Improving Safety of Crude Oil and Regional Water System Pipeline Crossings
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Improving Safety of Crude Oil and Regional Water System Pipeline
CrossingsPipeline Safety Conference
November 5, 2010Delvin E. DeBoer, Ph.D., P.E.
South Dakota State University
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Outline
• Who is the affected community?• What is their safety concern?• What is needed to address the concern?• What is the project approach?• What do we hope to accomplish?
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South Dakota Regional Water Systems
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Pipeline Crossings in SD• Crossing characteristics
– PVC pipe through steel casing– PVC pipe through fusible PVC– PVC pipe through restrained joint PVC– Ductile Iron– Restrained joint PVC– PVC
• No Single Standard for design• Desired elements of the crossing
– Protect oil pipeline from water pipe maintenance and repair activities
– Protect the water pipeline in a spill event• High cost of environmental liability insurance
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AwwaRF (2008) study
• Focused on polyethylene and PVC pipes• Exposed to pure gas and BTEX along with
water/solvent mixtures• Studied gasket joints and ungasketed pipe• Focused on permeation (exceeding drinking
water standards) under field conditions (flowing water and stagnant water)
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Conclusions - AwwaRF (2008)
• Permeation through Pipe Wall– PE Pipe• Rapid permeation (also documented in case studies)
– PVC pipe• Depended on concentration of BTEX• Pure solvents permeated in a matter of days (toluene
16 days, benzene 20 days) – pipes noticeably swollen• Gasoline (BTEX) did not permeate in 2 years (due to
lower concentrations of BTEX than in pure solvent)
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Conclusions - AwwaRF (2008)
• Hydrocarbon Permeation through gaskets in PVC pipe– IS a source of contamination– NBR more resistant to permeation than SBR gaskets– Under stagnant-flow conditions, can exceed MCL for
Benzene when submerged in free product gasoline– Water flow through pipe dilutes benzene below MCL
(required flow depends on pipe size)– Less potential for contamination if ground water
dilutes the gasoline
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Unknowns
• What is the impact of crude oil products on permeation through PVC pipe and gaskets?
• What are the permeation characteristics of restrained joint pipe configurations (joints and fittings)?
• What is the impact of crude oil on pipe strength characteristics?
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Scope of Project
• Assumption - restrained joint casing is likely the low cost crossing option with good potential for approval as a local design standard.
• Determine impacts of crude oil on small diameter PVC pipe characteristics– Permeability through PVC pipe wall and through joints– Impacts on strength and physical characteristics
• Convene a committee to review results and develop a local design standard
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Rural Water System
Number of
crossings
Water Pipe
diametersWater Pipe
materialCasing
materialCasing
Provider
Total Casing length
Vertical Distance
from water
pipe to oil pipe
A 14 1.5" - 8" Yelomine PVCYelomine
PVC
Winwater Works
Company 300 ft 7 ft
B 4 2" - 12" Yelomine PVCYelomine PVC, Steel DSG
300-340 ft 6 ft
C 7 1.5" - 4" Yelomine PVCYelomine
PVC DSG 100 ft 7 ft
D 11 2" - 6" Yelomine PVCC900 fused
PVCUnderground
Solution 200 ft 10 - 12 ft
E 13 2" - 12" Yelomine PVCYelomine
PVC DSG 100 ft 10 - 20 ft
F 21 1.5" - 18"
Bell/Spigot PVC, Yelomine PVC,
ductile iron none 1.5 ft or
more
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Tensile Strength Tests
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Tension Test Data
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Parallel Plate Compression Test
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Axi
al L
oad,
lbf
Axial Displacement, in
Parallel Plate Compression Test
Control 1B
Pipe stiffness, lbf/in
Stiffness factor in^3 * lbf/in^2
Slope = 5447 lbf/in
Slope = 3068 lbf/in
Slope = 427 lbf/in
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O-Ring Tension Test
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O-Ring Test
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Next Steps
• Obtain Crude Oil Sample• Conduct tests (6-10 months)• Interpret results• Convene Design Standard Committee– Draft a local design standard– Agency review