense, Assistant Secretary of the Army (Installations, Energy and Environment), 2013.

Fort Bliss

100% of the electric load and 46% of the thermal load for an overall 78% Net Zero solution

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Fort Bliss load reduction and renewable energy integration roadmap [4]

[4] Army Net Zero energy roadmap and program summary FY 2013, National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

Wind power Combination of PV and Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) 6 hours energy storage Biomass Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) Solar Ventilation Preheating (SVP) Solar Hot Water

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Fort Carson load reduction and renewable energy integration roadmap [4]

[4] Army Net Zero energy roadmap and program summary FY 2013, National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

Wind power Combination of PV and Concentrating

Solar Power (CSP) 6 hours energy storage Biomass Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) Solar Ventilation Preheating (SVP) Solar Hot Water

Challenges: Very low life cycle cost-effectiveness of

renewable energy Mission impacts from renewable

systems A premium for renewables in a budget-

constrained environment; Lack of individual building data and

electrical one-line diagram

Fort Carson

100% of electrical and 93% of thermal energy from renewable systems as an Net Zero solution

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Fort Detrick load reduction and renewable energy integration roadmap [4]

[4] Army Net Zero energy roadmap and program summary FY 2013, National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

15 MW PV system An incinerator boiler system Central steam plant decommissioning

Challenges: High cost of renewable energy Security of SCADA equipment

Fort Detrick

71% of energy reduction through energy efficiency and renewable energy

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SPIDERS JCTD

Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy Reliability and SecurityJoint Capability Technology Demonstration

2008

Defense Science Board Task Force on DoD Energy Strategy issued the report “More Fight-Less Fuel”

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Challenges of DoD [5]

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Unnecessarily high and growing battlespace fuel demand

Dependencies of military installations on vulnerable commercial power grids

[5] “More fight-less fuel,” Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on DoD Energy Strategy, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistic, 2008, Available: http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/ADA477619.pdf.

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SPIDERS JCTD

Partnership between the DoD and the DoE

Protect task-critical assets

Integrate renewable and other distributed energy generation concepts

Sustain critical operations during prolonged power outages

Manage installation electrical power and consumption efficiency to reduce petroleum demand, carbon boot print, and cost

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Phase I Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam

Phase II Fort Carson Microgrid project

Phase III Camp Smith Energy Island

Template for DoD-wide implementation Transition to commercial sector Transition cyber security to federal sector

and utilities

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Achievements [6]

▪ Power export to distribution system (over 1MW net export)

▪ Fully loaded black start operation

▪ Seamless paralleling to the commercial grid

▪ Paralleling and synchronization of diesel generators

▪ Significant penetration from renewables during islanded operation

Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam

[6] SPIDER Phase 2 Fort Carson technology transition public report, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 2014. 26

Fort Carson

SPIDER Microgrid specifications▪ 2 MW solar and 3.25 MVA diesel backup generation

▪ 5 Electric Vehicles with V2G Capability

▪ Upgraded control components with communication ability

▪ Dedicated control network between the various switches (provided by IPERC)

[6] SPIDER Phase 2 Fort Carson technology transition public report, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 2014.

Security Guidelines

NIST 800-82, Guide to Industrial Control System Security

NIST 800-53, App 1 Security Controls, Enhancements, and Supplemental Guidance

DoDI 8500.2

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A microgrid for the entire campus (15 MW) with diesel generators, solar PV, and energy storage incorporating highest level of cyber security

Camp Smith

[6] SPIDER Phase 2 Fort Carson technology transition public report, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 2014.28

Other Microgrid Installations

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Location Microgrid Type DER Technology Purpose

ANG Fargo 2a - demand responseANG ST. Paul 2a - demand response

ANG VOLK Field 2a - demand responseBuckley AFB - diesel generator (1 MW) -Cannon AFB - - -

Cape Canaveral AFS 1a diesel generator island operationClear AFS 1a coal-powered generation -

Creech AFB - - -

Dyess AFB 2a 5 diesel generator (2.2 MW each) peak shaving

Eielson AFB 1aCHP

1.5 MW black start diesel generatorIsland operation

Kirtland AFB - - ESTCP

Kunsan AB 2a 8 diesel generator (750 kW each)demand response island operation

JB San Antonio/Lackland AFB 2bPV

lead-acid batteries-

Maxwell AFB 2a2 backup generator (600 kW)

generator (100 kW)PV (500 kW)

island operation

McConnell AFB 1a 2 diesel generators (1.5 MW each) island operation

JB McGuire-Dix-Lakehurts AFB 2bPV (75 kW)

lithium ion battery (25 kWh)power cell (80 kW)

ESTCP peak shaving demo

Offutt AFB - - -

Osan AB 1a 6 mobile generators (750 kW) island operation

Patrick AFB 1a 2 diesel generators (6.6 MW) -

Robins AFB 2a combustion gas turbine plant (80 MW) island operation

Schriever AFB - - -Stewart AGS 2b PV (250-500 kW) -

Tinker AFB 2a combustion gas turbine plant (80 MW) island operation

US Air Force Academy 2b PV (6 MW) -

Vandenberg AFB 2a 5 generators (3 MW each)peak shaving

island operationWhiteman AFB - - -

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Location Microgrid Type Generation Technology Purpose

Fort Belvoir 2aCHP (1 MW)

diesel generator (800 kW)ESTCP

Fort Bragg 2a genset (5 MW) Peak shavingFort Devens - - ESTCP

Fort Sill 1b

2 diesel generators (210 kW each)PV (20 kW)

wind (2.4 kW)battery bank (500 kVA)

island operation

Fort Wainwright 1a CHP (20 MW) island operation

Wheeler Army Airfield

1b PV (225 kW) -2b (planned) 2 MW power plant -

2a (planned)bio-fuel compatible reciprocating diesel

(52 MW)-

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Location Microgrid Type Generation Technology PurposeNSF Dahlgren 2a diesel generators (14 MW) demand responsePMRF Barking 1a diesel generators (1.5 MW) Island operation

Philadelphia Navy Yard - - -

Location Microgrid Type Generation Technology Purpose

MCAGCC Twentynine Palms 2aCHP (7.2 MW)

diesel backup generatorPV (1.3 MW)

island operation

MCAS Miramar 2b (planned)

landfill gas system (3.2 MW)cogen (1 MW)

PV (1 MW)battery (1 MW)

island operation

Location Microgrid Type Generation Technology Purpose

JB Lewis-McChord - - island operation

Pohakuloa Training Area - - -

Joint Bases

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State of Technology

No current DoD installation microgridshave the degree of integration with the utility grid necessary to participate in the ancillary services market.

No current installation microgrids can island with their intermittent renewable generation.

Dynamic Load shedding is a necessary element to implement an island operation seamlessly and not yet successfully demonstrated.

Multi-dimensional strategies (Energy

Efficiency, Renewable Energy, and etc.)

Utilization of existing technologies

High cost of renewable energies

Private-sector financing through

third-party contracts

Utility interconnection for

DGs IEEE 1547

Cyber security concerns / lack of

standards

Lack of dynamic load shedding

ride through demonstration

Lack of load information/one-line

diagram of feeders

Lessons Learned and Challenges

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Jamestown Microgrid

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Jamestown Electric Power System

Aggregated hourly thermal and electrical load for 2014

Carson Generation Station

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The gas turbine can be run in simple cycle, with the heat recovery steam generator, with an efficient operating range between approximately 21.5 and 43 megawatts.

Carson Station Generation Facilities

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