IMPLEMENTASI DALAM PRAKTEK RISET PEMASARAN. 'Cluster analysis' is a class of statistical techniques...

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CLUSTER ANALYSES IMPLEMENTASI DALAM PRAKTEK RISET PEMASARAN

Transcript of IMPLEMENTASI DALAM PRAKTEK RISET PEMASARAN. 'Cluster analysis' is a class of statistical techniques...

Page 1: IMPLEMENTASI DALAM PRAKTEK RISET PEMASARAN. 'Cluster analysis' is a class of statistical techniques that can be applied to data that exhibit natural.

CLUSTER ANALYSES IMPLEMENTASI DALAM PRAKTEK

RISET PEMASARAN

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A Cluster : a group of relatively homogeneous cases or observations. Objects in a cluster are similar to each other. They are also dissimilar to objects outside the cluster, particularly objects in other clusters.

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'Cluster analysis' is a class of statistical techniques that can be applied to data that exhibit “natural” groupings.

Cluster analysis sorts through the raw data and groups them into clusters.

Cluster Analysis

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Secara umum bertujuan: mengelompokkan obyek-obyek berdasarkan kesamaan karakteristik di antara obyek-obyek tersebut.

Ciri-ciri Cluster yang baik• Homogenitas (kesamaan) yang tinggi antar anggota

dalam satu Cluster (Within-Cluster)• Heterogenitas (perbedaan) yang tinggi antar Cluster

yang satu dengan Cluster lainnya (Between Cluster)

Cluster Analysis

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Hierarchical clustering*Builds (agglomerative)

*Breaks up (divisive)

Raw data : a b c d e f

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Dendogram : (tree) representation of hierarchy, with individual elements at one end and a single cluster containing every element at the other. Agglomerative : begin at the leaves of the tree Divisive : begin at the root of the tree

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Builds the hierarchy from the individual elements by progressively merging clusters

Example : 6 elements : a b c d e f

First step : determine which elements to merge in a cluster.

Construct a distance matrix

Hierarchical Clustering

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Mengukur kesamaan antar obyek (similarity). ◦ Sesuai dengan prinsip dasar cluster yang

mengelompokkan obyek yang mempunyai kemiripan, maka proses pertama adalah mengukur seberapa jauh ada kesamaan antar obyek.

◦ Mengukur korelasi antar obyek pada beberapa

variable

Mengukur jarak (distance) antara dua obyek. ◦ Menggunakan rumus jarak . Yang paling terkenal

adalah jarak Euclidean.

Tahap clustering

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The two closest elements b and c are merged,

We now have the following clusters {a}, {b, c}, {d}, {e} and {f}, and want

to merge them further. To do that, we need to take the distance

between {a} and {b c}, and therefore define the distance between two clusters.

Distance matrix

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Each agglomeration occurs at a greater distance between clusters than the previous agglomeration.

Decide to stop clustering either when the

clusters are too far apart to be merged (distance criterion) or when there is a sufficiently small number of clusters (number criterion).

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Conceptual clustering : it is not only the inherent structure of the data that drives cluster formation, but also the description language which is available to the learner.

Thus, a statistically strong grouping in the data may fail to be extracted by the learner if the prevailing concept description language is incapable of describing that particular regularity.

Conceptual Clustering vs Data Clustering

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The diagram below illustrates the results of a survey that studied drinkers’ perceptions of spirits (alcohol). Each point represents the results from one respondent. The research indicates there are four clusters in this market

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Contoh: • Usia Konsumen (dalam tahun)• Jumlah Anak dari Konsumen (Orang)• Income (dalam Rupiah/bulan)• Kegiatan Konsumen Membaca Koran Setiap Minggu (Jam)• Kegiatan Konsumen Menonton TV Setiap Minggu (Jam)• Jumlah Motor yang Dimiliki Konsumen (Buah)• Jumlah Mobil yang Dimiliki Konsumen (Buah)• Jumlah Kartu Kredit/ ATM yang Dimiliki Konsumen (Buah)• Tingkat Pembelian Barang dari Konsumen Setiap Minggu (Berapa

Kali dalam Seminggu)

Perlu melakukan transformasi data

◦ Terlihat isi data sangat bervariasi dalam satuan, dimana ada variabel (data) dengan satuan ratusan ribu (INCOME), namun ada data dengan satuan di bawah 10 (ANAK). Perbedaan satuan yang mencolok seperti ini, akan menyebabkan bias dalam analisis Cluster, sehingga data asli harus ditransformasi (standardisasi) sebelum bisa dianalisis.

◦ Dengan demikian, perlu dilakukan transformasi terhadap variabel yang relevan ke bentuk Z-Score  Standardisasi data dengan Z-Score:

Non-Hierarchical Clustering

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Non-hierarchical ClusteringDescriptive Statistics

60 20 42 29.88 5.660

60 0 4 .70 1.109

60 225000 2000000 630000.00 444094.966

60 2 11 5.73 2.321

60 10 24 16.77 3.586

60 0 2 .93 .634

60 0 2 .57 .647

60 0 5 2.00 1.193

60 1 9 4.15 2.563

60 70000 600000 186833.33 132609.778

60 10 75 29.87 16.766

60 3 25 9.94 5.015

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Usia

Jumlah Anak

Penghasilan rata-rata perbulan

Jumlah Jam membaca Koransetiap minggu

Jumlah Jam menonton TVsetiap minggu

Jumlah Motor yang dipunyai

Jumlah Mobil yang dipunyai

Jumlah Kartu Kredit/ATMyang dipunyai

Tingkat Pembelian Barangsetiap minggu

Tingkat Pengeluaran Bulanan

Jumlah Jam Kerja setiapminggu

Jumlah Jam Berbelanja setiapminggu

Valid N (listwise)

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

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The vacation travel market. Recent research has identified three

clusters :

1) The demanders - they want exceptional service and expect to be pampered;

2) The escapists - they want to get away and just relax;

3) The educationalist - they want to see new things, go to museums, go on a safari, or experience new cultures.

Example of market segments

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In marketing, cluster analysis is used for:

Segmenting the market Determining target markets

Product positioning

New Product Development

Cluster Analysis in Marketing

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In the study of social networks:

Clustering may be used to recognize communities within large groups of people.

Cluster Analyses – Other Implementations

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In the field of marketing, demographics, opinion research, and social research in general, psychographic variables are any attributes relating to personality, values, attitudes, interests, or lifestyles. They can be contrasted with demographic variables (such as age and gender), behavioral variables (such as usage rate or loyalty).

When a relatively complete assessment of a person or group's psychographic make-up is constructed, this is called a psychographic profile. Psychographic profiles are used in market segmentation as well as in advertising.

Some categories of psychographic factors used in market segmentation include: Activities, Interests, Opinions (AIO) Attitudes Values

Psychographic Profiling

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Price Conscious Quality Conscious Prestige/Image Conscious Risk taker Conservatif Impulsif Well Planned Agresif Pasif

Contoh elemen sikap/persepsi

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 Psychographics Analysis dibuat menggunakan metode cluster analysis terhadap variabel-variabel atau pernyataan-pernyataan psychographic yang telah didesign.

 Langkah-langkah

Sebelum menentukan jumlah cluster yang akan dipakai, terlebih dahulu variabel-variabel tersebut kita analisis menggunakan Faktor Analysis yang tujuannya untuk menjelaskan hubungan diantara variabel-variabel dalam beberapa bentuk faktor. Dari faktor-faktor variabel tersebut akan terbentuk pengelompokan variabel yang didasarkan pada korelasi antar variabel, dimana antar variabel dalam suatu sel tertentu memiliki korelasi yang kuat, tetapi terhadap variabel dalam kelompok lain memiliki korelasi yang relatif lemah.

Dari faktor analysis ini sudah bisa menganalisa secara umum kecenderungan dari variabel-variabel untuk masing-masing kelompok yang terbentuk dan kita bisa menentukan jumlah cluster yang akan kita gunakan.

Berdasarkan faktor analysis ini kita bisa meng-cluster berdasarkan jumlah kelompok yang mencul. Untuk mengetahui lebih detail untuk masing-masing kelompok tersebut, hasil cluster dicrosskan dengan variabel demografi atau pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang relevan.

 

Cluster for Psychographic Analyses

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Factor analysis in psychology is most often associated with intelligence research. However, it also has been used to find factors in a broad range of domains such as personality, attitudes, beliefs, etc..

Advantages Reduction of number of variables, by combining two or more

variables into a single factor. For example, performance at running, ball throwing, batting, jumping and weight lifting could be combined into a single factor such as general athletic ability.

Usually, in an item by people matrix, factors are selected by grouping related items. In the Q factor analysis technique, the matrix is transposed and factors are created by grouping related people: For example, liberals, libertarians, conservatives and socialists, could form separate groups.

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KARTU BANTU Berikut ini akan saya bacakan beberapa pernyataan; tolong B/I/S

katakan kepada saya apakah pernyataan tersebut .................(mulai dari pernyataan bertanda X )

1.Sangat sesuai dengan kebiasaan /pribadi saya 2.Sesuai dengan kebiasaan / pribadi saya 3.Kurang sesuai dengan kebiasaan / pribadi saya 4.Tidak sesuai dengan kebiasaan/pribadi saya

Price conscious Saya bersedia untuk jalan lebih jauh untuk

mendapatkan barang yang sedikit lebih murah. Sebelum membeli suatu barang, saya selalu

membanding-bandingkan harganya terlebih dahulu.

Saya lebih suka membeli barang-barang dengan harga diskon.

Quality conscious Saya lebih suka membeli barang yang harganya

lebih murah, walaupun kualitasnya sedikit lebih rendah daripada merek yang biasa saya beli.

Saya selalu memilih merek yang kualitasnya paling baik, masalah harga tidak jadi soal.

Image/Prestige conscious Saya lebih suka membeli barang yang telah

terkenal mereknya. Saya lebih suka membeli barang yang biasa

digunakan para artis/tokoh terkenal Saya merasa bangga bila menggunakan/membeli

barang yang orang tahu harganya cukup mahal.\

Risk taker Saya suka mencoba-coba membeli merek baru

yang belum saya ketahui kualitasnya Sayasama sekali tidak berkeberatan untuk

mencoba produk baru.

Konservatif Saya lebih suka membeli barang dengan merek

yang telah lama saya gunakan. Saya lebih suka membeli barang dengan merek

yang biasa digunakan orang-tua, teman atau kenalan saya.

Impulsif Seringkali ketika saya pulang dari berbelanja,

ternyata banyak barang yang saya beli diluar rencana

Jika punya uang, saya sering membeli barang apapun yang ditawarkan sales kepada saya

Seringkali saya membeli barang yang sesungguhnya tidak benar-benar saya butuhkan

Well planned Kalau saya berbelanja, biasanya saya rencanakan

dulu jenis dan merek barang yang akan saya beli. Sebelum menentukan pilihan, biasanya saya perlu

waktu untuk membanding kelebihan dan kekurangan dari merek-merek

Contoh kuesioner untuk Cluster Analyses

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Rural Psychographic Segments

Economical, thrifty, planned, not impulsive, look for quality and well trusted brands, not bold to try new

things, non risk-taker.

Anything goes, chameleon, not concerned about quality, look for

discounts and inexpensiveness, like brands but also go for imitation ,

open to try new products, impulsive buyers.

I. Ali – Alimah – (Traditionals )Unconcerned attitude, lack of

receptiveness toward new products, not attuned to quality, conservative, uninfluenced by

environment, unbending, planned activities

II. Eko – Eni – (Contemplators)

III. Yoyok - Yayuk – (Chameleons )

Page 24: IMPLEMENTASI DALAM PRAKTEK RISET PEMASARAN. 'Cluster analysis' is a class of statistical techniques that can be applied to data that exhibit natural.

Rural Psychographic Segments

High socializing activities, look for qualtity and price, open for new

products, greatly influenced by social environment, sufficiently well planned

and not impulsive.“

V. Juragan – Juragin – (Status Seekers )

Status seeker, want to give impression of being able to buy expensive products,

buy without planning, open to new products , look for quality and trusted

brands.

IV. Gultom – Gultami – (Innovators)

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General Segmentatio

n

Purchase and consumption segmentation

Product category

segmentation

Brand SegmentationV

ery

genera

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Very

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The Journey of Psychographic Segmentation