Improving Flood Hazard Assessment Based On Social Assessment · Table 3-3 Wall Material each dusun...

IMPROVING FLOOD HAZARD AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT BASED ON SOCIAL ASSESSMENT IN

BOGOWONTO RIVER

Thesis submitted to the Graduate School, Faculty of Geography, Gadjah Mada University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science

in Geo-Information for Spatial Planning and Risk Management

By:

MAYASIH WIGATI

19540/PS/MGISPRM/06

17513

Supervisor:

1. Dr. M. BAIQUNI, M.A. (UGM)

2. Dr. MICHAEL K MCCALL (ITC)

3. Drs. NANETTE KINGMA (ITC)

GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION

AND EARTH OBSERVATION

2008

UGM

THESIS

IMPROVING FLOOD HAZARD ASSESSMENT BASED ON

SOCIAL ASSESSMENT IN BOGOWONTO RIVER

By:

MAYASIH WIGATI

19540/PS/MGISPRM/06

17513

Has been approved in Yogyakarta

On 12nd February 2008

By Team of Supervisors:

Chairman

Dr. H.A. Sudibyakto, M.S.

External Examiner

Prof. Dr. V.G. (Victor) Jetten

Supervisor 1:

Dr. M. Baiquni M.A.

Supervisor 2:

Dr. Michael K McCall

Supervisor 3:

Drs. Nanette Kingma

Certified by: Program Director of Geo-Information for Spatial Planning and Risk Management,

Graduate School Faculty of Geography, Gadjah Mada University

Dr. H.A. Sudibyakto, M.S.

DISCLAIMER

This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute.

Wigati, M

i

Abstract

The Bagelen sub district of Purworejo district is located in a flood prone area. The Purworejo district has flood hazard map based on geomorphological approach without considering social assessment. This map gives information where the area is low hazard, medium hazard or high hazard. The map was made in 2004 with scale 1:220.000 (PSBA, 2004). Community affected by flood should be involved in the flood assessment. The combination between flood assessment based on physical and social assessment is better to assess flood because people understand the condition better and this combination will help the community for quick assessment during and after flood.

Primary data were collected using mobile GPS for a sample of 355 buildings, whose building materials were classified into 3 categories: tembok (wall), semi tembok (semi wall) and non tembok (pleated bamboo or wood); and 60 respondents were interviewed related to damage and social economic condition. The printed Ikonos image, Bagelen map and mobile GPS were used to make mental map/sketch map and flood depth points. Participatory Geographic Information System (PGIS) and flood marks measurement of the flood depths were processed by using interpolation in ILWIS. A new flood hazard model was made using Gaussian Model. Information such as rainfall data, geomorphological data, and land use were also important components. Physical and social vulnerability were measured and mapped. Three structural types of buildings were found and stage damage curves were made using the damage for each structural type of buildings: type 1 are less vulnerable houses, type 2 are moderate vulnerable houses, and type 3 are most vulnerable houses. The foundation height ranged 0-150 cm and was categorized: low (0-40 cm), and high (more than 40 cm). Physical vulnerability is the combination function of structural type of building, foundation height, and flood hazard model. There are 4 physical vulnerabilities: value is no vulnerability, value 0.25 is low vulnerability, value 0.5 is moderate low vulnerability, and value 0.75 is moderate high vulnerability. Social vulnerability in this thesis refers to the characteristic of the people with composition of sex and age in household, house hold income, head of household characteristics, and social economic condition. Coping mechanism applied in this area are based on the local knowledge and experience of flooding. People make efforts to reduce the effect of flood based on their knowledge. Keywords: flood hazard modelling, participatory geographic information system (PGIS), physical vulnerability, social vulnerability, damage curves, local knowledge, coping mechanism

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Acknowledgements

Albamdulillahi Robil Alamin, Praise be to Allah who gives me life, help, and happiness. With Your Permission and Guidance I can finish this job. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Netherland Education Centre (NEC) in Jakarta for providing me with the STUNED scholarship and Bappenas for giving Bappenas scholarship. I appreciate of my employer, Forestry Department for giving me permission to continue my study. My sincere thanks especially go to Dr. Michael. K. McCall, Drs Nannete Kingma, and Dr. M. Baiquni, M.A. for the advice, suggestion, discussion and support during the writing process of my thesis. I thank to McCall for coming to Yogyakarta and visiting my field study. Special thank for David Rossiter who gave valuable idea and discussion. My gratitude also goes to staff in Faculty of Geography, Gadjah Mada University, Dr Hartono DESS, Dr. Sudibyakto Dr Junun Sartohadi and all staff in Geo Info for Spatial Planning and Disaster Management for helping me during my study. I thank to my classmates who support, friendly discussion give me attention and “wiskul”, Pak Husen, Bu Lili, Dody, Utia, Mba Wulan, Mas Ebta, Mas Rudi, Mas Safrudin, Mbak Firda, Mba Anna, Mas Muktaf and Defi. Thank you very much for Nugroho, Rino and Mas Rahman for your help and guidance in running difficult software. I give special thank for arif”s family who provide warm attention and nice house during my fieldwork. I especially thanks to my “fieldwork team” in Purworejo Dik Estu who really nice, patient and helpful during and after fieldwork. Thanks for Mas Arif who become good brother, good cooking team and help me during fieldwork, SPSS and everything. To my friend Budi, thank you very much for being a good friend to me, for helping me during fieldwork, for helping my thesis, for valuable discussion and “aza-aza fighting”. For my cooking team mba Mone thank you for discussion, sharing and being a good and nice friend, always remember everything that we have done “ya ampyun”. My heartfelt goes to my family my soul mate, my parent, my brother, Yusron family, and Sukardi family who encourage and give me love, good care and support during my happiness and sadness. I become strong and successful because of you. Yogyakarta, February 2008, Mayasih Wigati

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Table of contents

Abstract…………………………………………………………………….. iAcknowledgement………………………………………………………....... iiTable of Contents………………………………………………………….. iiiList of Figures……………………………………………………………… vList of Tables……………………………………………………………….. viiAbbreviations……………………………………………………………...... viii 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background……………………………………………………... 1 1.2. Problem Statement……………………………………………… 4 1.3. Research Objectives…………………………………………....... 4 1.4. Research Questions and Methods……………………………….. 5 1.5. Outline of the Thesis……………………………………………. 6 1.6. Limitation of the Research……………………………………… 7 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Flood Hazard…………………………………………………… 8 2.2. Flood Geomorphological and Participatory Approach…………... 8 2.3. Element at Risk and Vulnerability……………………………….. 9 2.4. Physical Vulnerability…………………………………………… 10 2.5. Social Vulnerability……………………………………………… 12 2.6. Coping Strategy…………………………………………………. 14 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Methodology Material and Software…………………………….. 15 3.1.1. Methodology……………………………………………….. 15 3.1.2. Material …………………………………………………...... 16 3.1.3. Software……………………………………………………. 16 3.2. Study Area Description……………………………………........... 17 3.3. Fieldwork Data Collection and Data Collecting

Method………………………………………………………….. 18

3.3.1. Data Availability……………………………………………. 18 3.3.2. Fieldwork Equipment………………………………………. 19 3.3.3. Data Sampling……………………………………………… 21 3.4. Questionnaire and Interview……………………………………. 22 3.5. Participatory GIS……………………………………………….. 23 3.6. Data Analysis…………………………………………………… 23 4. FLOOD EXTEND IN STUDY AREA 4.1. Bagelen Flood Extent…………………………………………... 24 4.2. Begelen Flood Points based on Participatory Approach……….... 25 4.3. Flood HazardModel……………………………………………. 27 4.3.1. Measuring Elevation ………..……………………………… 27 4.3.2. Flood Point Interpolation………………………………........ 28 4.3.3. Flood Hazard Model……………………………………....... 30

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4.3.4 People’s/Community Perception of Flood Hazard……………………………………………………....

31

4.3.5. Rainfall Data………………………………………………... 32 4.3.6. Geomorphology…………………………………………..... 33 4.3.7. Land Use…………………………………………………… 34 5. ANALYSIS OF ELEMENT AT RISK AND VULNERABILITY 5.1 Analysis of Elements At Risk…………………………………… 35 5.1.1. Information of Age, Sex, and Household Size……………. 35 5.1.2. Information of Social Economy Condition……………….... 37 5.1.3. Buildings……………...…………………………………… 44 5.2 Vulnerability Assessment…..…………………………………… 47 5.2.1. Vulnerability Assessment for Physical Vulnerability…............ 47 5.2.2. Vulnerability Assessment for Building Content and

Livestock……………………………………………..……. 53

5.2.3. Vulnerability Assessment for Social Vulnerability……........... 57 6. LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND COPING MECHANISM 6.1 Local Knowledge Information Related to Flood in Desa Bagelen 63 6.1.1 Knowledge of Flood Hazard……………………………....... 63 6.1.2 Reasons for Residence in Flood-Prone Area………………... 65 6.2 Coping Mechanism……………………………………………... 66 6.3 Social Institution and Network in the Study Area………………. 72 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7.1 Conclusions……………………………………………………... 75 7.2 Recommendations………………………………………………. 77 References………………………………………………………………....... 78Appendices………………………………………………………………… 80

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List of figures

Figure 1-1 Disaster Occurrence in Indonesia….………………………….. 1Figure 1-2 Design of the Thesis…………………………………………... 6Figure 2-1 The Hazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability (Modified from

Cutter, 1996)…………………………………………………... 9

Figure 2-2 Examples of Representative Properties on the Floodplain at Tennessee, USA…………………………….……………….....

10

Figure 2-3 Contributions To Damage From Six Building Components For Various Inundation Stages……………………………………..

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Figure 2-4 NHCR Contents Loss Curve and 1986 Georges River Data….... 12Figure 3-1 Outline of the Research……………………………………….. 15Figure 3-2 Study Area…………………………………………………….. 17Figure 3-3 General Overview of the Study Area………………………….. 18Figure 3-4 Mobile GPS…………………………………………………… 19Figure 3-5 Spatial Distribution Of Building Material……………………… 19Figure 3-6 Spatial Distribution of Building Inventory and Interview

Households…………………………………………………… 20

Figure 3-7 Wall Material in Study Area…………………………………… 21Figure 3-8 Data Sampling……………………………………………….... 22Figure 4-1 Bagelen Flood Extent Map of 2004 Flood……………………. 24Figure 4-2 Simple PGIS…………………………………………………... 25Figure 4-3 Flood Height/Depth Point Map………………………………. 26Figure 4-4 Flood Marks still Remain in the Wall and Door……………….. 26Figure 4-5 Elevation of the Desa Bagelen ..………………………………. 27Figure 4-6 Spatial variogram of 92 flood points…………………………... 28Figure 4-7 Graphs of Authorized Variogram for Gaussian Model………... 29Figure 4-8 Spatial Variogram Flood West Railroad Points……………….... 30Figure 4-9 Flood Hazard Model…………………………………………... 30Figure 4-10 Daily Peak Rainfall and Daily Average Rainfall in January 1990-

2006…………………………………………………………… 33

Figure 4-11 Geomorphology in Bagelen…………………………………… 33Figure 4-12 Land Use in Bagelen…………………………………………... 34Figure 5-1 Age of Household Head………………………………………. 36Figure 5-2 Distribution of Family Size……………………………………. 36Figure 5-3 Distribution of Education Level………………………………. 37Figure 5-4 Distribution of Occupation……………………………………. 38Figure 5-5 Distribution of Land Tenure…………………………………... 39Figure 5-6 Distribution of Monthly Income………………………………. 40Figure 5-7 Distribution of Monthly Expense…………………………….... 41Figure 5-8 Distribution of Electricity Cost………………………………... 42Figure 5-9 Distribution of Vehicle………………………………………... 43Figure 5-10 Distribution of Livestock Ownership………………………….. 43Figure 5-11 Structural Type of Buildings………………………………….... 46Figure 5-12 Brief Procedure of Physical Vulnerability……………………… 47Figure 5-13 Stage Damage Curve Each Structural Type of Building………... 49

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Figure 5-14 Stage Damage Curve All Structural Type of Building………….. 49Figure 5-15 Foundation Height…………………………………………….. 50Figure 5-16 Location of Dwellings with Different Foundation Height……... 51Figure 5-17 Spatial Distribution of Foundation Height ……………………. 51Figure 5-18 Physical Vulnerability of Building Map……………………….... 52Figure 5-19 Physical Vulnerability of Building Content and Livestock Map... 56Figure 5-20 Distribution of Household Income……………………………. 59Figure 5-21 Sex of Household Head……………………………………….. 61Figure 6-1 Flood Hazardous Area Based on Community…………………. 64Figure 6-2 Sedimentation Converted to Dry Farm Land………………….. 65Figure 6-3 Foundation Height above 1 meter……………………………... 67Figure 6-4 Tongkrongan……………………………………………………. 68Figure 6-5 Spatial Distribution of Tongkrongan…………………………….. 68Figure 6-6 Elevated Chicken and Goat Housing………………………….. 69Figure 6-7 Two Stories Buildings……………………………………….... 70Figure 6-8 Elevated Refrigerator Place……………………………………. 70Figure 6-9 Elevated Food Storage………………………………………… 70Figure 6-10 Gotong Royong, Arisan and Kentongan………………………. 74

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List of tables

Table 1-1 Flood Event and Damage Caused by Flood in Bogowonto……… 3Table 1-2 Research Questions and Methods……………………………….. 5Table 3-1 Data Requirement and Data Source……………………………... 16Table 3-2 Building Inventory in Excel Format……………………………... 20Table 3-3 Wall Material each dusun based on the Building Inventory….. 21Table 3-4 Selected Respondents……………………………………………. 22Table 4-1 Flood Level based on Community Opinion……………………… 31Table 4-2 Building ages……………………………………………………... 32Table 5-1 Distribution of Sex and Age……………………………………... 35Table 5-2 Electrical Goods Ownership…………………………………… 42Table 5-3 Wall Material Description From Building Inventory……………... 44Table 5-4 Selected Respondent Based On Wall Material……………………. 44Table 5-5 Building Function……………………………………………….. 44Table 5-6 Floor material……………………………………………………. 45Table 5-7 Cross tabulation of wall material and floor material……………… 45Table 5-8 Description of Vulnerability of Structural Type of Building……… 48Table 5-9 Foundation Height………………………………………………. 50Table 5-10 Physical Vulnerability Value of Buildings……...…………………. 52Table 5-11 Building Content and Livestock Damage Description of Flood

2004………………………………………………………………53

Table 5-12 List of Asset for Building Content and Livestock Estimation…….. 55Table 5-13 Vulnerability Value for Building Content and Livestock………….. 56Table 5-14 Distribution of Household Income……………………………… 58Table 5-15 Combination of Sex and Age…………………………………….. 60Table 5-16 Division of Labour Exists Within the Household in Flood Hazard 62Table 6-1 Reason the Community still Stayed in Flood Hazardous Area…… 65Table 6-2 Relationship of Income and Structural Type of Buildings………... 67Table 6-3 Summarized Coping Mechanism………………………………… 71

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Abbreviations

Arisan Money collected by community Bakornas National Coordinating Board for the Management of Disaster Bakosurtanal Indonesian National of Survey and Mapping Coordination Bappeda Regional Development Planning Agency BKKBN The National Family Planning Coordinating Board BPS Central Bureau of Statistics Desa Village Dusun Sub village Gedhek Plited Bamboo Gotong royong The concept of doing things together and helping each other Maro system Dividing System PSBA Centre Study of Natural Disaster PSDA Water Management Agency Rp Rupiah (Indonesia’s currentcy) Sewa system Renting System SPSS Statistical Product and Service Solution Tembok Wall Tongkrongan A higher shelter to stay during flood. it is made under the roof

IMPROVING FLOOD HAZARD AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT BASED ON SOCIAL ASSESSMENT IN BOGOWONTO RIVER

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the background of the research, problem statement, the research objectives, the research questions and methods, outline of the thesis, and limitation of the thesis.

1. 1. Background

Flood has been the main natural hazard in Indonesia in terms of the occurrence. Bakornas mentioned the occurrence of flood from 2002-2005 as shown in the pie chart. There are also many other disasters in Indonesia that caused loss of lives such as tsunami in Aceh in 2004 and earth quake in Yogyakarta in 2006. Although the loss of lives from flood occurrence in Indonesia was not as much as the loss from tsunami in Aceh and earthquake in Yogyakarta, flood had caused big impact in terms of disruption and destruction to livelihood and the changes in the live of affected peoples (Blaikie et al.,1994).

Figure 1-1 Disaster Occurrence in Indonesia

Source: Bakornas PBP, April 2006

Floods may cause serious damage to prime agricultural lands and major infrastructures such as roads, bridges, irrigation dikes and flood control structures and very important-to housing and contents and property (and lives of people and animal). The main flooded area in Purworejo is located in 3 Sub districts; Bagelen, Purwodadi and Butuh. Because of the flooding, thousand of rice fields are damaged by inundated flood water, and it also caused failed harvests. In 2004, the depth of water reached more than 1 meter (kompas 2-2-2004)*. Bagelen suffers the most damage when the Bogowonto River overflows. Flood water height ranges from 0.5

* Kompas is one of the national newspapers in Indonesia


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meters to 2 meters during rain showers in the upstream areas and heavy precipitation cause downstream flooding such as in Bagelan sub district, Purwodadi and Butuh Sub district.

Flood is the most common water-related natural disaster in the Purworejo. Some Purworejo’s sub districts are located in the Bogowonto River and are prone to flooding. A flood is an abnormal rise of the water level of a stream that may result in the overflow of the normal levee of the stream with the subsequent inundation of areas that are not normally submerged. The trend of human activity and livelihood in flood prone area both in rural and urban areas because of the population growth and the lack of alternative site have been increasing the people’s vulnerability (Blaikie et al., 1994).

The lowland of Bogowonto watershed has alluvial plain with fertile alluvial deposits. Bogowonto watershed geomorphology and coastal morphology along the south coast have characteristic causing flood and inundation. According to Sutikno there is an increase of run off from upstream hilly and mountainous north part of Purworejo district, from middle part and south part there are two constrictions in run off flow. First constriction such as railway and road connecting Yogyakarta-Purworejo-Kebumen-Cilacap can cause further constriction to the flow of run off. Second constriction related to landform along the south coast such as beach ridges can also cause further constriction to run off flow (PSBA, 2004).

Flooding has caused the evacuation of people and huge devastation to properties and lives. After continual rainfall causing flooding in many parts of province, Purworejo had been inundated almost 3 months in1992 (see Table 1-1). Large-scale and localized floods cause significant property damages and often result in the loss of lives.

In alluvial areas, during rainy day, the soil’s capacity to hold water become declines because the saturation of soil decrease ability to absorb water, flood flows resulting in overspill into floodplains, damage to crop and inundation of villages and houses.

Community affected by flood should be involved in the flood assessment. Why community should be involved in flood assessment; because the community has local knowledge to assess flood dept, duration, frequency and damage and the community has experience how to cope, prepare and minimize the damage. Flood risk assessment is an important element to increase community’s awareness for coping with flood hazard. “It is common to have a physical scientist or engineer to determine the probability of occurrence of the natural hazard, whereas social scientist is usually best trained to deal with vulnerability and exposure” (Nott, 2006). The combination between flood risk assessment based on physical measurement and social assessment can give valuable information in the flood risk management. Although Nott also mentioned that the users of the two approaches sometimes do not fully comprehend each other‘s assessment.


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Table1-1 Flood Event and Damage Caused by Flood in Bogowonto

No Time Area/Village/Sub village Damage

1. 1987 Bogowonto River Inundation of 6000 ha agricultural fields and village, 1,5 – 2 m depth, duration 3 months

2. 1992 Bogowonto Inundation of 6000 ha agricultural fields and village, 1-1,5 m depth, duration 3 months

3. November 2001

Desa Sumorejo ( dusun Sambir, Mejing and Tepus)

Road, bridge, school and village head office

4. 26-06-2002 Piji village bridge 5. January 2003 Durensari village

(Dadirejo, Bapangsari, Bugel, Kalirejo, Soko dan Ceper sub village)

Damage of field crops

6. January 2003 Piji and Bagelen village Inundation Bagelen village Inundation of school, village health

centre (Puskesmas) and village head office , damage road about 6 km, damage of rice field about 94,945 ha, field crop damage (Polowijo) about 40 ha, damage of orange field about 15 ha, and loss of goats and chickens

Piji Village Inundation of rice field and orange fields and damage of bridge

Kemanukan Inundation of rice field and orange fields and damage of Ngasinan dam, damage of pillar bridge, damage of water gate, and damage of dike

Bugel Inundation of rice and Soya bean crops

Krendetan, Bapangsari, and Dadirejo

Inundation of rice fields

Kalirejo Inundation of rice and crops Soko village Inundation of field crop, orange and

rice. Damage of road and bridge

7. January 2004

Semono Damage of road and bridge

Source: Flood java project (1997) and PSBA UGM (2004)


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1. 2. Problem Statement

Floods often take place along the Bogowonto river and cause damages to buildings, agricultural fields and public facilities. The floods in Bogowonto River disrupted community activities both socially and economically.

The Bagelen sub district is located in flood prone area. The topography is generally flat in Bagelen. Bagelen sub district is situated at the confluence of the river stream of Bogowonto sub watersheds. When heavy rainfall comes, Bogowonto River overtops the levee and inundates desa Bagelen.

The Purworejo district already has had flood hazard map (PSBA, 2004). I want to improve the information in the flood hazard map by taking into account the knowledge of the community who lives close to flood area and knows the situation on the area. Smith 1992 stated that social process related to hazard has received much less attention than the techno-centric engineering-based approaches to mitigation which emphasize protection, defense, constraint, and control (Merriam and Browitt, 1993).

The Purworejo flood hazard map is made using geomorphological approach. Purworejo is the district and Bagelen is one of the sub districts. A new flood hazard map should be based on the integration of geomorpological approach and community participation living in surrounding flood hazard. Remote sensing data are often suitable (large scale image) although the data can not give the detailed information of social dynamic and vulnerability and existing flood hazard map is usually out of date because the information can not describe the social condition to analyse flood risk. The integration of spatial and social assessment is important to validate the information.

1. 3. Research Objectives

The objective of this study is to improve the existing flood hazard map of Bogowonto River based on geomorphological factors, by integrating it with social assessments using a community approach.

The more specific objectives are:

1) To create flood hazard map which includes community knowledge. 2) To map the main elements at risk (people, housing and social economic

condition) influenced by flood

3) To assess the physical vulnerability (housing and other structures) and social vulnerability (people and social economic condition).

4) To analyse how the community copes with flood. 5) To integrate the local knowledge with physical condition to assess

people’s perception of flood and their reactions.


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1. 4. Research Questions and Methods

Table 1-2 Research Questions and Methods Sub

Objectives Research Questions Methods

1. Where is flood hazardous area?

PGIS Take point with GPS Digitise the boundary Classify the level of flood hazard

2. How many elements at risk are affected by flood in the study area?

Literature review Based on the flood extent, depth

and duration inundated area from report and flood hazard map in 2004.

On screen digitations of aerial photo to delineate element at risk

Observation and take point using GPS

Classify element at risk Where are the areas that have physical and social vulnerability to flood?

Interviews and questioners Take point with GPS Digitise the boundary Classify the vulnerability

3.

What are the relationships between flood depth, duration, flood extent, vulnerability and damage?

Interviews and questioners Make data table Statistical analysis

What does the community do to cope with flood (physical and social adaptation)?

Interviews and questioner data Analysis physical vulnerability Analysis social vulnerability

What is the relationship between socio economic condition and the people to cope with flood?

Interviews and questioners Make data table Statistical analysis

4.

What is the relationship between social structure and coping strategy in the community?

Interviews data Case study analysis

What is the meaning of flood for the community?

Analyze from interview data

How serious is flood for the community?


How is the people reaction to flood?


5.

How the local knowledge can be imported and integrated to assess flood?



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1. 5. Outline of the Thesis

Introduction

Literature Review

Research Methodology

Flood Hazard in Study Area

Analysis of Element At Risk(60 Households)

Social Economy Condition, People, Building

Local Knowledge andCoping Mechanism

Analysis of VulnerabilityPhysical and Social Vulnerability

Conclusion and Recomendation

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 4

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 1

Chapter 7

Figure 1-2 Design of the Thesis

The focus of Chapter 1 is to provide the background, problem statements, research objectives and research questions. Chapter 2 provides conceptual framework related to the research: flood hazard, flood vulnerability and coping strategy. This chapter provide some theoretical concept to help depth understanding in this topic. Chapter 3 provides research methods used in this research and study area.


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Chapter 4 explains flood hazard in study area. This chapter will discuss about flood hazard based on the community information and also integrated others factors related to the flood such as physical aspect. Chapter 5 explains analysis of element at risk and flood vulnerability. Element at risk in this research is related to building material, people and social economy aspect. On the other hand, flood vulnerability explains the flood physical vulnerability and flood social vulnerability. Chapter 6 explains about the local knowledge to assess the flood and the coping strategy to deal with flood. Finally, Chapter 7 is to provide conclusion and recommendation.

1. 6. Limitation of the Thesis

The building footprint is provided using the aerial photo (2000) and Ikonos image (19 July 2002) scale 1:20.000. The building inventory can be provided based on roof types from image. Because of the dense vegetation covering this area and because the image is not clear, the building inventory could not be obtained using these images. These images can be used to delineate land use in the research area. Building material is collected using fieldwork data inventory. Not all of output from social assessment is compatible with GIS such as qualitative data. Some data will be displayed in narrative. Social aspects sometimes need more descriptive explanation to know the background, history, behaviour and perspective. There is no sufficient data related to detailed DEM (Digital Elevation Model). The interval contour provided by topographic map is about 12.5 m. The researcher used Mobile GPS to take elevation point. The railway embankment passing through the village caused the difficulties in making interpolation of flood depth points using Gaussian Model.


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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE RIVIEW

This chapter includes the related literatures used to support this research. It describes the definition the hazard and disaster, flood and its impact, concept of vulnerability, PGIS, concept of coping mechanism and local knowledge.

2. 1. Flood Hazard Hazard is “extreme natural events which may affect different places singly or in combination at different times over a varying return period” (Blaikie et al., 1994).

According to Smith, “hazard is best viewed as a naturally occurring or human-induced process, or event, with the potential to create loss, that is, a general source of future danger”(Smith, 2001).

Floods are defined as extremely high flows of river, whereby water inundates flood plains or terrains outside the water-confined major river channels. Flood hazard is measured by probability occurrence of their damaging values, conceived generally as flood risk, or by their impact on society, conceives usually as the loss of lives and material damage to society (Rossi et al., 1994).

2. 2. Flood Hazard Analysis-Geomorphological and Participatory Approaches

As mentioned by Kingma (2002), the dangers of floodwaters are associated with a number of different characteristics of the flood, like depth of water, duration, velocity and sediment load, rate of rise and frequency of occurrence. Geomorphological approach consists of geomorphological analysis of the landforms and fluvial system, to be supported wherever possible by information on the past floods and detail topographic information (Kingma, 2002).

The saturated lowland became susceptible to flood, which resulted in further loss of property and life. Floodplain are areas which are relatively flat and lies adjacent either to a river, channel, or stream that is susceptible to flooding; while flood-prone areas are those floodplains which are mostly subject to recurring floods and are hazardous to development activities.

The geo-information tools used in these applications include participatory spatial data collection using RRA /PRA methods; ‘mental maps’, ‘ephemeral maps’, and participatory sketch maps and time-space diagrams; 3-dimensional models; maps; aerial photos and RS images; and GIS analyses and representations P-GIS (Participatory-GIS) is expected to be participatory and make use of local people’s information or indigenous knowledge (IK), of which local (and indigenous) spatial knowledge (ISK) is a special category. As such there is an often-made assumption


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that this GIS is a tool for better understanding and planning governance (Michael K. McCall, 2003).

2. 3. Elements at Risk and Vulnerability

Elements at Risk in this research collected were buildings/residential housing, people and social economic condition. Nott (2006) mentioned element at risk is the level of exposure, refers to the population, buildings, economic activities, public service, utilities and infrastructure that maybe impacted by the hazard.

Vulnerability is defined as the degree of loss to a given element at risk (or set of elements) resulting from a given hazard at a given severity level (UNDP, 1994). The vulnerability of an element is usually expressed as a percentage loss (or as a value between 0 to1) for a given hazard severity level.

The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards (UN, 2006).

Flood physical vulnerability and social vulnerability is tight strongly. The study of vulnerability can not be separated between physical and social economy condition. Vulnerability in this research focused on the relationship of physical factor and social economy condition.

Cutter (2003) combined the some factors that determined vulnerability. Factors that created vulnerability are geographic and social condition. The relationship between physical and social aspect supported each other to create vulnerability.

Figure 2-1.The Hazards-of-Place Model of Vulnerability (Modified from Cutter, 1996)


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2. 4. Physical Vulnerability

The study related to physical vulnerability in South East Asia was conducted by Duta and Tingsancali in Bangkok and Saut Sagala in Naga City Philippines. The methodology was based on the previous study of White and Penning-Roswell and Chatterton. Actual damage data from interview were used to make loss function. Duta and Tingsancali determined two main construction of material: wooden and non-non wooden (concrete) to create loss function. The loss function was established thought the relationship of flood water in depth and the damage in Bath (Sagala, 2006). The structural types of building are used to make sampling in interview. The relationship of flood water and damage of three structural types are developed to make curve.

Study of Flood damage effect highlights more in the case of developed countries, for instance: cases in U.K, US and Germany (Sagala, 2006). Dutta et. al. stated rarely have been any discussion of flood physical vulnerability in the developing countries, particularly in South East Asia (Sagala, 2006). White (1964) stated damage curve for different building types based on relationship between damage and flood depth. The case study was taken in a floodplain at La Follette, Tennessee, USA. Based on several flood depth and damage data, he presented the relationship of the data. Flood depths were measured from three occurrences of flood: 1950 flood, regional flood and maximum probable flood. Flood depth were measure in cm and flood damages were transferred into currency (US $). Damage curves were established on the basis of the assumption of different damage that remained in each type of house (Sagala, 2006).

Figure 2-2 Examples of Representative Properties on the Floodplain at Tennessee, USA, Source: White (cited from Sagala 2006)


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According Natural Hazards Centre Research flood water can damage residential property in at least four ways:

∗ Building materials and contents are damaged by immersion – plaster board may disintegrate, wood may swell or warp, perishable contents rot, electrical parts short out

∗ Mud, sediments and other contaminants in the flood water can cause corrosion or other decay

∗ Dampness promotes the growth of mildew – mould or fungus that can grow on anything

∗ The physical force of the water and objects swept along in the flow may damage the building structure – usually only where the velocity of the flood water is more than a few meters per second (NHCR, 2000).

Most of the flood damage data collected in Australia conducted by NHRC show that building losses are relatively minor except for the costs of replacing built-in furniture. However, recent data and overseas loss curves paint a different view. Figure 2-3 indicates contributions to damage of structure components at each stage of inundation based on FLAIR data modified for Australian conditions. The dramatic changes occur in the first 10-30 cm of over floor inundation (NHRC, 2000).

Figure 2-3 Contributions to damage from six building components for various inundation stages

To know damage of building content, NHRC (2000) integrated Contents loss curve together with data collected after the Georges River 1986 floods by Water Studies Pty Ltd. The integrated loss curve has been constructed from lists of room components and % damage-depth functions developed by FLAIR (1990). Only bedrooms, dining/lounge rooms and kitchens have been considered, with the final curve using room data in proportions derived from Water Studies data from Georges River (1986) and Nyngan (1990). The most significant feature of the loss curve is the very steep rise in the proportion of contents losses at shallow over floor depths


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losses – about 50% of contents value has been lost at a water depth of 0.5 m, and more than 80% at a depth of 1 m.

Figure 2-4 NHCR Contents Loss Curve and 1986 Georges River Data

The Georges River points are based on estimates of Actual and Potential damage for bedrooms, kitchens and dining/lounge rooms expressed as % Damage. The Figure 2-4 suggests reasonable agreement with the NHRC loss curve up to a depth of about 1.2 m. Scatter could relate to efforts by occupants to reduce actual damage, the range of asset values or multiple floor levels (NHCR, 2000). Horlick-Jones (1993) in Merriam and Browitt (1993) has identified a number of themes that have emerged from research into vulnerability;

∗ Location-the geographical proximity to the hazard in question ∗ Livelihood/circumstances-the position and status in society, which in turn is

related to wealth, class, gender, ethnicity, health and others factors. ∗ Self-protection-the capacities of population to protect itself from harm,

including access to materials knowledge and information ∗ Social protection –the extent to which society in which the population is

embedded can provide mitigation measures, including resources and technical categories

2. 5. Social Vulnerability

Blaikie et al. (1994) define vulnerability as “the characteristics of a person or group in terms of their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impact of a natural hazard. It involves a combination of factors that determine the degree to which someone’s life and livelihood are put at risk by a discrete and identifiable event in nature on in society”


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According to Sayers (2003) in Maiti (2007), vulnerability refers to the “resilience of a particular group, people, property and the environment, and their ability to respond to a hazardous condition”.

Bhatt (1997) cited Twigg (1998) stated that vulnerability is complex to map: how do you draw boundaries to vulnerable areas? Will these boundaries be geographic or administrative or economic or even from sacred geography? Similarly, what should be the unit of analysis? A family or a village, a community or labor force? Further, how to compare one type of vulnerability with another type?

These difficulties arise because investigations of vulnerability are investigations into the workings of human society, and human societies are, complex - so complex and diverse that they easily break out of any, attempts to confine them within neatly drawn frameworks, categories, and definitions. They are also dynamic, in a state of constant change, and, because they are complex and diverse, all the elements within, societies are moving, so that these changes occur in different parts of society, in different ways and at different times (Twigg, 1998).

As mentioned by Mitchell (1997) in Twigg (1998) even when we get down to grass-roots level, to studying and working with small scale communities, we soon learn that 'the community' is not single, homogeneous entity either but a dynamic mix of different, groups, forces and attitudes.

Different people are more vulnerable to certain hazards or threats than others. As explained above, this has to do with their exposure to hazards, their level of resilience and ability to cope. Equally, the same people can be more or less vulnerable at different times of the year. Such changes can occur over long periods or oscillate on a seasonal basis. Vulnerability is therefore dynamic and varies amongst different people and over time (Participatory vulnerability analysis).

A radical approach has been adopted from a Marxist approach to argue hazard that political and social structures affect human lives. According to Susman et al. (1983) in Tobin and Montz (1997) “vulnerability can be defined as the degree of which a society is at risk both in term of the probability of occurrences of an extreme physical event and the degree to which a community can absorb the effect and recover”.

Many field workers are familiar with the concept of vulnerability: that it helps to understand better the impact of disasters has on people's lives, livelihoods or environments. And equally that improving people's lives and livelihoods enable them to deal with the effects of disasters better. It has also been recognized that vulnerable communities should be actively involved in the analysis of their own vulnerability (Participatory vulnerability analysis).


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2. 6. Coping strategy

Coping with floods is defined as all those measures, with necessary policies and strategies of implementation, which a society may apply to alleviate the consequences of flood events. This may also include "doing nothing" except learning and adjusting to flood phenomena (Rossi et al., 1994).

Rossi used flood hazard reduction as a synonym of coping with flood. Flood hazard reduction includes all measures that society may apply to prevent or mitigate flood damages (Rossi et al., 1994).

Societies in the past have acted in the following ways: defense of lives and property, decrease of losses and increase the benefit of flood and attenuation of flood peak by various measures (Rossi et al., 1994).

According to Yevjevich (1994) there are 4 alternatives can be used by societies in coping strategy (Rossi et al., 1994).

1. Do nothing, either structurally or administratively. This means inducing people only to adjust in some known or new way to flood phenomenon, such as leaving flood plains mainly to agriculture, or the flood plain is inundated by "quiescent flood," depositing nutrients and leaving moisture in soil;

2. Implement only the non-structural measures for alleviating flood impacts. This is mainly done by regulating the way of using flood plains and other flood-prone land, carrying out flood defense, and, when feasible, using insurance to distribute flood risks.

3. Implement structural flood control measures only, which include intensive and extensive physical measures which change a flood generating environment (such intensive measures are: reservoirs, levees, dikes, new flood-related channels; or extensive measures usually spread over the catchments).

4. Combination of structural and non-structural measures .The availability of a large number of measures to cope with floods leads to their classification as reactive and proactive. For example, reactive measures may be the improvised defenses from floods. Proactive measures are the well-prepared and planned flood defen-ses and evacuation activity prior to flood occurrence.


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CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses about the methodology and the general overview of the study area Discussion section is about the description of study area starts and the process of this research related data preparation, data collection and analysis.

3. 1. Methodology, Material, and Software

3.1. 1. Methodology

Map of Flood depth, floodextent, duration

Existing floodhazard map

(GeomorphologicalApproach)

Elevationpoint

Ikonos

Housing (materialand Foundation

height)

People(age, sex)

Interview,Observation and

Measurement

Tophograpicmap

LanduseMap

SocialEconomicCondition

Building Inventory

60 Samples

PGIS

Map of Elements AtRisk

FloodHazard

Assessment

Research Design

FloodVulnerability

CopingMechanism

Detailed ElevationPoint using GPS

Pre Fieldwork

Fieldwork

Post Fieldwork

LocalKnowledge

Figure 3-1 Outline of the Research


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3.1. 2. Material Table 3-1 Data Requirement and Data Source

Data requirement Source

DEM Digital Topography Map (scale 1:25000) and Fieldwork

Land use Ikonos Image (19 July 2002) and Aerial photo

Socio Economic condition (income, occupation, education, number of family and well being, properties)

Interview and Secodary data

Rainfall Water Resource Agency (PSDA)

River flood map/ flood return period Java River Control Report

Flood extent, flood depth and flood duration

PGIS and interview

Flood coping strategy and flood adaptation

PGIS and interview

RBI / Administrative map Bakosurtanal†

Elements at Risk (people, agricultural field , housing and public facility)

Landuse map and observation

Physical vulnerability ( material of building, age of building, and height of foundation )

Fieldwork

Social vulnerability (collective respond, social status, social solidarity)

Fieldwork and Interview

Flood damage of structural type of building

Fieldwork

Flood Hazard Map Faculty of Geography UGM

3.1. 3. Software The research uses the following software:

1. ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) 2. Arc View 3. SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solution)

† Bakosurtanal: Indonesian National of Survey and Mapping Coordination


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Segeluh

Bedug

KalibelungSegeluh

Bedug

Kalibelung

0.2 0 0.2 Kilometers

N

Projection : UTMDatum : WGS 1984Zone : 49 S

Segeluh

Bedug

KalibelungSegeluh

Bedug

Kalibelung


N


Segeluh

Bedug

KalibelungSegeluh

Bedug

Kalibelung


N


3. 2. Study Area Description

Desa Bagelen is located along the Bogowonto River, the main river of the Bogowonto watershed. The study area is situated in the Bagelen Sub District, Purworejo District, which is part of Central Java Province. Bogowonto River is the main contributor of flooding in this area.

The districts covered Bogowonto watershed are Wonosobo, Magelang, Purworejo, and Kulonprogo. The total area of Bogowonto watershed is 651 km2. Geographically it lays in 109º55’ – 110º23’ east latitudes and 7º33’- 7º55’south longitudes and the border is North parth Wonosobo dan Magelang district, East part Kulon progo district, South part Indian Ocean, and West part Wonosobo and Kebumen district.

There dusun in desa Bagelen is selected as the study area in this research. The total area in desa Bagelen is about 357,118 hectares covering 8 sub villages (dusun). The average rainfall is 3000 mm/year.

Figure 3-2 Study Area

The reasons of selecting desa Bagelen in Purworejo district as site for research are first, flood frequently occur during the rainy season in this area. Second, flood will give impact in the socioeconomic of this area because this area is passed by main road and railroad connecting Jogyakarta province to other provinces. And the last reason, now this area is growing rapidly.


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Figure 3-3 General Overview of the Study Area

3. 3. Fieldwork Data Collection and Data Collecting Methods

3.2. 1. Data Availability Some data were available from Gadjah Mada University held by Faculty of Geography project in this area. Desa Bagelen map, Bagelen road map, Bagelen flood extent can be used in this research. Some data needed to be collected during this research were building inventory, elevation points, flood depth, flood duration, flood damage and household interview about social and economic aspects.


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3.2. 2. Fieldwork Equipments

To collect primary data, the research used certain equipment. Building inventory and elevation data are collected using Mobile GPS which consist of GPS (Global Positioning System) and PDA (Personal Digital Assistance). Digital map of road and desa Bagelen can be added in this device so the researcher can understand the position. To check the level of accuracy of the device, the PDA and GPS were carried along the road. The GPS tracks displayed on the screen of PDA are correct the same along the road and also the same along the digital road map. From Mobile GPS, the digital point data of building and elevation can be imported and transferred to the computer using Microsoft Active GPS Pathfinder. The data can be opened using Arc View software.

Figure 3-4 Mobile GPS Figure 3-5 Spatial distribution of building material

Primary data were collected using Mobile GPS to take building points (355 buildings) in desa Bagelen which consists of 3 dusun. Kalibelung, Bedug and Segeluh. The three dusuns are located in flood-prone area along the Bogowonto River. The data from building inventory were stored in the mobile GPS and also in Excel format. From 355 buildings in the table, the research classified building material into 3 categories: tembok (wall), Semi Tembok (semi wall) and Non Tembok (pleated bamboo or wood) from 3 dusun (see Table 3-3). Semi Tembok (semi wall) means half of the house is constructed with cemented bricks, sand and cement and the rest of it is using wall made of pleated bamboo or wood. Non Tembok means that the house wall is constructed by using gedhek (pleated bamboo) or wood.


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From the building inventory, the research chose 60 buildings based on wall material to take interview. Each dusun was taken 20 respondents which have different wall type materials which 12 tembok, 4 semi tembok and 4 non tembok.

Figure 3-6 Spatial Distribution of Building Inventory and Interview Households

The data from building inventory were stored in Excel format below: Table 3-2 Building Inventory in Excel Format

Beside mobile GPS, this research also needed digital camera, tape measurement and MP4 recorder. Digital camera was used to take photograph of each building type during building inventory and interview. Tape measurement was used to measure the foundation height and the flood mark in the visiting inventory or interview. And the MP4 is really useful to record interview to catch the valuable information related to


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the qualitative analysis. The building inventory activities were conducted in the last two week of July. From 355 building in the table; the researcher classified building material from 3 dusun.

0

100

200

300

Tembok Semi Tembok Non Tembok

Wall Material

Num

ber

Table 3-3 Wall Material each sub village based on the Building Inventory

Building Material Dusun

(Sub village) T ST NT Number

Kalibelung 58 13 5 76Bedug 124 19 5 148Segeluh 82 32 17 131Total 264 64 27 355

Figure 3-7 Wall Material in Study Area Source: Fieldwork Data, 2007 The graph showed that 264 buildings are tembok (wall), 64 buildings are semi tembok (semi wall) and 27 buildings are non tembok (pleated bamboo). The detail of structural type number of wall material each dusun is displayed in the table 3-3.

3.2. 3. Data Sampling

From the building inventory, the researcher chose 60 buildings based on wall material to take interview. Each dusun provided 20 respondents, with different wall type materials (12 tembok, 4 semi tembok and 4 non wall). “Random sampling is selection based on chance; all units in the target population have an equal, known chance of being selected”.

The researcher sellected systematic random sampling to capture and collect the data from fieldwork. From building inventory, the researcher groups the 355 buildings and then grouped based on 3 categories of the building material. Then the sample can be taken based on the categories of building material and dusun.

According to Nichols (1991), systematic random sampling has two advanages:

1. “It is easier to select than a simple random sampling”.

2. “It is more likely to represent all sub-groups, because you can rearrange the sampling frame in a section or classes”.


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355 buildingmaterial

(T, ST, NT)

264 T 64 ST 27 NT

36 T 12 ST 12 NT

60respondents

Bedug(20 respd)

Kalibelung(20 respd)

Segeluh(20 respd)

Population

Sample

Figure 3-8 Data Sampling

Table 3-4 Selected Respondents

Building Material Sub village T ST NT Number

Kalibelung 12 4 4 20Bedug 12 4 4 20Segeluh 12 4 4 20Total 36 12 12 60

Nichols (1991) mentioned “there is no point in using a large sample, so sample sizes in the range of 30 to 50 are normally enough. Random sampling is selection based on chance; all units in the target population have an equal, known chance of being selected.”

3. 4. Questionnaire and Interview

To achieve the objectives of the study data were collected from 60 respondents through the application of questionnaire. In-depth interview were applied to identify the communtity view. The representation will be achieved by gathered all information with all level of community (strata). Desa Bagelen located within flood-prone area along the Bogowonto River was selected to be research area. A wide range of communities are required for full understanding of the flood assessment by giving information based on their local knowledge and representing the perspective of every element in community.

Before going to the respondents the researcher also met the local authorities to get permission and overview related to flood in the research area, such as sub district official, desa leader and dusun leader. During the interview, the interaction between the the reseacher and the respondent was good. The respondents made good response in answering the questionnaire.


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The questionnaire was to gain the information from the community related to flood extent, depth-duration, socio economic condition, flood damage, local knowledge related to flood assessment and other information related to strategies developed in the community (coping mechanism). Interviews were also conducted to collect the more valuable information to analyse vulnerability and coping mechanism. The design of the questionnaire is adapted from literature review related to vulnerability and coping strategy. When the interview took place, the researcher herself asked and explored the interview process without a translator because the researcher can speak fluently using Javanese language.

3. 5. Participatory GIS

Community-based spatial data can be processed and analysed using GIS. The main datasets are obtained from interviews through questionnaire survey. Interviews of respondents can be collected, and include use of GPS to know the location.

Basically the original ground data can be used directly using GIS software. Community information (paper format) is needed to be transferred into digital data for the spatial analysis by Arc View and ILWIS software. Water depth information (taken from community) also can be made by various interpolation methods in GIS software (Sagala, 2006).

P-GIS is useful because the main data are community knowledge and the involvement of community (community participatory) is good method to increase community awareness and decrease vulnerability. The involvement of community information to the spatial data is very important. This kind of mapping will help the community to help themselves for quick assessment during pre and post disaster situation. They can estimate the flood depth based on their experience. They also know the duration, frequency and damage.

3. 6. Data Analysis

The data were analyzed by using statistical and qualitative methods. Regression analyzes are used to know the correlation between each elements at risk and vurnerability. The vulnerability value ranges from 0 to 1. Qualitative method is used to explain the case.

Both the quantitative and qualitative analyses were used to provide some descriptive evidence.Descriptive methods try to better understanding how people think and talk about a problem, so that the survey instrument they develop includes the relevant concepts and appropriate terminology. Descriptive methods may also be used to follow up on data analysis with in-depth investigations of why certain outcomes were found. The regression and Chi-Square analysis are used to generate vulnerability functions that are showing the relation between flood depth and vulnerability and to show the relationship between depth-vulnerability and duration for each of the elements at risk.


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CHAPTER 4 FLOOD HAZARD IN STUDY AREA

This chapter includes the discussion of flood hazard based on the information of participatory assessment. The flood point data are interpolated to make flood model. Additional information is related to geomorphology, rainfall and land use.

4. 1. Bagelen Flood Extent

Flood hazard map was sourced from Faculty of Geography Gadjah Mada University, as an input map to know about flood in Bagelen. This map only consists of flood extent, so this research tries to explore more local knowledge about flood extent and flood height based on participatory approach. Using map and Ikonos image, the researcher met the community to identify the flood point in order to know the flood extent and flood height.

Figure: 4-1. Bagelen Flood Extent Map of 2004 Flood Source KKL 2004 Faculty of Geography UGM

This map was made based on primary data survey and institutional data (secondary data). Primary data were conducted to get information related to soil and geomorphology data such as flood plain, natural levee and hilly complex. Secondary data related to flood in this area were collected from literature, news, and institution.


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4. 2. Bagelen Flood Points based on Participatory Approach

The flood extent above is useful to give information to the researcher about the flood in Bagelen. But the map above is more valuable if it is added with some other information to assess flood. Community living in flood hazardous area are really important as key persons to give their knowledge and experience related to flood. The information related to flood’s depth, extent and duration can be gathered by using simple PGIS (Participatory Geographic Information System). In this case, the researcher brought the printed Ikonos of 19 July 2002, Bagelen map and mobile GPS. Researcher asked about flood depth, flood duration and flood extent to the community while taking the GPS mobile points (see Figure 4-2). A mental map/sketch map about the flood hazardous area is also made by the community.

Figure 4-2 Simple PGIS (from left local community, village leader, young generation, and religion leader)

This Community said that the 2004 flood event was worse than the normal annual flood. Historically, some elder people (who remembered the 1965 flood event) could recall that the 2004 flood event was worse even than the 1965’s one. The involvement of community information to the spatial data is very important. The map will help the community for quick assessments during and after the flood. Mental mapping summarized from the community showed that they already know where they live in flood prone area. They can draw sketch maps and they recognize that some areas in dusun Segeluh are lower than other locations and usually they are flooded. They also know that dusun Kalibelung and natural levees are higher than dusun Segeluh. They can estimate the flood depth based on their experience. They also know the duration, frequency and damage better than other people/experts who come from other area. Some areas in dusun Bedug are affected by flood because of the railway that blocks the flood flow while the rest of the area in dusun Bedug located near the main road is safer. This kind of mapping will help the community to


26

help themselves for quick assessment during pre and post disaster situation. From the participatory approach, the researcher could identify the 92 flood height points.

Figure 4-3 Flood Height/Depth Point Map

These points were also validated through the flood marks that still remain on the wall. People still remember well about the 2004 flood event in Bagelen, especially about the flood depth and the duration. In dwellings which had not been painted yet, the flood marks could easily be seen and measured at the wall. Some community intentionally did not want to erase the flood marks because they wanted to remember the flood. The dotted line (see Figure 4-4) demarcates and reminds them of the flood depth.

Figure 4-4 Flood Marks still Remain in the Wall and Door (from left local community showed flood mark, middle Dr. Mike McCall, and flood mark measurement)


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4. 3. Flood Hazard Model

4.3. 1. Measuring Elevation It is necessary to know the elevation of this area. Using mobile GPS, researcher took the elevation points. The elevation points taken from fieldwork were overlaid with Bagelen topographic map. The elevation points were interpolated using spherical kriging in ILWIS.

Figure 4-5 Elevation of the Desa Bagelen The elevation height can give information about estimates of water behavior during flood. The desa Bagelen is passed by a railroad built in 1949 by the Dutch. The railway is about 3-4 meters higher than the surrounding areas. . The flood can not flow well as it is blocked by the railway embankment which acts like an artificial dike in the middle of desa Bagelen. The drainage system of the railway is very bad so the water gets stuck to the North East of railway. The elevation gradually increases from the west part to the east. The elevation varies from 7 to 20 meters above mean sea level. West of the railroad in dusun Segeluh is lower than north east of the railway. The height of dusun Kalibelung is almost the same as dusun Bedug located north east of the railroad (see Figure 3-2 and 4-9). The flood depth in dusun Kalibelung is lower than in dusun Bedug. If there were no railway passing this village, the flood depth in dusun Kalibelung and Bedung could be the same. But North East of the railway, the flood depth can reach approximately 2 meters because of the railway. The railway elevation is about 16-18 metres above


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mean sea level. The water can not reach the height of the railway embankment (flood depth=0 in the railway).

4.3. 2. Flood Point Interpolation

In Ilwis 3.0 Academic User’s Guide”Kriging is a statistical method based on the theory of regionalized variables. Before we use kriging, we must make semi variogram model, which determines the interpolation function”. Based on discussion with Rossiter (personal communication, Nov. 2007), the Gaussian model is the best interpolation to be applied in flood, “If we have some other evidence of its spatial behaviour. For example, a Gaussian model might be expected for a phenomenon which physically must be very continuous, e.g. the surface of a ground-water table”. The step to make kriging method

∗ Step 1: Examining the input data ∗ Step 2: Calculating experimental variogram ∗ Step 3: Modelling Variogram ∗ Step 4: Kriging Interpolation

AvgLag x SemiVar

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000AvgLag

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Sem

iVar

AvgLag x SemiVar

Figure 4-6 Spatial Variogram of 92 Flood Points

PGIS and the flood mark measurement of the flood depths have resulted 92 flood depth points. These points are used to make variogram model and Gaussian graph used in interpolation. After making spatial correlation and Gaussian graph (see Figure4-6), data values of 92 flood depths did not have good spatial trend related to their coordinates. Although the location is nearby, the value of flood depth did not continuously have the same value because the railroad (like artificial dike) hindered the flood flow. The water depth North East of the railroad is about 2 meters, the


29

water depth west of the railway is less than 1 meter, and the water depth at the railway embankment is 0 meter. According to D.G Rositer, a variogram model is determined by the sample size. The stochastic simulation from an assumed true variogram suggests: 1. < 50 points: not at all reliable 2. 100 to 150 points: more or less acceptable 3. > 250 points: almost certainly reliable

Figure 4-7 Graphs of Authorized Variogram for Gaussian Model

Spatial variogram of 92 flood depth points did not indicate good statistical pattern to make Gaussian model. The graph should be like the authorized variogram for the Gaussian model. Because the railroad passed this area, the 92 flood points are separated into flood west of the railway points and flood east of the railroad points. The 0 flood depth points which are located along the railroad embankment and south east of the the village must be removed. The spatial variogram was made using 52 flood west railroad points. This spatial variogram was also applied for north east railroad. The researcher tried to compose the combination of sill, nugget and range to fit with the authorized for Gaussian Model. After running some kriging, researcher got the best of sill, nugget and range, although it is not the same with graphs of authorized variogram models. To run Gaussian model, the researcher used spatial variogram with nugget 0.02, sill 0.7 and range 8 in ILWIS (see Figure 4-8). Firstly, researcher runs the Gaussian for the flood of west railway. Secondly, researcher also ran the Gaussian for flood in the north east of railway with the same spatial variogram. Glue the result of the Gaussian model in one map. The result of Gaussian was checked with the flood depth points.


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AvgLag x SemiVar

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900AvgLag

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

Sem

iVar

Gaussian ModelAvgLag x SemiVar

Figure 4-8 Spatial Variogram Flood West Railroad Points

4.3. 3. Flood Hazard Model

The statistical pattern shows the trend of the flood data but there are only few points to make good spatial variogram. This is one of the methodological problems to make Gaussian Model. The flood hazard model below shows that the flood ranges from 0 until 2.4 meters.

Figure 4-9 Flood Hazard Model


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The figure shows that not the whole area of desa Bagelen is affected by flood. The flood depth in south east area of desa Bagelen ranges from 0-0.5 meter.

4.3. 4. People’s / Community Perception of Flood Hazard

In the interviews, community members described that almost every year this area is affected by flood. Further questions were asked in order to know more details about the floods based on people’s experiences of dealing with flood. While (a) the depth is usually taken into account as the most important factor on residential damage, other factors which are also important (b) duration of inundation, (c) flood water velocity and (d) building age. a) Flood Depth From the interviews, the community classified the flood level into three classes, (low, moderate and high).

Table 4-1 Flood Level based on Community Opinion

Symbol Flood Depth Flood Level

1 if flood height > 1 meter high 2 if flood height 0.5 m <= 1 meter moderate 3 if flood height <= 0.5 meter low

The flood levels above (in Table 4.1) indicate people’s opinions about dealing with flood and the coping mechanism. People said that if flood is from ‘moderate’ until ‘high’; it disrupts their activity and threatens their belongings. If water is about 1 meter they should stay in tongkrongan, they should evacuate to safer place, and they could not go to work because they should take care and watch their belongings. People argue that flood does not really make big damage in their house and belongings if the water less than 0.5 meter. They say they can manage this level of flood b) Duration According to the interviews the duration is less than 12 hours. The flood duration in dusun Segeluh reaches 10 hours in average. The average flood duration in dusun Kalibelung reaches almost 6 hours. And the duration in dusun Bedug reached 8 hours in average. The result showed that the flood duration in dusun Segeluh was higher than in dusun Kalibelung and Bedug.

c) Water Velocity The force of the water sweeps away everything along the flow of water and damages the building structures – when the velocity of the flood is very strong. According to the interviews, the velocity of the flood is fast when it can wash away goats, chicken,


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chairs etc and people could not swim, although there is no formal measurement of the velocity. The characteristic of flood in rural area is different from in urban area such as Jakarta city. The inundation of water is in terms of hours. In rural area flood can flow easily as there is no constraints such as dense buildings, waste, infrastructures, etc, while in urban area the flood flows slowly as there are so many constraints such as dense buildings, infrastructures, waste etc. d) Building Age Building age is also important to take into account the strength of the building to withstand flood. The table shows that 75 % of the buildings in this area were built more than 10 years ago. Building material and age can give more safety to the owner of the house in withstanding flood.Building age can play a contributing factor to the amount of flood losses, as age can indicate the condition of the building and materials used in construction.

Table 4-2 Building age Building Age Number %

0-10 years 15 2511-20 years 28 4721-30 years 12 20> 30 years 5 8Total 60 100

4.3. 5. Rainfall Data The most important causes of floods are atmospheric hazards; most notably rainfall (Nott, 2006). Bagelen has two tropical seasons; rainy season and dry season. Rainy season normally starts from September to June. The graph was produced from rainfall data in 9 rainfall stations. The stations are Banyuasin, Bruno, Cengkawak, Guntur, Kaligesing, Katerban, Kedungputri, Maron, and Purwodadi. The daily peak rainfall in January 2004 increased sharply causing flood in this area. It happened in 30 January 2004; people did not realize that the flood would come very fast although they have experience in flood. The heavy rainfall resulted in high run-off and caused flood.


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0

50

100

150

200

250

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990Year

Rai

nfa

ll (m

m)

Year

January Peak Rainfall

January Average Rainfall

Figure 4-10 Daily Peak Rainfall and Daily Average Rainfall in January 1990-2006

Source: PSDA

The peak rainfall of the January 2004 event had resulted in flood. Flood depths reached 2.5 meters, in certain area, and the water velocity was fast (interview result). Flood is usually generated by heavy rainfall. Chapman stated “the most common causes of floods are intense and/or prolonged precipitation”(Nott, 2006).

4.3. 6. Geomorphology

Flood is really close to the gemorphological process. Erosion takes place in the upstream part of the watershed and sedimentation in down stream part of the watershed.

Figure 4-11 Geomorphology in Bagelen


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Erosion in the upstream areas is caused by land use/land cover change. Farmers in upperstream area located in Wonosobo district cut the forest and change to agricultural land to plant tobbaco. Tobbaco is the main exported product in this district. Due to this landuse change the run off increases sharply during heavy rainfall. Sedimentation can be found in down stream along the river and farmers in dusun Segeluh also cultivate this sedimented land to grow dry agricultural commodities such as ground nut, tobbaco and vegetables. Farmers in dusun Segeluh also claim this land into their ownership. The erosion in the downstream of Bogowonto watershed is about 69 ton/ha/year (BPDAS, 2001).

Bagelen is located in the lowland area of Bogowonto watershed and most of this area is alluvial plain.Topography in this area is relatively flat. The elevation of the study area ranges from 8 to 17 m above sea level in western part. Some parts in east area are hilly areas, while the west areas are more frequently exposed to flood. Natural levees are located along Bogowonto river.

4.3. 7. Landuse

Types of landuse are influenced by social economic condition and geographic aspect. Desa Bagelen is located in flood plain area and the main livelihood is mainly from agricultural sector. The type of rural activities will affect the land use.

Figure 4-12 Land Use in Bagelen

There are three main land use types within the study area; agricultural land, mixed plantation and settlement. Landuse in this area is dominated by settlement. Characteristic of rural settlement in Java is usually home gardens, house plus dense vegetation in homestead. Another land use in this area is back swamp which is cultivated for agricultural land. Hilly complex in east part is used to grow mixed plantation. Back swamp area is cultivated by community from dusun Kalibelung. Farmer plant paddy in wet season and in dry season they plant crops such as ground nut, maize in dry season.


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CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTS AT RISK AND

VULNERABILITY This chapter includes the information of elements at risk physically and socially. The elements at risk include the characteristic of the building, people, and social economic condition gathered from 60 respondents. This chapter discusses detailed information of elements at risk. The next discussion is to assess certain vulnerability of the elements at risk. Physical vulnerability is to assess the structural type of building based on the information of elements at risk in flood event. The social vulnerability is to assess characteristic of people and social economic condition when flood happened.

5. 1. Analysis of Elements at Risk In this chapter, the focused discussion was based on the detail information gathered from 60 households/respondents to assess elements at risk and vulnerability. Household Definition according to BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics) mentions that an ordinary household is a person or a group of people living in a physical/census building or part thereof that make common provision for food and other essentials of living. As I mention in the methodology/flowchart, I chose only three types of elements at risk namely people, social economic conditions and building.

5.1. 1. Information of Age and Sex Information of people sex and age is gathered from 60 households during interview to know number of family, age of the family member, and sex of each member of household. This information will be used to know age and sex composition in households. Sex and Age of Family Member Data related to sex of each family member are important to know the concentration of the gender in each household. The data are taken from 60 respondents that represent 220 people. The Table 5-1 shows that from 220 people, the number of males 103 (47%) is lower than females 117 (53 %).

Table 5-1 Distribution of Sex and Age

Age Female Male Number 0-15 22 32 5415-30 23 15 3830-45 21 14 3545-60 22 23 45>60 29 19 48Total 117 103 220


36

The information of sex and age in household can be used to analyze how the distribution of labor before, during and after flood and to analyze the vulnerability. From 220 people, the age composition is dominated by children 0-15 years old followed by elder people more than 60 years old. Young generation are fewer than old generation and children. The children still stay in this area because they still study. The old generation still stay because they already had their livelihood in this area. The trend of urbanization was influenced by push factor from rural area and pull factor from the destination of migration. The cities (as destination) gave opportunity to get variety of job opportunity. Demographic educational research has shown that young people who possess higher levels of formal education tend to move out of rural communities (Corbett, 2007). The migration of young people from rural to urban is caused by the push factor of the insecurity of livelihood in rural areas. The opportunity to get job outside in farming sector is difficult. It can be explained that after finishing school young generations go to city like Bandung, Jakarta or Semarang. The migrants come to Jakarta for economic reason as these cities offered hopes of jobs and good salaries. Age of Household Head

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

20-30 30-40 40-50 >50

Head Household Age

Perc

ent (

%)

The age of household head is dominated by old generation. 57% of the household head are over 50 years, 5% below 30 years, while 38% of head households are between 30-40 and 40-50 years.

Figure 5-1 Age of Household Head Household Size The size of family in households is small as shown in graph. Young married couples tend to follow family planning. The second reason; old generations still live in this area otherwise their children go to Jakarta, Semarang, Surabaya and Bandung.

0

10

20

30

40

0-3 4-6 >6

Family Size

Num

ber

As shown in Figure 5-2, the household size of the interviewed respondents varies. The size of the surveyed was dominated by the household with 0-3 of family members, followed by the 4-6 family size and the > 6 family size.

Figure 5-2 Distribution of Family Size


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Government supports family planning program to reduce the rapid growth in population and make small family. Indonesia has begun its population program since 1970 when the birth rate was 5.6%. The program has achieved great success in lowering birth rates and in increasing the use of contraceptives. Indonesia's family planning program promotes smaller families to improve family welfare.

5.1. 2. Information of Social Economy Condition

Educational Level of Household Head The household survey found that most respondents had low levels of education, about 73% of total respondents had less than or equal to 9 years of schooling.

Figure 5-3 Distribution of Education Level

Majority of the respondents are in elementary level (32 %) and junior level (32%), whereas senior school (23%) and uneducated respondent (10%). Only 2 respondents (3%) have university education background who works as teachers. The high portion of uneducated and elementary school education can be explained that the respondents are the old generation (more than 50 years) and there is no compulsory education program. Education level will influence the quality of life such as low education people in this village work as agricultural worker or farmer. They usually have low income; do not have another skill to increase their income. When flood occurs, the people will difficult to recover and afford their loss belonging. Basic education is in principle a general education of nine-year old children, consisting of six years of primary school education and three years of junior high education. The goal of basic education is to provide the students with basic skills to develop themselves as individuals, members of society, citizens and members of mankind, as well as to prepare them to pursue their study in secondary education.

0

10

20

30

40

Uneducated ElementarySchool

YuniorSchool

SeniorSchool

University

Education Level

Perc

ent (

%)


38

Occupation of Household Head The occupation opportunity in the research is mainly provided by agricultural sector. Non agricultural sector is related to government official, trader and entrepreneur. The worker’s occupation is not provided in this area but in other city. Every working day they stay in other city and every weekend they go home as commuters. From 60 respondents, agricultural employees have the highest number of the occupation, they are 24 people (40%), followed by farmers and traders/entrepreneurs there are about 10 (17%) of each. Retired government officials are about 8 (13%). The two last the occupations are workers 5% and government official 8%.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Worker

Trader/enterpreneur

Farmer

Agri. Employee

Former Gov. Official

Gov. Official

Num

ber

Occupation

Figure 5-4 Distribution of Occupation

Figure 5-4 illustrates the occupation of household head of the respondents. From 60 households, the main income is from agricultural labours. Agricultural labourers or agricultural employees are farmers who do not have their own agricultural land (landless farmers). There are 3 systems of the relationship of landlord and agricultural employee:

1. Sewa System (Rental System) Farmers rent the agricultural land yearly and provide production cost for rice seed, fertilizer, cultivation and harvesting cost. 2. Maro System (Dividing System) Agricultural employees cultivate the agricultural land provided by landlord. Landlords also provide production cost for rice seed, fertilizer, cultivation and harvesting. The harvested crops will be divided equally between the landlord and the agricultural employee. 3. Daily Wage System In this case agricultural employees only use their power in agricultural sector and they will get the daily wage from the landlord.

Government officials in this area are those who work for government as teachers, civil servant and army/police. Respondents with these occupations have good social economic condition and people give them high social status. People who have certain


39

skill work as entrepreneur such as tailors, workshops and carpenters. Desa Bagelen is also near to Krendeten market, small market located in desa Krendetan, 5% of the respondents work as traders in this market. The information of occupation is important to explain the livelihood and coping strategy to store the paddy. The information of occupation will be used to assess social vulnerability. Farmer could not go to work because the land inundated during flood. Entrepreneur could not continue to work because the machine production is also inundated by flood. Land Tenure of Household The sources of income of each of these household types depend on their ownership of factors of production. Land ownership is the main determinant of agricultural income. The income level of farming household is determined by the size of farm land ownership. From the Figure 5-4, the main incomes come from agricultural sector. The definition bellow is based primarily on the household income and expenditure survey called SAM (Social Accounting Matrix) from BPS Agricultural employees- Agricultural workers who do not own land Small farmers - Agricultural workers with land < 0.5 ha Medium farmers - Agricultural workers with land 0.5 ~ 1 ha Large farmers - Agricultural workers with land >1 ha Rural low income - non-agricultural households, consisting of small retail store

owners, small entrepreneurs, small personal service providers, and clerical and manual workers in rural areas

Rural high income (non-agricultural) households consisting of manager’s technicians, professionals, military officers, teachers, large entrepreneurs, large retail store owners, large personal service providers, and skilled clerical workers in rural areas.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 100 - 1000 1000-2000 2000-5000 5000-10000 >10000

Land Tenure (m2)

Perc

ent (

%)

Figure 5-5 Distribution of Land Tenure

The majority of farming land ownership has less than one hectare. The Figure 5-5 explains that 60 % of respondents are landless farmers, followed by the small farmers whose land tenure ranges between 100 m2 to 5000 m2. The medium and large


40

farmers are the smallest portion in this land tenure graph is only about 1.67 % and 3. 33 %. The agricultural employee and small farmers suffer from the limited access of land possession and ownership. The farmer’s household lives depend on the aspect of land possession and the ability to mobilize their family members to work on farm land. There are big disparities of land ownership distribution of land ownership by farmer. Brammer mentioned the situation of Bangladesh which faced with natural hazard and there was imbalance between the population and the non-availability of land made people more vulnerable. In rural areas of Bangladesh 30-50 % of the households are landless. Landlessness has pushed people into poverty, marginalized and vulnerable to hazard (Merriam and Browitt , 1993). Monthly Income of Household Monthly income in this area varies from low, medium to high income; depending on the main income source. The income category is based on the Regional Minimum Wage of Purworejo’s Regency in 2006 about Rp. 450000 (Rp. 13000 = 1 E). The income source below Rp. 500.000 is mainly from agricultural employees, traders, or small entrepreneurs. The middle income source usually comes from medium farmers and retired civil government. And the high income source is from large farmers and government officials.

0102030

40506070

0-500000 500000-1000000 >1000000

Income

Perc

ent (

%)

The Figure 5-6 illustrates that the monthly income is categorized low about 58%. Followed by medium income is about 27%. And the high income categorize is about 15%.

Figure 5-6 Distribution of Monthly Income The low income is dominated by agricultural employees especially in the daily wage system. According to BPS, in Augustus 2007, the daily wage of agricultural employee in Java Island was about 13,248 rupiah per day. The other problem of farmer income, as rice producer, is related to the high production cost such as the increase of fertilizer price and the low sale price of the unshelled rice (gabah) applied to the farmer. When flood inundates agricultural area, farmers also get the impact of it such as the low quality of the harvest.


41

The average monthly income from 60 households is 668,000 rupiah but the median of the monthly income is 450,000 rupiah. It can be explained that there is big gap between high income and low income. Some household also have additional source of income especially for housewives who try to make small entrepreneurs, shop or home industries in their houses (see Table 5-5). Monthly Expenses of Household The three main expenses spent monthly by the households. This information is gathered during interview are for food consumption, electricity and transportation expense. The expense varied due to the number of educational age in household related to educational expense, life style related to food consumption and their properties related to electricity cost.

0

10

20

30

40

Low Medium High

Expense

Num

ber

The figure 5-7 illustrates that the monthly expense that is categorized low is about 61%. Followed by medium expense is about 32%. And the high expense categorize is about 7%.

Figure 5-7 Distribution of Monthly Expense The average monthly expense from 60 households is 440,000 rupiah and the median of the expense is 391,000 rupiah. The average daily expense is about 13,000 rupiah equal to 1 euro per household. The low income households try to limit their expense by operating subsistence lifestyle. They try to plant vegetables around their houses to be consumed everyday. From the interviews, the households did not care about the variety of menu or quality standard of food. The most important consumption is carbohydrate from rice. To reduce transportation cost, households use bicycle to go to their work or to school. For the special occasion or unexpected event such as sick or school payment, people also borrow some money from their neighbourhoods or from the arisan (money collected by community). Electricity Cost Electricity cost is determined by the use of electricity energy. The electricity cost is paid every month. The amount of electricity payment is indicated the social economic condition related to the electronic ownership. The low income group uses the minimum of electric power because they only use the electricity for lamps and radio. The average payment is below 20,000 rupiah per month. The high income households with high consumption of energy pays more than 60,000 rupiah per month for the operation of TV, refrigerator, lamp, water


42

pump, etc. 1 out of 60 respondents does not use the electricity service because she has very low income and does not have any electric appliances.

0

10

20

30

Rp.0-Rp.20000 Rp.20000-Rp.40000

Rp.40000-Rp.60000

>Rp.60000

Electricity Cost

Num

ber

Figure 5-8 Distribution of Electricity Cost

Ownership of goods The ownership of each household consists of three types; electrical equipment, vehicle, and livestock ownerships. The ownership indicates the household welfare and social economic status. Ownership of Electrical Goods Table5-2 shows that 13 of respondents do not have electrical goods. The electrical goods in the research area are dominated by TV and radio. People can afford to buy them because they want to have news and entertainment from these media chiefly. The amusement facilities were rare although desa Bagelen is located in the centre of sub district. They only see the traditional performance such as Wayang (puppet performance) and Ketoprak (traditional opera show) every year to celebrate Independence Day. Information of electrical good will be analyzed more in coping strategy.

Table 5-2 Electrical Goods Ownership No Type Electronic Ownership Number

1 No Electronic 13 2 Radio 8 3 Radio and TV 19 4 Radio, TV, magic jar, VCD player 6

5 TV, Radio, Magic Jar, VCD Player, Water Pump, Refrigerator, Computer 14

60 Vehicle Ownership There are three kinds of vehicles ownership: car, motorcycles and bicycles. The ownership of bicycle is dominant among others as the topography of desa Bagelen is flat. It is easy to ride bicycle and other reason is that bicycle as the vehicle to go to


43

working place or school because it is a cheap transportation to get to their working place (in agricultural sector) and school are not too far from their home, it is about 3-4 km. In coping mechanism, people entrust motorcycle to the safer place.

0

10

20

30

40

50

car motorcycle cycle

Ownership

Num

ber

Figure 5-9 Distribution of Vehicle

The graph shows only 4 households (7%) of 60 respondents who have car. 23 (38%) of 60 respondents have motorcycles. The bicycle ownership is 39 households (65% of total respondent). Respondents sometimes have more than one type of vehicles.

Livestock Ownership People especially for the poor ones in this area have poultry (chicken and duck) and goats. The feed resources for chickens and ducks depend on local resources and the farming system. People provide feed supplements such as maize, gabah (unshelled paddy), cassava, and food residues. Sometimes people let chickens and ducks scavenge to meet their nutritional feed.

0 10 20 30 40 50

Goat

Poultry

Live

stoc

k O

wne

rshi

p

Number

>6

3-6

1-3

no

Figure 5-10 Distribution of Livestock Ownership

Farmers used their animals for future sale and saving purpose. Most livestock are kept near the home or put out to pasture on communal grazing land. Livestock have contributed to increase income in rural families and provide a renewable asset. Livestock is a ready source of cash. In rural and farming household, nearly poor families in this desa are owners of poultry but not all of them have sheep or goats. People invest in these animals because they need local resources such as grass to feed them.They only need low cost to keep and the production is feasible at desa household. Livestock makes an important contribution to give additional income. Livestock products can be sold to meet essential family needs such as school fees and additional expenses.


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5.1. 3. Buildings

Wall Material The majority type of material used for constructing wall house is from bricks, sand, and cement. Tembok (wall) means that wall material made of bricks, sand and cement. Table 5-3 illustrates that 74 % of building is constructed with wall material.

Table 5-3 Wall Material Description from Building Inventory

Wall material No of house Percent (%) Tembok (wall) 264 74Semi Tembok (semi wall) 64 18Non Tembok (Pleated Bamboo) or Wood 27 8Total 355 100

Semi Tembok (semi wall) means half of the house is constructed with cemented bricks, sand and cement and the rest of it is using wall made of pleated bamboo or wood. Non Tembok means that the house wall is constructed by using gedhek (pleated bamboo) or wood. From inventory of 355 buildings, researcher determined 60 respondents based on the following categories.

Table 5-4 Selected Respondent Based On Wall Material Wall material No of house Percent (%)

Tembok 36 60 Semi Tembok 12 20 Gedeg or Wood 12 20 Total 60 100

Building Function Building function in the research area consist of 2 functions; as a house and a house plus. Building designated as a “house” is only used by the owner as a home without economic activity, but the term “house plus” means that there is household activity to earn money or home industry. 12 of 60 respondents have their economic activity such as shops, workshops and home industries. Some of their activities are the main household income and the rest is done by housewife who wants to get additional income Table 5-5 Building Function

Building Function Number % House 48 80.00House Plus 12 20.00Total 60 100


45

The economic activity was stopped because of flood. It would be difficult for household to operate the activity during flood. These households were more vulnerable because they could not get income. Floor Material Floor material is also important to know the strength to withstand flood. The floor material also indicates the welfare of the household. The floor quality will reflect the quality of the owner’s life. One indicator from BKKBN, family welfare in Indonesia is indicated from floor material and wall material. It means that if the floor is from soil, the family has a lower standard of living, and if the floor is from cement or ceramic tiles, the family welfare is better.

Table 5-6 Floor material Floor Material Number %

Cement/ceramic 49 82Soil 11 18 60 100

Floor material in the study area is dominated by cement and ceramic. The other material is from soil. The floor material from soil is more vulnerable than cement and ceramic during flood. After the water gets on the soil floor, the floor becomes wet and damaged. It can be assumed that the low income household prefers to use soil material otherwise they face high expenses with ceramic and cement. The following table is the combination between wall material and floor material.

Table 5-7 Cross tabulation of wall material and floor material Wall Material Floor material Tembok Semi Tembok Non Tembok

Cement or ceramic tile 34 11 4 Soil 2 1 8 Total 36 12 12

From the cross tabulation of wall material and floor material, three types of structural building founded during the fieldwork activities area will be analyzed to know the building vulnerability:

1. Structural Type 1 The wall is made of bricks with plaster or without plaster. This wall material is common in this area because people make bricks to build house and sand is mined from Bogowonto River. Brick wall is usually combined with cement or ceramic floor. 2. Structural Type 2 The wall material is made from the combination of brick and wood or brick and bamboo. Half of the house, the lower part, is constructed with bricks and the rest of it with wood or bamboo (the local term “gedhek”). The floor material is usually from cement.


46

3. Structural Type 3 The wall material is made from wood or bamboo (gedhek). The floor material from soil is commonly used with this wall material (see the cross tabulation). The vulnerability of structural type building depends on the type of the construction to withstand flood. The material to construct the building also indicates social economic condition because the better quality of material, the more expensive will be. Black (1975) in AGSO cited by Peters Guarin (2003) mentioned that building construction/materials are factors which influence susceptibility to structural failure.

Structural Type 1 (tembok wall and cement/ceramic floor)

Structural Type 2 (semi tembok wall and cement/ceamic floor)

Structural Type 3 (non tembok wall and soil floor)

Figure 5-11 Structural Types of Buildings


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5. 2. Vulnerability Assessment

5.2. 1. Vulnerability Assessment for Physical Vulnerability The physical vulnerability is done with the following framework. In chapter 4, a flood hazard model had been made by interpolation of the flood depths. Physical vulnerability is produced from 3 structural types of building (building material) and foundation height vs. flood hazard. Stage damage curve was made from the information flood damage due to structural type of building.

Flood Mark Measurementand PGISInterview Element At Risk

Damage of StructuralType of Building

Flood Depth Points

Structural Type ofBuilding Map

Foundation HeightMap

Interpolation

Gaussian Model

Flood Hazard Map

Stage Damage Curve

Combination IFF Function ( WallMaterial, Foundation Height and

Flood Depth) in Ilwis

Physical Vulnerability Mapof 60 Households

Figure 5-12 Brief Procedure of Physical Vulnerability


48

State damage curve The vulnerability of an element is usually expressed as a percentage loss (or as a value between 0 - 1) for a given hazard severity level. According to Peters Guarin (2003) “It could be established that not all households suffered the same damage during flood”. The measure of loss used depends on the element at risk, and accordingly may be measured as a ratio of the numbers of killed or injured to the total population, as a repair cost or as the degree of physical damage defined on an appropriate scale. In a large number of elements, like building stock, it may be defined in terms of the proportion of buildings experiencing some particular level of damage (UNDP, 1994). Damage to physical building in this research referred to the damage of wall and floor.

Table 5-8 Description of Vulnerability of Structural Type of Building

Damage Description If the materials ( wall and floor) do not get damage to the certain level of flood depth 0

If the materials (wall and floor) do not need any repairing and replacement cost but only clean up cost. If one material (between floor and wall) gets little damage due to certain level of flood depth 0.25

The materials do not need any replacement cost but they need cleaning and painting cost If one material (between floor and wall) gets half damage due to certain level of flood depth 0.5

The materials need any repairing cost due to the damage If both materials ( floor and wall) get damage due to certain level of flood 0.75

The materials need repairing cost for both the material damage If one or both materials get damage and need replacement cost 1

Both materials get damage, one material needs replacement cost, another needs repairing cost

Adopted and modified from Sagala (2006) The stage damage curve above illustrates the percentage of damage in each structural type of building based on the information of the people and observation. Researcher asked the damage caused by flood during interview. The people still remembered the damage to their floor and wall because 2004 flood event was the highest flood in more than 10 years.


49

Structural Type 1

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

0 100 200 300

Water Depth (cm)

Vuln

erab

ility

The curve indicates that this material is strong to withstand flood. When flood reaches 70 cm, the vulnerability value is 0. When water increases to 90 cm, it started to cause damage. The vulnerability value is 0.5, if water reaches 140 cm. The curve line bends for the increasing water and the vulnerability is 0.5 until the peak of water about 2.5.

Structural Type 2

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

0 100 200 300

Water Depth (cm)

Vuln

erab

ility

The curve indicates this material is less strong to withstand flood. When flood reaches 55 cm, the vulnerability value is 0. When water increase to 80 cm, it started to cause damage. The vulnerability value is 0.5, if water reaches 120 cm. The vulnerability value is 0.75, if water reaches 180 cm. The curve line bends for the increasing water reaching 180 and the vulnerability is 0.75 until the peak of water about 2.5.

Structural Type 3

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

0 100 200 300

Water Depth (cm)

Vuln

erab

ility

The curve indicates this material is weak to withstand flood. When flood reaches 30 cm, the vulnerability value is 0. When water increases to 50 cm, it starts to cause damage. The vulnerability value is 0.5, if water reaches 80 cm. The vulnerability value is 0.75, if water reached 150 cm. The curve line bended for the increasing water reaching 150 and the vulnerability is 0.75 until the peak of water about 2.5.

Figure 5-13 Stage Damage Curve Each Structural Type of Building Source: Data Interview and Analysis

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

0 100 200 300

Water Depth (cm)

Vuln

erab

ility

Structural Type 1

Structural Type 2

Structural Type 3

Figure 5-14 Stage Damage Curve All Structural Type of Building


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Almost all of respondents could not estimate the damage in terms of money value for repairing and replacement of their house. It could be understand the repairing and replacement cost depends on the social economic condition. People preferred to choose product with different purposes; for example people prefer to choose the price rather than the quality. The vulnerability of structural type of building is interpreted by the researcher based on the percent of damage, because there bare no standard estimates because the government has never been interested in conducting damage inventory

Foundation Height The function of foundation height is to minimize flood entering the house. Commonly, foundation height in other parts of this province (which is not affected by flood) is few cm above the ground (10-20 cm). But in desa Begelen, foundation height ranges 0-150 cm. They have experience with flood annually so people construct foundation above flood

Figure 5-15 Foundation Height The information of the foundation height is collected during the interview by measuring the height. The foundation height clustered in location with the depth of flood more than 1 meter especially in west and north east parts of this desa (see Figure 5-16). The level of foundation is categorized by the researcher based on the observation of the foundations in this area which is not affected by flood.

Table 5-9 Foundation Height

Category Foundation Number % Low 0-40 cm 43 71.67 High >40 cm 17 28.33 60 100.00

The housing with high foundation is located in dusun Segeluh and Bedug. In these two dusun, flood depth can reach 2.5 meters. In order to reduce flood impact, people elevate the foundation. The foundation heights in dusun Kalibelung are lower than in the two sub villages (dusun). The flood depth in this dusun was less than 1 meter. It also demonstrates that people try to cope with flood and reduce the flood damage.

1,5 m 1,4m


51

Figure 5-16 Location of Dwelling with Different Foundation Height

Wall Material The vulnerability of building types depends on the type of the construction material to withstand the flood. The material for constructing the building also indicates social economic condition because the better quality of material, the more expensive the house will be. “Housing quality determines whether the house would withstand or not the massive power of flood waters” (Nthaduleni, 2007).

Figure 5-17 Spatial Distribution of Building Material


52

Assessing physical vulnerability of buildings is based on data of flood depth, foundation height and wall material. The vulnerability value is composed by combining data using IFF function in ILWIS. In this case, vulnerability map is made by classifying vulnerability value into classes. There are 4 vulnerability classes adapted and modified from Guarin (2003) in this area: vulnerability value 0 is no vulnerability, 0.25 is low vulnerability, 0.5 is moderate low vulnerability and 0.75 is moderate high vulnerability.

Table 5-10 Physical Vulnerability Value of Buildings

Figure 5-18 Physical Vulnerability of Buildings Map

Combined IFF function (wall material, foundation height and flood depth)

Vulnerability Value

iff((matrial_wall="t")and(foundation_height="hf")and(bagelen_noflood<=100), 0iff((matrial_wall="t")and(foundation_height="hf")and(bagelen_noflood>100<=150), 0.25iff((matrial_wall="t")and(foundation_height="hf")and(bagelen_noflood>150), 0.5iff((matrial_wall="t")and(foundation_height="lf")and(bagelen_noflood<=50), 0iff((matrial_wall="t")and(foundation_height="lf")and(bagelen_noflood>50<=100), 0.25iff((matrial_wall="t")and(foundation_height="lf")and(bagelen_noflood>100), 0.5iff((matrial_wall="st")and(foundation_height="hf")and(bagelen_noflood<=100), 0iff((matrial_wall="st")and(foundation_height="hf")and(bagelen_noflood>100<=150), 0.25iff((matrial_wall="st")and(foundation_height="hf")and(bagelen_noflood>150), 0.5iff((matrial_wall="st")and(foundation_height="lf")and(bagelen_noflood<=50), 0iff((matrial_wall="st")and(foundation_height="lf")and(bagelen_noflood>50<=100), 0.25iff((matrial_wall="st")and(foundation_height="lf")and(bagelen_noflood>100<=150), 0.5iff((matrial_wall="st")and(foundation_height="lf")and(bagelen_noflood>150), 0.75iff((matrial_wall="nt")and(foundation_height="lf")and(bagelen_noflood<=50), 0.25iff((matrial_wall="nt")and(foundation_height="lf")and(bagelen_noflood>50<=100), 0.5iff((matrial_wall="nt")and(foundation_height="lf")and(bagelen_noflood>100) 0.75


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5.2. 2. Vulnerability Assessment for Building Content and Livestock

The economic activity was stopped because of flood. It would be difficult for household to operate the activity during flood. These households were more vulnerable because they could not get income. From interview, the damage caused by the 2004 flood event could be summarized such as saw machines, sewing machines, hemming machines, electronic goods to be sold (stove, radio, clock, walkman, and tape), refrigerator, shop stock and soya bean to make traditional food. Because of flood, people spent some money for repairing electronic goods, machines and mode of production. People could not continue to work because this damage. The stage damage curve for building content and livestock illustrates the percentage of damage/loss affected by flood. These people still remembered the damage to their building content and livestock and they can mention what kinds of their belongings were affected by flood. Similar with the damage to building structures, respondents could not estimate the damage in term of money value for repairing and replacement of their building content and livestock. So researcher collected the local price to know the value of each item.

Table 5-11 Building Content and Livestock Damage Description of Flood 2004

Adopted and Modified from Guarin (2003) Source: Interview Data

Attribute Class (Damage Class)

Damage Code (DC)

Damage Description Water Depth (Cm)

No Damage ND No Damage 0 cm

Slightly Affected SA

Minor losses particularly clothes, shoes, chair, table, bed and cupboard (soaking wet) without repairing and replacement cost.

40 cm

Moderately Affected MA

Moderate losses especially for furniture, bed, table, cupboard, cycle, and dining set. Need repairing cost for minor damage.

70 cm

Highly Affected HA

Almost total losses due to assets such sewing machine, hemming machine, sofa set, soya bean, gabah, refrigerator and shop stock. Need repairing cost and some parts need replacement cost.

100 cm

Destroyed D

Total losses of the content and livestock. Especially for electrical good (radio television, iron), livestock drowned and died (duck, chicken, goat) and mattress. It needs replacement cost.

100 cm


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The methodological approach for building content and livestock estimation developed in this research is gathered from interview and observation in the study area. As mention in table 5-2, Figure 5-9 and 5-10 the ownership of goods every household (electrical goods, vehicles, and livestock ownership) will be analyzed to know the vulnerability. List 1 usually is owned by low income, list 2 is owned by moderate income and list 3 is owned by high income. Mostly low incomes invests livestock for saving and additional income, they do not have electric goods such as refrigerator. High income has many kinds of electrical goods such as VCD player, refrigerator, television and motorcycle. Some assumptions were also established before defining the loss functions: Three lists of building contents and livestock are made according the income level and social economic condition. The price for each item was obtained from shops in Purworejo district. The household incomes are divided into three categories to know that income will influence people to choose some products such as low income prefer to choose cheap product rather than the quality.

According to Peters Guarin (2003) when considering flooding to a house or building, it is assumed that the contents elements remain in its place; they are not removed by people to a safer position. Based on information from interview, they did not expect about the 2004 flood so there is no enough time to prepare and move their belongings in higher and safer place. Although in some places people already made tongkrongan and elevating refrigerator place (see the chapter 6 for coping mechanism) but most of people did not realize that water came so quickly.

It could be assumed that the ownerships of goods of each household are also different. At the same level of flood height, wealthy people will suffer adverse damage because they have many belongings but they can afford and recover quickly than poor people because they have safer livelihood and condition. On the other hand, poor people will suffer less damage because they have not many belonging and they can not recover in normal condition quickly. Economic losses of a poor community can be small in dollar because they have very little material wealth to lose. But the impact of this loss is often devastating for the less well-off (Merriman and Browitt, 1993).


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Table 5-12 Lists of Assets for Building Contents and Livestock Estimation. Prices are given in Rupiah (1 Euro = 13000 Rupiah by the time of this research)

Item List 1 List 2 List 3

duck 30,000 - - goat 500,000 - - chicken 25,000 25,000 - 3 quintal gabah 300,000 300,000 - 2 quintal soya bean 400,000 400,000 - cycle 300,000 300,000 - sofa set 500,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 dining set 400,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 bed 300,000 500,000 1,000,000 mattress 200,000 400,000 400,000 cupboard 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 cooking equipment 60,000 80,000 150,000 eating equipment 50,000 60,000 150,000 cloths 400,000 600,000 700,000 television 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 radio 100,000 400,000 500,000 VCD player 150,000 300,000 300,000 motorcycle - 12,000,000 12,000,000 sewing machine - 1,200,000 1,200,000 hemming machine - 1,000,000 1,000,000 refrigerator - 1,000,000 1,500,000 books - 300,000 800,000 band saw machine - 5,000,000 - shop stock - 300,000 - Iron - 50,000 100,000 magic jar - 200,000 200,000 chair and table - 400,000 400,000 clock 50,000 75,000 100,000 Total 4,865,000 28690000 26500000

High incomes suffer the highest money value of losses/damages. Based on the interview, they suffer damage in their electrical goods such as TV and refrigerator. They said that they can not use these goods because they are inundated by flood. And the middle incomes are medium affected by flood. Similar with high income, the medium income is higher affected by flood than low income because flood affects to electric goods and machines of production.


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Vulnerability for each item in the list was evaluated (see Appendix 2). Damage information is collected during interview. The vulnerability value is the result of the amount of expected damage value each list for each water depth divided by total value of each list.

Table 5-13 Vulnerability value for building content and livestock

Water Depth List

<=40 cm <=70 cm <=100 cm >100 List 1 0.06 0.3 0.69 0.69 List 2 0.11 0.36 0.63 0.63 List 3 0.13 0.33 0.62 0.62

This value was used in ILWIS by using IFF function (see Appendix 4). Building content and livestock vulnerability map was created after classifying the values in different categories below: No Vulnerability = 0 Low Vulnerability = > 0 - <= 0.25 Moderate Vulnerability = >0.25 - <= 0.5 High Vulnerability = >0.5 - <=0.75 Very High Vulnerability = >0.75 - 1

Figure 5-19 Physical Vulnerability of Building Content and Livestock Map


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5.2. 3. Vulnerability Assessment for Social Vulnerability

There are much literature and studies in measuring and mapping physical vulnerability. Physical damage such as buildings, infrastructure, land, agriculture etc. are relatively easier to quantify than developing indicators for social, political or household economic vulnerability. Methods for social assessment in disaster studies are relatively new, while methods for physical vulnerability have been in the subject much longer (Merriman and Browitt, 1993). Vulnerability to flood is partly a product of human created environments, though the risk is experienced in varying degree by different groups of people (Blaikie et al.1994). Social vulnerability in this thesis is discussed in terms of the characteristics of the people with composition of sex and age in household, household income, head household and social economic condition. There are strong causal relationship between vulnerability to disaster and such characteristics as socio economic class, gender, ethnicity, age and disability. People who belong to the disadvantaged or marginalized groups in these categories are often the hardest hit by disaster and the least able to recover from the impacts of it (Merriman and Browitt, 1993). Household Income The main income of household in this area comes from agricultural labor. Indonesia is an agricultural country in which 60 % of citizens work in agricultural sector. Different from agricultural sector in developed country, farming in Indonesia is supported by lower level of technology for increasing products. Technology -intensive farming to get maximum production is rare and difficult to apply. Much Javanese farming is very labour-intensive. Government policy is not supportive to farmers. Farmers become powerless and marginalized with this condition. Government makes price policy for gabah (unshelled paddy) price and fertilizer. The two policies do not give positive affect to farmer’s life. Fertilizer price is high for farmers so the production cost also increases. In order to understand rural life, livelihood analysis is based on their social economic condition and occupation. A livelihood is defined here as ‘the activities, the assets, and the access that jointly determine the living gained by an individual or household’. Rural livelihood diversification is then defined as ‘the process by which households construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities for survival and in order to improve their standard of living’ (Overseas Development Institute, 1999). ‘High income’ households and households with external sources of income are less vulnerable because their main income is not influenced by flood Only some households receive remittances (support from their relatives who live elsewhere).. Government officials still get salary from their office. They reserve some income


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money for saving. Although the savings are not directly in preparation for flood, they do then have some savings for additional expense

Table 5-14 Distribution of Household Income

Income level Income (Rp) Number Percent (%) Low <= 500.000 35 58 Medium <= 1.000.000 16 27 High > 1.000.000 9 15 60 100

‘Medium income’ households are moderately vulnerable, as their main income is from medium-level farming and entrepreneur. Their mode of production also got damage during flood but their condition is better than the low income. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent (1993) in Tobin and Montz (1997) mentioned vulnerability is not the same among different classes, groups, or events; different countries experience different degree of risk. “The poor are generally more vulnerable than rich; their behavior is likely to be different and recovery for this group is usually very different”. The security of income for farming households includes the status of land tenure, and for agricultural employee it includes the offering their power to work in farm land. During floods, the security of farming livelihood will be difficult because the farmland is inundated by flood. From the interviews, the farmland inundated by flood had low quality in harvesting. The price of gabah (unshelled rice) is also lower. The gabah stock for the daily consumption is also inundated by flood. After flood, people can not dry gabah directly because their homestead is also still wet. This condition makes the gabah get rotten because farmer can not dry the gabah. Almost all of the farmers said that they failed to harvest maximum quality of paddy because of flood. During flood, farmers can not get income because they stay at home to clean house and dry their belonging. After flood, people must clean directly mud remains from their house to minimize the repair costs. For example they clean mud from walls to reduce painting cost. Some farmers argued that flood causes loss of production inputs. Soil in this area still needs fertilizer. Flood does not bring fertile nutrients to farming land. It washes away fertilizer used by farmers to increase their productivity. People have to pay more for maintaining and for costly fertilizer to grow rice.


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Figure 5-20 Distribution of Household Income

Merriman and Browitt (1993) made a rough conclusion for identifying the people who are most likely to be at risk from the impact of disasters:

∗ Proximity/exposure: people who occupy or, for their livelihood, depend on area of high hazard risk.

∗ Capacities and resources: people who have limited means and limited capacity to mobilize them in order to increase their defenses against hazards

∗ Disadvantage/marginalization; people who are peripheral or weak due to gender, age, ethnicity, class, etc

These characteristics are interrelated in most situations. The marginalized in most cases live in poorer quality of buildings, and hazard prone areas. They often have the least resources and capacities to recover from the impact of disasters and they are further pushed towards the edge after each event, becoming more and more vulnerable to many more threats (Merriman and Browitt, 1993) Composition of Age and Sex in Household Blaikie, et al. (1994) mentions that a positive aspect of the young population profile is the potential of a strong and energetic group of people under the age of 25 and with the necessary political will, and therefore the vision of the mobilization of predominantly young communities to protect their settlements against disaster risk.


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Table 5-15 Combination of Sex and Age

Combination Age Sex

Number Percentage

0-15 male and female 54 25 15-60 female 65 30 15-60 male 53 24 >60 male and female 48 22 Total 220 100

The elderly, children and woman are regarded as vulnerable group because they need help to evacuate. The mobility or the skill to escape of this group tends to be lower than adult men when swimming or passing through the floodwater. In 2004 flood event, an old lonely grandfather was killed by the flood. Morrow in Guarin (2003) mentioned that a community vulnerability inventory should reflect where at-risk groups, besides the already mentioned, are concentrated:

Elderly, particularly frail elderly Female-headed households Ethnic minorities (by language) Large households Large concentration of children/youth Homeless

Sex of Head of Household The definition of female headed household because of the following reasons:

1. her husband passed away 2. she is divorced 3. her husband works in other city

The household heads of the interviewed respondents are dominated by male-headed household, 52 respondents (87%), and female-headed household are only 8 (13%). The role of female-headed household to deal with flood can be different from the male-headed household. During flood, female-head household can make decision quickly to deals with flood. They make preparations to save their belonging and prefer to evacuate during flood. In male headed-household the role of woman is not to make decisions, but to wait for their husband. Female-headed household mentions after flood they feel really tired after doing all kinds of job.


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Figure 5-21 Sex of Household Head Women are more involved in most of the activities regarding storing food, storing clean water, consumption and preparing meals related to domestic affair. Men predominantly made the decisions on evacuation and protecting families and belonging. This indicates a level of gendered labour division among rural households in facing flood. House construction and treatment are predominantly done by men, while women are involved in cleaning the house and domestic affair.


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Table 5-16 Division of Labour Exists Within the Household in Flood Hazard

Division of Labour Women Men Before ∗ Storing food

∗ Storing clean water ∗ Storing Hot Water ∗ Packing Cloths, Book,

Cooking Equipment ∗ Storing Fuel Wood ∗ Buying Kerosene ∗ Cleaning Tongkrongan ∗ Preparing medicine

∗ Entrusting motorcycle to safer place

∗ Moving electronic to tongkrongan or higher place

∗ Moving belonging to tongkrongan or higher place

∗ Preparing kerosene lamp ∗ Keeping Livestock

During ∗ Staying at home ∗ Keeping Belonging ∗ Staying at Tongkrongan ∗ Evacuating to safer place

∗ Helping women, children and elder people to evacuate

∗ Helping elder people to move to tongkrongan

∗ Keeping Belonging ∗ Protecting Family

After ∗ Cooking ∗ Prepare Hot Water ∗ Cleaning house ∗ Drying mattress ∗ Drying cloths ∗ Cleaning Equipment ∗ Drying Furniture ∗ Drying Gabah

∗ Cleaning House and Surrounding

∗ Cleaning well and toilet ∗ Fixing minor damage ∗ Feeding Livestock ∗ Going and Looking

Agricultural land ∗ Bringing the motorcycle

to home ∗ Moving belonging to the

previous place ∗ Painting wall


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CHAPTER 6 LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND COPING MECHANISM

This chapter includes the local knowledge to assess flood and coping mechanism used by the community. Local knowledge is related to the preparation, social action and local knowledge about the flood hazardous area. Coping mechanism discusses about the short and long term coping mechanism to minimize the effect.

People have tried to face flooding using their previous experience to assess the flood since they live in hazardous area.Vulnerability assessment involves first identifying all the elements which may be at risk from a particular hazard. Local knowledge may be used to complete the inventory to enumerate the elements at risk (UNDP, 1994).

Coping mechanism applied in this area is based on the knowledge and experience of flooding. People made efforts to reduce the effect of flood based on their knowledge. They learned flood behaviour and characteristics such as the depth of water, the duration of flood water, flood water velocity and then they implemented in structural and non structural way to minimize the damage. People can adapt to live in the hazard area.

Indigenous knowledge is a measure of local community capability, with the potential to set community members on an equal status with outsider ‘experts’, and maybe the only resource of which local groups, especially the ‘resource-poor’, have unhindered ownership. Indigenous knowledge and scientific knowledge frequently have similar cognitive structures, although the referents and units may be difficult to translate. Indigenous technical knowledge may be more reliable, and maybe also more accurate, because it embodies generations of practical essential knowledge, and it operates in interactive, holistic systems (McCall and Minang, 2005).

6. 1. Local Knowledge Information Related to Flood in Desa Bagelen

6.1.1. Knowledge of Flood Hazard In the 3 dusuns, people have various types of knowledge to assess flood referring to different levels of flood. From the data gathered in the fieldwork, people mentioned the annual flood depth based on their experience so they can predict and prepare to deal with flood. This can be explained by using cross tabulation Chi-Square Analysis about flood depth and dusun (sub village).

The result shows the mean flood depth is different among the 3 dusuns (see Appendix 3). The mean flood depth in dusun Bedug is the highest with mean flood depth about 1.5 meters. Followed by dusun Segeluh, the mean flood depth is about 1.1 meter. And dusun Kalibelung was the lowest mean flood depth about 0.5 meters. The railroad (like artificial dike) was obstacles to natural flood water flow.


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The different knowledge of flood depth from 3 dusuns also caused different treatment to flood, different responses (activities) before, during and after flood and also different coping mechanisms.

The railroad passjng through the desa Bagelen causes the water stay a bit longer in this area. People in desa Bagelen have already known that railroad affected severe flood in some part of this area. They asked government to make drainage or a channel to flow flood water.

People realize that they live in flood hazardous area. They knew that their desa located along the river and some of the area always inundated by flood. But they think that they can manage flood; if it is not everyday they can tolerate the condition. From the interview, the respondents answered that they know they are living in flood hazardous area. 53 of 60 respondents (88%) realized that they lived in flood hazardous area. From the interview, people argued that Bogowonto River is always flooding because of meandering river. The shape of the river is Letter U (based on local knowledge).

0

20

40

60

80

100

yes no

Realize lived in Flood Hazardous Area

Perc

ent(

%)

Figure 6-1 Flood Hazardous Area Based on Community

Sedimentation in Bogowonto River causes flooding and decreases the river capacity to flow the water. People have already known that sedimentation decreases river capacity. The elder people said that they could not walk on the river bed because water depth was higher few years ago. Land use/land cover change in the upper watershed had caused erosion and sedimentation. The run off during rainfall has increased because water can flow directly without infiltration from upper part to the low area.

People knew sedimentation causing flood effect adversely but they have already changed the sedimentation along the river in their village to dry agricultural land to increase their income. They claimed and cultivated the land resulted from sedimentation with dry commodity farming such as ground nut, vegetables and tobacco.


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Figure 6-2 Sedimentation Converted to Dry Farm Land

6.1.2. Reasons for Residence in Flood-Prone Area

The further question was about why they still stay in this area. People realized that they live in flood hazardous area, so people had their knowledge to deal with flood although they intended to move if they have the choice.

Table 6-1 Reason the Community still Stayed in Flood Hazardous Area

Reason Number Percent (%) do not want to move 2 3 make 2 stories building or tongkrongan 5 8 nuisance 18 30 no choose/no money 35 59 60 100

Farmers in this desa have strong relationship with the agricultural land, which supports their lives in this area. They do not have alternative skill to change from farming to non farming. Although the area is flood prone area, they still keep staying in this area to earn their money. They answer that flood is still manageable and the occurrence of flood is not every day. They still live there because they still relate to employment opportunity in agriculture. They are well aware of flood hazard, but they answer the flood is rare occurrence in a year. The farmers still inhabit this area because their alternative skill and income are constrained.

People remain in hazardous areas because society does little or nothing to help them. It is argued that hazards affect marginalized groups more than others. “The poor and less powerful frequently occupy the most risk-prone areas and are usually more vulnerable to hazards (Burton et al., 1993; Torry, 1980); consequently, relief reinforces the status quo by perpetuating dependency on the current system, which can lead to greater vulnerability of the poor as populations expand and resources are controlled by a smaller minority “(Tobin and Montz, 1997). In Bagelen village, as mention in chapter 5 that 60 % of respondents are landless farmers, followed by the small farmers whose land tenure ranges between 100 m2 to 5000 m2. The medium and large farmers are is only about 1.67 % and 3. 33 %. Land resource is owned by small portion of the community. Agricultural labourers or agricultural employees are farmers who do not have their own agricultural land (landless farmers). The relationship of the land ownership and landless farmer is based on the 3 systems (rental system, dividing


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system and daily wage system). Landless farmers have strong relationship to the land ownership to get their livelihood.

6. 2. Coping Mechanism

According to Blaikie et al. (1994) economic and social system affected people’s capacity to withstand floods and also exposes them to flood risk unequally. Flood coping mechanism is the way used by community to fight and reduce the impact of flood hazard.

Cuny (1993) in Merriam and Browitt (1993) has observed that measures to reduce, or mitigate the harmful effects of natural hazards requires three categories of action:

∗ Reduction of physical vulnerability (e.g. housing, industry, infrastructure) ∗ Reduction of economic vulnerability ∗ Strengthening the social structure of the community, so that coping

mechanism can help to absorb the shock of a disaster and promote rapid recovery (increased resilience)

Flood coping mechanism has been applied by community in this desa. To reduce damage and loss, they make strategies by preparing physical and social way to alleviate the impact.

From the interview, there are three activities applied by community during flood. Almost all of the community in dusun Kalibelung stayed in their house during flood because flood is less than 0.5 meter and they can manage the condition. However, the community in dusun Bedug and Segeluh had 3 types of activities during flood because the flood depth reached 1 meter. First, community evacuated to the safer place during flood because they did not have tongkrongan (higher place to save everything) in their house. People evacuated to the safer place such as to the mosque, church, sub district office and their relatives. They started to evacuate when flood depth reached 0.5 to 1 meter. Second activity, community stayed in their tongkrongan during flood. People deliberately make this tongkrongan to keep people and their belonging from flood. The last activity, they stayed at home if flood water less than 0.5 meter.

Structural Building Type

It could be established what people actually did before, during and after flood such as making some preparation for short and long term. Coping mechanism done by people such as make preventive ways to minimize losses and protect the building by elevating the foundation of housing. These activities are based on knowledge learned from flood hazard experience. One strategy to cope with flood is by choosing material that is resistant to flood waters.

The way how to construct building in this area is based on their experience to deal with flood and this way contributes to reduce the damage. The design of the house uses certain material to withstand water stress when flooding. Most of these people


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preferred to make house from bricks and cement because this material is stronger than wood or bamboo. The combination of bricks with cement (wall) wall and ceramic and cement/ceramic floor is dominant in this area used by the people living in flood hazardous area.

People also prefer to choose floor material that is easy be clean during flood. As mentioned by respondents, flood in this area usually brings mud. Mud, sediments and other contaminants in the flood water can cause corrosion or other decay. People in Bagelen try to clean wall and floor sediment and mud directly after flood. When flood levels start to be lower (about 10 cm from the floor of the house), people drive away the flood water from the house. It is done to reduce mud left on the floor and reduce cleaning costs.

Table 6-2 Relationship of Income and Structural Type of Buildings

Income (rupiah/month) Structural Type 1 Structural Type 2 Structural Type 3

< 500000 15 8 12500000-1000000 11 2 0>1000000 10 2 0

The table showed that all structural type 3 is owned by low income (500,000/month). The structural type 1 is distributed in low until high income. Structural type 2 is dominated by low income.

Elevating of the Foundation

People elevate the foundation to reduce water coming into the house. The spatial distribution of the different foundation heights can be seen in the Figure 5-16. Houses near the river located in dusun Segeluh have high foundations. The pattern of house with high foundation also can be found in dusun Bedug. Only one house in dusun Kalbelung has high foundation.

Unlike in urban area which have limited space to make buildings; in rural area people prefer to extend their houses horizontally, and using a high foundation to keep out the flood water. Foundation level is categorized into two levels: high foundation > 40 cm and low foundation <=40 cm.

Figure 6-3 Foundation Height above 1 meter

130 cm 140


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From the interviews, people intend in the future to elevate their foundation especially respondents from Bedug and Segeluh. Some people postpone making the high foundation because of their social economic condition. High foundation is clustered in dusun Segeluh (west part) and dusun Bedug (north east).

To examine the differentiation of foundation height from three dusun, Chi-Square test is applied. The Asymp.Sig showed 0.020. It means, there is a strong indicator to support that 3 sub villages have different foundation height. The result illustrates the higher foundation located in dusun Segeluh with average 50 cm, followed by Bedug with average foundation 30 cm and Kalibelung with average foundation 25 cm (see Appendix 3).

Making Tongkrongan

“Tongkrongan” is a higher shelter to stay during flood; it is made under the roof. Tongkrongan is part of the house used by community to save their belonging during flood. When flood reaches higher they move to tongkongan.

Figure 6-4 Tongkrongan

The Figure 6-7 illustrates the tongkongan is placed under the roof, it is made from wood. The stair is constructed to help people reach tongkrongan. People usually bring their belonging such as cloths, books, foods, cooking equipment, etc.

Figure 6-5 Spatial Distribution of Tongkrongan


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People make tongkrongan in area that water depth is more than 1 meter. The Figure shows that the cluster of tongkrongan is located in dusun Segeluh and dusun Bedug. In the middle of this area dusun Kalibelung only one house has tongkrongan because the flood depth is below 1 meter. From the interviews, there are three activities during flood done by people: staying in their house if water depth is only on average 0.5 meter, staying in tongkrongan if water is more than 0.5 meter and people already have tongkrongan in their house, and the last is evacuating to safer place if water depth is more than 0.5 meter or if they do not have tongkrongan. From interview, people in dusun Segeluh and Bedug want to make tongkongan to stay during flood and they can keep their belonging in their house. Some people said they planned to make tongkrongan after they have enough money. Elevating Livestock Housing such as chickens, ducks, and goats The households keep their poultry and livestock at safe places before flooding occurs. People in Bagelan did not prepare elevated housing for their dogs. In this village not every household has a dog, because especially Moslem families are not allowed to have dogs. Dogs live with their master in the house so during flood, dogs stay in house.

Figure 6-6 Elevated Chicken and Goat Housing

People made chicken housing usually using local materials such as bamboo or wood. To reduce loss during flood, people elevated chicken housing 1.5 meter above the ground. People kept the chicken inside the chicken housing. Some people also did not provide chicken housing and chickens were accommodated in the kitchen or share the house with family member. During flood, the chickens are also located in higher place.

Making two Stories Building

This coping mechanism is only applied by rich people in this area. 2 stories buildings are used by people living in flood hazardous area in urban area such as in Jakarta city or Naga city Philippines. The reason people in rural area prefer to elevate their foundation rather than make 2 stories buildings is that they still have space to expand their house horizontally and the second is lack of financial capacities. They said it is expensive to make 2 stories buildings; only people with high income can make them.


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Figure 6-7 Two Stories Buildings

From the fieldwork, researcher found 4 of 60 respondents who built houses with 2 stories buildings. From interview, respondents made two story building after flood to anticipate flood in the future. They stay in the second floor while monitor and protecting their belongings. People also bring their belonging such as cloths, books, foods, cooking equipment, etc. Storing instant food During flood, people store instant food because they can not cook as the kitchen is inundated by flood and fire wood gets wet. Elevating refrigerator People made higher place for refrigerator (see the picture below). The refrigerator’s place is elevated about 80 cm to reduce the damage. Elevating food/rice storage People save gabah (unshelled paddy) and rice in higher place. This coping strategy is implemented to avoid paddy from being rotten because of water. This place is elevated more than one meter in the house.

Figure 6-8 Elevated Refrigerator Place Figure 6-9 Elevated Food Storage Storing the clean water During flood, people store clean water to cook and drink because the water in their well is polluted by sediment and mud. This coping strategy is applied to reduce disease.


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Storing Hot water During flood, the weather is very cold especially at night so they need hot water to warm their bodies. Otherwise they can easily get sick such as catch cold, dizziness coughing, etc. Elevating fire wood Although during flood people can not cook in their kitchen, they should protect some fuel wood in a safe place to cook after flood finishes. Storing kerosene to make lamp The electricity is extinguished during flood. People usually prepare kerosene lamp to light during flood. Choosing furniture that is not damaged by flooding, usually made from plastic and wood without sponge In brief, coping mechanism in Bagelen can be summarized in this table.

Figure 6-3 Summarized Coping Mechanism

Before Flooding During Flooding After Flooding Short Term • Packing goods such as

cloths shoes, books and storing in tongkrongan

• Entrusting motorcycle • Storing the clean water • Storing kerosene to make

lamp • Storing instant food • Elevating Livestock

Housing such as chickens, ducks, and goats

• Elevating fire wood

Short Term • Staying at home • Staying at tongkrongan • Evacuating to the safer

place: Bagelen sub district office, neighbourhood and relatives

Short Term • Cleaning the house

from mud • Repairing minor

Damage • Drying gabah (rice) and

cloths • Drying mattress and

furniture

Long Term • Elevating food/rice

storage • Elevating refrigerator place • Elevating house

foundation • Make tongkrongan • Making 2 stories building • Elevating fire wood

Long Term • Elevating house

foundation • Make tongkrongan • Making 2 stories

building • Choosing furniture that

resists flood


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6. 3. Social Institution and Network in the Study Area

Traditional Early warning

Local authorities have not developed formal systems to provide warning information. Data and tools to support this system is missing. For example most of the rainfall stations are manually recorded and not all of the streams have automatic water level recordeers (AWLR). The studied conducted by Angraini (2007) in Semarang city mentions that the local city of Semarang has established and developed a system for forecasting and dissemination of the prediction. The authority distributes the information using communication media such as television and radio.

In normal times, men have the responsibility to keep and protect their area from thieves, by taking turns with a schedule (Ronda). In the past, the community constructed their own community security warning. In flood condition this system is really important, but from the interviews they said that security system did not work because people had their own activities during flood such as keeping their family and maintain their belonging from flooding.

Flood warning system in desa Bagelen distributed or transferred by the community using a traditional method. They sound kentongan to alert community from flood. The system is established by community Kentongan is a traditional instrument made from hollowed bamboo or wood. Kentongan is sounded by just hitting it with a stick. Kentongan is usually located in strategic place such as four junctions and desa offices. The time allowed by the warning time until preparation is about 2 hours..

People already understand that the typical kentongan sound indicates dangerous conditions if they sound kentongan continually. This system can help community to be well-prepared in case flooding is coming. When the community realizes that they are in the peak of rainy season, people who live near the Bogowonto river always check the water level in the river. If they estimate the flood will come, they sound kentongan and also deliver information using mosque loudspeaker.

The traditional early warning information is considered accurate, and it is a. credible information source. Community still trust this system although the system works traditionally and informally. All respondents answer that they know this flood warning system and they still believe in this system. They could prepare to evacuate to the safer place, packing their belonging and keeping them, or they can make preparation to deal with flood.

Farmers have accurate forecasting because they usually work with a traditional crop calendar. This crop calendar also can be used to forecast flood hazard accurately. Farmers use Javanese calendar to plant rice and forecast flood to alleviate damage in their crop. People learned the seasonal situation based on their experience and feeling. For example they said flood will come when they feel strong wind blowing from Indian Ocean and the temperature is colder than the normal situation. Information given timely and in a traditional manner could help reduce the impact of a natural disaster on animals, infrastructures and human beings.

Roder (1961) in Tobin and Montz (1997) found that farmers (those who had a close association with the land) had a more accurate perception of flood hazard than


73

comparable urban dwellers. Direct personal experience often leads to more accurate assessment of it.

Arisan

Arisan is commonly applied in this research area. During fieldwork, researcher found arisan in two different dusuns, in dusun Kalibelung and dusun Segeluh. Arisan is a form of collective saving on a regular basis, which could serve as capital sharing for special purposes. Arisan usually involves a group with 10 to 30 members. Each member makes a payment varying from Rp 5,000 to Rp 10,000 every week, every two weeks or every month.

The amount of payment in this research is not high like in the city because the motivation is to facilitate social interaction among the neighbourhoods. Each member is entitled to receive the accumulated money once during the accumulation period. Each week, a member’s name written on a very small piece of rolled paper and then put together with other member names in a glass then one of the rolled papers is drawn from glass and that person can withdraw the total amount.

In some cases, withdrawals are by simple rotation among members by consensus. The collective action of arisan enables each member to help each other in terms of cash needs or capital share for certain purposes. Members who receive money last are actually subsidising those who received money first. The arisan system is run entirely on trust, with the chairman or coordinator required to have integrity and be trustworthy. No interest rate or discount factor is currently involved in calculating the amount of money received by arisan members in the study sites.

Moreover, the arisan group does not charge members any additional or operational fees. Members of the group generally take this opportunity to discuss many things, and often make decisions on issues such as planting season, harvesting time, government programs such as fertilizer applications, food security, rural credits, and daily life. This forum is not used to discuss strategy to overcome flood problem since they live in flood hazardous area. They are not aware that social institution such as arisan can be used to collect money and allocate during flood.

The money collected is for savings and treasures, mostly to cover group needs to renovate mosques and religious schools and social purposes. Although the purpose is for social network, they do not use it to make savings or cash related to flood. They say that flood does not happen every day; it is only an occasional event in rainy season, so the cash in Arisan for flood security is less important


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Gotong Royong

“Gotong royong" is the concept of doing things together and helping each other in the spirit of goodwill or is a general term for labour sharing, mostly for public purposes such as constructing or renovating mosques, schools, roads, irrigation channels and graveyards. Both formal and informal desa leaders can mobilize village labours to do such public works. Gotong-royong is not regular, but mostly occurs every two weeks or every month.

The head of dusun can mobilize the community members. Gotong-royong is a way to improve social cohesion. The term gotong-royong is also used for labour sharing for private purposes, such as wedding parties, funerals and building houses. After floods, actually people can help each other by gotong royong. But they said that soon after flood people have their own activities to clean their house or repair their minor damage, otherwise gotong royong was only operated in normal condition. People did not use gotong royong such as to clean mud and sedimentation or helping their neighbourhood after flood.

Figure 6-10 from left Gotong Royong, Arisan and Kentongan


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CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter contains the conclusion about the finding of this research related to objectives of this research. This chapter concludes the discussion from chapter 1 to chapter 6. It contains the main contribution of this research by relating the findings with research questions and the objectives of this research. This research suggests some recommendations on further research.

7. 1. Conclusions

The first sub objective is to create a flood hazard map by incorporating community knowledge. Firstly, researcher made use of a flood extent map from the Faculty of Geography University of Gadjah Mada (Figure 4-1). This map is used as an initial input to come to the community and collect more information related to flood in this area based on their knowledge and experience. The information related to flood’s depth, extent and duration can be gathered by using simple PGIS (Participatory Geographic Information System). The researcher brought the printed Ikonos image of 19 July 2002, Bagelen map and mobile GPS.

PGIS and the flood marks measurement of the flood depths were processed by using Interpolation in ILWIS. Flood hazard model was created based on some steps of the Gaussian Model in ILWIS. Information such as rainfall data, geomorphological data, and land use were also important to hazard.

The second sub objective in this research is to take into account main elements at risk (people, housing and social economic condition) influenced by flood. Data on the three elements at risk (people, housing and social economic condition) were colllected during fieldwork. Elements at risk related to buidings were collected by taking GPS points of 355 houses. Researcher chose 60 respondent based on samples of three types of wall material which are found in this area. To collect detail information of elements at risk, researcher explored these 60 respondents by using questionaire.

Element at risk related to people is related to age and sex of each member in family. Data related to age of each family member is important to know the composition of the age in each household. Data related to sex of each family member is important to know the gender concentration in each household. Information related to household characteristic such as age of household head, sex of household head were also collected.

Information on social economic conditions was collected related to household size, educational level of household head, occupation of household head, land tenure of household, monthly income of household, monthly expense of household, electricity cost, and ownership were important to further analyze of social vulnerability and coping mechanism.


76

Element at Risk related to building was detailed based on the information of wall material, building age, building function and floor material. Three types of structural building were found from cross tabulation of wall and floor material during the fieldwork activities area. They are analyzed to know the building vulnerability: Structural type 1 (the wall is made with brick with plaster or without plaster and floor material is from cement or ceramic), structural type 2 (half of the house is constructed with brick and rest of it using wood or bamboo and floor material is from cement), and structural type 3 (the wall material is made from wood or bamboo (gedhek) and the floor material is from soil). The material constructing the building also reflects the social economic condition of the household.

The third sub objective is to know the physical vulnerability (housing) and social vulnerability (people and social economic condition). Physical vulnerability is the combination function of structural type of building, foundation height and flood depth resulted from Gaussian model. For physical vulnerability in housing, stage damage curve was made based on the information about flood damage related to different structural types of building. The vulnerability of structural type of buildings was interpreted by the researcher based on the percent of damage from interview. The houses with structural type 1 are less vulnerable houses. The houses with structural type 2 are moderate vulnerable houses. And the houses with structural type 3 are most vulnerable houses.

For physical vulnerability related to foundation, in desa Begelen the foundation height ranged 0-150 cm. People have experience with flood annually so they construct the house foundations above flood level. The level of foundation was categorized by the researcher based on observation. The foundation height is categorized as low (0-40 cm) and high (more than 40 cm). Physical vulnerability is based on data of flood depth, foundation height and wall material. There are 4 levels of physical vulnerability: value 0 is no vulnerability, value 0.25 is low vulnerability, value 0.5 is moderate low vulnerability and value 0.75 is moderate high vulnerability.

Social vulnerability in this thesis discussed the characteristic of the people with composition of sex and age in household, house hold income, characteristics of household head, and social economic condition.

The fourth sub objective in this thesis is know how the community cope with flood socially and physically. Coping mechanism done by people such as preventive ways to minimize loses and damage. Physical way to cope with flood is done by choosing materials that are resistant to flood, elevating the foundation of housing, having tongkrongan, elevating livestock housing, etc. Social way to cope with flood is done by community such as evacuate to their neighbourhood, entrust their motorcycle, etc.

The fifth sub objective is to integrate the local knowledge with physical condition to assess flood. Activities before, during and after flood done by community to assess flood and to cope with flood are based on local knowledge learned from flood hazard experience. People realized that they live in flood hazardous area and they knew that their village located along the river and some of the areas are always inundated by flood. Social institutions which exist in this area such as traditional early


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warning system, arisan and gotong royong can be use to help community to alleviate damage and loses.

7. 2. Recommendations

Local knowledge in desa Bagelen can be used by government in Purworejo district to manage flood in this area. Combination of physical and social assessment is more valuable to assess flood because this map will help the community for quick assessments during and after the flood. Community living in flood hazardous area are really important as key persons to give their knowledge and experience related to flood. Traditional early warning system can be of use to help community be well prepared against flooding. Government should establish and develop early warning system by combining traditional and technological early warning system such as forecasting. Government should pay attention more to the social institution and network such as arisan and gotong royong. Government can empower these institutions by providing flood information and use this forum to discuss problem and coping strategy related to flood in this area. Flood coping mechanism has been applied by community in this village to reduce damage and loss. People make strategies by preparing physical and social way to alleviate the impact based on the local knowledge.


78

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Appendices

Appendix 1 Questionnaire no: Interview : Date : Researcher : Mayasih Wigati (Joint Education Program between UGM and ITC) Contact : [email protected] GPS : Name of Respondent : Personal Profile of Respondent :

Age : Sex : Education : SD, SMP, SMU, S1, S2 Job :

Household number: Name Sex (F/M) Age Last Education and Current Job Income per month Expense per day Food : Rp Transport : Rp Other (electricity) : Rp Education Expense: Rp. Element at Risk (Building)

Building Type Residential Shop Other Wall material Cement Wood Bamboo Floor material Cement Wood Other Height ground to 1st floor meterHeight from street meterDistance from river meterFlood depth around housing Flood duration Building age Agriculture Agricultural function Wet rice Dry cultivation OtherCrop type Rice / Paddy Maize and groundnut

(palawija) Fruits

Distance from river meterFlood depth meterFlood duration meter

mailto:[email protected]�


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Social aspect Social network family neighborhood government otherSocial institution organization Formal group Informal group otherSocial status homogeny heterogenic combination otherSocial relationship strong weak moderate otherSocial cost

1. Do you get support (money, goods) from your family living outside this village when flood? (yes……………………) (no………………………..)

2. How people are prepare, respond, and recover in coping with flood? 3. How is social structure role to face flood event (before, during and after flood

event)?

Understand their risk and threat 1. Do you realize that you are living in flood prone area/ risky areas? 2. What are you doing to face this condition? 3. What are you going to do to reduce the effect of flood? 4. Why do you still stay in this flood prone area evens you know it? Give the

reason

Physical coping mechanism 1. How do you deal with flood in your agricultural land? 2. How do you deal with flood for the building?

Social coping mechanism 1. How do community do related to this area that has flood threat? 2. Do you have social network (relatives, government) to help when flood strikes?

Flood impact? 1. What kind of damage has happened to the building? 2. What kind of damage has happened to agricultural land? 3. What kind of damage has happened to building content and livestock? 4. What kind of strategies do you applied to face the flood and minimize the

flood? 5. How the community do in when they face flood event? 6. How is the health condition after flood?

Agricultural land ownership

Land Type Value Commodity Harvest Remark Wet rice ha Dry land ha Homestead ha


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Source of income Work Primary (P) Secondary (S) Remark Agriculture (own the land)

Agriculture labour Entrepreneur Govt employment Private employment Trader Other Properties ownership Properties Value Remark Car Motorcycle Cycle Cow Sheep/Goat Chicken Duck Furniture Electronic TV Radio Refrigerator other Crop calendar

Activity J F M A M Jn Jl Ag S O N D

Paddy plant - Land cultivation - Paddy planting - Maintenance - Harvesting Palawija (Maize & groundnut, etc) - Land cultivation - Planting - Maintenance - Harvesting

Vulnerable calendar

Activity Before During After

How serious is flood for the community?


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Appendix 2

Cross Tabulation of Flood Height and Sub Villages

Chi-Square Tests

129.511a 62 .000150.703 62 .000

5.462 1 .019

96

Pearson Chi-SquareLikelihood RatioLinear-by-LinearAssociationN of Valid Cases

Value dfAsymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

95 cells (99.0%) have expected count less than 5. Theminimum expected count is .31.

a.

Interactive Graph

bedug kalibelu segeluh0

50

100

150

Dusun (Sub Village)

Interactive Graph of Flood Height and Dusun (Sub Villages)

Flo

od H

eigh

t in

Ave

rage

(C

m)


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Appendix 3

Cross Tabulation of Foundation and Dusun (Sub Villages)

Chi-Square Tests

52.974a 34 .02066.831 34 .001

9.656 1 .002

96

Pearson Chi-SquareLikelihood RatioLinear-by-LinearAssociationN of Valid Cases

Value dfAsymp. Sig.

(2-sided)

48 cells (88.9%) have expected count less than 5. Theminimum expected count is .31.

a.

bedug kalibelu segeluh

10

20

30

40

50

Dusun (Sub Village)

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5

00,00

0 0.6

600,0

00

0.7

70

0,000

1

,500,0

00

0.5

750

,000

0.6

900

,000

0.7

1,05

0,000

bo

oks

-

-

-

30

0,000

0.3

90,00

0 0.7

210,0

00

1

300,0

00

80

0,000

0.3

2

40,00

0 0.7

5

60,00

0 1

80

0,000

ba

nd sa

w ma

chine

-

-

-

5

,000,0

00

0.1

500

,000

0.4

2,00

0,000

0.7

3

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00

sh

op st

ock

-

-

-

30

0,000

0.3

90,00

0 0.7

2

10,00

0 0.9

270,0

00

Iro

n

-

-

-

50,0

00

0

-

0

-

0.5

2

5,000

10

0,000

0

-

0

-

0.5

50,0

00

magic

jar

-

-

-

20

0,000

0

-

0

-

1

20

0,000

2

00,00

0 0

-

0

-

1

20

0,000

ch

air an

d tab

le

-

-

-

40

0,000

0

-

0.2

80,00

0 0.3

120,0

00

40

0,000

0

-

0.2

80,00

0 0.3

120,0

00

clock

5

0,000

0

-

-

1

50,00

0

75,0

00

0

-

0

-

1

75,0

00

100,0

00

0

-

0

-

1 1

00,00

0 To

tal

4,865

,000

30

0,000

1,522

,000

3,5

10,00

0 28

,690,0

00

3,1

80,00

0

9,67

8,000

17,81

5,000

26

,500,0

00

3,4

10,00

0

8,730

,000

16

,410,0

00

Vuln

erab

ility

0.06

0.3

1

0.72

0.11

0.3

4

0.62

0.13

0.33

0.62

Improving Flood Hazard Assessment Based On Social Assessment · Table 3-3 Wall Material each dusun...

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