Blast Trauma Scenario Simulation Debriefing Blast Trauma Scenario.
IMPROVING SAFETY THROUGH USE OF PERSONAL BLAST … · 2016. 9. 20. · – Hotel – Warehouse –...
Transcript of IMPROVING SAFETY THROUGH USE OF PERSONAL BLAST … · 2016. 9. 20. · – Hotel – Warehouse –...
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I M P R O V I N G S AF E T Y T H R O U G H U S E O F P E R S O N AL B L AS T D O S I M E T E R I N E X P L O S I V E B R E AC H I N G O P E R AT I O N S
Aris Makris, VP R&D, Chief Technology Officer
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• Most blast injury thresholds based on single event exposure at free-field conditions
BLAST EXPOSURE TO LOW LEVEL BLAST
• Repeat exposure to multiple small blasts may also harm individuals – exposure not tracked • Live fire training • Firing large weapons • Breaching operations • Exploding enemy ordnance • School instructors
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LOW LEVEL BLAST EXPOSURE
Explosive Breaching (Forced Entry) Operations
Courtesy of Dallas PD, May 7-10 2012 International Breacher’s Symposium
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REPEAT LOW BLAST – TACTICAL / SPECIAL FORCES
Breaching (Forced Entry) Operations
• Training alone: • Many training sessions throughout year • Exposure to many blasts per training • Total number of exposures can be high:
dozens, 100s, up to 1000 per year
Courtesy of Dallas PD, May 7-10 2012
• Scientific Investigations: • Mild Traumatic Brain Injury • New-Zealand Defence Forces – 2-week
training course • Walter Reed/Bethesda/ARA/USMC Quantico
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SYMPTOMS OF MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
Headache Remembering Difficulties
Hearing Difficulties
Sleeping Difficulties Ringing Ears Energy Loss
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SINGLE BLAST EXPOSURE
3.15 bar
3.12ms
UVa Injury Curves
Positive Phase Duration (ms)
Pea
k In
cide
nt O
verp
ress
ure
(bar
) 3.12 ms
3.15 bar
Time
Ove
rpre
ssur
e
Positive phase duration
5 kg C4 @ 3 m
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SURVIVABILITY CURVES – SINGLE EXPOSURE
3.15 bar
3.12 ms
4 PSI (Breachers Equations) (Repeat Exposures)
Time
Ove
rpre
ssur
e
Positive phase duration
5 kg C4 @ 3 m UVa Injury Curves
Positive Phase Duration (ms)
Pea
k In
cide
nt O
verp
ress
ure
(bar
)
99% survivability threshold
< 1% survival
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SURVIVABILITY CURVES – SINGLE EXPOSURE
Chart or MSDs not valid for
reflected/internal blasts!
(Repeat Exposures)
4 PSI MSD (Breachers Equations)
UVa Injury Curves
Positive Phase Duration (ms)
Pea
k In
cide
nt O
verp
ress
ure
(bar
)
99% survivability threshold
< 1% survival
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BLAST WAVE FUNDAMENTALS – FREE FIELD
Time
Ove
rpre
ssur
e
Positive phase duration: 3.12 ms
5 kg C4 @ 3 m Spherical
Ideal Blast Wave
Actual Blast Wave
Reflection off the ground
Pea
k ov
erpr
essu
re: 3
.15
bar
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BLAST WAVE FUNDAMENTALS – COMPLEX BLAST
Free Field Blast
Complex (Interior) Blast Complex Blast: • Walls • Obstacles • Closed room • Non-Ideal Explosion
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FREE FIELD VS. INDOOR BLAST (CORNER)
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FREE FIELD BLAST – BLAST DECAYS WITH DISTANCE
0 5 10 15
Ove
rpre
ssur
e (1
bar
per
div
isio
n)
Time (ms)
ChamberFree-Field
2.2 m
2.5 m
2.8 m
3.1 m
2 kg C4
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FREE FIELD VS. INDOOR BLAST (CORNER)
0 5 10 15
Ove
rpre
ssur
e (1
bar
per
div
isio
n)
Time (ms)
ChamberFree-Field
2.2 m
2.5 m
2.8 m
3.1 m
3.35 m 2 kg C4
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NEED FOR BLAST MEASUREMENTS IN BREACHING
• Optimize TTPs/Con-Ops for safety in Explosive Breaching
• Assess Occupational Health & Safety Issue – Establish overpressure exposure guidelines – Track individual blast exposure history over time
• Assist in triage of any blast victims
• Guide forensic analysis of an IED blast event
– Charge size, standoff distance – Presence of reflecting surfaces – Direction of blast
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EAR INJURY THRESHOLD VALUES P
ress
ure
(psi
)
Threshold 50% Chance
95% Chance
5.1
14.5
29.0
4.0
Breaching Threshold
Eardrum Perforation Single Exposure
0
10
20
30
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• Small portable and versatile
• Records sudden acceleration & overpressure
• Immediate display of pressure and acceleration after blast
PERSONAL BLAST EVENT RECORDING DEVICE
~ 8
cm /
3 “
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BLAST MEASUREMENTS – BREACHING SETUP
Technical and Protective Operations Facility (TPOF) Breach Training Complex – Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
Ottawa, Canada April 19, 2012
Hybrid III Mannequins
3m
Explosive 25gr, 50gr, 100gr, 200gr Detcord
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BREACHING SETUP – INSTRUMENTATION
Reference Blast OP Dosimeter
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INCREASING BREACHING CHARGE SIZE @ 10 FT
0 5 10 15
78” of 25 gr Detcord
78” of 50 gr Detcord
78” of 100 gr Detcord
78” of 200 gr Detcord
Time (ms)
Pres
sure
(1
psi
per
div
isio
n)
4 PSI
4 PSI
4 PSI
4 PSI
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INTERIOR BLAST – BLAST CHAMBER TESTING
Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory (Ottawa) – April 2012
Hybrid III Torso
Lollipop Gauge
Explosive Charge
2.5
m
1.16 m
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PRESSURE REFLECTIONS OFF WALLS
Primary Shock Shock
reflection off floor
Shock reflection off far wall
Shock reflection off
side-walls &ceiling
75 g C4
Time (ms)
Pres
sure
(psi
) Dosimeter Reference
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EXPLOSIVE FORCED ENTRY (EFE) WORKSHEET
• Minimum Safe Distance
– K-Value of 18 for 4 psi – Net Equivalent Weight (N.E.W.)
in TNT Explosive
3 ...18 WENMSD ⋅=
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SIDE-ON VS. REFLECTED PRESSURE
– 4 PSI Side-On ≈ 8.9 PSI Reflected – Pressure measured on Chest or Shield
Side-on measurement
Reflected or “Face-On”
measurement
• Can calculate (EFE worksheet) a side-on pressure – Pressure measured as
shockwave passes sensor – Pressure measured at
Shoulder, Arm or side Wall
• Reflected or “Face-On” pressure can be calculated from side-on pressure based on standard fluid mechanics equations
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CANADIAN BREACHERS TESTS (2012-2013)
• Royal Canadian Mounted Police – CBRNE Unit, TPOF
• Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory (CERL)
• Montreal Police – Groupe tactique d’intervention
• Sûreté du Québec – Direction des services d’urgence
• Ontario Provincial Police
• Department of National Defence
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INDOORS OPERATIONAL TESTING WITH BREACHERS
• Pressure measurements on Breachers conducting test in indoor environments – Hotel – Warehouse – School
• Measurements compared
with theoretical estimates (4psi) using existing MSD equations
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EXAMPLE TRIAL 1 – TEST CONFIGURATION
• Explosive: – 7 ft. 200-gr Detcord +
NEQ = 0.336 lbs. TNT • 4 PSI MSD = 12.51 ft. • Date & Time:
– Sept. 12th at 10:40 AM
25 ft
6 ft
6 ft 10 ft
3 ft
3 ft
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
4 PSI MSD 12.5 ft
Unit 4
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EXAMPLE TRIAL 1 – PRESSURE TRACES (PSI)
Pmax = 3.95 psi Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Pmax = 5.62 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Pmax = 4.03 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms) Pmax = 3.46 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
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0
2
4
6
8
0 5 10 15 20
EXAMPLE TRIAL 1 – OBSERVATIONS
10 ft
3 ft
3 ft
Distance from Explosive
Peak
Pre
ssur
e (P
SI)
Theoretical prediction
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EXAMPLE TRIAL 1 – OBSERVATIONS
Pmax = 3.95 psi Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Pmax = 5.62 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Pmax = 4.03 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms) Pmax = 3.46 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
• Initial pressure peak <4psi since outside of MSD
• Secondary shock (reflected off closed end wall) causes higher pressure spikes than initial blast
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EXAMPLE TRIAL 1 – OBSERVATIONS
Pmax = 3.95 psi Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Pmax = 5.62 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Pmax = 4.03 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms) Pmax = 3.46 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Peak pressures agree with EFE estimated pressures
EFE Prediction: 3.55 psi
EFE Prediction: 2.99 psi
EFE Prediction: 5.24 psi
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EXAMPLE TRIAL 1 – OBSERVATIONS
Pmax = 3.95 psi Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Pmax = 5.62 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Pmax = 4.03 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms) Pmax = 3.46 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Late-stage increase in pressure due to arrival of wave complex
from closed-end hallway
EFE Prediction: 3.55 psi
EFE Prediction: 2.99 psi
EFE Prediction: 5.24 psi
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EXAMPLE TRIAL 2 – CONFIGURATION
• Wall breach using “Hydro Cut” explosive – 0.66 lbs TNT
• Six men in formation, measurements on the shield, and on the first, third and fourth breachers
10 ft
Stairs
Unit 1
Unit 4
Unit 3
Unit 2
15 ft
Indoor Breach Confinement
4 PSI MSD 16 ft.
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EXAMPLE TRIAL 2 – PRESSURE TRACES (PSI)
Pmax= 14.1 psi
Pmax=5.5 psi
Pmax=4.1 psi
Pmax=2.9 psi
Pres
sure
(PSI
)
Time (ms)
Pres
sure
(PSI
)
Time (ms)
Pres
sure
(PSI
)
Time (ms)
Pres
sure
(PSI
)
Time (ms)
Indoor Breach Confinement
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EXAMPLE TRIAL 2 – OBSERVATIONS
Pres
sure
(PSI
)
Time (ms)
Pres
sure
(PSI
)
Time (ms)
Pres
sure
(PSI
)
Time (ms)
Pres
sure
(PSI
)
Time (ms)
Pmax= 14.1 psi
Pmax=5.5 psi
Pmax=4.1 psi
Pmax=2.9 psi
Highest pressure on shield (face-on) Well
above 8.9 PSI Indoor Breach Confinement
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EXAMPLE TRIAL 2 – OBSERVATIONS
Pmax=5.5 psi
Pmax=4.1 psi
Pres
sure
(PSI
)
Time (ms)
Pres
sure
(PSI
)
Time (ms)
Pres
sure
(PSI
)
Time (ms)
Pres
sure
(PSI
)
Time (ms)
Pressure levels above 4 PSI, despite being outside of MSD and
behind shield
Pmax= 14.1 psi
Pmax=2.9 psi
Indoor Breach Confinement
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EXAMPLE TRIAL 3 – WALL BREACH
• Explosive: Hydro Cut – 0.70 lbs. TNT – 16 ft. MSD
• Time: 11:37 AM
Unit 1 Mounted on wall
Unit 4
Unit 2
Unit 3
Interior Room
~10 ft.
25 ft.
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EXAMPLE TRIAL 3 – PRESSURE TRACES (PSI)
Interior Room
Pmax = 5.1 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Pmax = 4.6 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Pmax = 4.8 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Stun Grenade Pmax = 16.9 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Later time
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EXAMPLE TRIAL 3 – OBSERVATIONS
Interior Room
Pmax = 5.1 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Pmax = 4.6 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Pmax = 4.8 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Stun Grenade Pmax = 16.9 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
•Initial pressure is < 4 psi due to diffraction around corner •Peak pressures all above 4 PSI due to reflections
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EXAMPLE TRIAL 3 – OBSERVATIONS
Interior Room
Pmax = 5.1 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Pmax = 4.6 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Pmax = 4.8 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Stun Grenade Pmax = 16.9 psi
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
• Stun Grenade was triggered after wall breach • Pressure in small room is well above 4 PSI Greater than 50% chance of Eardrum perforation
Later time
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USING PHYSICAL BARRIERS FOR BLAST SHIELDING
Courtesy of H. Kleine, University of New South Wales Canberra, Australia
M = 2.55 shock in air passing over a square block Color Schlieren at 330,000 frames per second
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BLAST PROTECTION REQUIRED BEHIND SHIELD
Courtesy of H. Kleine, University of New South Wales Canberra, Australia
M = 2.55 shock in air passing over a square block Color Schlieren at 330,000 frames per second
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BLAST PROTECTION REQUIRED BEHIND SHIELD
Courtesy of H. Kleine, University of New South Wales Canberra, Australia
M = 2.55 shock in air passing over a square block Color Schlieren at 330,000 frames per second
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BLAST PROTECTION REQUIRED BEHIND SHIELD
Courtesy of H. Kleine, University of New South Wales Canberra, Australia
M = 2.55 shock in air passing over a square block Color Schlieren at 330,000 frames per second
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BLAST PROTECTION REQUIRED BEHIND SHIELD
Courtesy of H. Kleine, University of New South Wales Canberra, Australia
M = 2.55 shock in air passing over a square block Color Schlieren at 330,000 frames per second
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BLAST PROTECTION REQUIRED BEHIND SHIELD
Courtesy of H. Kleine, University of New South Wales Canberra, Australia
M = 2.55 shock in air passing over a square block Color Schlieren at 330,000 frames per second
![Page 46: IMPROVING SAFETY THROUGH USE OF PERSONAL BLAST … · 2016. 9. 20. · – Hotel – Warehouse – School • Measurements compared with theoretical estimates (4psi) using existing](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071500/611f20fc0d40726e9616fe9e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
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BLAST PROTECTION REQUIRED BEHIND SHIELD
Courtesy of H. Kleine, University of New South Wales Canberra, Australia
M = 2.55 shock in air passing over a square block Color Schlieren at 330,000 frames per second
![Page 47: IMPROVING SAFETY THROUGH USE OF PERSONAL BLAST … · 2016. 9. 20. · – Hotel – Warehouse – School • Measurements compared with theoretical estimates (4psi) using existing](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071500/611f20fc0d40726e9616fe9e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
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• Explosive: – 7 ft. 100-gr Detcord – NEQ = 0.17 lbs. TNT
• 4 PSI MSD = 9.96 ft. • Date & Time:
– February 5th, 2013 • Location
– Breacher Shoulder
~6’
EXAMPLE TRIAL 4 – HALLWAY WITH COLUMNS
~12’
~20’
~3’ ~3’
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EXAMPLE TRIAL 4 – PRESSURE TRACES (PSI) P
ress
ure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
Event #1 – Pmax = 1.11 psi
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EXAMPLE TRIAL 4 – PRESSURE TRACES (PSI)
Event #1 – Pmax = 1.11 psi
Event #2 – Pmax = 0.85 psi
Pre
ssur
e (p
si)
Time (ms)
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EXAMPLE TRIAL 4 – PRESSURE TRACES (PSI) P
ress
ure
(psi
)
Time (ms)
• Multiple low level reflections provide extended blast dose
• Peak pressure significantly lower than EFE Worksheet suggests that column protects breacher from direct blast
Event #1 – Pmax = 1.11 psi
Event #2 – Pmax = 0.85 psi
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DEBRIS – PROTECTION REQUIRED IF CONFINED
Courtesy of Dallas PD, May 7-10 2012 International Breacher’s Symposium
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Courtesy of Garland PD
BLAST & EXTREMITY PROTECTION MAY BE REQUIRED
• In view of threats from blast, debris, bullets, impact, need mobile PPE that provides :
• Protection against all threats • Extremity Protection (Frag) • Permits mission mobility
TAC 6
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SUMMARY REMARKS Theoretical (rule of thumb) calculations (4psi) have limited applicability
• Useful for less confined areas, simple geometries – in line with blast direction
• Limited for confined areas & reflections • Secondary peaks, reflections, corners
can exceed incident pressures
Actual pressure measurements from personal blast dosimeter more useful for:
• Training • Actual operations • Internal complex geometries • Optimized CONOPs • Personal blast exposure log • Blast forensics
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The materials contained in this presentation may be Proprietary and/or Trade Secret information and may not be copied, compiled, or distributed without the prior written consent of Safariland, LLC. Copyright © 2014 Safariland, LLC. All rights reserved. Med-Eng® is a registered trademark of Safariland, LLC.
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