Implementing Green Chemistry in the Dry Cleaning Sector · Implementing Green Chemistry in the Dry...
Transcript of Implementing Green Chemistry in the Dry Cleaning Sector · Implementing Green Chemistry in the Dry...
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Implementing Green
Chemistry in the Dry
Cleaning Sector
Anna Zimmermann
San Francisco Department of
Environment
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What Is Dry Cleaning? Why Does It
Matter? Can Dry Cleaning Be “Green”?
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Which Garments Do You Dry Clean?
Federal Trade Commission requires care label on all garments
Specialized way to clean garments & remove stains
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The Dry Cleaning Industry
30,000 dry cleaning facilities in the US
>5,000 in California
Mostly small independently owned shops located near residential communities
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Dry cleaning implies that
garments do not get wet.
Dry cleaning is NOT DRY.
Clothes are immersed and
cleaned in a liquid chemical
solvent.
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Early Cleaning Solvents
1930
1950
1970
KEROSENE, BENZENE,
WHITE GASOLINE
STODDARD PETROLEUM
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
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Perchloroethylene – “Perc”
Used in >90% of U.S. dry cleaning facilities
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Health Hazards of Perc
Skin, eye, respiratory
irritation
Nervous system
effects
Damage to liver,
kidneys
Proposition 65
Carcinogen
Reproductive toxin
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Routes of Exposure
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Perc can contaminate:
>75% of dry cleaning sites are contaminated (State Coalition for Remediation of Dry Cleaners - US EPA)
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What is the government doing?
SF Grant Program
CA state law phases out Perc by- 2023.
Perc cleaners will have to switch to an
alternative technology
?
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Alternatives to Perc
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Hydrocarbon
solvent:
Stoddard
solvent
blend
▪ Contains aromatic
hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene, a
carcinogen)
▪ Neurotoxic, eye, skin and
respiratory irritation
▪ Potential concerns for
bioaccumulation and aquatic
toxicity
▪ Emits smog forming VOCs
Perchloroeth
ylene
▪ Carcinogen (California's
Proposition 65 list)
▪ Liver and kidney effects
▪ Neurotoxic, eye, skin and
respiratory irritation
▪ Persistent in the environment
▪ Mandatory phase out in
progress (Bay Area Air Quality
Management District)
1- Propyl
bromide
▪ Male and female reproductive
toxicant and developmental
toxicant (California's
Proposition 65 list)
▪ Neurotoxic, eye, skin and
respiratory irritation
▪ ILLEGAL per CA Fire Code
1204.1
▪ Flammable liquid (Class I)4,
NFPA rating 3
▪ Use without sufficient
stabilizer likely to cause
corrosion and damage to
cleaning equipment5
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Hydrocarbon
solvents:
▪DF-2000TM
▪EcoSolv®▪Shell Sol
▪PureDry®
▪ Neurotoxicity, eye, skin and respiratory
irritation
▪ Potential concerns for persistence and
aquatic toxicity
▪ Complex mixtures which may contain
other ingredients of concern
GreenEarth® (D5)
solvent
▪ Suspected carcinogen, reproductive toxin
▪ Liver, immune and nervous system effects
▪ Persistent in environment; detected in fish
Common Perc Alternatives
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Green Product or Greenwashing?
Hydrocarbon or petroleum solvents are made by
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Health & Environmental Hazards
Eye, skin and respiratory irritation
Neurological effects
Can persist in environment and cause
aquatic toxicity
Emits smog forming volatile organic
compounds (VOCs)
Flammable
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Green Product or Greenwashing?
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Health & Environmental Hazards
Green Earth = liquid silicone solvent
decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5)
Suspected carcinogen, reproductive toxin
Liver, immune and nervous system effects
Persists in environment; detected in fish
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Carbon Dioxide Dry Cleaning
High pressure system
cleans with liquid CO2
By-product of
industrial processes
No environmental,
health hazards
identified
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Carbon Dioxide Cleaning with
Micell Technologies
Patent indicates possible
use of PFOA
(perfluorooctanoic acid)
Raises concerns for
endocrine disruption,
reproductive and
developmental effects
Persistence,
bioaccumulation
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Professional Wet Cleaning
Cleans in specialized washers & dryers that
control revolutions, temperature, moisture
Cleaning with soap and water
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Barriers to Adopting Wet Cleaning
•Fear garments will shrink, be damaged
•New process
•Cultural/language barrier
•Cost to convert
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Greening the Cleaning Industry –
Building Partnerships
Wet cleaners
Distributors
Trade
associations
State demo
program
Local agencies
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Greening the Cleaning Industry –
Raising Awareness
Workshop brings together stakeholders
Multilingual door-to-door outreach
Wet cleaning demonstrations
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Greening the Cleaning Industry –
Creating Incentives for Cleaners
Regulatory Action – Perc banned by 2023
Cost competitive with other alternatives
Financial Incentives - CARB offers
$10,000/cleaner to convert to wet or CO2
$$
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Consumer Outreach
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Green Business Recognition
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Key Moment to Act
Quantifiable environmental benefits of wet cleaning
vs. hydrocarbon cleaning:
Total GHG reduced (based on energy use): 3833 lbs
CO2/cleaner/year
Annual VOCs generated by hydrocarbon cleaners:
202 lbs/cleaner/year
Total hydrocarbon solvent used over 15 years: 935
gal/cleaner