BIOLOGY EOCTIMPORTANT POINTS & MORE IMPORTANT

POINTS

OTHER NAMES FOR THE SAME TERM

CELL MEMBRANE IS ALSO THE:◦ PLASMA MEMBRANE◦ LIPID BILAYER◦ PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

OTHER NAMES FOR THE SAME TERM

DEPENDENT VARIABLE IS ALSO THE RESPONDING VARIABLE

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS ALSO THE MANIPULATED VARIABLE

CUTICLE – PROTECTIVE COVERING EPIDERMIS – HELPS PROVIDE PROTECTION

ALONG WITH OTHER ROLES; IS LOCATED INSIDE OF THE CUTICLE;

STOMATA – OPENINGS IN LEAVES THAT OPEN AND CLOSE TO RELEASE WATER

LEAVES

PHYTOPLANKTON INCLUDES DINOFLAGELLATES & DIATOMS

OCEAN FOOD WEB PRODUCERS

PRIMARY CONSUMERS – ZOOPLANKTON INCLUDE CILIATES, COPEPODS, SHRIMP,

LARVAE OF MOLLUSKS, ETC

OCEAN FOOD WEB & PRIMARY CONSUMERS

THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

FOSSILS

PRESERVED REMAINS OF PLANTS, ANIMALS MOST FOUND IN SEDIMENTARY ROCK OLDEST FOSSILS ON THE BOTTOM

COMPARE FOSSIL PLACEMENT WITH FOSSILS IN OTHER LAYERS OF ROCK

ESTIMATES THE AGE OF THE FOSSILS

RELATIVE DATING

USE HALF-LIVES TO DETERMINE THE AGE OF FOSSILS;

CALCULATES THE AGE OF A SAMPLE BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF REMAINING RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES IT CONTAINS;

GIVES THE ABSOLUTE AGE; (HALF-LIFE – THE LENGTH OF TIME

REQUIRED FOR HALF OF THE RADIOACTIVE ATOMS IN A SAMPLE TO DECAY)

RADIOACTIVE DATING

CARBON 14 (C-14) – 5,730 YEARS HALF-LIFE CARBON 12 (C-12) – NO DECAY COMPARE THE TWO CARBONS – THE MORE

C-12 THERE IS COMPARED TO C-14, THE OLDER THE SAMPLE IS;

CARBON-14 USED TO DATE FOSSILS YOUNGER THAN 60K YEARS

K-40 USED TO DATE FOSSILS BILLIONS OF YEARS OLD

RADIOACTIVE DATING

INDEX FOSSILS

USED TO COMPARE THE RELATIVE AGE OF FOSSILS

MUST:◦ BE EASILY RECOGNIZED◦ HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED FOR A SHORT TIME◦ HAVE A WIDE GEOGRAPHIC RANGE

INDEX FOSSILS

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

HAVE DIFFERENT MATURE FORMS BUT DEVELOP FROM THE SAME EMBRYONIC TISSUE

EACH LIMB HAS ADAPTED IN WAYS THAT ENABLE ORGANISMS TO SURVIVE IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS

PROVIDES STRONG EVIDENCE THAT ALL 4 LIMBED ANIMALS WITH BACKBONES HAVE DESCENDED WITH MODIFICATION FROM A COMMON ANCESTOR.

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

PROCESS BY WHICH UNRELATED ORGANISMS COME TO RESEMBLE ONE ANOTHER.

(CONVERGE – COME TOGETHER FROM DIFFERENT LOCATIONS, BACKGROUNDS, ETC)

EX. SWIMMING ANIMALS - SHARK, PENGUIN, DOLPHIN – DIFFERENT GROUPS – RESEMBLE ONE ANOTHER IN STREAMLINED BODIES & SWIMMING APPENDAGES;

CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

PROCESS BY WHICH A SINGLE SPECIES OR SMALL GROUP OF SPECIES HAS EVOLVED INTO SEVERAL DIFFERENT FORMS THAT LIVE IN DIFFERENT WAYS.

EX. DARWIN’S FINCHES – SINGLE SPECIES EVOLVED INTO OVER A DOZEN DIFFERENT SPECIES.

ADAPTIVE RADIATION

STRUCTURES THAT LOOK AND FUNCTION SIMILARLY BUT ARE MADE UP OF PARTS THAT DO NOT HAVE A COMMON EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY.

ANALAGOUS STRUCTURES

ANALAGOUS STRUCTURES

COEVOLUTION PROCESS BY WHICH TWO SPECIES EVOLVE

IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN EACH OTHER OVER TIME;

EX. FLOWERS & POLLINATOR INSECTS – ORCHID FROM MADAGASCAR & HAWK MOTH

PLANTS AND INSECT INTERACTION - PLANTS DEVELOP POISONOUS COMPOUNDS TO PREVENT INSECTS FROM FEEDING ON IT.

ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF COEVOLUTION

SHOWS THE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG A GROUP OF ORGANISMS

USES DERIVED CHARACTERS – CHARACTERISTICS THAT APPEAR IN RECENT PARTS OF A LINEAGE BUT NOT IN OLDER MEMBERS.

CLADOGRAM – EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION

CLADOGRAMS

ANIMAL THAT GENERATES ITS OWN BODY HEAT AND CONTROLS ITS BODY TEMPERATURE FROM WITHIN.

ENDOTHERMS

ANIMAL THAT RELIES ON INTERACTIONS WITH THE ENVIRONMENT TO HELP IT CONTROL ITS BODY TEMPERATURE

ECTOTHERMS

A GROUP OF SIMILAR ORGANISMS THAT CAN BREED AND PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING.

A hybrid from a male lion and a female tiger is called a liger

a hybrid from a male tiger and a female lion is a tiglon

SPECIES

SPECIES(LIGERS & TIGLONS OH MY!)

CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS (AT SOME POINT IN THEIR LIFE CYCLE)

THE THREE BACTERIAL SHAPES

coccus (sing.), cocci (pl.):

are spherical (coccus = a berry), bacillus (sing.), bacilli (pl.):

are rod-shaped (bacill(um) = a little stick), and

spirillum (sing.), spirilla (pl.): are spiral (spiro = spiral, coil).

STREPTOCOCCUS – A CHAIN OF ROUND BACTERIA

STAPHYLOCOCCUS – A CLUSTER OF ROUND BACTERIA

DIPLOCOCCUS – TWO ROUND BACTERIA

BACTERIAL SHAPES

PHYLA PORIFERA – PORE BEARERS - SPONGES PHYLA CNIDARIA – HOLLOW INTESTINE -

JELLYFISH, CORALS, HYDRA PHYLA PLATYHELMINTHES – FLATWORMS

(PARASITIC & NONPARASITIC) PHYLA NEMATODA – PARASITIC ROUNDWORMS PHYLA MOLLUSCA – BIVALVES, OCTUPUS, SQUID PHYLA ANNELIDA – SEGMENTED WORMS -

EARTHWORMS

ANIMAL KINGDOM PHYLA

PHYLA ECHINODERMATA – SPINY SKINNED ANIMALS – SEASTARS, SEA ANEMONES

PHYLA ARTHROPODA – JOINTED FEET - INSECTS, LOBSTERS, SPIDERS

PHYLA CHORDATA – BACKBONES – FISH, BIRDS, MAMMALS, REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS,

ANIMAL KINGDOM PHYLA

ANGIOSPERMS

THE FLOWERING PLANTS EX. MAPLE, OAK, DOGWOOD, HICKORY,

PECAN, APPLE, PEACH, PEAR TREES EX. ROSES, DANDELIONS, DAYLILIES,

TULIPS, HIBISCUS, TOMATO, BEAN PLANTS

THE FLOWER IS AN ADAPTATION TO ATTRACT POLLINATORS AND REPRODUCTION TO OCCUR.

GYMNOSPERMS THE CONE-BEARING PLANTS EX. PINE, SPRUCE, FIR, REDWOOD,

HEMLOCK TREES THE CONE IS A PLANT ADAPTATION TO

PRODUCE AND PROTECT SEEDS FOR REPRODUCTION.

ASYMMETRY – NO SYMMETRY (SPONGES) RADIAL – BODY PARTS REPEAT AROUND THE

CENTER OF THE BODY (JELLYFISH, SEASTARS, SEA ANEMONE)

BILATERIAL – BODY PLAN IN WHICH A SINGLE IMAGINARY LINE DIVIDES THE BODY INTO TWO EQUAL HALVES (CHORDATES, EARTHWORMS, FLATWORMS, MOLLUSKS, ARTHROPODS)

SYMMETRY – 3 KINDS

EXAMPLES OF SYMMETRY