IMPROVING BONE DENSITY - the role of nutrition Nia O’Malley Connolly’s Red Mills Tendrleen Horse...
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Transcript of IMPROVING BONE DENSITY - the role of nutrition Nia O’Malley Connolly’s Red Mills Tendrleen Horse...
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IMPROVING BONE DENSITYIMPROVING BONE DENSITY
- the role of nutrition- the role of nutrition
Nia O’Malley Nia O’Malley
Connolly’s Red MillsConnolly’s Red Mills
Tendrleen Horse FeedsTendrleen Horse Feeds
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Accelerated GrowthAccelerated Growth
Youngstock production dictated by industry Youngstock production dictated by industry trendstrends
Industry has strong desire to accelerate growth Industry has strong desire to accelerate growth for the sales ringfor the sales ring
Australian study found intensively fed horses Australian study found intensively fed horses were consistently heavier, taller and better were consistently heavier, taller and better developed in the cannon bones than horses on developed in the cannon bones than horses on lower nutrition levelslower nutrition levels
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Skeletal GrowthSkeletal Growth
Mature HeightMature Height Mature WeightMature Weight
6 months6 months 84%84% 46%46%
12 months12 months 94%94% 65%65%
22 months22 months 97%97% 90%90%
* BMC: 68% complete at 6 months, 76% complete at 12 months
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Bone MineralisationBone Mineralisation
Bone mineralisation begins Bone mineralisation begins during the last three during the last three months of pregnancymonths of pregnancy
Foetal liver stores minerals Foetal liver stores minerals needed for mineralisation needed for mineralisation after birthafter birth
The newborn foal born with The newborn foal born with 17% of its adult BMC17% of its adult BMC
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Balance is Key!Balance is Key!
Very high calcium supplementation leads to a Very high calcium supplementation leads to a depression of zinc absorptiondepression of zinc absorption
Very high phosphorus levels will negatively Very high phosphorus levels will negatively influence calcium absorptioninfluence calcium absorption
High zinc levels interferes with the uptake of High zinc levels interferes with the uptake of coppercopper
Low magnesium levels affect calcium absorptionLow magnesium levels affect calcium absorption
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Oats Alone?Oats Alone?
High grain diets immediately unbalance High grain diets immediately unbalance bone metabolism, as grains are low in bone metabolism, as grains are low in calcium and magnesium and reasonably calcium and magnesium and reasonably high in phosphorushigh in phosphorus
While a calcium deficiency may not reduce While a calcium deficiency may not reduce size, the skeleton is weak, porous and size, the skeleton is weak, porous and fragile, and prone to breakdown fragile, and prone to breakdown
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Feeding the BroodmareFeeding the Broodmare
If the mare’s calcium intake is not adequate If the mare’s calcium intake is not adequate during gestation and lactation, it will result in during gestation and lactation, it will result in skeletal mineral loss in the foalskeletal mineral loss in the foal
Foals born of calcium deficiency have smaller Foals born of calcium deficiency have smaller cannon bone diameters at birthcannon bone diameters at birth
Mare’s milk drops significantly at about the Mare’s milk drops significantly at about the seventh week of lactation, which could seventh week of lactation, which could negatively influence foal growth ratesnegatively influence foal growth rates
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Vitamins & MineralisationVitamins & Mineralisation
Vitamin D acts by increasing the intestinal Vitamin D acts by increasing the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorusabsorption of calcium and phosphorus
Deficiency of vitamin D will exacerbate an Deficiency of vitamin D will exacerbate an existing imbalance in calcium : phosphorusexisting imbalance in calcium : phosphorus
Vitamin A deficiency leads directly to loss of Vitamin A deficiency leads directly to loss of bone strength and thinning of the bone cortexbone strength and thinning of the bone cortex
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Bone Strength & ProteinBone Strength & Protein
However bone strength does not only depend However bone strength does not only depend on bone mineralisationon bone mineralisation
But also on the quality and quantity But also on the quality and quantity
of proteinof protein
Protein provides the framework baseProtein provides the framework base
upon which minerals are depositedupon which minerals are deposited
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What are amino acids?What are amino acids?
Proteins are comprised of Proteins are comprised of chains of amino acidschains of amino acids
12 amino acids can be 12 amino acids can be synthesised within the synthesised within the horse’s bodyhorse’s body
However 10 need to be However 10 need to be supplied by the dietsupplied by the diet
Essential Amino AcidsEssential Amino Acids ArginineArginine HistidineHistidine IsoleucineIsoleucine LeucineLeucine LysineLysine MethionineMethionine PhenylalaninePhenylalanine ThreonineThreonine TryptophanTryptophan ValineValine
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ProteinProtein
Provision of high-quality protein is important to support optimal growth and weight gain in young horses
A deficiency of certain A deficiency of certain
amino acids will do more amino acids will do more
to depress growth rate to depress growth rate
than any other nutrientthan any other nutrient
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Study in Finland:Study in Finland:
Two groups of weanlings fed different Two groups of weanlings fed different protein supplementsprotein supplements
The weanlings fed higher-quality protein The weanlings fed higher-quality protein had more growth of the circumference of had more growth of the circumference of their cannon bonetheir cannon bone
Due to greater intake of essential amino Due to greater intake of essential amino acidsacids
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Broodmares & ProteinBroodmares & Protein Maintenance Maintenance
requirements for the first requirements for the first 8 months8 months
However the protein However the protein requirement increases requirement increases greatly during the 9greatly during the 9thth, 10, 10th th and 11and 11thth month month
The first three months of The first three months of lactation are equally as lactation are equally as importantimportant
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Exercise: Also a factor!Exercise: Also a factor!
Bone is constantly Bone is constantly remodelling itself in response remodelling itself in response to the forces of impact and to the forces of impact and loadingloading
Remodelling increases bone Remodelling increases bone density by removing existing density by removing existing bone and adding new bone to bone and adding new bone to areas where forces are greatestareas where forces are greatest
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Effect of Exercise on Bone Effect of Exercise on Bone
Weanlings paddock raised & exercised Weanlings paddock raised & exercised daily vs. box raiseddaily vs. box raisedPaddock raised weanlings had 33% higher Paddock raised weanlings had 33% higher
bone densitiesbone densities
Arab weanlings kept: in stalls 24/day, on Arab weanlings kept: in stalls 24/day, on pasture 12/day, on pasture 24/daypasture 12/day, on pasture 24/dayPasture weanlings had increased bone Pasture weanlings had increased bone
mineralisationmineralisation
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To Conclude!To Conclude!
Maximising bone density by building Maximising bone density by building stronger bone is achieved through a stronger bone is achieved through a combination of both nutrition and exercisecombination of both nutrition and exercise
Nutrients such as protein, calcium, Nutrients such as protein, calcium, phosphorus, other minerals and vitamins phosphorus, other minerals and vitamins must be provided in the correct amounts must be provided in the correct amounts relative to each other, and in balance with relative to each other, and in balance with the amount of energy being fedthe amount of energy being fed
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Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!
Any questions?Any questions?
M: 087 9902651