Impression techniques in rpd
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“ Good technique pays off ” is not merely a motto to hang on a
wall but these are words of wisdom…
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IMPRESSION TECHNIQUES
IN RPD
PRESENTED BY:APURVA THAMPI
1ST YR PG
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CONTENTS• INTRODUCTION• TERMINOLOGIES• COMPLETE DENTURE IMPRESSION V/S RPD
IMPRESSION • IMPRESSION MATERIALS• ANATOMIC FORM AND FUNCTIONAL FORM• CONCEPT OF FUNCTIONAL IMPRESSION• NEED OF FUNCTIONAL IMPRESSION
• INDICATION FOR FUNCTIONAL IMPRESSION• OBJECTIVES OF FUNCTIONAL IMPRESSION
• DISTAL EXTENSION BASED PARTIAL DENTURE 3
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CONTENTS• MCLEAN’S PHYSIOLOGIC IMPRESSION
TECHNIQUE• HINDEL’S MODIFICATIONS• FUNCTIONAL RELINING METHOD• FLUID WAX TECHNIQUE• SELECTIVE PRESSURE IMPRESSION• ALTERED CAST TECHNIQUE• MODIFICATIONS OF ALTERED CAST TECHNIQUE• REVIEW OF LITERATURE• SUMMARY• CONCLUSION• BIBLIOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION
• Preservation of remaining tissues.• Contribute to trauma to the surrounding
tissues. • Stress tolerance of supporting anatomic
structures, • Denture base always moves towards the
supporting muscle. • Support for the partial denture to be
considered
Rationale behind using
RPD….
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IMPRESSION
A NEGATIVE LIKENESS OR COPY IN REVERSE OF THE SURFACE OF AN OBJECT ; IMPRINT OF TEETH AND ADJACENT STRUCTURES FOR USE IN DENTISTRY.
GPT – 8
PARTIAL DENTURE IMPRESSION
A NEGATIVE LIKENESS OF A PART OR ALL OF A PARTIALLY EDENTULOUS ARCH –
GPT – 8
Terminology
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A RECEPTACLE IN TO WHICH SUITABLE IMPRESSION MATERIAL IS PLACED TO MAKE NEGATIVE LIKENESS
ORA DEVICE THAT IS USED TO CARRY, CONFINE AND
CONTROL IMPRESSION MATERIAL WHILE MAKING AN IMPRESSION.
IMPRESSION TRAYS
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RPD IMPRESSION VS COMPLETE DENTURE
COMPLETE DENTURE IMPRESSION THE EDENTULOUS MUCOSA WITH UNDERLYING BONE ONLY
PARTIAL DENTURE IMPRESSION RELATIVE SOFT YIELDING TISSUES (THE ORAL MUCOSA) + HARD UNYIELDING SUBSTANCE (THE REMAINING TEETH).
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IMPRESSION MATERIALS• NON-ELASTIC• ELASTIC
• AQUEOUS HYDROCOLLOIDS• AGAR• ALGINATE
• NON-AQUEOUS ELASTOMERS• POLYSULFIDE• SILICONES
• CONDENSATION• ADDITION
• POLYETHER
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Impr
essi
on
Mat
eria
ls
Non-elastic
Elastic
Aqueous Hydrocolloids
Non-aqueous Elastomers
Polysulfide
Silicones
Polyether
Condensation
Addition
Agar (reversible)
Alginate (irreversible)
Plaster
Compound
ZnO - Eugenol
Waxes
O’Brien Dental Materials & their Selection 1997
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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE SELECTION OF IMPRESSION MATERIALS ARE
Convenience of use
Time of manipulation and setting time
Cost
Operator training and preference
Need for special trays
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BASED ON THE METHOD OF IMPRESSION MAKING
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RESIDUAL RIDGE
Anatomic form
Functional form
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ANATOMIC FORM• THE SURFACE OF THE RESIDUAL RIDGE AT
REST.
• IT IS THE SHAPE OF THE RIDGE BEFORE FUNCTIONAL LOAD IS APPLIED.
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FUNCTIONAL FORM • IT MEANS THE SHAPE OF THE RESIDUAL RIDGE
TISSUE WHEN IT IS FUNCTIONING TO SUPPORT THE DENTURE BASE.
• IT IS THE SHAPE OF THE RIDGE AFTER FUNCTIONAL LOAD IS APPLIED.
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16Anatomic or Resting form Supporting or Functional form
McCracken’s Removable Partial Prosthodontics 3rd edition
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IMPRESSION MATERIALS ANATOMIC
IMPRESSIONS
• IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID
• ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS
• REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID
FUNCTIONAL IMPRESSIONS
• FLUID WAXES• METALLIC PASTES• ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION
MATERIALS• SOFT RELINERS
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CONCEPT OF FUNCTIONAL IMPRESSION
THE TERM FUNCTIONAL IMPRESSION MEANS RECORDING THE FUNCTIONAL FORM OF THE RESIDUAL RIDGE TISSUE & TO OBTAIN UNIFORMITY OF SUPPORT
WHEN THE FUNCTIONAL LOAD IS APPLIED.
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• Record and relate the tissues under uniform loading
• Distribute the load over as large an area as possible
• Accurately delineate the peripheral extent of the denture base
Therefore, the impression must…
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INITIALLY…..
• APPLEGATE IMPRESSION WAX TO LOAD FUNCTIONALLY THE RESIDUAL RIDGE
• HINDEL FREE END DENTURE BASE UNDER MASTICATORY LOAD SHOULD BE RELATED TO METAL FRAMEWORK WHEN IT IS SEATED
• HOLMES USED FOUR DIFFERENT MATERIALS WITH ALTERED CAST TECHNIQUE
• LEUPOLD & KRATOCHVIL USED ZINC-OXIDE EUGENOL PASTE TO RECORD THE SHAPE OF RESIDUAL RIDGES
Leupold RJ, A comparative study of impression procedures for distal extension removable partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1966; 16:708.
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• KRAMER & SINGER USED A DOUBLE IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE BASED ON LOAD DISTRIBUTION BY HINDEL
• MCCRACKEN FUNCTIONAL TECHNIQUE SHOULD BE USED WHEN CONSTRUCTING MANDIBULAR DISTAL EXTENSION BASED PARTIAL DENTURE
Leupold RJ, A comparative study of impression procedures for distal extension removable partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1966; 16:708.
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NEED OF FUNCTIONAL IMPRESSION• THE DISPLACEABILITY OF THE MUCOSA OF RESIDUAL
RIDGE IS NOT UNIFORM.• IN CASES OF DISTAL EXTENSION BASED PARTIAL
DENTURE.• SHORT SPAN DISTAL EXTENSION BASES.
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INDICATIONS FOR FUNCTIONAL IMPRESSION
Mandibular distal extension partial dentures • Mainly kennedy’s
class I & II edentulous arches.
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OBJECTIVES OF FUNCTIONAL IMPRESSION(O.C. APPLEGATE)
To obtain the maximum area of coverage
Traumatic impact on any area must be avoided
At rest there must be no islands of ischemia
Under work loads all areas must receive massage stimuli. 24
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SUPPORT OF DISTAL EXTENSION BASED PARTIAL DENTURE
minor support abutment teeth
major support elastic fibrous connective tissue pad
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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SUPPORT OF DISTAL EXTENSION BASE
• CONTOUR & QUALITY OF RESIDUAL RIDGE
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Stewart’s clinical Removable partial denture prosthodontics – 4th ed
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EXTENT OF RESIDUAL RIDGE COVERAGE BY THE DENTURE BASE
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Stewart’s clinical Removable partial denture prosthodontics – 4th ed
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TYPE & ACCURACY OF IMPRESSION REGISTRATION
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Stewart’s clinical Removable partial denture prosthodontics – 4th edMcCracken’s Removable Partial Prosthodontics
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ACCURACY OF FIT OF DENTURE BASE
29Stewart’s clinical Removable partial denture prosthodontics – 4th ed
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•Design of partial denture framework
30McCracken’s Removable Partial Prosthodontics
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TOTAL OCCLUSAL LOAD APPLIED
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McCracken’s Removable Partial Prosthodontics
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METHODS OF FUNCTIONAL IMPRESSION
PHYSIOLOGIC OR FUNCTIONAL IMPRESSION
SELECTED PRESSURE IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE
McLean's method
Functional relining method
Hindel’s modification for
McLean's method
The Fluid wax technique 32
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MCLEAN’S PHYSIOLOGIC METHOD
33
Clinical Removable Partial Prosthodontics – Stewart. 3rd edition
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McLean “The basic problem of partial denture
stabilization is to equalize the
resilient and non resilient support”
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Custom tray over a preliminary cast
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Functional impression of extension area under occlusal load
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Hydrocolloid impression over the first impression made under finger pressure.
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• FINGER PRESSURE NOT EQUAL TO BITING PRESSURE
• CLOSELY AFFECT THE DIRECT RETENTION
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Disadvantages-
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• IMPRESSION IS MADE WITH A MODIFIED TRAY APPLYING FINGER PRESSURE.
39
Clinical Removable Partial Prosthodontics – Stewart. 3rd edition
HINDEL’S MODIFICATION
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HINDLE’S FINGER LOADING
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HINDLE’S FINGER LOADING
• TISSUES ARE IN CONSTANT STAGE OF COMPRESSION
• ISCHEMIA AND BONE RESORPTION
• PREMATURE CONTACTS AT REST.
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Disadvantage
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THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THESE TECHNIQUES WAS TO RELATE AN IMPRESSION OF THE
EDENTULOUS RIDGE TO THE TEETH UNDER A FORM OF FUNCTIONAL LOADING.
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FUNCTIONAL RELINE METHOD
44
Clinical Removable Partial Prosthodontics – Stewart. 3rd edition
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LAYER OF RELIEF GIVEN
45
Clinical Removable Partial Prosthodontics – Stewart. 3rd edition
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THE DENTURE IS PROCESSED & FITTED IN THE MOUTH IN CUSTOMARY MANNER, EXCEPT THAT THE RELIEF METAL IS LEFT IN PLACE.
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It should be worn for a trial period of a week & all needed adjustments are done
Clinical Removable Partial Prosthodontics – Stewart. 3rd edition
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THE RELIEF METAL IS STRIPPED OFF FROM THE ACRYLIC.
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Clinical Removable Partial Prosthodontics – Stewart. 3rd edition
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LOW FUSING MODELING COMPOUND IS ADDED IN INCREMENTS
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BORDER MOLDING DONE.
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1 MM MODELING PLASTIC IS REMOVED FROM THE INTAGLIO SURFACE.
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IMPRESSION MADE USING ONE OF THE CORRECTIVE MATERIALS : FLUID WAX, ZINC-OXIDE EUGENOL PASTES
OR ANY ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERIAL.
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FUNCTIONAL RELINE METHOD
DISADVANTAGE
• OCCLUSION MAY BE ALTERED SLIGHTLY • FINE LINE OF DEMARCATION BETWEEN THE
NEWLY ADDED & OLD RESIN OF THE DENTURE
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FLUID WAX TECHNIQUE
53Clinical Removable Partial Prosthodontics – Stewart. 3rd edition
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THE MOST FREQUENTLY USED WAXES ARE
Korrecta wax no. 4 - Dr. O.C.& S.G. Applegate at University of Michigan
IOWA wax -Developed by Dr.Smith at University of IOWA
54
Korrecta wax no. 4 is slightly more fluid than IOWA wax
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THE ARMANTARIUM FOR FLUID WAX TECHNIQUE. (51- 54 DEGREE CELSIUS)
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UNDERCUTS ELIMINATED USING BASEPLATE WAX
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SEPARATING MEDIUM APPLIED TO THE CAST.
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FRAMEWORK SEATED ON THE CAST.
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TRAY MATERIAL ADAPTED 1-2 MM RELIEF BETWEEN RESIDUAL RIDGE AND INTAGLIO SURFACE
OF TRAY.
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EXCESS MATERIAL REMOVED.
Tray border smoothed using laboratory bur.Should be 2 mm short of border extension
required.
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FLUID WAX PAINTED ONTO THE INTAGLIO SURFACE OF TRAY (1 -2 MM)
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Assembly seated in patients mouth.(5 -7 mins)
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COMPLETED IMPRESSION.CHECK FOR PROPER TISSUE CONTACT
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SELECTIVE TISSUE PLACEMENT IMPRESSION
METHOD
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Direct more force to those portions of
ridge able to absorb stress
without adverse response & to
protect the areas of ridge which are
least able to absorb forces.
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Framework tried on the cast
Tray outline marked for extension
64McCracken’s Removable Partial Prosthodontics
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FRAMEWORK WITH TRAY FABRICATED ON IT WITH HOLES ON ITS RIDGE.
65McCracken’s Removable Partial Prosthodontics
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AREAS IN WHICH RELIEF IS TO BE PROVIDED IS MARKED
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TRAY IS BEING RELIEVED BEFORE THE FINAL
IMPRESSION IS MADE
Clinical Removable Partial Prosthodontics – Stewart. 3rd edition
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Acrylic resin impression trays
with holes
Framework with tray tried
in patient’s mouth
Functional impression
made67
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WELCOME BACK!
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ALTERED CAST TECHNIQUE
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ALTERED CAST : A FINAL CAST THAT IS REVISED IN PART BEFORE PROCESSING A DENTURE BASE—CALLED ALSO CORRECTED CAST, MODIFIED CAST
ALTERED CAST PARTIAL DENTURE IMPRESSION : A NEGATIVE LIKENESS OF A PORTION OR PORTIONS OF THE EDENTULOUS DENTURE BEARING AREA(S) MADE INDEPENDENT OF AND AFTER THE INITIAL IMPRESSION OF THE NATURAL TEETH.
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• ALSO KNOWN AS CORRECTED CAST OR SPLIT CAST TECHNIQUE.
• IT IS MAINLY A MODIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL IMPRESSION THROUGH LABORATORY PROCEDURE.
• FUNCTIONAL IMPRESSION FOR THIS TECHNIQUE CAN BE MADE USING ANY MENTIONED MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES.
71Robert J. Leupold And Frank J. Kratochvil:An Altered-cast Procedure To Improve Tissue SupportFor Removable Partial Dentures .J Prosthet Dent 1965:672-679
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Functional impression made
Final impression
72McCracken’s Removable Partial Prosthodontics 12thedition
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Edentulous area cut from the master cast
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Framework with attached impression seated on the master cast
It is imperative that all the rests occupy their proper position on the cast
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Assembly from underside of the cast
Peripheral borders of the impression are
protected with utility wax
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THE NEWLY OBTAINED ALTERED CAST WITH NEWLY ADDED STONE
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ALTERNATE TECHNIQUES
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Boxed elastomeric final impression in which edentulousridges have been separated with contoured baseplate
wax (A arrows) and sealed to anatomic contour ofimpression at base. Triangular wax bars (B arrows) are attached
to make dovetails (three separate compartments ofimpression).
Izharul Haque Ansari: A new procedure for separating the edentulous distal extension portion from the master cast when an altered cast is made. J Prosthet Dent 1994;72:666-9.
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Mix of properly proportioned dental stone vibrated into three compartments of impression. Impression
must be overfilled to make solid base to prevent premature separation
Izharul Haque Ansari: A new procedure for separating the edentulous distal extension portion from the master cast when an altered cast is made. J Prosthet Dent 1994;72:666-9.
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Master east ready for duplication. Three to 5 mm thick base (line shown by arrow) below level of separating wax to
prevent premature separation while cast is handled to make the framework.
Izharul Haque Ansari: A new procedure for separating the edentulous distal extension portion from the master cast when an altered cast is made. J Prosthet Dent 1994;72:666-9.
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Base of the cast has been trimmed to line shown by arrows
immersion in boiling slurry water.
Izharul Haque Ansari: A new procedure for separating the edentulous distal extension portion from the master cast when an altered cast is made. J Prosthet Dent 1994;72:666-9.
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82
View from bottom of master cast after base has been trimmed to expose separating
wax and wax dovetails.
Izharul Haque Ansari: A new procedure for separating the edentulous distal extension portion from the master cast when an altered cast is made. J Prosthet Dent 1994;72:666-9.
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Edentulous portions separated from rest of master cast when removed from boiling clear slurry water.
Appearance of dovetails for additional retention for dental stone.
Izharul Haque Ansari: A new procedure for separating the edentulous distal extension portion from the master cast when an altered cast is made. J Prosthet Dent 1994;72:666-9.
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84
ALTERNATE BOXING TECHNIQUE
Leila Jahangiri, Patrick Mascarenhas and Donald Kitzis: A simple technique for boxing impressions for fabrication of altered casts. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85:519-20
Kevin D. Plummer:Technique for boxing an altered cast impression. J Prosthet Dent 1982;47:573-575
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Replacement of impression and framework on master
cast after removal of edentulous distal extension
areas of cast.
Framework is luted to master cast with sticky wax.
Leila Jahangiri, Patrick Mascarenhas and Donald Kitzis: A simple technique for boxing impressions for fabrication of altered casts. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85:519-20
Kevin D. Plummer:Technique for boxing an altered cast impression. J Prosthet Dent 1982;47:573-575
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86
Protection of teeth in master cast with irreversible
hydrocolloid.
Leila Jahangiri, Patrick Mascarenhas and Donald Kitzis: A simple technique for boxing impressions for fabrication of altered casts. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85:519-20
Kevin D. Plummer:Technique for boxing an altered cast impression. J Prosthet Dent 1982;47:573-575
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87
Immersion of master cast and frame assembly within
supporting base.
Framework with corrected impression
is seated into a plaster mix contained bv wax boxing
sheet.Leila Jahangiri, Patrick Mascarenhas and Donald Kitzis: A simple technique for boxing impressions for
fabrication of altered casts. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85:519-20
Kevin D. Plummer:Technique for boxing an altered cast impression. J Prosthet Dent 1982;47:573-575
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88
• MAKE A SUPPORT BASE MIX WITH• 2 PARTS (26 ML) CORNSTARCH • 1 PART (13 ML) FINE PUMICE, AND • 1 PART (13 ML) PLASTER.
• ADD TO 115 ML WATER. POUR THE MATERIAL INTO A DENTURE FLASK.
• LET SET FOR 15 MINUTES. • SEPARATE MASTER CAST FROM THE SUPPORTING BASE AND
IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID
Leila Jahangiri, Patrick Mascarenhas and Donald Kitzis: A simple technique for boxing impressions for fabrication of altered casts. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85:519-20
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• MIX 50% CORNSTARCH AND 50% WHITE MODELING PLASTER BY VOLUME WITH WATER TO A CREAMY CONSISTENCY. POUR THIS INTO THE BOXING WAX FORM. PLACE THE IMPRESSION IN THE MIXTURE.
• ALLOW THE MIXTURE TO SET FOR 10 MINUTES.• SEAL THE PREVIOUSLY USED BOXING WAX TO THE TRIMMED
BASE LEAVING AT LEAST 20 MM FROM THE TOP OF THE BOXING WAX TO THE HIGHEST POINT ON THE IMPRESSION.
Kevin D. Plummer:Technique for boxing an altered cast impression. J Prosthet Dent 1982;47:573-575
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• SOAK THE MASTER CAST IN SLURRY WATER FOR 5 MINUTES. POUR THE CAST USING THE SAME STONE AS THE ORIGINAL MASTER CAST. NO SEPARATING MEDIUM IS NEEDED
• WHEN THE STONE IS SET, REMOVE THE BOXING WAX AND PLACE THE CAST IN A WATER BATH OF 110” F
• SEPARATE THE PLASTER/CORNSTARCH MIXTURE WITH PLASTER PLIERS AND YOUR FINGERS.
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Boxing wax placed around plaster base and cast leaving at least 20 mm from top of
wax to highest point on impression.
Leila Jahangiri, Patrick Mascarenhas and Donald Kitzis: A simple technique for boxing impressions for fabrication of altered casts. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85:519-20
Kevin D. Plummer:Technique for boxing an altered cast impression. J Prosthet Dent 1982;47:573-575
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92
Completed altered cast.
Leila Jahangiri, Patrick Mascarenhas and Donald Kitzis: A simple technique for boxing impressions for fabrication of altered casts. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85:519-20
Kevin D. Plummer:Technique for boxing an altered cast impression. J Prosthet Dent 1982;47:573-575
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93
ALTERNATE BOXING TECHNIQUE
Ming-Sheh Chen, W.A. Eichhold, Chao-Chin Chien and D.A. Curtis : An altered-cast impression technique that eliminates conventional cast dissecting and impression boxing. J Prosthet Dent 1987;57:471-474
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94Ming-Sheh Chen, W.A. Eichhold, Chao-Chin Chien and D.A. Curtis : An altered-cast impression technique that eliminates conventional cast dissecting and impression boxing. J Prosthet Dent 1987;57:471-474
Tissue surface of final impression.
Lingual surface of custom tray. Only 3 mm of
impression material is left over and above border
flange.
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Tissue surface of distal-extension with irreversible hydrocolloid pickup impression. Irreversible hydrocolloid is overextended 3
to 5 mm arounddistal-extension region.
Ming-Sheh Chen, W.A. Eichhold, Chao-Chin Chien and D.A. Curtis : An altered-cast impression technique that eliminates conventional cast dissecting and impression boxing. J Prosthet Dent 1987;57:471-474
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Irreversible hydrocolloid pickup impression after trimming is completed.
Itshows relationship
between final impression, irreversible
hydrocolloid land, and stock metal tray.
Ming-Sheh Chen, W.A. Eichhold, Chao-Chin Chien and D.A. Curtis : An altered-cast impression technique that eliminates conventional cast dissecting and impression boxing. J Prosthet Dent 1987;57:471-474
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Tissue surface of final impression is surrounded
by a uniform land of irreversible hydrocolloid.
Ming-Sheh Chen, W.A. Eichhold, Chao-Chin Chien and D.A. Curtis : An altered-cast impression technique that eliminates conventional cast dissecting and impression boxing. J Prosthet Dent 1987;57:471-474
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Tissue surface of pickup impression. Note waxblockout (arrows) of all undesirable mechanical
undercuts.
Ming-Sheh Chen, W.A. Eichhold, Chao-Chin Chien and D.A. Curtis : An altered-cast impression technique that eliminates conventional cast dissecting and impression boxing. J Prosthet Dent 1987;57:471-474
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Master cast obtained by this method.
Ming-Sheh Chen, W.A. Eichhold, Chao-Chin Chien and D.A. Curtis : An altered-cast impression technique that eliminates conventional cast dissecting and impression boxing. J Prosthet Dent 1987;57:471-474
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100
ALTERNATIVE TO ALTERED CAST TECHNIQUE
Herman B. Dumbrigue and Josephine F. Esquivel: Selective-pressure single impression procedure for tooth-mucosa–supported removable partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80:259-61
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101Herman B. Dumbrigue and Josephine F. Esquivel: Selective-pressure single impression procedure for tooth-mucosa–supported removable partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80:259-61
Aluminum foil and two sheets of baseplate wax
overdiagnostic cast before tray
fabrication.
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102Herman B. Dumbrigue and Josephine F. Esquivel: Selective-pressure single impression procedure for tooth-mucosa–supported removable partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80:259-61
Custom tray fabricated with extensions reduced 2 mm
short of vestibule.
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103Herman B. Dumbrigue and Josephine F. Esquivel: Selective-pressure single impression procedure for tooth-mucosa–supported removable partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80:259-61
Custom tray with softened modeling compoundreseated on diagnostic cast. Modeling compound
overresidual ridges shaped appropriately before
intraoral placement.
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104Herman B. Dumbrigue and Josephine F. Esquivel: Selective-pressure single impression procedure for tooth-mucosa–supported removable partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1998;80:259-61
Border molding procedure completed.
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Richard P. Frank et al :clinical outcome of altered cast impression procedure compared with use of A one piece castJ prosthet dent 2004;91:468-76
ALTERED CAST PROCEDURE DOES NOT OFFER SIGNIFICANT ADVANTAGES OVER ONE PIECE
CAST IF THE FOLLOWING STANDARDS ARE MET :
• COMPLETE EXTENSION OF IMPRESSION• USE OF MAGNIFICATION TO ADJUST AND
ENSURE COMPLETE SEATING OF THE FRAMEWORK.
• COVERAGE OF RETROMOLAR PAD AND BUCCAL SHELF AREA BY THE BASE
105
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IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE FOR MAXILLARY REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES
- C D. LEACH & T E. DONOVAN JPD 1983 (50)2,283-285
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A MODIFICATION OF THE ALTERED CAST TECHNIQUE-RICHARD BAUMAN & JAMES .D B – JPD 1982(47) 2, 212-213
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FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ACCURATE MASTER CAST THE IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE FAR OUT WEIGHTS THE SELECTION OF THE IMPRESSION MATERIAL.
CONCLUSION
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1. GLOSSARY OF PROSTHODONTIC TERMS -8 TH EDN, 2005.
2. STEWART, RUDD, KUEBKER : CLINICAL REMOVABLE PARTIAL PROSTHODONTICS.
3. MCGIVNEY GP, ALAN B CARR DAVID T BROWN : MCCRACKEN’S REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES-11 TH EDN.
4. KENNETH D RUDD, MORROW: DENTAL LAB, PROCEDURE FOR REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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AN ALTERED CAST PROCEDURE TO IMPROVE TISSUE SUPPORT FOR REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES - R J. LEUPOLD, F J. KRATOCHVIL : JPD 1965(15), 4, 672- 678
SINGLE- TRAY DUAL- IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE FOR DISTAL EXTENSION PARTIAL DENTURES JOSEPH A. R- JPD 1970(24,1,41-46)
IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE FOR MAXILLARY REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURES- C D. LEACH & T E. DONOVAN JPD 1983 (50)2,283-285
AN ALTERED CAST IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE THAT ELIMINATES CONVENTIONAL CAST DISSECTING & IMPRESSSION BOXING - M S. CHEN AND et al - JPD 1987 (57) 4, 471-474
A MODIFICATION OF THE ALTERED CAST TECHNIQUE -RICHARD BAUMAN & JAMES .D B – JPD 1982(47) 2, 212-213
AN IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE TO MAKE NEW MASTER CAST FOR AN EXISTING REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE -PHILIP J. R - JPD 1992 (67) 4, 488-490
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