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Implications of Ocean Acidification for Shellfish
Hauke Kite-Powell Marine Policy Center
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution [email protected]
AGI Critical Issues Webinar:
Ocean Acidification Impacts on Fisheries
11 March 2016
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OA and Calcifying Organisms
• OA may decrease calcifier populations via -calcification decreases -declining larval survival -life history changes
• Calcifiers provide income
and high-quality nutrition worldwide
Doney et al. Oceanography 2009
Bay Scallop (Argopecten irradians) Anne Cohen, WHOI, 2009
Ambient pCO2 840 ppm pCO2 (2100)
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Shellfish larvae are particularly at risk
Anne Cohen, WHOI, 2016
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Ocean Acidification vs. Coastal Acidification
Kelly et al., Science, 2011
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OA vs. CA
Gledhill et al. 2015
G. Lawson and A. Wang, WHOI
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OA Effects from Lab Experiments Species Group OA Effects Mollusks Slowed shell growth (all age groups)
Elevated mortality (larvae, juveniles) Crustaceans Mixed results; population-specific? Other benthic invertebrates Echinoderms (sea urchins) negative Finfish Embryonic survival negative (flounder)
Cod: effects population-specific Zooplankton Copepods relatively robust
Pteropods negative Phytoplankton Small effects; species-specific Macroalgae, seagrass Some aspects of photosynthetic
performance positive in some species
Gledhill et al. 2015
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Economic Value Potentially at Stake
FAO Fisheries
$300-400 billion/year total value ~$100 billion/year shellfish
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Mean Ωar in 2010 Present oceanic conditions
Calculated from Community Climate System Model 3.1 output as described in Cooley et.
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When is Ωar significantly different from today?
Monthly mean Ωar Decadal mean Ωar 2010 Ωar envelope Running Ωar envelope
“envelope” = mean ± RMS
Cooley et al. submitted
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Calculated from CCSM3 data; Figure from Cooley et al. submitted to Fish and Fisheries
Threshold date When Ωar will be profoundly different from 2010
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US Scallop Fishery
Combined biogeochemical, scallop stock recruitment, and economic models.
Cooley et al., PLOS [2015]
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US Scallop Fishery
Cooley et al., PLOS [2015]
Relationship between aragonite saturation and bivalve growth rate, from studies of 7 species (not scallops).
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US Scallop Fishery Modeled future pH and saturation state for deep water on Georges Bank, and modeled effect on biomass, landings, and revenue for the commercial scallop fishery. Projects ~20% revenue decline by 2050.
Cooley et al., PLOS [2015]
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Vulnerability and Resilience: US Overall societal vulnerability depends on: • Marine
ecosystem • Economic
importance • Adaptive
capacity
Ekstrom et al., Nature Climate Change [2015]
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Vulnerability and Resilience: US
Societal vulnerability to OA effects varies greatly by location – even within the US.
Ekstrom et al., Nature Climate Change [2015]
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Net importers
Net exporters Least adaptable Most adaptable
Cooley et al. submitted
Vulnerability from socioeconomic links to mollusks
Protein insufficient Mollusks ≥ 1% of protein Both
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Adaptation and Mitigation • Limit coastal acidification by reducing
nutrient loading
• Use algal “curtains” to buffer water (raise pH) around shellfish farms
• Move shellfish hatcheries and farms away from shore
• Select for shellfish populations that are more resilient to low pH stress
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Summary
• OA is a significant potential threat to calcifying organisms, including mollusks and corals
• effects are often species/population-specific • multiple stressors • ocean vs. coastal OA: high natural variability in pH near shore and on reefs
• economic value potentially at risk: [$10s billion / year] • potential adaptation/mitigation measures
• limit nutrient loading and other stresses in costal waters • select for less vulnerable species • shellfish farming in engineered environments • move shellfish hatcheries to offshore waters