Improve Product Application Methods for Golf Course...

Mike Fidanza, Ph.D.

Pennsylvania State University

Reading, Pennsylvania, USA

Improve Product Application

Methods for Golf Course Turf,

part 1

Slovenian Greenkeepers Association

Grand Hotel Primus Ptuj, Slovenia

28 November 2012

Maximizing Disease Control

Potential Reasons for

Disease Control Failures …or, opportunities to improve product performance

• Fungicide Resistance

• Sprayer Calibration and Sprayer Equipment

• Application Water-Carrier Volume

• Targeting the Pathogen

• Preventive versus Curative Applications

• Selecting a Nozzle

• Non-Target and Environmental Concerns

• New Fungicide Restrictions

• Other Factors


Potential Reasons for

Disease Control Failures …or, opportunities to improve product performance

• Fungicide Resistance

Fungicide Resistance

= Sensitive Isolate

= Resistant Isolate

Prior to site-specific fungicide treatment.

Courtesy of Dr. H. Wetzel III

Tee-2-Green, Hubbard, OR

= Sensitive Isolate

= Resistant Isolate

After first site-specific fungicide treatment.






= Sensitive Isolate

= Resistant Isolate

After second site-specific fungicide treatment.



= Sensitive Isolate

= Resistant Isolate

After third site-specific fungicide treatment.




• Tactics for Minimizing the Risk of the Development of

Fungicide Resistance:

Proper fungicide timing of application.

Proper application of fungicide products.

Use fungicides in an integrated disease

management program.

Integrate proper cultural management techniques

to reduce disease severity.

Fungicides –

What’s Important to Know • Knowledge of turfgrass disease / turfgrass management.

• Knowledge of fungicide products.

– Chemistry and other fungicide information (i.e., resistance issues).

– Product label.

– Research-based information.

nucleus

nucleic acids

mefenoxam

general cell

constituents

cell membrane

cell wall microtubules

benzimidazoles

mitochondria

strobilurins / flutolanil /boscalid

DMI / dicarboximides /

propamocarb / PCNB

fludioxanil

polyoxins

chlorothalonil

fungicide

6 cellular targets

12 MOA

* * *

* * * * * *

*

* * *

* * * * * *

* * *

* * *

* * *

*

* *

* * *

* * * * * *

* * *

* * *

* * * * * *

* *

* *

Slide courtesy Dr. Rick Latin, Purdue University

active ingredient

metabolic target

Lock and Key

• A fungicide is designed to bind to a certain site (target) in the fungus.

• It must fit exactly, like a lock and key.

• Once the fungicide binds to its target, it interferes with the metabolic function of the target process.


Slide courtesy Dr. Rick Latin, Purdue University

Multi-site

compounds

Chlorothalonil

Mancozeb

Thiram

Site-specific compounds

Turf Fungicides

Azoxystrobin

Fluoxastrobin

Pyraclostrobin

Trifloxystrobin

Propiconazole

Triadimefon

Myclobutanil

Triticonazole

Metconazole

Polyoxin-d

Mefenoxam

Thiophanate-

methyl

PCNB

Chloroneb

Iprodione

Vinclozolin

Fludioxanil

Propamocarb

Flutolanil

Boscalid

Slide courtesy of Rick Latin, Purdue University

Turfgrass Fungicides -

“Fungicide Familes”

Copper / Bordeaux mixture

Organomercuries

Dithiocarbamates

Benzimidazoles

Dicarboximides

Triazoles

Phenylamides

Pyrimidines

Strobilurins

…Others

Strobilurus tenacellus

Order of

Discovery

Fungicides

• Commonly Used and Important Component For Managing Turfgrass Diseases (with Cultural Practices)

• Preventive & Curative Control Options

• Recent Years: – Reduced Efficacy of Fungicides

– Microbial Degradation of Fungicides

– Resistance Issues

– Restrictions on Application Rates and Intervals or Removal Altogether


Potential Failures:


• Pathogens Have Developed Resistance To: – Benzimidazoles

• Example: Thiophanate Methyl

– DMI/Sterol Inhibitors • Example: Propiconazole

– Dicarboximides • Ipriodione

– Phenylamides • Mefenoxam

– QoI (Stobilurins) • Azoxystrobin


Potential Failures:


• Diseases With Known Resistance

– Dollar Spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa)

– Pythium Blight (Pythium spp.)

– Gray Leaf Spot (Pyricularia grisea)

– Anthracnose Basal Rot (Colletotrichum

cereale)

– Others?


Population

VGC

CCC

FLDFR

MNCN

HTR

1

HTR

2LO

I

OHP

OKL

PNO

SHN

STN

BOS1

BOS2

BOS3

WCC

WEB

WPG1

WPG2

WHL

EC

50

(E)

(µg

a.i. m

L-1

)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Exposed Populations – Iprodione

90

75 Mean

25

10

Outlier

Median

Calibration


ground speed

nozzle type and

nozzle output

water carrier volume

nozzle spacing and

boom height pressure


How Often Do You Calibrate

Your Sprayer?


Why calibrate your sprayer?

● Maximizes the value of pesticides / plant protection products.

● Insures the proper label (and legal) application rates.

● Minimizes turfgrass injury or phytotoxicity.

● Minimizes disease control failure or reduction in disease control.

● How often to calibrate?

…minimum of once per year, or

more often depending on use?

Some things to consider with sprayer calibration:

● …are all nozzles alike?

● …check for blockage of the nozzles / nozzle screen.

● …check the seating of the ball check valve (nozzle components).

● …check other mechanical and electronic functions of your sprayer.

● …check the mechanical operation of your fertilizer spreader.

● …do you keep accurate pesticide /fertilizer application records?

The last piece of equipment to come into contact

with plant protection products before being

distributed onto the turfgrass target area.

Effective fungicide coverage is important … don’t let incorrect sprayer calibration be the reason for poor fungicide placement.


Don’t forget …

equipment maintenance and repair

Fairways – 1 gal/1000 sq ft (~43.5 gal/A) (400 L/ha)

Greens – 2 gal/1000 sq ft (~87 gal/A) (~800 L/ha)

Application Water Volume



Coverage

1 gal water/1000 sq ft

equivalent to

12 ml water per 1 sq meter

Note: 1 teaspoon = 5 ml



Coverage

1 gal water/1000 sq ft

equivalent to

12 ml water per 1 sq meter

Note: 1 teaspoon = 5 ml


= 25 ml

Targeting the Pathogen

• Foliage

• Crown/Stembase

• Roots


Targeting The Pathogen

• Foliar

– Improve Fungicide Coverage

• Stembase and Crown

– Apply In High Water Volumes

• Roots or Underground Tissues

– Apply and Immediately Water-In


What About A Fungicide’s

Phytomobility? • Penetrant - Systemic

– Upward & Downward Movement

• Penetrant - Acropetal – Upward mobility at point of contact

• Penetrant - Localized – Enters Plant, minimum movement

• Contact – Surface Coverage Key, No Penetration


Chemical (Fungicide) Options

for Fairy Ring Control:

•cultural practices, especially aeration

•soil surfactant

•fungicide

•post-appl. irrigation

Classic example of a cross-section of fairy ring in turf.

Shantz and Pemiesel, 1917

- cultural practices • aerify area to be treated

• irrigation/water - wet soil profile (root zone)

- do not allow soil to dry out

• other practices (i.e., reduce thatch, improve fertility, etc.)

– apply soil surfactant • alleviate hydrophobic soil conditions

• minimize negative impact of wet/dry cycles

• apply surfactant first, followed-by fungicide

• OR, apply surfactant + fungicide (tank-mix)

– apply fungicide • attempt to control the fungal pathogen

• 1000 to 1500 L water-carrier/ha

• post-application irrigation (> 5 mm ) … “rinse” into the turf

– repeat if necessary (…case-by-case basis)

Fairy Ring Fungicide/Surfactant Program

Examples of fungicide/soil surfactant use

for fairy ring control in turfgrass.

(treated)

(untreated)

(treated)

(untreated)

Fairy ring type I on Cynodon sp. green in Florida, USA; preventive applications (FR = Lycoperdon).

0

10

20

30

40

50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

untreated flutalonil 50WP (fungicide)

+

polymeric polyoxyalkylenes

(proprietary Aquatrols

soil surfactant, 19 L/ha)*

Tota

l n

um

ber

of

typ

e I

fair

y r

ings

per

pu

ttin

g g

reen

.

*surface applied in 805 L water carrier ha-1 in Oct, Nov, Dec 1996; evaluated Mar 1997.

Fairy ring type II on Agrostis sp. fairway (FR = Agaricus).

flutalonil 70WP + Revolution flutalonil 70WP

Revolution

Note: Treated two times at 28-day interval in July 2003 (symptom reduction observed in July 2004).

Note: Revolution applied at 19 L/ha; flutalonil applied at label use rate; water-carrier 1600 L/ha.

Fairy ring type II symptoms on Agrostis sp.

0

10

20

30

40

Heritage Heritage

+ Rev

Heritage Heritage

+ Rev

Insignia Insignia

+ Rev

Insignia Insignia

+ Rev

Check

% P

lot

Are

a T

yp

e-I

Fair

y R

ing

800 1600 800 1600

Products: Heritage 0.75 kg ai/ha, Insignia 0.5 kg ai/ha; Revolution 19 L/ha.

FR = Agaricus.

Lolium sp. Fairway – Pennsylvania, USA, 2006.

L water/ha:

0

10

20

30

40

Heritage Heritage

+ Rev

Heritage Heritage

+ Rev

Insignia Insignia

+ Rev

Insignia Insignia

+ Rev

Check

Agrostis sp. Green – California,USA, 2005.

800 1600 800 1600

Products: Heritage 0.75 kg ai/ha, Insignia 0.5 kg ai/ha; Revolution 19 L/ha.

FR = Bovista.

L water/ha:

% P

lot

Are

a T

yp

e-I

Fair

y R

ing

0

10

20

30

40

Heritage Heritage + Revolution Revolution Untreated

% P

lot

Are

a T

yp

e-I

Fair

y R

ing

Products: Heritage 0.75 kg ai/ha; Revolution 19 L/ha; appl. in 1600 L water/ha.

FR = Agaricus.

Lolium sp. Fairway – Pennsylvania, USA, 2006.

2 WAT 4 WAT

DryJect with water attachment; 1600 L water/Ha appl. at 20,000 kPa.

Fairy Ring - Summary

•cultural practices

•soil moisture status

- irrigation/water use

- soil hydrophobicity

- soil surfactant use

- minimize impact of wet/dry cycles

•fungicide use

- aeration

- soil surfactant use

- water-carrier volume

- post-appl. irrigation

- preventive/curative

Mike Fidanza, Ph.D.

Pennsylvania State University

Reading, Pennsylvania, USA

Improve Product Application

Methods for Golf Course Turf,

part 2

Slovenian Greenkeepers Association

Grand Hotel Primus Ptuj, Slovenia

28 November 2012

Selecting a Nozzle


Crop Production


XR and XRC TeeJet Turbo TeeJet

AI TeeJet (Air Induction)

TurfJet

Raindrop

TwinJet

Nozzle Types

Turbo TwinJet

“hollow cone” spray pattern

“flat fan”

spray pattern

ConeJet

With the application of plant protection products through a sprayer, how often do you replace

or change the nozzles?

5%

72%

18%5%

Never

Once a year

Twice per year

Three or more times per year

With the application of plant protection products through a sprayer, do you...

68%

32%

Use the same nozzle foreverything

Use different nozzles ornozzle-type depending on theproducts applied

With the application of plant protection products through a sprayer, do you...

41%

59%

Use the same water carriervolume for everything

Use different water carriervolumes depending on theproducts applied

Applying a Product

• Chemists and biologists

examine how the chemical

can best be applied to the

target pest, disease, or

weed

• The product may need to be

applied in different ways

(foliar vs. root uptake, water

carrier volume, adjuvants,

nozzle types, etc…)


Nozzle Selection

Nozzles control the: • Rate

• Uniformity

• Coverage

• Safety of product application

Nozzles: a major factor in determining

product placement onto the turf


Nozzle Selection

• Factors to consider for nozzle

performance: nozzle type, size, condition,

boom height, boom orientation and spray

angle, and spacing along the boom


Nozzle Selection

• Other factors to consider for nozzle “selection”:

turfgrass disease (and target of pathogen),

preventive vs. curative approach, fungicide MOA


Nozzle Selection

• Common errors that affect accuracy

wrong boom height, misaligned nozzles on

boom, worn nozzles, and different-sized

nozzles used together on the same boom


Factors Affecting

Nozzle Output

• Pressure

• Size of hole in tip (orifice)

• Viscosity of spray solution


Droplet Size and

Spray Quality


Laser


Comparative Size

Symbol Relative Size Comparative Size Atomization

VF Point of Needle

(25 microns)

Fog

F Human Hair

(100 microns)

Fine Mist

M Sewing Thread

(150 microns)

Fine Drizzle

C Toothbrush Bristle

(300 microns)

Light Rain

VC Staple

(420 microns)

Rain

EC #2 Pencil Lead

(2000 microns)

Thunderstorm

Cutting Droplet Size in Half = 8

Times the Number of Droplets

500

Microns

250

Microns

250

Microns

250

Microns

250

Microns

250

Microns

250

Microns

250

Microns

250

Microns


Droplet Size Classifications

Evolution of droplet size classification:

(accumulative volume and VMD, specific to a certain micron size)

BCPC standards

• Five classifications based on standard

nozzle protocol

Development of ASAE standard

• ASAE S572 AUG99 (Spray Nozzle Classification by Droplet Spectra)

• Uses a standard set of nozzles provided by ASAE

• Six droplet size classification categories


VMD

• Volume Mean Diameter

• VMD = droplet size where …

½ of volume has droplets >

the VMD, and ½ the volume in

droplets < VMD


1/2 of spray volume = larger droplets

VMD

1/2 of spray volume = smaller droplets


Category Symbol Color Code Approximate

VMD (0.5)

Very fine VF Red <150 microns

Fine F Orange 150 – 250

Medium M Yellow 250 – 350

Coarse C Blue 350 – 450

Very coarse VC Green 450 – 550

Extremely

coarse

XC White >550

Droplet Size Categories

*All nozzles produce a range of droplet sizes.

Human hair = 100 microns

Staple = 420 microns

VisiFlo® Color Coding Standard

Turbo TeeJet Nozzles

TurfJet Nozzles

Liquid Capacity Liquid Capacity

Pressure 1 Nozzle Pressure 1 Nozzle

in psi in GPM in psi in GPM

Blue

Orange

Green

Yellow

Violet

40

40

40

40

0.5

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.1

0.6

White 40 0.8

VisiFlo

Color

Coding

VisiFlo

Color

Coding

Gray 40

Brown 4040

40

Red

40

40

1.0

Light

Green1.5

Light Blue

0.3

0.4

Examples:

XR

TeeJet 15 20 25 30 40 50 60

XR8001 M F F F F F F

XR80015 M M M F F F F

XR8002 M M M M F F F

XR8003 M M M M M M F

XR8004 C C M M M M M

XR8005 C C C C M M M

XR8006 C C C C C C C

XR8008 VC VC VC C C C C

XR11001 F F F F F VF VF

XR110015 F F F F F F F

XR11002 M F F F F F F

XR11003 M M M F F F F

XR11004 M M M M M F F

XR11005 M M M M M M F

XR11006 C C M M M M M

XR11008 C C C C C M M

psi

Example:

XR TeeJet Nozzle Type, and

Effect of Pressure on Droplet Size

Flat Fan Spray Application

and Droplet Size

XR TeeJet

(flat fan)

Fine to Medium droplets

TurfJet

(flat fan)

Extremely Coarse droplets

Air-Induction

(flat fan)

Very Coarse droplets

Water-sensitive paper Water-sensitive paper

Water-sensitive paper Water-sensitive paper

Medium Very Coarse*

Very Coarse to

Extremely Coarse

Extremely

Coarse

Dollar spot on a green (creeping bentgrass).


Dollar spot control with Daconil Ultrex or Headway.

Appl. Info.: Headway 0.75 fl oz/M, at 1 gal water/M, 40 psi.

Daconil Ultrex 1.8 oz/M, at 1 gal water/M, 40 psi

Creeping Bentgrass (~fairway), 3 reps, RCBD.

Bellewood GC, North Coventry, PA (2006).

July 18, 2006

Fungicide: Droplet Size:* # Inf. Cntrs.

Daconil Fine

Daconil Medium

Daconil Coarse

Daconil Extr. Coarse

Headway Fine

Headway Medium

Headway Coarse

Headway Extr. Coarse

Untreated 18.0 a

*Fine = XR110015; Med = XR11004; Coarse = XR11008; Extr. Coarse = RA8.

QUESTION

What droplet size provided

the best control?

a. Fine

b. Medium

c. Coarse

d. Extr. Coarse

Dollar spot control with Daconil Ultrex or Headway.

Appl. Info.: Headway 0.75 fl oz/M, at 1 gal water/M, 40 psi.

Daconil Ultrex 1.8 oz/M, at 1 gal water/M, 40 psi

Creeping Bentgrass (~fairway), 3 reps, RCBD.

Bellewood GC, North Coventry, PA (2006).

July 18, 2006

Fungicide: Droplet Size:* # Inf. Cntrs.

Daconil Fine 6.3 b

Daconil Medium 0.3 c

Daconil Coarse 1.3 c

Daconil Extr. Coarse 7.0 b

Headway Fine 5.3 b

Headway Medium 0.7 c

Headway Coarse 0.3 c

Headway Extr. Coarse 5.0 b

Untreated 18.0 a

*Fine = XR110015; Med = XR11004; Coarse = XR11008; Extr. Coarse = RA8.

Example of fungicide product (Daconil Ultrex) on surface

of turfgrass leaf blades.


Spray Angle

• Actual spray width will be less than theoretical due to gravity|

• Minimum overlap is critical

• Maximum overlap is not

• For most tapered spray patterns, a minimum 30% overlap is recommended

• Be mindful of spray angle collapse when using drift retardants


*There must be enough pressure to develop the spray pattern.


XR and XRC TeeJet Turbo TeeJet

AI TeeJet (Air Induction)

TurfJet

Raindrop

TwinJet

Nozzle Types

Turbo TwinJet

“hollow cone” spray pattern

“flat fan”

spray pattern

ConeJet

Nozzle Nomenclature

Numbering system for TeeJet nozzles:

110°

11004

0.4 gpm at 40 psi

} }


TeeJet Spray Booklet

www.teejet.com

Spray Coverage

Excellent

Poor

Raindrop (Extremely Coarse)

XR TeeJet (Fine to Coarse)

TurfJet (Extremely Coarse)

Turbo TeeJet (Medium to Very Coarse)

Air-Induction (Very Coarse)

Drift Control

Excellent

Poor

Raindrop

XR TeeJet

TurfJet

Turbo TeeJet

Air-Induction

AI/AIC TeeJet (Air-Induction Nozzle)

• Advantages

– Good coverage

– Uses Venturi-air technology

– Drift control

• Even at very high pressure

– Works best at >40psi

– Canopy penetration

• Disadvantages

– Not useable at low pressures (<30 psi)

– Wear tolerance

AI TeeJet

Spray Solution

Air

Air

Spray Solution

Very Coarse droplet size

Droplet “shatters” ~medium(?) to coarse droplet size

AI TeeJet

AI TeeJet (Flat Fan Spray Pattern)

• Yellow moisture sensitive paper turns blue when moisture comes in contact with it

• Excellent coverage

Example of AI TeeJet nozzle spray pattern.

XR and XRC TeeJet (Flat Fan Spray Pattern)

• Advantages – Small droplet size =

good coverage – Useable at low

pressures • 15-60 psi

• Disadvantages

– Drift – Wear Tolerance – Drops may not

penetrate turf canopy at lower spray pressures.


• Excellent coverage

XR and XRC TeeJet (Flat Fan Spray Pattern)

TurfJet (Wide Angle, Flat Fan Spray Pattern)

• Advantages

– Very large droplets = low drift

– Wide-angle pattern

– Wear tolerance

– Good pattern at low pressure

• 25-75 psi

• Disadvantages

– Large droplets = poor, inconsistent coverage


• Fair to poor coverage

TurfJet (Wide Angle, Flat Fan Spray Pattern)

Turbo TeeJet (Flat Fan Spray Pattern)

• Tapered edge wide angle flat spray pattern

• Large, rounded internal passage to minimize clogging

• Larger droplets for less drift

• Wide pressure range 15-90 psi

Turbo TeeJet AI Nozzle (Flat Fan Spray Pattern)

Raindrop Nozzle (Hollow Cone Spray Pattern)

• Advantages

– Wide, upright pattern

– Large droplets = low drift

– Wear tolerance

• Disadvantages

– Very large droplets = poor coverage

– Inconsistent coverage

– Easily damaged


• Fair to poor coverage

Raindrop Nozzle (Hollow Cone Spray Pattern)

Hollow Cone Nozzle Spray Distribution Pattern

Effective fungicide coverage is important.

Research Results

Dollar spot in creeping bentgrass.

0

10

20

30

0.5 1 2 4 Untr.

Gal Water Volume/1000 sq ft

Do

lla

r S

po

t

(# In

fecti

on

Cen

ters

) RA8

Penn State, 2005.

Daconil Ultrex 82.5WDG @ 1.8 oz/M – Creeping Bent.

0

10

20

30

40

0.5 1 2 4 Untr.


Do

lla

r S

po

t

(# In

fecti

on

Cen

ters

) AI TeeJet

Penn State, 2006.

8.3.06

c

b b

a

b


0

10

20

30

40

0.5 1 2 4 Untr.


Do

lla

r S

po

t

(# In

fecti

on

Cen

ters

) XR TeeJet

Penn State, 2006.

8.3.06

c bc

b

a

bc


More Research Results

Brown patch (Rhizoctonia blight) in creeping bentgrass.

Rhizoctonia blight control with Heritage TL. Appl. Info.: Heritage TL 1.0 fl oz/M, at 1 gal water/M, 40 psi. Creeping Bentgrass (~fairway), 3 reps, RCBD. Bellewood GC, North Coventry, PA (2006).

Nozzle Type --- % Rhizoctonia blight (7 DAT on 7.18.06) ---

AI TeeJet (very coarse) 1.3 b Turbo TeeJet (coarse) 1.0 b XR TeeJet (medium) 1.3 b TurfJet (extr. coarse) 7.0 b RA8 (Delavan) (extr. coarse) 8.3 ab Untr. 15.0 a

Fisher’s Protected LSD: (P<.05)

Nozzle Wear and Replacement

• When do I need to replace my tips? • Wear rates depend on:

– Tip material (stainless steel, polymer, ceramic) – Chemicals used – Operating pressure – Care used when cleaning

• When measured flow rates are 10% over nominal flow rate, then it’s time to replace them

Buy enough nozzles, plus one extra …

Nozzle Wear

New Flat-Fan Nozzle

Worn Nozzle

Improperly Cleaned

Spray Pattern Check

Damaged

Nozzles Worn Nozzles New Nozzles

Recommendations – Choosing the Right Nozzles

• Choose a flat-fan spray pattern for uniformity.

• Medium to coarse droplet size the best.*

*Air-Induction nozzle included.

• Maintain a spray pressure of 30 to 60 psi

(200 to 400 kPa).

• Avoid extremely large droplet sizes.

– Fungicides are not distributed effectively under low water volumes.

– Avoid raindrop (~hollow cone) nozzles.

Not Recommended for Fungicide Applications

Nozzle Types Recommended for Fungicide Applications

XP BOOMJET NOZZLE

Unique orifice geometry provides uniform spray

distribution in a wide-coverage boomless nozzle

Pre-orifice nozzle design creates larger droplets

•Large droplets reduce drift and

environmental risks

•Increased coverage as a

boom extension nozzle

•Sprays difficult

to treat areas not

accessible with

spray booms

UNIFORM SPRAY

DISTRIBUTION

DROPLET SIZE - LABEL

<< acidic << >> alkaline >>

neutral = 7

Pesticides and pH •Water carrier pH. •Spray solution pH. • Most pesticides stable at pH 4 to 6. • Some pesticides “decompose” pH > 7. -alkaline hydrolysis -loss of pesticide efficacy -examples: -Dylox insecticide (half-life 4 days in pH 8.0) -common with organophosphates and carbamates -Polyoxin D (Endorse) fungicide -Thiophanate methyl (Cleary’s 3336) -…others? • Refer to product MSDS sheet for pH stability information.

Example of a pH meter.

May June July Aug pH: 6.5 7.2 7.8 8.5

Example of water pH from a golf course in Southeastern Pennsylvania:

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

pH 5 - 6 pH 6 - 7 pH 7 - 8

Irrigation Water pH Ranges

Nu

mb

er

of

Go

lf C

ou

rse

(n =

35)

*Applied Turfgrass Science (online).

Irrigation Water Quality Survey, 2005*. (Southeastern Pennsylvania)

0

10

20

30

40

50

5 7 9 Untr.

Water Carrier pH

Do

llar

Sp

ot

(# In

fec

tio

n C

en

ters

)

Rutgers, creeping bentgras (~green), July 19, 2007.

c c b

Thiophanate Methyl 50WP @ 2 oz/M

b

a

ELECTRIC NOZZLE SHUT-OFF

• New shut off for individual

nozzles

• Fast acting 12V solenoid

• Immediate on/off control

• Ideal for use with GPS

GPS

TECHNOLOGY

SWATH GUIDANCE

INFORMATION

BOOM SECTION CONTROL

System can use

boom section

valves or

individual electric

nozzle shut-off’s

DATA AND

MAPPING – On-screen field review allows

operator to review field for skips prior

to departing

VARIABLE RATE APPLICATION

Typically used for

applying lime,

fertilizer and

micronutrients at

varying rates

based upon soil

sample analysis

VR GRANULAR APPLICATOR

GPS AUTOMATIC STEERING

Dr. Mike Fidanza • [email protected]

THANK YOU for your time!

Improve Product Application Methods for Golf Course...

Documents

Transcript of Improve Product Application Methods for Golf Course...