Improving the safety of heavy vehicles in South Africa ...
Transcript of Improving the safety of heavy vehicles in South Africa ...
Improving the safety of heavy vehicles in South Africa through a performance-based standards (PBS)
approach to vehicle design
Dr Paul NordengenSmart Truck National Steering CommitteeHeavy Vehicle Transport Technology Africa
RTMS workshop25 May 2021
CONTENTS
▪ PBS approach to vehicle design
▪ PBS pilot project in South Africa
▪ Pilot project monitoring results
Key Elements in Road Freight
Transport
• Road infrastructure: roads,
bridges, roadside furniture, signs,
road markings, eToll gantries
• Vehicles: design, maintenance &
operation
• Drivers: skill, health, fatigue
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PBS Pilot Project Objectives
Investigate the Performance-Based Standards
approach to heavy vehicles design and operations as
researched and implemented specifically in Australia,
Canada and New Zealand with a view to improving
heavy vehicles operations in South Africa through:
• Reduced road wear (per tonne.km)
• Reduced vehicle trips i.e.
• Reduced congestion
• Reduced safety exposure risk
• Improved safety performance
• Improved transport productivity
• Reduced emissions (per tonne.km)
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PBS Developments
• EU Study
– Development of an optimised multimodal freight transport system (CEDR
Technical Report 2019-01)
• OECD Research
– Moving freight with Better Trucks (2011)
– High Capacity Transport: Towards Efficient, Safe & Sustainable Road
Freight (2019)
– Policies to Extend the Life of Road Assets (2019)
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INFRASTRUCTURESAFETY
Ensuring safety and infrastructure protection
Prescriptive Legislation
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INFRASTRUCTURESAFETY
Ensuring safety and infrastructure protection
PrescriptiveLegislation
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Problem statement
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Problem statement
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Problem statement
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Problem statement
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Performance-Based Standards
Prescriptive Standards Performance-Based Standards
What the vehicle looks like What the vehicle can do
Governs mass and dimensions Governs actual on-road performance
Constrains productivity Allows heavier and/or larger vehicles
Constrains innovation Promotes innovation
Prescriptive Standards Performance-Based Standards
Images courtesy of the Australian National Transport Commission
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Australian Performance Standards for heavy vehicles
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Performance-Based Standards: Safety
Manoeuvre/Test Performance Standard
Low-speed 90° turn (5 km/h)
Low-speed swept pathTail swingFrontal swingSteer-tyre friction demand
High-speed lane-change (80 km/h)Rearward amplificationHigh-speed transient offtracking
Rollover Static rollover threshold
High-speed pulse steer (80 km/h) Yaw damping coefficient
High-speed on uneven road (90 km/h) Tracking ability on a straight path
Various (driveability standards)
StartabilityGradeability AGradeability BAcceleration Capability
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Low-Speed Offtracking
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Low-Speed Offtracking
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High Speed Transient Offtracking
PBS Lane Change Manoeuvre (SAE J2179)
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High Speed Transient Offtracking
baseline PBS
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Rollover stability: Baseline (legal) vs PBS
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Performance-Based Standards: Infrastructure
Pavement Vertical LoadingPavement Horizontal LoadingTyre Contact Pressure Distribution
Roads Bridges
Infrastructure
Bridge Loading
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Road Wear Performance Standard
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Structures Performance Standard
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Ben
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Load
Rat
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Span Length (m)
2 Span Bridge: Max Negative Bending Moment Load Ratio (10% Baseline Overload)
Timber Logistics Services Baseline Vehicle with10% overload
Worst Performing Single Tandem Trailer Vehicle10%
Worst Performing Single Tridem Trailer Vehicle10%
Worst Performing B-Double Vehicle 10%
TLS PBS Vehicle
NBC PBS Vehicle
Unitrans Fuel Quad
SAB PBS Vehicle
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Structures Performance Standard
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ENVIRONMENT
INFRASTRUCTURESAFETY
Performance Based Standards
Heavy Vehicle Performance “Envelope”
Slide # 25
Road
Safety
Fair Competition
between modes &
operators
Infrastructure
Protection
OVERLOAD CONTROL
National Overload Control Strategy
Implemented by National, Provincial and Local
Authorities
Infrastructure & Equipment
• Main routes (major facilities)
• Alternative routes (minor facilities/screening)
• Monitoring (HS-WIM)
• Alternative weighing equipment
• Private weighbridges
Information sharing &
Public Awareness
• Overload website
• Overload information booklet
Operations
• Human Resources
• PPP
• Training
• Guideline document
for law enforcement
Self-regulation
• Road Transport
Management System
(RTMS)
• Performance-Based
Standards (PBS)
Legislation
• Consignors/Consignees
• 5% Tolerance
• User charges
• Habitual Overloaders
• Public Prosecutors
• Alternative weighing equipment
• AARTO
Co-operation
• Provinces
• Local authorities
• Department of Justice
• Private sector
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PBS Pilot Project in South Africa
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PBS Pilot Project in South Africa
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Buhle Betfu Rigid drawbar
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Timber Logistics Services Rigid drawbar
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Mining side-tipper
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SG Coal B-double
Unitrans
BAB Quad
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Unitrans B-Triple vs BAB Quad
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Rearward Amplification
Mining Road Train InvestigationsBaseline Vehicle PBS Vehicle
Dynamic simulation of a high payload vehicle in used on a private road (mining environment) • Simulations found this design to be unsafe
Demonstration of PBS and simulation software to find a safe solution
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Unitrans A-double (Namibia)
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Unitrans Fuel Quad
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Fuel Quad Case Study
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PBS Bi-articulated Bus
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Car Carriers
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Tail swing
Low-speed swept path
Frontal swing
Tail swing
LSSP
XY
DoM
FS
MoD
TS
Front corner (tractor)
Front corner (semitrailer)
Rear corner (semitrailer)
Inner edge (semitrailer)
Prescribed path
Rear overhang12.5 m
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Tail swing
Vehicle type
Rear Overhang Tail Swing
Australia
ADR 43/04
South Africa
NRTR
Australia
PBS Level 1
South Africa
NRTR
Rigid truck 3.7 m 5.01 m 0.30 m 0.60 m
Semitrailer 3.7 m 6.32 m 0.30 m 0.87 m
Tag-trailer 3.7 m 7.00 m 0.30 m 1.25 m
• Existing car-carriers were shown to exhibit poor tail swing performance due to excessive rear overhangs.
• Tail swing of up to 710 mm was calculated (limit = 300 mm).
• This was shown to be a result of lenient rear overhang legislation.
De Saxe, C.C., Kienhöfer, F. & Nordengen, P.A., 2012. Tail swing performance of the South African car-carrier fleet. In 12th International Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Transport Technology. Stockholm.
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SA Breweries PBS combination
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Coca Cola PBS A-double
• Moving from the current baseline fleet to the 44 pallet PBS fleet will
result in a significant reduction in transport activity, with a direct
impact on reducing road congestion, improving road safety as well as
reducing environmental impact.
• First two PBS vehicles have started operating – FS & NC – Intensive
Management & Reporting
• Why PBS vehicles?
• Costs: Reduce Primary Distribution Costs
• Safety: PBS trailers have better turning angles, safety and road
wear performance than the current PD trailers
• Environmental: Reduced Carbon Emissions due to reduced
number of vehicles
• PBS vehicles will carry 44 pallets with a total length of 30 metres
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Coca Cola A-double
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Smart Truck Pilot Project: Impact
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• PBS Benefits/Metrics Australia (2008 to
2019)
2.46 Mtof CO2 saved(2008-2019)
415 Mtruck km saved
in 2019
843 ML of fuel saved
(2008-2019)
10 385 PBS combinations
2 907combination
“saved”
0.6 Mt of CO2
savedin 20191.6 bn
truck km saved (2008-2019)
46% less major crashes per km
travelled
20% of new units were
PBS approved in
2019
Reduced number of trips
can lead to reduced road maintenance
Case Study - Australia
Brisbane Port, Australia
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Smart Truck Pilot Project: Baseline vs PBS vehicles
13%
85%
2% 13%
28%
3%
56%
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Fail
PBS Baseline
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Smart Truck Pilot Project: Baseline vehicles
73%
18%
9%
1 Failure 2 Failures 3 Failures
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Static RolloverThreshold
RearwardAmplification
Yaw DampingCoefficient
Performance Standards
Number of PBS Failures Percentage of Baseline Vehicles Failing PBS assessment
Thank you